Publications

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[agricultural activities and epidemiology of malaria in soudano-sahelian zone in cameroon].we have comparatively studied the dynamics of malaria transmission in the villages of mokolo-douvar located in the rural area with traditional agriculture and gounougou irrigated rice area, in 2004 august and november and 2006 may and october, to assess vectors biting habits, and malaria inoculation rate and malaria parasite prevalence in cohort of children from 0 to 15 years. mosquitoes were collected by landing catches on volunteers and by pyrethrum spray collections. a total of 5961 anopheles ...201222294407
some like it cool: the effect of ambient temperature on the size of anopheles funestus from southern mozambique.the wing lengths of 3,553 unfed, recently emerged, and 13,256 gravid female anopheles funestus giles from exit collections, undertaken between march 2004 and may 2005, were measured. only in the warmest months were mean wing lengths of unfed females significantly smaller than gravid females. mean wing lengths of unfed, females varied from 2.26 mm (bootstrap 95% ci [2.25-2.27]) in january when mean air temperatures were 24.8 degrees c to 2.70 mm (bootstrap 95% ci [2.68-2.72]) in july when mean te ...201223025198
changes in anopheles funestus biting behavior following universal coverage of long-lasting insecticidal nets in benin.behavioral modification of malaria vectors in response to vector control methods is of great concern. we investigated whether full coverage of long-lasting insecticide-treated mosquito nets (llins) may induce a switch in biting behavior in anopheles funestus, a major malaria vector in africa.201222966127
the effect of rainstorms on adult anopheles funestus behavior and survival.we describe the effect that the passage of a cold front, with a subsequent heavy rainstorm ten days later, had on a population of anopheles funestus mosquitoes collected exiting houses or in light-traps from a village in southern mozambique. temperature effects explained 40% (r=0.634; p <0.001) of the variation in numbers of males collected and 19% of the variation in gravid females collected (r=0.437; p=0.033). the age structure of mosquitoes varied according to distance from the breeding site ...201222548561
efficacy of actellic 300 cs, pirimiphos methyl, for indoor residual spraying in areas of high vector resistance to pyrethroids and carbamates in zambia.the selection of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors has the potential to compromise any insecticide-based malaria vector control program. to ensure that transmission-interrupting tools remain effective, and their choice is evidence based, insecticide surveillance and monitoring is essential. this study assessed and compared the residual efficacy of an organophosphate insecticide pirimiphos methyl (actellic 300 cs, 0-2-diethylamino-6-methylpyrimidin-4-yl 0, 0-dimethylphosphorothioate) at 1 ...201324843932
characterization of the anopheles funestus group, including anopheles funestus-like, from northern malawi.limited information is available on malaria vector composition, feeding habits and malaria transmission in northern malawi. evidence of mosquito species diversity in this area was established in 2009, when anopheles funestus-like, a new member of the an. funestus group was described. additional biological information is needed to identify this species and to understand its role in malaria transmission.201324189481
abundance and diversity of anopheles species (diptera: culicidae) associated with malaria transmission in human dwellings in rural and urban communities in oyo state, southwestern nigeria.mosquito samples were collected from rural and urban communities in three selected major towns in southwestern nigeria to determine the impact of urbanization on the diversity and abundance of anopheles species associated with malaria transmission in human habitations. a total of ten anopheles species were identified in the rural communities, while eight anopheles species were identified in the urban communities. out of the ten anopheles species identified, only four species, anopheles gambiae ( ...201323842885
population dynamics and spatial structure of human-biting mosquitoes, inside and outside of houses, in the chockwe irrigation scheme, southern mozambique.focal control of malaria vectors, a potentially cost-effective alternative to conventional control, requires a spatio-temporal understanding of the mosquitoes. trapping of african malaria vectors has generally been limited to inside houses making distribution estimates dependent on the location of dwellings. the development of tent-traps to sample outdoor biting mosquitoes has enabled more independent estimates. here we describe both temporal and spatial variation in mosquito movements in an irr ...201323733293
role of species composition in malaria transmission by the anopheles funestus group (diptera: culicidae) in ghana.malaria remains a public health problem in ghana, with anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus as the predominant vectors. while much information exists on the species composition of an. gambiae, very little exists for an. funestus. this study was carried out to determine the species composition of an. funestus giles populations from three ecological areas in ghana and investigate their role in malaria transmission. mosquitoes were collected using human landing and pyrethrum spray methods. a to ...201323701614
molecular systematics and insecticide resistance in the major african malaria vector anopheles funestus.anopheles funestus is one of three major african vectors of malaria. its distribution extends over much of the tropics and subtropics wherever suitable swampy breeding habitats are present. as with members of the anopheles gambiae complex, an. funestus shows marked genetic heterogeneity across its range. currently, two unnamed species are recognized in the group, with molecular and cytogenetic data indicating that more may be present. the control of malaria vectors in africa has received increas ...201323317045
behavioral adaptation of anopheles funestus to long-lasting insecticide-treated nets. 201323307935
an age-size reaction norm yields insight into environmental interactions affecting life-history traits: a factorial study of larval development in the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae sensu stricto.environmental factors frequently act nonindependently to determine growth and development of insects. because age and size at maturity strongly influence population dynamics, interaction effects among environmental variables complicate the task of predicting dynamics of insect populations under novel conditions. we reared larvae of the african malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) under three factors relevant to changes in climate and land use: food level, water depth, and temp ...201323919132
physical condition of olyset® nets after five years of utilization in rural western kenya.long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) are a cornerstone of malaria control at present, and millions are used each day across the globe. however, there is limited information about the durability of llins under different conditions of utilization and there is no consensus about when a llin ceases to be protective due to physical deterioration. this knowledge is important for malaria control programmes to plan for procurement and replacement.201323663421
transcriptomic and proteomic responses of sweetpotato whitefly, bemisia tabaci, to thiamethoxam.the sweetpotato whitefly, bemisia tabaci (hemiptera: aleyrodidae), is one of the most widely distributed agricultural pests. although it has developed resistance to many registered insecticides including the neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam, the mechanisms that regulate the resistance are poorly understood. to understand the molecular basis of thiamethoxam resistance, "omics" analyses were carried out to examine differences between resistant and susceptible b. tabaci at both transcriptiona ...201323671574
community perceptions of a malaria vaccine in the kintampo districts of ghana.malaria remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in sub-saharan africa despite tools currently available for its control. making malaria vaccine available for routine use will be a major hallmark, but its acceptance by community members and health professionals within the health system could pose considerable challenge as has been found with the introduction of polio vaccinations in parts of west africa. some of these challenges may not be expected since decisions people make are man ...201323651533
insecticide resistance status of anopheles gambiae s.s population from m'bé: a whopes-labelled experimental hut station, 10 years after the political crisis in côte d'ivoire.an experimental hut station built at m'bé in 1998 was used for many years for the evaluation of insecticidal product for public health until the civil war broke out in 2002. breeding sites of mosquitoes and selection pressure in the area were maintained by local farming practices and the west african rice development association (warda, actually africarice) in a large rice growing area. ten years after the crisis, bioassays, molecular and biochemical analyses were conducted to update the resista ...201323641777
using a new odour-baited device to explore options for luring and killing outdoor-biting malaria vectors: a report on design and field evaluation of the mosquito landing box.mosquitoes that bite people outdoors can sustain malaria transmission even where effective indoor interventions such as bednets or indoor residual spraying are already widely used. outdoor tools may therefore complement current indoor measures and improve control. we developed and evaluated a prototype mosquito control device, the 'mosquito landing box' (mlb), which is baited with human odours and treated with mosquitocidal agents. the findings are used to explore technical options and challenge ...201323642306
a 3d analysis of flight behavior of anopheles gambiae sensu stricto malaria mosquitoes in response to human odor and heat.female mosquitoes use odor and heat as cues to navigate to a suitable landing site on their blood host. the way these cues affect flight behavior and modulate anemotactic responses, however, is poorly understood. we studied in-flight behavioral responses of females of the nocturnal malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae sensu stricto to human odor and heat. flight-path characteristics in a wind tunnel (flow 20 cm/s) were quantified in three dimensions. with wind as the only stimulus (control), short ...201323658792
the effect of indoor residual spraying on malaria and anemia in a high-transmission area of northern uganda.indoor residual spraying (irs) with insecticide is now recommended for malaria control in high-transmission settings. however, concerns about insecticide resistance have increased. we conducted a cross-sectional household survey in high-transmission northern uganda in two districts previously sprayed with pyrethroids before documentation of pyrethroid resistance and at least one round of carbamates and in one contiguous district that was not sprayed. parasitemia prevalence among children < 5 yea ...201323458956
impact of indoor residual spraying of lambda-cyhalothrin on malaria prevalence and anemia in an epidemic-prone district of muleba, north-western tanzania.the government of tanzania introduced indoor residual spraying (irs) in muleba district in north-western tanzania after frequent malaria epidemics. malaria parasitological baseline and two cross-sectional follow-up surveys were conducted in villages under the irs program and those not under irs to assess the impact of irs intervention. after two rounds of irs intervention there was a significant reduction of malaria parasitological indices in both two villages. in irs villages overall, parasitem ...201323458959
stable and fluctuating temperature effects on the development rate and survival of two malaria vectors, anopheles arabiensis and anopheles funestus.understanding the biology of malaria vector mosquitoes is crucial to understanding many aspects of the disease, including control and future outcomes. the development rates and survival of two afrotropical malaria vectors, anopheles arabiensis and anopheles funestus, are investigated here under conditions of constant and fluctuating temperatures. these data can provide a good starting point for modelling population level consequences of temperature change associated with climate change. for comp ...201323590860
wild anopheles funestus mosquito genotypes are permissive for infection with the rodent malaria parasite, plasmodium berghei.malaria parasites undergo complex developmental transitions within the mosquito vector. a commonly used laboratory model for studies of mosquito-malaria interaction is the rodent parasite, p. berghei. anopheles funestus is a major malaria vector in sub-saharan africa but has received less attention than the sympatric species, anopheles gambiae. the imminent completion of the a. funestus genome sequence will provide currently lacking molecular tools to describe malaria parasite interactions in th ...201323593423
integrin triplets of marine sponges in the murine and human mhci-cd8 interface and in the interface of human neural receptor heteromers and subunits.based on our theory, main triplets of amino acid residues have been discovered in cell-adhesion receptors (integrins) of marine sponges, which participate as homologies in the interface between two major immune molecules, mhc class i (mhci) and cd8αβ. they appear as homologies also in several human neural receptor heteromers and subunits. the obtained results probably mean that neural and immune receptors also utilize these structural integrin triplets to form heteromers and ion channels, which ...201323556147
blood feeding induces hemocyte proliferation and activation in the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae giles.malaria is a global public health problem, especially in sub-saharan africa, where the mosquito anopheles gambiae giles serves as the major vector for the protozoan plasmodium falciparum welch. one determinant of malaria vector competence is the mosquito's immune system. hemocytes are a critical component as they produce soluble immune factors that either support or prevent malaria parasite development. however, despite their importance in vector competence, understanding of their basic biology ...201324363411
needs for monitoring mosquito transmission of malaria in a pre-elimination world.as global efforts to eliminate malaria intensify, accurate information on vector populations and transmission dynamics is critical for directing control efforts, developing new control tools, and predicting the effects of these interventions under various conditions. currently available sampling tools for mosquito population monitoring suffer from well-recognized limitations. as reported in this workshop summary, a recent gathering of medical entomologists, modelers, and malaria experts reviewed ...201324277786
increase in malaria prevalence and age of at risk population in different areas of gabon.following the deployment of new recommendations for malaria control according to the world health organization, an estimation of the real burden of the disease is needed to better identify populations at risk and to adapt control strategies. the aim of the present study was to estimate the clinical burden of malaria among febrile children aged less than 11 years, before and after six-year of deployment of malaria control strategies in different areas of gabon.201323282198
a need for better housing to further reduce indoor malaria transmission in areas with high bed net coverage.the suppression of indoor malaria transmission requires additional interventions that complement the use of insecticide treated nets (itns) and indoor residual spraying (irs). previous studies have examined the impact of house structure on malaria transmission in areas of low transmission. this study was conducted in a high transmission setting and presents further evidence about the association between specific house characteristics and the abundance of endophilic malaria vectors.201323497471
the benefits or otherwise of managing malaria cases with or without laboratory diagnosis: the experience in a district hospital in ghana.this study was conducted at the kintampo municipal hospital in ghana to determine whether there was any benefit (or otherwise) in basing the management of cases of suspected malaria solely on laboratory confirmation (microscopy or by rdt) as compared with presumptive diagnosis.201323505457
the impact of host species and vector control measures on the fitness of african malaria vectors.many malaria vector mosquitoes in africa have an extreme preference for feeding on humans. this specialization allows them to sustain much higher levels of transmission than elsewhere, but there is little understanding of the evolutionary forces that drive this behaviour. in tanzania, we used a semi-field system to test whether the well-documented preferences of the vectors, anopheles arabiensis and anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) for cattle and humans, respectively, are predicted by the ...201323303548
the genetic architecture of degenerin/epithelial sodium channels in drosophila.degenerin/epithelial sodium channels (deg/enac) represent a large family of animal-specific membrane proteins. although the physiological functions of most family members are not known, some have been shown to act as nonvoltage gated, amiloride-sensitive sodium channels. the deg/enac family is exceptionally large in genomes of drosophila species relative to vertebrates and other insects. to elucidate the evolutionary history of the deg/enac family in drosophila, we took advantage of the genomic ...201323449991
identifying permethrin resistance loci in malaria vectors by genetic mapping.identification of the major loci responsible for insecticide resistance in malaria vectors would aid the development and implementation of effective resistance management strategies, which are urgently needed to tackle the growing threat posed by resistance to the limited insecticides available for malaria control. genome-wide association studies in the major malaria vector, anopheles gambiae, have been hindered by the high degree of within-population structuring and very low levels of linkage d ...201323448678
malariometric indices among nigerian children in a rural setting.malaria contributes to high childhood morbidity and mortality in nigeria. to determine its endemicity in a rural farming community in the south-south of nigeria, the following malariometric indices, namely, malaria parasitaemia, spleen rates, and anaemia were evaluated in children aged 2-10 years. this was a descriptive cross-sectional survey among school-age children residing in a rubber plantation settlement. the children were selected from six primary schools using a multistaged stratified cl ...201323533951
profile of janet hemingway. 201323440199
plasmodium species occurrence, temporal distribution and interaction in a child-aged population in rural burkina faso.malaria can be caused by five plasmodium species. due to their higher prevalence, much of the research concentrates on plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax. in burkina faso, where p. falciparum co-exists with plasmodium malariae and plasmodium ovale, there is not much data about the prevalence of the latter two species across human population. moreover, interactions between co-infecting plasmodium species are not documented. the aim of the current research is to determine species-specific ...201323421809
the clip-domain serine protease homolog spclip1 regulates complement recruitment to microbial surfaces in the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae.the complement c3-like protein tep1 of the mosquito anopheles gambiae is required for defense against malaria parasites and bacteria. two forms of tep1 are present in the mosquito hemolymph, the full-length tep1-f and the proteolytically processed tep1(cut) that is part of a complex including the leucine-rich repeat proteins lrim1 and apl1c. here we show that the non-catalytic serine protease spclip1 is a key regulator of the complement-like pathway. spclip1 is required for accumulation of tep1 ...201324039584
community-wide distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets can halt transmission of lymphatic filariasis in southeastern nigeria.lymphatic filariasis (lf) in rural southeastern nigeria is transmitted mainly by anopheles spp. mosquitoes. potential coinfection with loa loa in this area has prevented use of ivermectin in the mass drug administration (mda) strategy for lf elimination because of potential severe adverse l. loa-related reactions. this study determined if long-lasting insecticidal net (llin) distribution programs for malaria would interrupt lf transmission in such areas, without need for mda. monthly entomologic ...201323939708
insulin receptor-like ectodomain genes and splice variants are found in both arthropods and human brain cdna.truncated receptor ectodomains have been described for several classes of cell surface receptors, including those that bind to growth factors, cytokines, immunoglobulins, and adhesion molecules. soluble receptor isoforms are typically generated by proteolytic cleavage of the cell surface receptor or by alternative splicing of rna transcripts arising from the same gene encoding the full-length receptor. both the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) and the insulin receptor (insr) families prod ...201327375681
transcriptome deep-sequencing and clustering of expressed isoforms from favia corals.genomic and transcriptomic sequence data are essential tools for tackling ecological problems. using an approach that combines next-generation sequencing, de novo transcriptome assembly, gene annotation and synthetic gene construction, we identify and cluster the protein families from favia corals from the northern red sea.201323937070
inter-epidemic transmission of rift valley fever in livestock in the kilombero river valley, tanzania: a cross-sectional survey.in recent years, evidence of rift valley fever (rvf) transmission during inter-epidemic periods in parts of africa has increasingly been reported. the inter-epidemic transmissions generally pass undetected where there is no surveillance in the livestock or human populations. we studied the presence of and the determinants for inter-epidemic rvf transmission in an area experiencing annual flooding in southern tanzania.201323951376
a sticky situation: the unexpected stability of malaria elimination.malaria eradication involves eliminating malaria from every country where transmission occurs. current theory suggests that the post-elimination challenges of remaining malaria-free by stopping transmission from imported malaria will have onerous operational and financial requirements. although resurgent malaria has occurred in a majority of countries that tried but failed to eliminate malaria, a review of resurgence in countries that successfully eliminated finds only four such failures out of ...201323798693
preventive chemotherapy as a strategy for elimination of neglected tropical parasitic diseases: endgame challenges.global efforts to address neglected tropical diseases (ntds) were stimulated in january 2012 by the london declaration at which 22 partners, including the bill & melinda gates foundation, world bank, world health organization (who) and major pharmaceutical companies committed to sustaining and expanding ntd programmes to eliminate or eradicate 11 ntds by 2020 to achieve the goals outlined in the recently published who road map. here, we present the current context of preventive chemotherapy for ...201323798692
modest additive effects of integrated vector control measures on malaria prevalence and transmission in western kenya.the effect of integrating vector larval intervention on malaria transmission is unknown when insecticide-treated bed-net (itn) coverage is very high, and the optimal indicator for intervention evaluation needs to be determined when transmission is low.201323870708
identification and expression profile analysis of odorant binding proteins in the oriental fruit fly bactrocera dorsalis.olfaction is crucial in many insects for critical behaviors, including those regulating survival and reproduction. insect odorant-binding proteins (obps) function in the first step of the olfactory system and play an essential role in the perception of odorants, such as pheromones and host chemicals. the oriental fruit fly, bactrocera dorsalis, is a destructive fruit-eating pest, due to its wide host range of up to 250 different types of fruits and vegetables, and this fly causes severe economic ...201323867609
non-ltr retrotransposons and microsatellites: partners in genomic variation.the human genome is laden with both non-ltr (long-terminal repeat) retrotransposons and microsatellite repeats. both types of sequences are able to, either actively or passively, mutagenize the genomes of human individuals and are therefore poised to dynamically alter the human genomic landscape across generations. non-ltr retrotransposons, such as l1 and alu, are a major source of new microsatellites, which are born both concurrently and subsequently to l1 and alu integration into the genome. l ...201324195012
inland valley rice production systems and malaria infection and disease in the forest region of western côte d'ivoire.this study aimed to determine the epidemiological impact of rice cultivation in inland valleys on malaria in the forest region of western côte d'ivoire. the importance of malaria was compared in terms of prevalence and parasite density of infections and also in terms of clinical malaria incidence between three agro-ecosystems: (i) uncultivated inland valleys, (r0), (ii) inland valleys with one annual rice cultivation in the rainy season, (r1) and (iii) developed inland valleys with two annual ri ...201323841911
analysis of whitefly transcriptional responses to beauveria bassiana infection reveals new insights into insect-fungus interactions.the fungal pathogen, beauveria bassiana, is an efficient biocontrol agent against a variety of agricultural pests. a thorough understanding of the basic principles of insect-fungus interactions may enable the genetic modification of beauveria bassiana to enhance its virulence. however, the molecular mechanism of insect response to beauveria bassiana infection is poorly understood, let alone the identification of fungal virulent factors involved in pathogenesis.201323861870
changes in the burden of malaria following scale up of malaria control interventions in mutasa district, zimbabwe.to better understand trends in the burden of malaria and their temporal relationship to control activities, a survey was conducted to assess reported cases of malaria and malaria control activities in mutasa district, zimbabwe.201323815862
evidence for gene duplication in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of aedes aegypti.mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene (nav), known as kdr mutations, are associated with pyrethroid and ddt insecticide resistance in a number of species. in the mosquito dengue vector aedes aegypti, besides kdr, other polymorphisms allowed grouping aanav sequences as type 'a' or 'b'. here, we point a series of evidences that these polymorphisms are actually involved in a gene duplication event.201324481195
marked biological differences between insecticide resistant and susceptible strains of anopheles funestus infected with the murine parasite plasmodium berghei.anopheles funestus is one of the major malaria vectors in africa but research on this species has been restricted due to the lack of viable laboratory colonies. the vectorial capacity of natural populations of an. funestus is well known but its ability to host plasmodium in the laboratory and the development cycle of the parasite within this mosquito species was, until very recently, unknown. in this study we compared laboratory strains of an. funestus that were resistant and susceptible to pyre ...201323782642
a first report of anopheles funestus sibling species in western kenya highlands.understanding disease vector composition is of priority in designing effective disease control programs. in integrated vector control management, understanding of disease vector species among species complexes simplifies priorities for effective control tools selection. this study identified members of the anopheles funestus complex sampled in western kenya from 2002 to 2011 from different breeding sites. larval sampling was carried out using the standard dipper (350ml) in larval habitats in wes ...201323792011
detection of clade types (clades i and ii) within anopheles funestus sensu stricto by the hydrolysis probe analysis (taqman assay).recent studies presented two clades (clades i and ii) within the major malaria vector, anopheles funestus s.s. on the mitochondrial dna. we describe a hydrolysis probe analysis (taqman assay) method for the rapid identification of these two clades.201323758959
asymptomatic plasmodium infection and cognition among primary schoolchildren in a high malaria transmission setting in uganda.asymptomatic parasitemia is common among schoolchildren living in areas of high malaria transmission, yet little is known about its effect on cognitive function in these settings. to investigate associations between asymptomatic parasitemia, anemia, and cognition among primary schoolchildren living in a high malaria transmission setting, we studied 740 children enrolled in a clinical trial in tororo, uganda. parasitemia, measured by thick blood smears, was present in 30% of the children. infecte ...201323589533
synergist bioassays: a simple method for initial metabolic resistance investigation of field anopheles gambiae s.l. populations.metabolic resistance and the potential role of permeability-glycoprotein (p-gp) efflux pumps were investigated in a pyrethroid-resistant wild anopheles gambiae s.l. tiassalé population, using who susceptibility assays with deltamethrin (0.05%), with and without pre-exposure to synergists. the synergists used included an inhibitor of p-glycoprotein efflux pumps (verapamil), an inhibitor of esterases (en 16-5), and an inhibitor of p450s and esterases (piperonyl butoxide). pre-exposure to verapamil ...201324191946
clinical signs and symptoms cannot reliably predict plasmodium falciparum malaria infection in pregnant women living in an area of high seasonal transmission.malaria in pregnancy is a major public health problem in endemic countries. though the signs and symptoms of malaria among pregnant women have been already described, clinical presentation may vary according to intensity of transmission and local perceptions. therefore, determining common signs and symptoms among pregnant women with a malaria infection may be extremely useful to identify those in need of further investigation by rapid diagnostic test or microscopy.201324373481
selection for chloroquine-sensitive plasmodium falciparum by wild anopheles arabiensis in southern zambia.the emergence of parasite drug resistance, especially plasmodium falciparum, persists as a major obstacle for malaria control and elimination. to develop effective public health containment strategies, a clear understanding of factors that govern the emergence and spread of resistant parasites in the field is important. the current study documents selection for chloroquine-sensitive malaria parasites by wild anopheles arabiensis in southern zambia.201324354640
amodiaquine-artesunate versus artemether-lumefantrine against uncomplicated malaria in children less than 14 years in ngaoundere, north cameroon: efficacy, safety, and baseline drug resistant mutations in pfcrt, pfmdr1, and pfdhfr genes.background. in cameroon, both artesunate-amodiaquine (as/aq) and artemether-lumefantrine (al) are used as first-line treatment against uncomplicated malaria in line with the who recommendations. we compared the efficacy and safety of both therapeutic combinations and determined the prevalence of drug resistance conferring mutations in three parasite genes. methods. one hundred and fifty acute malaria patients between six months and 14 years of age were randomized to receive standard doses of eit ...201324455414
biting patterns and seasonality of anopheles gambiae sensu lato and anopheles funestus mosquitoes in kamuli district, uganda.we investigated the biting patterns and seasonal abundances of anopheles gambiae s.l. and an. funestus mosquitoes in kamuli district, uganda.201324304974
habitat hydrology and geomorphology control the distribution of malaria vector larvae in rural africa.larval source management is a promising component of integrated malaria control and elimination. this requires development of a framework to target productive locations through process-based understanding of habitat hydrology and geomorphology.201324312606
regulation of insect behavior via the insulin-signaling pathway.the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (iis) pathway is well-established as a critical regulator of growth and metabolic homeostasis across the animal kingdom. insulin-like peptides (ilps), the functional analogs of mammalian insulin, were initially discovered in the silkmoth bombyx mori and subsequently identified in many other insect species. initial research focused on the role of insulin signaling in metabolism, cell proliferation, development, reproduction and aging. more recently ...201324348428
the changing burden of malaria and association with vector control interventions in zambia using district-level surveillance data, 2006-2011.malaria control was strengthened in zambia over the past decade. the two primary interventions for vector control are indoor residual spraying (irs) and long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (llins). using passive malaria surveillance data collected from 2006 to 2011 through the zambian district health information system, the associations between increased coverage with llins and irs and the burden of malaria in zambia were evaluated.201324289177
reduced prevalence of malaria infection in children living in houses with window screening or closed eaves on bioko island, equatorial guinea.previous studies demonstrated that fewer mosquitoes enter houses which are screened or have closed eaves. there is little evidence about the effect on malaria infection in humans that changes in house construction may have. this study examines the impact of protective housing improvements on malaria infection on bioko island.201324236191
dynamics of malaria transmission and susceptibility to clinical malaria episodes following treatment of plasmodium falciparum asymptomatic carriers: results of a cluster-randomized study of community-wide screening and treatment, and a parallel entomology study.in malaria-endemic countries, large proportions of individuals infected with plasmodium falciparum are asymptomatic and constitute a reservoir of parasites for infection of newly hatched mosquitoes.201324215306
elevated dry-season malaria prevalence associated with fine-scale spatial patterns of environmental risk: a case-control study of children in rural malawi.understanding the role of local environmental risk factors for malaria in holo-endemic, poverty-stricken settings will be critical to more effectively implement- interventions aimed at eventual elimination. household-level environmental drivers of malaria risk during the dry season were investigated in rural southern malawi among children < five years old in two neighbouring rural traditional authority (ta) regions dominated by small-scale agriculture.201324206777
epidemiology of malaria in an area of seasonal transmission in niger and implications for the design of a seasonal malaria chemoprevention strategy.few data are available about malaria epidemiological situation in niger. however, implementation of new strategies such as vaccination or seasonal treatment of a target population requires the knowledge of baseline epidemiological features of malaria. a population-based study was conducted to provide better characterization of malaria seasonal variations and population groups the most at risk in this particular area.201324172107
temporal and micro-spatial heterogeneity in the distribution of anopheles vectors of malaria along the kenyan coast.the distribution of anopheline mosquitoes is determined by temporally dynamic environmental and human-associated variables, operating over a range of spatial scales. macro-spatial short-term trends are driven predominantly by prior (lagged) seasonal changes in climate, which regulate the abundance of suitable aquatic larval habitats. micro-spatial distribution is determined by the location of these habitats, proximity and abundance of available human bloodmeals and prevailing micro-climatic cond ...201324330615
the efficacy of long-lasting nets with declining physical integrity may be compromised in areas with high levels of pyrethroid resistance.long-lasting insecticide-treated mosquito nets (llins) are a primary malaria prevention strategy in sub-saharan africa. however, emergence of insecticide resistance threatens the effectiveness of llins.201324156715
reliability of school surveys in estimating geographic variation in malaria transmission in the western kenyan highlands.school surveys provide an operational approach to assess malaria transmission through parasite prevalence. there is limited evidence on the comparability of prevalence estimates obtained from school and community surveys carried out at the same locality.201324143250
projected impacts of climate change on environmental suitability for malaria transmission in west africa.climate change is expected to affect the distribution of environmental suitability for malaria transmission by altering temperature and rainfall patterns; however, the local and global impacts of climate change on malaria transmission are uncertain.201324043443
an analysis of two island groups as potential sites for trials of transgenic mosquitoes for malaria control.considerable technological advances have been made towards the generation of genetically modified mosquitoes for vector control. in contrast, less progress has been made towards field evaluations of transformed mosquitoes which are critical for evaluating the success of, and hazards associated with, genetic modification. oceanic islands have been highlighted as potentially the best locations for such trials. however, population genetic studies are necessary to verify isolation. here, we used a p ...201323789035
the effect of screening doors and windows on indoor density of anopheles arabiensis in south-west ethiopia: a randomized trial.screening of houses might have impact on density of indoor host-seeking anopheles mosquitoes. a randomized trial of screening windows and doors with metal mesh, and closing openings on eves and walls by mud was conducted to assess if reduce indoor densities of biting mosquitoes.201324028542
evaluation of polyethylene-based long lasting treated bed net netprotect on anopheles mosquitoes, malaria incidence, and net longivity in western kenya.we studied the effect on malaria incidence, mosquito abundance, net efficacy, net use rate, chemical analysis, and holes of a long lasting insecticide treated bed net (netprotect) in western kenya, 2007-2010. nets were hung in 150 households 6 months before they were hung in a second, 2 km away. indoor resting densities were monitored by pyrethrum spray catch and malaria cases by passive detection using clinical manifestations and rapid diagnostic test. the probability of finding an. arabiensis ...201324194770
wuchereria bancrofti transmission pattern in southern mali prior to and following the institution of mass drug administration.the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (gpelf) was launched in 2000 with the goal of stopping transmission of lymphatic filariasis (lf) through yearly mass drug administration (mda). although preliminary surveys of the human population in mali suggested that wuchereria bancrofti infection was highly endemic in the sikasso district, baseline entomological data were required to confirm high levels of transmission prior to the selection of villages in this region for a study of the ...201323981378
development of reference transcriptomes for the major field insect pests of cowpea: a toolbox for insect pest management approaches in west africa.cowpea is a widely cultivated and major nutritional source of protein for many people that live in west africa. annual yields and longevity of grain storage is greatly reduced by feeding damage caused by a complex of insect pests that include the pod sucking bugs, anoplocnemis curvipes fabricius (hemiptera: coreidae) and clavigralla tomentosicollis stål (hemiptera: coreidae); as well as phloem-feeding cowpea aphids, aphis craccivora koch (hemiptera: aphididae) and flower thrips, megalurothrips s ...201324278221
novel selective and irreversible mosquito acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for controlling malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases.we reported previously that insect acetylcholinesterases (aches) could be selectively and irreversibly inhibited by methanethiosulfonates presumably through conjugation to an insect-specific cysteine in these enzymes. however, no direct proof for the conjugation has been published to date, and doubts remain about whether such cysteine-targeting inhibitors have desirable kinetic properties for insecticide use. here we report mass spectrometric proof of the conjugation and new chemicals that irrev ...201323323211
lymphatic filariasis in luangwa district, south-east zambia.past case reports and recent data from lf mapping surveys indicate that lf occurs in zambia, but no studies have been carried out to document its epidemiology and health implications. the present study assessed infection, disease, transmission and human perception aspects of lf in an endemic area of luangwa district, south-east zambia, as a background for planning and implementation of control.201324499525
entomological surveillance of behavioural resilience and resistance in residual malaria vector populations.the most potent malaria vectors rely heavily upon human blood so they are vulnerable to attack with insecticide-treated nets (itns) and indoor residual spraying (irs) within houses. mosquito taxa that can avoid feeding or resting indoors, or by obtaining blood from animals, mediate a growing proportion of the dwindling transmission that persists as itns and irs are scaled up.201323577656
shifts in malaria vector species composition and transmission dynamics along the kenyan coast over the past 20 years.over the past 20 years, numerous studies have investigated the ecology and behaviour of malaria vectors and plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission on the coast of kenya. substantial progress has been made to control vector populations and reduce high malaria prevalence and severe disease. the goal of this paper was to examine trends over the past 20 years in anopheles species composition, density, blood-feeding behaviour, and p. falciparum sporozoite transmission along the coast of kenya.201323297732
genetic diversity and signatures of selection of drug resistance in plasmodium populations from both human and mosquito hosts in continental equatorial guinea.in plasmodium, the high level of genetic diversity and the interactions established by co-infecting parasite populations within the same host may be a source of selection on pathogen virulence and drug resistance. as different patterns have already been described in humans and mosquitoes, parasite diversity and population structure should be studied in both hosts to properly assess their effects on infection and transmission dynamics. this study aimed to characterize the circulating populations ...201323537170
blood meal sources and entomological inoculation rates of anophelines along a highland altitudinal transect in south-central ethiopia.the role of anophelines in transmitting malaria depends on their distribution, preference to feed on humans and also their susceptibility to plasmodium gametocytes, all of which are affected by local environmental conditions. blood meal source and entomological inoculation rate of anophelines was assessed along a highland altitudinal transect in south- central ethiopia.201323433348
the residual life of bendiocarb on different substrates under laboratory and field conditions in benin, western africa.the efficacy of bendiocarb against pyrethroid resistant an. gambiae and the residual life of this insecticide on different substrates were evaluated under laboratory and field conditions.201324220151
living on the edge: a longitudinal study of anopheles funestus in an isolated area of mozambique.understanding the survival strategies of malaria vectors at the edges of their distribution, where they are under stress from environmental conditions, may lead to the development of novel control techniques and may help predict the effects of climate change on these mosquitoes.201323773359
dose-response tests and semi-field evaluation of lethal and sub-lethal effects of slow release pyriproxyfen granules (sumilarv®0.5g) for the control of the malaria vectors anopheles gambiae sensu lato.recently research has shown that larviciding can be an effective tool for integrated malaria vector control. nevertheless, the uptake of this intervention has been hampered by the need to re-apply larvicides frequently. there is a need to explore persistent, environmentally friendly larvicides for malaria vector control to reduce intervention efforts and costs by reducing the frequency of application. in this study, the efficacy of a 0.5% pyriproxyfen granule (surmilarv®0.5g, sumitomo chemicals) ...201323497149
impact of operational effectiveness of long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) on malaria transmission in pyrethroid-resistant areas.a dynamic study on the transmission of malaria was conducted in two areas (r⁺ area: low resistance area; r⁺⁺⁺ area: high resistance area) in the department of plateau in south eastern benin, where the population is protected by long lasting insecticidal nets (llins). the aim of this study was to determine if the resistance of malaria vectors to insecticides has an impact on their behavior and on the effectiveness of llins in the reduction of malaria transmission.201324499508
agro-ecosystems impact malaria prevalence: large-scale irrigation drives vector population in western ethiopia.development strategies in ethiopia have largely focused on the expansion of irrigated agriculture in the last decade to reduce poverty and promote economic growth. however, such irrigation schemes can worsen the socio-economic state by aggravating the problem of mosquito-borne diseases. in this study, the effect of agro-ecosystem practices on malaria prevalence and the risk of malaria transmission by the primary vector mosquito, anopheles arabiensis, in ethiopia were investigated.201324083353
standardizing operational vector sampling techniques for measuring malaria transmission intensity: evaluation of six mosquito collection methods in western kenya.operational vector sampling methods lack standardization, making quantitative comparisons of malaria transmission across different settings difficult. human landing catch (hlc) is considered the research gold standard for measuring human-mosquito contact, but is unsuitable for large-scale sampling. this study assessed mosquito catch rates of cdc light trap (cdc-lt), ifakara tent trap (itt), window exit trap (wet), pot resting trap (prt), and box resting trap (brt) relative to hlc in western keny ...201323631641
new insights into the population structure of anopheles gambiae s.s. in the gulf of guinea islands revealed by herves transposable elements.transposable elements (tes) are mobile portions of dna that are able to replicate and spread in the genome of many organisms. tes can be used as a means to insert transgenes in insects, being stably inherited throughout generations. anopheles gambiae is the main vector of human malaria in sub-saharan africa. given the extraordinary burden this disease imposes, the mosquito became a choice target for genetic control approaches with the purpose of reducing malaria transmission. in this study, we i ...201323638171
response of anopheles gambiae s.l. (diptera: culicidae) to larval habitat age in western kenya highlands.larval control is of paramount importance in the reduction of vector populations. previous observations have suggested that, larvae of anopheles gambiae s.l occur more often in small temporary habitats while other studies showed that long-lasting stable habitats are more productive than unstable habitats. in addition, the physical and biological conditions and stability of larval habitats can change rapidly in natural conditions. therefore, we examined the effect of larval habitat age on product ...201323324330
spatio-temporal malaria transmission patterns in navrongo demographic surveillance site, northern ghana.the relationship between entomological measures of malaria transmission intensity and mortality remains uncertain. this is partly because transmission is heterogeneous even within small geographical areas. studying this relationship requires high resolution, spatially structured, longitudinal entomological data. geostatistical models that have been used to analyse the spatio-temporal heterogeneity have not considered the uncertainty in both sporozoite rate (sr) and mosquito density data. this st ...201323405912
consistently high estimates for the proportion of human exposure to malaria vector populations occurring indoors in rural africa.insecticide-treated nets (itns) and indoor residual spraying (irs) are highly effective tools for controlling malaria transmission in africa because the most important vectors, from the anopheles gambiae complex and the a. funestus group, usually prefer biting humans indoors at night.201323396849
addressing malaria vector control challenges in south sudan: proposed recommendations.upon the signing of the comprehensive peace agreement in 2005, the republic of south sudan (rss) has faced a lot of challenges, such as a lack of infrastructure, human resources and an enormous burden of vector borne diseases including malaria. while a national malaria strategic plan 2006-2011 was developed, the vector control component has remained relatively weak. the strategy endorses the distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) as the frontline intervention with other intervent ...201323394124
impact of home-based management of malaria combined with other community-based interventions: what do we learn from rwanda?this study aimed to evaluate the impact of home-based management of malaria (hbm) strategy on time to treatment and reported presumed malaria morbidity in children aged less than 5 years in rwanda.201323560133
physical condition and maintenance of mosquito bed nets in kwale county, coastal kenya.despite the extensive ownership and use of insecticide-treated nets (itns) over the last decade, the effective lifespan of these nets, especially their physical integrity, under true operational conditions is not well-understood. usefulness of nets declines primarily due to physical damage or loss of insecticidal activity.201323374429
the effect of larval nutritional deprivation on the life history and ddt resistance phenotype in laboratory strains of the malaria vector anopheles arabiensis.anopheles arabiensis is a major malaria vector in africa. it thrives in agricultural areas and has been associated with increased malaria incidence in areas under rice and maize cultivation. this effect may be due to increased adult size and abundance as a consequence of optimal larval nutrition. the aim of this study was to examine the effect of larval nutrition on the life history and expression of insecticide resistance in adults of laboratory reared an. arabiensis.201323368928
intrinsically disordered regions of p53 family are highly diversified in evolution.proteins of the p53 family are expressed in vertebrates and in some invertebrate species. the main function of these proteins is to control and regulate cell cycle in response to various cellular signals, and therefore to control the organism's development. the regulatory functions of the p53 family members originate mostly from their highly-conserved and well-structured dna-binding domains. many human diseases (including various types of cancer) are related to the missense mutations within this ...201323352836
persistent detection of plasmodium falciparum, p. malariae, p. ovale curtisi and p. ovale wallikeri after act treatment of asymptomatic ghanaian school-children.two hundred and seventy four asymptomatic ghanaian school-children aged 5 to 17 years were screened for malaria parasites by examination of blood films. one hundred and fifty five microscopically-positive individuals were treated with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine and followed for 3 weeks. retrospective species-specific pcr of all 274 screened samples identified an additional 60 children with sub-patent parasitaemia, and a substantial proportion of co-infections with plasmodium malariae, plasmo ...201324533292
geographic coincidence of increased malaria transmission hazard and vulnerability occurring at the periphery of two tanzanian villages.the goal of malaria elimination necessitates an improved understanding of any fine-scale geographic variations in transmission risk so that complementary vector control tools can be integrated into current vector control programmes as supplementary measures that are spatially targeted to maximize impact upon residual transmission. this study examines the distribution of host-seeking malaria vectors at households within two villages in rural tanzania.201323331947
de novo transcriptome characterization of vitis vinifera cv. corvina unveils varietal diversity.plants such as grapevine (vitis spp.) display significant inter-cultivar genetic and phenotypic variation. the genetic components underlying phenotypic diversity in grapevine must be understood in order to disentangle genetic and environmental factors.201323331995
trends in multiplicity of plasmodium falciparum infections among asymptomatic residents in the middle belt of ghana.malaria is the most important cause of mortality and morbidity in children living in the kintampo districts in the middle part of ghana. this study has investigated the multiplicity of infection (moi) within asymptomatic residents of the kintampo districts, and the influence of age and seasonality on moi, by studying the distribution of the polymorphic plasmodium falciparum antigen merozoite surface protein 2 (msp2).201323327681
topographic models for predicting malaria vector breeding habitats: potential tools for vector control managers.identification of malaria vector breeding sites can enhance control activities. although associations between malaria vector breeding sites and topography are well recognized, practical models that predict breeding sites from topographic information are lacking. we used topographic variables derived from remotely sensed digital elevation models (dems) to model the breeding sites of malaria vectors. we further compared the predictive strength of two different dems and evaluated the predictability ...201323324389
mathematical evaluation of community level impact of combining bed nets and indoor residual spraying upon malaria transmission in areas where the main vectors are anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes.indoor residual insecticide spraying (irs) and long-lasting insecticide treated nets (llins) are commonly used together even though evidence that such combinations confer greater protection against malaria than either method alone is inconsistent.201323324456
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