Publications

composition and antifungal activity of essential oils of mentha piperita and lavendula angustifolia on post-harvest phytopathogens.	the general antifungal activity of essential oils is well documented. the advantage of essential oils is their bioactivity in the vapor phase, a characteristic that makes them attractive as possible fumigants for stored product protection. essential oils of aerial parts of mentha piperita and lavendula angustifolia were obtained with hydrodistillation and oils composition identified with gc-ms. menthanol (36.24%) and menthone (32.42%) were the major compounds of the m. piperata essential oil. th ...	2006	17390896
study of the three-way interaction between trichoderma atroviride, plant and fungal pathogens by using a proteomic approach.	the main molecular factors involved in the complex interactions occurring between plants (bean), two different fungal pathogens (botrytis cinerea, rhizoctonia solani) and an antagonistic strain of the genus trichoderma were investigated. two-dimensional (2-d) electrophoresis was used to analyze separately collected proteomes from each single, two- or three-partner interaction (i.e., plant, pathogenic and antagonistic fungus alone and in all possible combinations). differential proteins were subj ...	2006	17008992
metschnikowia strains isolated from botrytized grapes antagonize fungal and bacterial growth by iron depletion.	noble-rotted grapes are colonized by complex microbial populations. i isolated pigment-producing metschnikowia strains from noble-rotted grapes that had antagonistic activity against filamentous fungi, yeasts, and bacteria. a red-maroon pigment was formed from a diffusible colorless precursor released by the cells into the medium. the conversion of the precursor required iron and could occur both in the cells (red colonies) and in the medium (red halos around colonies). the intensity of pigmenta ...	2006	17021223
expression and functional analyses of the plastid lipid-associated protein chrc suggest its role in chromoplastogenesis and stress.	chromoplastogenesis during flower development and fruit ripening involves the dramatic overaccumulation of carotenoids sequestered into structures containing lipids and proteins called plastid lipid-associated proteins (paps). chrc, a cucumber (cucumis sativus) pap, has been suggested to be transcriptionally activated in carotenoid-accumulating flowers by gibberellin (ga). mybys, a myb-like trans-activator identified here, may represent a chromoplastogenesis-related factor: its expression is flo ...	2006	16815957
expression profiling and mutant analysis reveals complex regulatory networks involved in arabidopsis response to botrytis infection.	the expression profiles of botrytis-inoculated arabidopsis plants were studied to determine the nature of the defense transcriptome and to identify genes involved in host responses to the pathogen. normally resistant arabidopsis wild-type plants were compared with coi1, ein2, and nahg plants that are defective in various defense responses and/or show increased susceptibility to botrytis. in wild-type plants, the expression of 621 genes representing approximately 0.48% of the arabidopsis transcri ...	2006	16925600
a class iii histidine kinase acts as a novel virulence factor in botrytis cinerea.	filamentous ascomycetes contain large numbers of histidine kinases (hk) that belong to eleven classes. members of class iii from different species were previously shown to be involved in osmoregulation and resistance to dicarboximide and phenylpyrrole fungicides. we have inactivated the gene encoding the single group iii hk, bos1, in the economically important plant pathogen botrytis cinerea. bos1 inactivation had pleiotropic effects on the fungus. besides the expected osmosensitivity and resist ...	2006	16941908
[analysis of shoot apical anatomic changes during the development of brassica plants].	in this study, we analyzed shoot apical anatomic changes during the development of brassica plants including cauliflower (brasscia oleracea l.var. botrytis), broccoli (b. oleracea l.var italica), chinese cabbage (brasscia compestris spp. pekinensis) and cabbage (brasscia oleracea.l.). it has been showed that all of their apical meristems changed from the original tunica-corpus structure to the intergrade subarea, to typical 5-subarea structure and to 4-subarea structure when they went into repro ...	2006	16944593
trehalose metabolism is important for heat stress tolerance and spore germination of botrytis cinerea.	to analyse the role of trehalose as stress protectant and carbon storage compound in the grey mould fungus botrytis cinerea, mutants defective in trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (tps1) and neutral trehalase (tre1) were constructed. the deltatps1 mutant was unable to synthesize trehalose, whereas the deltatre1 mutant showed elevated trehalose levels compared to the wild-type and was unable to mobilize trehalose during conidial germination. both mutants showed normal vegetative growth and were not ...	2006	16946258
control of the phytopathogen botrytis cinerea using adipic acid monoethyl ester.	the in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of adipic acid monoethyl ester (aame) on the necrotrophic pathogen botrytis cinerea has been studied. this chemical effectively controlled this important phytopathogen, inhibited spore germination and mycelium development at non-phytotoxic concentrations. the effectiveness of aame treatment is concentration-dependent and influenced by ph. spore germination in the presence of aame is stopped at a very early stage, preventing germ tube development. in a ...	2006	16261314
zn(ii) biosorption properties of botrytis cinerea biomass.	the study was aimed of determining the zn(ii) sorption performance of botrytis cinerea (b. cinerea) biomass as a new biosorbent. heat inactivated biomass was used in the determination of optimum conditions. the rate and extent of accumulation were effected by ph, contact time and initial zinc ion concentrations. the uptake capacity of b. cinerea was increased by chemical and physical pretreatment of the cells when compared with the native biomass. the maximum removal of zn(ii) at ph 5.0-6.0 was ...	2006	16239066
inhibition of phytopathogenic fungi by essential oil, hydrosol, ground material and extract of summer savory (satureja hortensis l.) growing wild in turkey.	the antifungal activities of the essential oil, hydrosol, ground material and extract of summer savory (satureja hortensis l.) on mycelial growth of alternaria mali roberts and botrytis cinerea pers. were determined. all doses of extract inhibited 100% the mycelial growth of both fungi, and exhibited a fungicidal effect. the 15% level of hydrosol and the 1.0% level of ground material had a 100% effect on b. cinerea. the other doses showed weak inhibition on mycelial growth of the fungi, and anti ...	2006	16330123
limenin, a defensin-like peptide with multiple exploitable activities from shelf beans.	from the seeds of the shelf bean, an antifungal peptide with a molecular mass of 6.5 kda was isolated. the isolation procedure comprised affinity chromatography on affi-gel blue gel, ion exchange chromatography on mono s, and gel filtration on superdex 75. the peptide was adsorbed on affi-gel blue gel and mono s. it potently suppressed mycelial growth in botrytis cinerea, fusarium oxysporum, and mycosphaerella arachidicola with an ic(50) of 2.9, 2.1, and 0.34 microm, respectively. it exerted ant ...	2006	16285021
differential accumulation of monolignol-derived compounds in elicited flax (linum usitatissimum) cell suspension cultures.	lignin and lignans share monolignols as common precursors and are both potentially involved in plant defence against pathogens. in this study, we investigated the effects of fungal elicitors on lignin and lignan metabolism in flax (linum usitatissimum) cell suspensions. cell suspension cultures of flax were treated with elicitor preparations made from mycelium extracts of botrytis cinerea, phoma exigua and fusarium oxysporum f ssp lini. elicitors induced a rapid stimulation of the monolignol pat ...	2006	16292660
the hrpn gene of erwinia amylovora stimulates tobacco growth and enhances resistance to botrytis cinerea.	erwinia amylovora is a member of the harpin proteins that induces pathogen resistance and hypersensitive cell death in plants. to obtain tobacco plants displaying a hypersensitive response, the hrpn gene from erwinia amylovora was cloned into vector pmjc-gb under the control of the rice cytochrome promoter and transfected into tobacco. southern hybridization with a hrpn probe revealed that the gene was present in one copy in the transgenic plants. in addition, hrpn transcripts could be detected ...	2006	16136336
ganodermin, an antifungal protein from fruiting bodies of the medicinal mushroom ganoderma lucidum.	a 15-kda antifungal protein, designated ganodermin, was isolated from the medical mushroom ganoderma lucidum. the isolation procedure utilized chromatography on deae-cellulose, affi-gel blue gel, cm-sepharose and superdex 75. ganodermin was unadsorbed on deae-cellulose and adsorbed on affi-gel blue gel and cm-sepharose. ganodermin inhibited the mycelial growth of botrytis cinerea, fusarium oxysporum and physalospora piricola with an ic50 value of 15.2 microm, 12.4 microm and 18.1 microm, respect ...	2006	16039755
enhanced resistance to botrytis cinerea mediated by the transgenic expression of the chitinase gene ch5b in strawberry.	plants of strawberry (cultivar pájaro) were transformed with three defense related genes: ch5b, gln2 and ap24 using agrobacterium tumefaciens. the ch5b gene encodes for a chitinase from phaseolus vulgaris, while gln2 and ap24 encode for a glucanase and a thaumatin-like protein, respectively, both from nicotiana tabacum. sixteen transgenic lines expressing one or a combination of two defense genes were obtained. phytopathological tests showed that two transgenic lines expressing only the ch5b gen ...	2006	16475010
impact of fungal drug transporters on fungicide sensitivity, multidrug resistance and virulence.	drug transporters are membrane proteins that provide protection for organisms against natural toxic products and fungicides. in plant pathogens, drug transporters function in baseline sensitivity to fungicides, multidrug resistance (mdr) and virulence on host plants. this paper describes drug transporters of the filamentous fungi aspergillus nidulans (eidam) winter, botrytis cinerea pers and mycosphaerella graminicola (fückel) schroter that function in fungicide sensitivity and resistance. the f ...	2006	16475240
genetic characterization of strains of saccharomycescerevisiae responsible for 'refermentation' in botrytis-affected wines.	saccharomyces cerevisiae is responsible for alcoholic fermentation of wines. however, some strains can also spoil sweet botrytis-affected wines. three 'refermentation' strains were isolated during maturation. characterization of those strains in regards to their fingerprint, rdna sequence and resistance to so2, which constituted the main source of stress in botrytis-affected wines, was carried out.	2006	16478491
the major allergen of alternaria alternata (alt a 1) is expressed in other members of the pleosporaceae family.	there is general consensus regarding the scarce cross-reactivity existing between alternaria alternata and other allergenic moulds such as aspergillus fumigatus, penicillium notatum or cladosporium herbarum. however, a. alternata has been shown to have a very significant level of allergenic cross-reactivity with other fungi belonging to the pleosporaceae family. to date, no biological identity or homologies with other proteins have been described for alt a 1, and it remains unclear whether the m ...	2006	16466440
biosynthesis of fatty acid derived aldehydes is induced upon mechanical wounding and its products show fungicidal activities in cucumber.	fatty acid 9/13-hydroperoxide lyase (9/13-hpl) in cucumber is an enzyme that can cleave either 9- or 13-hydroperoxides of polyunsaturated fatty acids to form c9- or c6-aldehydes, respectively, as products. in order to reveal the physiological function of 9/13-hpl, its expression profiles were analyzed, and it was found that 9/13-hpl expression was developmentally regulated and high in the hypocotyls, female flowers and mature fruits. however, its transcript as well as its activity was only induc ...	2006	16497344
molecular cloning, characterization, and expression studies of a novel chitinase gene (ech30) from the mycoparasite trichoderma atroviride strain p1.	we describe the cloning and characterization of a single copy gene from trichoderma atroviride p1 encoding a novel 30 kda chitinase, ech30. ech30 is a family 18 chitinase showing low sequence similarity to other trichoderma chitinases. real-time quantitative rt-pcr studies revealed that expression of the ech30 gene was induced by the presence of botrytis cinerea in plate confrontation assays, but hardly by chitin in liquid cultures. studies of ech30 purified from an escherichia coli strain overe ...	2006	16499618
antifungal activity of thiophenes from echinops ritro.	extracts from 30 plants of the greek flora were evaluated for their antifungal activity using direct bioautography assays with three colletotrichum species. among the bioactive extracts, the dichloromethane extract of the radix of echinops ritro (asteraceae) was the most potent. bioassay-guided fractionation of this extract led to the isolation of eight thiophenes. antifungal activities of isolated compounds together with a previously isolated thiophene from echinops transiliensis were first eva ...	2006	16506815
brassica oleracea pollen, a new source of occupational allergens.	vegetable pollen is a rare source of occupational allergens. occupational allergy has only been described in the case of paprika pollen and tomato pollen. we describe a new source of occupational pollen allergy.	2006	16512813
calcineurin, mpk1 and hog1 mapk pathways independently control fludioxonil antifungal sensitivity in cryptococcus neoformans.	fludioxonil is employed as an agricultural fungicide to control plant-pathogenic fungi such as botrytis cinerea. cryptococcus neoformans is a basidiomycetous human fungal pathogen that causes fatal disease in immunocompromised hosts. this paper demonstrates that three different signalling cascades regulate sensitivity of c. neoformans to fludioxonil. fludioxonil inhibited growth of the serotype a sequence reference strain h99 but not that of the sequenced serotype d strain jec21. in the drug-sen ...	2006	16514140
mapping gene h controlling cane pubescence in raspberry and its association with resistance to cane botrytis and spur blight, rust and cane spot.	disease resistance is increasing in importance, as consumers require high-quality raspberry fruit at a time when chemical disease control is undesirable. breeders have limited resources and rarely include a primary screen for each fungal disease. marker-assisted breeding would facilitate the introduction of resistance into elite germplasm and breeding lines. an additional 20 simple sequence repeats have been added to the existing raspberry linkage map. gene h, which determines cane pubescence (g ...	2006	16514550
two-dimensional electrophoresis protein profile of the phytopathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea.	botrytis cinerea is a phytopathogenic fungi causing disease in a number of important crops. it is considered a very complex species in which different populations seem to be adapted to different hosts. in order to characterize fungal virulence factors, a proteomic research was started. a protocol for protein extraction from mycelium tissue, with protein separation by 2-de and ms analysis, was optimised as a first approach to defining the b. cinerea proteome. around 400 spots were detected in 2-d ...	2006	16544282
dehydro-alpha-lapachone isolated from catalpa ovata stems: activity against plant pathogenic fungi.	the methanol extract of stems of catalpa ovata g don exhibits potent in vivo antifungal activity against magnaporthe grisea (hebert) barr (rice blast) on rice plants, botrytis cinerea pers ex fr (tomato grey mould) and phytophthora infestans (mont) de bary (tomato late blight) on tomato plants, puccinia recondita rob ex desm (wheat leaf rust) on wheat plants and blumeria graminis (dc) speer f. sp. hordei marchal (barley powdery mildew) on barley plants. an antifungal substance was isolated and i ...	2006	16550502
mass spectrometry in grape and wine chemistry. part ii: the consumer protection.	controls in food industry are fundamental to protect the consumer health. for products of high quality, warranty of origin and identity is required and analytical control is very important to prevent frauds. in this article, the "state of art" of mass spectrometry in enological chemistry as a consumer safety contribute is reported. gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc/ms) and liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry (lc/ms) methods have been developed to determine pesticides, ethyl carbamate, ...	2006	16555227
the endo-beta-1,4-xylanase xyn11a is required for virulence in botrytis cinerea.	phytopathogenic fungi can degrade xylan, an abundant hemicellulose in plant cell walls, by the coordinate action of a group of extracellular enzymes. among these, endo-beta-1,4-xylanases carry out the initial breakdown by cleaving internal bonds in the polymer backbone. we have isolated and characterized a gene, xyn11a, coding for an endo-beta-1,4-xylanase belonging to family 11 of glycosyl hydrolases. xyn11a was shown to be induced by xylan and repressed by glucose and to be expressed in planta ...	2006	16404950
ethylene sensing and gene activation in botrytis cinerea: a missing link in ethylene regulation of fungus-plant interactions?	ethylene production by infected plants is an early resistance response leading to activation of plant defense pathways. however, plant pathogens also are capable of producing ethylene, and ethylene might have an effect not only on the plant but on the pathogen as well. therefore, ethylene may play a dual role in fungus-plant interactions by affecting the plant as well as the pathogen. to address this question, we studied the effects of ethylene on the gray mold fungus botrytis cinerea and the di ...	2006	16404951
the non-host pathogen botrytis cinerea enhances glucose transport in pinus pinaster suspension-cultured cells.	botrytis cinerea is the causal agent of grey mould disease and a non-host necrotrophic pathogen of maritime pine (pinus pinaster). recent evidence suggests that pathogen challenge can alter carbon uptake in plant cells; however, little is known on how elicitor-derived signalling pathways control sugar transport activity. p. pinaster suspended cells are able to absorb d-[14c]glucose with high affinity, have an h+-dependent transport system (km, 0.07 mm; vmax, 1.5 nmol min(-1) mg(-1) dw), are spec ...	2006	16407393
cladobotric acids a-f: new cytotoxic polyketides from a new zealand cladobotryum sp.	[reaction: see text] cladobotric acids a-f (1-6), fungal-derived polyketides, were isolated from the fermentation broth of a new zealand cladobotryum species. structures were determined by extensive spectral analysis and x-ray crystallography, and the polyketide origin of 1-6 was concluded from feeding experiments with (13)c-labeled precursors. the observed folding pattern for the polyketide chain is unusual for fungi. cladobotric acids a-f (1-6) exhibited notable cytotoxicity against the murine ...	2006	16408955
biosynthetic studies on the botcinolide skeleton: new hydroxylated lactones from botrytis cinerea.	[reaction: see text] the biosynthetic origin of the botcinolide skeleton was investigated by means of feeding 13c- and 2h-labeled precursors to botrytis cinerea. three new compounds, two homobotcinolide derivatives, 3-o-acetylhomobotcinolide (5) and 8-methylhomobotcinolide (6), and a new 11-membered lactone (7), were isolated. their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data, including one-bond and long-range 1h-13c correlations. the relative stereochemistries were determined ...	2006	16408965
fungi and ochratoxin a detected in healthy grapes for wine production.	the mycoflora of healthy grapes (i.e. without visible symptoms of rot) for wine production in portuguese wine-making regions was assessed and its potential for ochratoxin a (ota) production evaluated. the ota content of grapes was also determined.	2006	16411918
stereoselective synthesis and fungicidal activities of (e)-alpha-(methoxyimino)-benzeneacetate derivatives containing 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring.	fifteen novel (e)-alpha-(methoxyimino)-benzeneacetate derivatives, the analogues of strobilurins, which contain two pharmacophoric substructures of (e)-methyl methoxyiminoacetate moiety and 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring were stereoselectively synthesized. it was first found that the coupling reaction could give stereoselectively the key intermediate (e) and (z)-methyl 2-(hydroxyimino)-2-o-tolylacetate 2 with a ratio of 14:1. the preliminary bioassays indicated that all the compounds 1 showed potent fung ...	2006	16455246
the distribution and evolutionary history of the prp8 intein.	we recently described a mini-intein in the prp8 gene of a strain of the basidiomycete cryptococcus neoformans, an important fungal pathogen of humans. this was the second described intein in the nuclear genome of any eukaryote; the first nuclear encoded intein was found in the vma gene of several saccharomycete yeasts. the evolution of eukaryote inteins is not well understood. in this report we describe additional prp8 inteins (bringing the total of these to over 20). we compare and contrast the ...	2006	16737526
modified cyclodextrins are chemically defined glucan inducers of defense responses in grapevine cell cultures.	in grapevine (vitis vinifera l.), defense responses after microbial infection or treatment with elicitors involve accumulation of phytoalexins, oxidative burst, and the synthesis of pathogenesis-related proteins. oligosaccharide fractions from fungal or algal cell walls efficiently induce the defense responses, but a detailed analysis of the elicitor-plant cell surface interaction at the molecular level is precluded by the lack of chemically pure oligosaccharide elicitors. a grapevine liquid cel ...	2006	16390179
controlled atmosphere storage of wild strawberry fruit (fragaria vesca l.).	controlled atmosphere storage technology to extend the shelf life of "reina de los valles" wild strawberry fruit (fragaria vesca l.) was studied. fruits were stored at 3 degrees c for three weeks in different atmosphere compositions: 0.05% co2/21% o2 (air), 3% co2/18% o2, 6% co2/15% o2, 10% co2/11% o2, and 15% co2/6% o2. the effect of gas composition on soluble solids content, titrable acidity, ph, off-flavor, aroma volatiles, and consumer preference was monitored. the result showed that the 10% ...	2006	16390182
casar82a, a pathogen-induced pepper sar8.2, exhibits an antifungal activity and its overexpression enhances disease resistance and stress tolerance.	pepper sar8.2 gene (casar82a) was previously reported to be locally or systemically induced in pepper plants by biotic and abiotic stresses. in this study, the physiological and molecular functions of the pepper sar8.2 protein in the plant defense responses were investigated by generating arabidopsis transgenic lines overexpressing the casar82a gene. the transgenic arabidopsis plants grew faster than the wild-type plants, indicating that the casar82a gene was involved in plant development. the e ...	2006	16786294
biodegradation of the fungicide iprodione by zygosaccharomyces rouxii strain dbvpg 6399.	iprodione is a contact fungicide used to control several pathogens such as botrytis cinerea, monilia, and sclerotinia. this paper reports the ability of an iprodione-resistant strain of zygosaccharomyces rouxii to degrade iprodione at a concentration of 1 mg l(-1). the yeast z. rouxii was chosen also for its ability to grow at high osmolarity. also of note is that in bioremediation situations and in the food industry such resistance could be important. the kinetic and metabolic behaviors of the ...	2006	16787022
necrotrophic mycoparasitism of botrytis cinerea by cellulolytic and ligninocellulolytic basidiomycetes.	twenty-six isolates representing 17 species of aphyllophoraceous, wood-decaying basidiomycetes and five species of agaricoid, turf-borne, thatch-decaying basidiomycetes were screened for their abilities to degrade cellulose, lignin, and melanin by using colorimetric degradation assays on agar media. selected ligninocellulolytic basidiomycetes capable of degrading melanin were screened for antagonism of botrytis cinerea per.:fr. the greatest inhibition of botrytis colony and hyphal growth in vitr ...	2006	16788718
characterization of debilitation-associated mycovirus infecting the plant-pathogenic fungus sclerotinia sclerotiorum.	it was previously reported that three dsrna segments, designated l, m and s, were isolated from sclerotinia sclerotiorum strain ep-1pn and that the m dsrna segment was coincident with hypovirulence and debilitation of the fungal host. here, the complete nucleotide sequence of the m dsrna of 5419 nt, excluding the poly(a) tail, was determined. sequence analysis revealed the occurrence of a single open reading frame (nt 93-5195) encoding a protein with significant similarity to the replicases of t ...	2006	16361437
genome characterization of a flexuous rod-shaped mycovirus, botrytis virus x, reveals high amino acid identity to genes from plant 'potex-like' viruses.	this study reports the molecular characterization of a flexuous rod-shaped mycovirus, botrytis virus x (bvx), infecting the plant-pathogenic fungus, botrytis cinerea. bvx contains a ssrna genome of 6966 nucleotides, and a poly(a) tract at or very near the 3' terminus. computer analysis of the genomic cdna sequence of bvx revealed five potential open reading frames (orfs). orf1 showed significant amino acid sequence identity to the replicase proteins of plant 'potex-like' viruses, including 73% i ...	2006	16172841
isolation and antifungal and antioomycete activities of staurosporine from streptomyces roseoflavus strain ls-a24.	the actinomycete strain ls-a24 active against some plant fungal and oomycete pathogens was isolated from a soil sample of the sunghwan lake in korea. the cell wall composition and spore shape of strain ls-a24 were ll-diaminopimelic acid and spiral type, respectively. on the basis of the physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16s ribosomal dna sequence analysis, strain ls-a24 was identical to streptomyces roseoflavus. an antifungal and antioomycete antibiotic was isolated from ls-a24 u ...	2006	16608228
integrated signaling network involving calcium, nitric oxide, and active oxygen species but not mitogen-activated protein kinases in bcpg1-elicited grapevine defenses.	we have already reported the identification of the endopolygalacturonase 1 (bcpg1) from botrytis cinerea as a potent elicitor of defense responses in grapevine, independently of its enzymatic activity. the aim of the present study is the analysis of the signaling pathways triggered by bcpg1 in grapevine cells. our data indicate that bcpg1 induces a ca2+ entry from the apoplasm, which triggers a phosphorylation-dependent nitric oxide (no) production via an enzyme probably related to a no synthase ...	2006	16610746
licensed to kill: the lifestyle of a necrotrophic plant pathogen.	necrotrophic plant pathogens have received an increasing amount of attention over the past decade. initially considered to invade their hosts in a rather unsophisticated manner, necrotrophs are now known to use subtle mechanisms to subdue host plants. the gray mould pathogen botrytis cinerea is one of the most comprehensively studied necrotrophic fungal plant pathogens. the genome sequences of two strains have been determined. targeted mutagenesis studies are unraveling the roles played in the i ...	2006	16616579
the membrane-anchored botrytis-induced kinase1 plays distinct roles in arabidopsis resistance to necrotrophic and biotrophic pathogens.	plant resistance to disease is controlled by the combination of defense response pathways that are activated depending on the nature of the pathogen. we identified the arabidopsis thaliana botrytis-induced kinase1 (bik1) gene that is transcriptionally regulated by botrytis cinerea infection. inactivation of bik1 causes severe susceptibility to necrotrophic fungal pathogens but enhances resistance to a virulent strain of the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv tomato. the response to an av ...	2006	16339855
botcinins e and f and botcinolide from botrytis cinerea and structural revision of botcinolides.	botcinins e and f were isolated together with the known botcinolide. the structures of botcinins e and f were determined to be 3-o-deacetylbotcinin a (5) and 3-o-deacetyl-2-epi-botcinin a (6), respectively, by spectroscopic methods and chemical conversion. the structure of botcinolide was revised on the basis of spectroscopic data and chemical conversion. botcinolide was originally reported as a nine-membered lactone (7), but the revised structure is the seco acid of botcinin e (13). thus botcin ...	2006	16643065
an elicitor from botrytis cinerea induces the hypersensitive response in arabidopsis thaliana and other plants and promotes the gray mold disease.	abstract botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic fungus that infects over 200 plant species. previous studies showed that host cells collapse in advance of the hyphae, suggesting secretion of toxins or elicitors. we have partially characterized elicitor activity from intercellular fluid extracted from arabidopsis thaliana leaves infected with b. cinerea. treatment of intact leaves or cell cultures with either intercellular fluid from infected leaves or medium from inoculated a. thaliana cell culture ...	2006	18944445
identification of differentially expressed genes by cdna-amplified fragment length polymorphism in the biocontrol agent pichia anomala (strain kh5).	abstract cdna-amplified fragment length polymorphism (cdna-aflp) analysis was used to identify genes potentially involved in biological control, by strain kh5 (pichia anomala), of botrytis cinerea, an important post-harvest pathogen on apples. strain kh5 was grown in yeast nitrogen base (ynb) plus glucose (g medium) or ynb plus cell walls of b. cinerea (b medium). thirty-five primer pairs were used in aflp amplifications, resulting in a total of more than 2,450 bands derived from the mrna of str ...	2006	18944207
chitosan oligomers and copper sulfate induce grapevine defense reactions and resistance to gray mold and downy mildew.	abstract chitosan (chn), a deacetylated derivative of chitin, was shown to be efficient in promoting plant defense reactions. chn oligomers of different molecular weight (mw) and degree of acetylation (da) triggered an accumulation of phytoalexins, trans- and cis-resveratrol and their derivatives epsilon-viniferin and piceid, in grapevine leaves. highest phytoalexin production was achieved within 48 h of incubation with chn at 200 mug/ml with an mw of 1,500 and a da of 20% (chn1.5/20), while oli ...	2006	18943955
use of selenate-resistant strains as markers for the spread and survival of botrytis cinerea under greenhouse conditions.	abstract botrytis cinerea marked strains combining traits of fungicide resistance or sensitivity (carbendazim, iprodione) with resistance to selenate were created and assessed for use in studying the dispersal of b. cinerea and its survival inside plant tissue under greenhouse conditions. marked strains differed in their ability to cause lesions and to disperse in the greenhouse. a strain that was the most aggressive in infecting plants was also the most successful in spreading across the greenh ...	2006	18943956
stereoselective synthesis and antifungal activities of (e)-alpha-(methoxyimino)benzeneacetate derivatives containing 1,3,5-substituted pyrazole ring.	thirteen novel (e)-alpha-(methoxyimino)benzeneacetate derivatives, the analogues of strobilurins, which contain two pharmacophoric substructures of the methyl (e)-methoxyiminoacetate moiety and 1,3,5-substituted pyrazole ring, were stereoselectively synthesized. it was found that the coupling reaction could give stereoselectively (e:z ca. 14:1) the key intermediate material (e)-methyl 2-(hydroxyimino)-2-o-tolyl acetate (2). an x-ray crystallographic structure determination was carried out in a r ...	2006	19127737
comparison of composition and antifungal activity of artemisia argyi lévl. et vant inflorescence essential oil extracted by hydrodistillation and supercritical carbon dioxide.	essential oil of artemisia argyi lévl. et vant inflorescence was obtained by supercritical co(2) extraction and hydrodistillation. the oil was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to characterize its components and was also tested for antifungal activity. a total of 61 compounds were identified in the hydrodistilled oil. the major components were 1,8-cineole (4.46%), borneol (3.58%), terpinol (10.18%), spathulenol (10.03%), caryophyllene oxide (6.51%), juniper camphor (8.74%), camazu ...	2006	17032625
arabidopsis wrky33 transcription factor is required for resistance to necrotrophic fungal pathogens.	plant wrky transcription factors are key regulatory components of plant responses to microbial infection. in addition to regulating the expression of defense-related genes, wrky transcription factors have also been shown to regulate cross-talk between jasmonate- and salicylate-regulated disease response pathways. the two pathways mediate resistance against different types of microbial pathogens, and there are numerous reports of antagonistic interactions between them. here we show that mutations ...	2006	17059405
study of amine composition of botrytized grape berries.	aliphatic primary and biogenic amines of grape varieties from two vintages were studied. we established that appearance and/or increase of both primary aliphatic and biogenic amines is due to microbiota living in/on grape berries. aszú, gray rotten grapes infected mainly with botrytis cinerea, grape berries infected mainly with penicillium species, and intact grape berries were compared on the basis of amine composition using t-test, analysis of variance, and multivariate statistical analysis (p ...	2006	17090141
biological control of botrytis gray mould on tomato cultivated in greenhouse.	research was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the biological control of the botrytis gray mould, caused by botrytis cinerea pers., one of the most important fungal diseases of the tomato (lycopersicon esculentum mill.). biological control was performed by using trichoderma harzianum rifai, an antagonist that is a naturally occurring fungus found on some plants and in the soil worldwide. trichoderma spp. are fungi diffused in nearly all agricultural soils and in other environments suc ...	2006	17390837
induction of phytoalexins biosynthesis in orange fruit by the biocontrol yeast rhodotorula glutinis.	the biocontrol yeast rhodotorula glutinis, isolate 21a, obtained from tomato fruit was used to control penicillium digitatum, p. italicum and botrytis cinerea on artificially wounded citrus fruit. orange and satsuma mandarin fruit were treated with the biocontrol yeast, inoculated with the pathogens and stored for 7 days at 23 degrees c. on orange fruit the antagonist compared to the control reduced decay by 92.2, 88.4 and 96.2% for p. digitatum, p. italicum and b. cinerea, respectively. on sats ...	2006	17390839
shoot differentiation, regeneration of cauliflower and analysis of somaclonal variation by rapd.	our major goal in this study was to establish and characterize an efficient callus induction and shoot regeneration protocol for cauliflower (brassica oleracea var. botrytis). the effects of induction medium, growth regulator combination, organic component, agno(3), genotype and explants type on shoot differentiation on the cauliflower regeneration process were taken in account and hereby evaluated. the optimal media for shoot differentiation and rooting were modified ms medium (ms with pg-96 or ...	2006	17362340
expression of barley bax inhibitor-1 in carrots confers resistance to botrytis cinerea.	summary bax inhibitor-1 (bi-1) is a protein that controls heterologous bax-induced cell death, the hypersensitive reaction and abiotic stress-induced cell death in plants. when over-expressed in epidermal cells of barley, barley bi-1 induces susceptibility to the biotrophic fungal pathogen blumeria graminis. when we expressed barley bi-1 in carrot susceptible to the necrotrophic fungus botrytis cinerea, we obtained bi-1-mediated resistance to fungus-induced leaf cell death and less fungal spread ...	2006	20507447
histochemical and genetic analysis of host and non-host interactions of arabidopsis with three botrytis species: an important role for cell death control.	summary susceptibility was evaluated of host and non-host plants to three pathogenic botrytis species: the generalist b. cinerea and the specialists b. elliptica (lily) and b. tulipae (tulip). b. tulipae was, unexpectedly, able to infect plant species other than tulip, and to a similar extent as b. cinerea. to study host and non-host interactions in more detail, the three botrytis species were inoculated on arabidopsis wild-types and 23 mutant genotypes. disease development was monitored macrosc ...	2007	20507477
the slt2-type map kinase bmp3 of botrytis cinerea is required for normal saprotrophic growth, conidiation, plant surface sensing and host tissue colonization.	summary mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) play important roles in signal transduction and regulation of various aspects of saprotrophic and pathogenic growth in plant pathogenic fungi. we have generated a botrytis cinerea knock-out mutant in the bmp3 gene encoding a homologue of the yeast slt2 cell wall integrity mapk. the deltabmp3 mutant showed reduced vegetative growth on various media, strongly impaired conidiation and loss of sclerotia formation. growth retardation of the mutant was ...	2007	20507489
functional analysis of nlp genes from botrytis elliptica.	summary we functionally analysed two nep1-like protein (nlp) genes from botrytis elliptica (a specialized pathogen of lily), encoding proteins homologous to the necrosis and ethylene-inducing protein (nep1) from fusarium oxysporum. single gene replacement mutants were made for benep1 and benep2, providing the first example of transformation and successful targeted mutagenesis in this fungus. the virulence of both mutants on lily leaves was not affected. benep1 and benep2 were individually expres ...	2007	20507492
methodological improvements in the expression of foreign genes and in gene replacement in the phytopathogenic fungus botrytis cinerea.	summary genetic transformation is generally carried out in botrytis cinerea by random integration of the foreign dna into the genome, resulting in transformants that show differences among them in, for example, the expression of a reporter gene. here we report a system for site-directed integration in which a novel recipient strain containing a 5'-truncated copy of the hygromycin resistance gene, hph, is transformed with a vector containing another truncated copy, now in the opposite end, of the ...	2007	20507541
trichoderma biocontrol: signal transduction pathways involved in host sensing and mycoparasitism.	fungi of the genus trichoderma are used as biocontrol agents against several plant pathogenic fungi like rhizoctonia spp., pythium spp., botrytis cinerea and fusarium spp. which cause both soil-borne and leaf- or flower-borne diseases of agricultural plants. plant disease control by trichoderma is based on complex interactions between trichoderma, the plant pathogen and the plant. until now, two main components of biocontrol have been identified: direct activity of trichoderma against the plant ...	2007	19936091
botrytis cinerea: the cause of grey mould disease.	introduction: botrytis cinerea (teleomorph: botryotinia fuckeliana) is an airborne plant pathogen with a necrotrophic lifestyle attacking over 200 crop hosts worldwide. although there are fungicides for its control, many classes of fungicides have failed due to its genetic plasticity. it has become an important model for molecular study of necrotrophic fungi. taxonomy: kingdom: fungi, phylum: ascomycota, subphylum: pezizomycotina, class: leotiomycetes, order: helotiales, family: sclerotiniaceae, ...	2007	20507522
plant growth-promoting potential of endophytic bacteria isolated from roots of coastal sand dune plants.	endophytic bacteria associated with the roots of coastal sand dune plants were isolated, taxonomically characterized, and tested for their plant growth-promoting activities. ninety-one endophytic bacterial isolates were collected and assigned to 17 different genera of 6 major bacterial phyla based on partial 16s rdna sequence analyses. gammaproteobacteria represented the majority of the isolates (65.9%), and members of pseudomonas constituted 49.5% of the total isolates. when testing for antagon ...	2007	18051606
a polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein from grapevine reduces the symptoms of the endopolygalacturonase bcpg2 from botrytis cinerea in nicotiana benthamiana leaves without any evidence for in vitro interaction.	six endopolygalacturonases from botrytis cinerea (bcpg1 to bcpg6) as well as mutated forms of bcpg1 and bcpg2 were expressed transiently in leaves of nicotiana benthamiana using agroinfiltration. expression of bcpg1, bcpg2, bcpg4, bcpg5, and mutant bcpg1-d203a caused symptoms, whereas bcpg3, bcpg6, and mutant bcpg2-d192a caused no symptoms. expression of bcpg2 caused the most severe symptoms, including wilting and necrosis. bcpg2 previously has been shown to be essential for b. cinerea virulence ...	2007	17427809
a systems biology approach identifies a r2r3 myb gene subfamily with distinct and overlapping functions in regulation of aliphatic glucosinolates.	glucosinolates are natural metabolites in the order brassicales that defend plants against both herbivores and pathogens and can attract specialized insects. knowledge about the genes controlling glucosinolate regulation is limited. here, we identify three r2r3 myb transcription factors regulating aliphatic glucosinolate biosynthesis in arabidopsis by combining several systems biology tools.	2007	18094747
identification of two group a chitinase genes in botrytis cinerea which are differentially induced by exogenous chitin.	chitin-degrading enzymes represent potential targets for pesticides in the control of plant pathogenic fungi. here we describe the cloning, molecular characterization, and expression analysis of two putative chitinases of botrytis cinerea, a pathogenic fungus infecting a wide range of plants. on the basis of conserved motifs from family 18 of the glycosyl hydrolases and group a of the fungal chitinases, two fragments (bcchia and bcchib) were cloned and sequenced. expression of bcchia and bcchib ...	2007	17509848
signaling via the trichoderma atroviride mitogen-activated protein kinase tmk 1 differentially affects mycoparasitism and plant protection.	trichoderma atroviride is a mycoparasite of a number of plant pathogenic fungi thereby employing morphological changes and secretion of cell wall degrading enzymes and antibiotics. the function of the tmk 1 gene encoding a mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) during fungal growth, mycoparasitic interaction, and biocontrol was examined in t. atroviride. deltatmk 1 mutants exhibited altered radial growth and conidiation, and displayed de-regulated infection structure formation in the absence of ...	2007	17509915
effect of hexanal vapor on the growth of postharvest pathogens and fruit decay.	the effect of the natural volatile hexanal was studied as an antifungal agent on the major postharvest fungal pathogens botrytis cinerea, monilinia fructicola, sclerotinia sclerotiorum, alternaria alternata, and colletotrichum gloeosporioides. the antifungal effect of hexanal vapor was dependent on concentration and treatment duration, but sensitivity of the pathogens varied. all spores of b. cinerea and m. fructicola were killed after exposure to 900 microl/l for 12 h at 20 degrees c, and almos ...	2007	17995777
three qtls for botrytis cinerea resistance in tomato.	tomato (solanum lycopersicum) is susceptible to grey mold (botrytis cinerea). partial resistance to this fungus was identified in accessions of wild relatives of tomato such as s. habrochaites lyc4. in order to identify loci involved in quantitative resistance (qtls) to b. cinerea, a population of 174 f(2) plants was made originating from a cross between s. lycopersicum cv. moneymaker and s. habrochaites lyc4. the population was genotyped and tested for susceptibility to grey mold using a stem b ...	2007	17136515
the developmental selector as1 is an evolutionarily conserved regulator of the plant immune response.	the myb-related gene asymmetric leaves 1 (as1) and its orthologs have an evolutionarily conserved role in specification of leaf cell identity. as1 is expressed in leaf founder cells, where it functions as a heterodimer with the structurally unrelated as2 proteins to repress activity of knotted 1-like homeobox (knox) genes. as1 therefore confines knox activity to the shoot apical meristem, where it promotes stem cell function through the regulation of phytohormone activities. here, we show that l ...	2007	18003921
[characterization and antimicrobial activity of the bioactive metabolites in streptomycete isolates].	twenty different streptomycete isolates were obtained from soils of southeast serbia. five isolates identified as streptomyces hygroscopicus (sh100, sh101, sh102, sh103, and sh104) showed strong activity against botrytis cinerea, a parasite found in domestic vines. these isolates were extensively studied for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, yeasts and fungi, and also antiviral activity against herpes simplex. the results indicated that ...	2007	17974204
transgenic tobacco expressing the hrpn(ep) gene from erwinia pyrifoliae triggers defense responses against botrytis cinerea.	hrpn(ep), from the gram-negative pathogen, erwinia pyrifoliae, is a member of the harpin group of proteins, inducing pathogen resistance and hypersensitive cell death in plants. when the hrpn(ep) gene driven by the oscc1 promoter was introduced into tobacco plants via agrobacterium-mediated transformation, their resistance to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen, botrytis cinerea, increased. resistance to b. cinerea was correlated with enhanced induction of sa-dependent genes such as pr-1a, pr2, pr3 ...	2007	17978576
hypotin, a novel antipathogenic and antiproliferative protein from peanuts with a sequence similar to those of chitinase precursors.	a protein designated hypotin, with both antifungal and antibacterial activity, was isolated from peanut (arachis hypogaea) seeds. the isolation procedure included extraction, ammonium sulfate precipitation, affinity chromatography on affi-gel blue gel, ion chromatography, and gel filtration. the protein exhibited a molecular mass of 30.4 kda in sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under both reducing and nonreducing conditions, indicating that it is a monomeric protein. its n-terminal sequence ...	2007	17979231
botrytis cinerea virulence factors: new insights into a necrotrophic and polyphageous pathogen.	botrytis cinerea is responsible for the gray mold disease on more than 200 host plants. this necrotrophic ascomycete displays the capacity to kill host cells through the production of toxins, reactive oxygen species and the induction of a plant-produced oxidative burst. thanks to an arsenal of degrading enzymes, b. cinerea is then able to feed on different plant tissues. recent molecular approaches, for example on characterizing components of signal transduction pathways, show that this fungus s ...	2007	17986079
biological evaluation of neopeptins isolated from a streptomyces strain.	microbial secondary metabolites are a rich source of antifungal agents and have merit as alternatives to synthetic fungicides. to develop disease control agents against powdery mildew, the lipopeptide antibiotic neopeptins were identified from the culture broth of a streptomyces sp., and in vivo control efficacy of the compounds was evaluated on cucumber plants under glasshouse conditions.	2007	17912683
salicylic acid-mediated innate immunity in arabidopsis is regulated by siz1 sumo e3 ligase.	reversible modifications of target proteins by small ubiquitin-like modifier (sumo) proteins are involved in many cellular processes in yeast and animals. yet little is known about the function of sumoylation in plants. here, we show that the siz1 gene, which encodes an arabidopsis sumo e3 ligase, regulates innate immunity. mutant siz1 plants exhibit constitutive systemic-acquired resistance (sar) characterized by elevated accumulation of salicylic acid (sa), increased expression of pathogenesis ...	2007	17163880
odorous impact of volatile thiols on the aroma of young botrytized sweet wines: identification and quantification of new sulfanyl alcohols.	specific extraction of volatile thiols using sodium p-hydroxymercuribenzoate revealed the presence of three new sulfanylalcohols in wines made from botrytis-infected grapes: 3-sulfanylpentan-1-ol (ii), 3-sulfanylheptan-1-ol (iii), and 2-methyl-3-sulfanylbutan-1-ol (iv). the first two have citrus aromas, whereas the third is reminiscent of raw onion. in addition, 2-methyl-3-sulfanylpentan-1-ol, which has a raw onion odor, was tentatively identified. like 3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol (i), already reported ...	2007	17249683
the construction of a solanum habrochaites lyc4 introgression line population and the identification of qtls for resistance to botrytis cinerea.	tomato (solanum lycopersicum) is susceptible to grey mold (botrytis cinerea). partial resistance to this fungus has been identified in accessions of wild relatives of tomato such as solanum habrochaites lyc4. in a previous f(2) mapping study, three qtls conferring resistance to b. cinerea (rbcq1, rbcq2 and rbcq4a) were identified. as it was probable that this study had not identified all qtls involved in resistance we developed an introgression line (il) population (n = 30), each containing a s. ...	2007	17273845
isolation and characterization of a trypsin-chymotrypsin inhibitor from the seeds of green lentil (lens culinaris).	a bowman-birk type trypsin-chymotrypsin inhibitor was isolated from seeds of the legume green lentil (lens culinaris) by means of affinity chromatography on affi-gel blue gel, ion exchange chromatography on q-sepharose, ion exchange chromatography by fast protein liquid chromatography (fplc) on mono q and mono s, and gel filtration by fplc on superdex 75. the trypsin-chymotrypsin inhibitor was bound on the first three types of chromatographic media. it appeared as a single 16-kda peak in gel fil ...	2007	18045226
overexpression of pectin methylesterase inhibitors in arabidopsis restricts fungal infection by botrytis cinerea.	pectin, one of the main components of plant cell wall, is secreted in a highly methylesterified form and is demethylesterified in muro by pectin methylesterase (pme). the action of pme is important in plant development and defense and makes pectin susceptible to hydrolysis by enzymes such as endopolygalacturonases. regulation of pme activity by specific protein inhibitors (pmeis) can, therefore, play a role in plant development as well as in defense by influencing the susceptibility of the wall ...	2007	17277091
antimicrobial paper based on a soy protein isolate or modified starch coating including carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde.	soy protein isolates (spi) and octenyl-succinate (osa) modified starch were used as paper coating and inclusion matrices of two antimicrobial compounds: cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol. antimicrobial compound losses from the coated papers were evaluated after the coating and drying process, and the two matrices demonstrated retention ability that depended on the compound nature and concentration. whereas carvacrol losses ranged between 12 and 45%, cinnamaldehyde losses varied from 43 to 76%. the lo ...	2007	17305355
the transcription factor hig1/myb51 regulates indolic glucosinolate biosynthesis in arabidopsis thaliana.	glucosinolates are a class of plant secondary metabolites that serve as antiherbivore compounds in plant defence. a previously identified arabidopsis thaliana activation-tagged line, displaying altered levels of secondary metabolites, was shown here to be affected in the content of indolic and aliphatic glucosinolates. the observed chemotype was caused by activation of the r2r3-myb transcription factor gene hig1 (high indolic glucosinolate 1, also referred to as myb51). hig1/myb51 was shown to a ...	2007	17461791
relay cropping cauliflower with lettuce as a means to manage first-generation cabbage maggot (diptera: anthomyiidae) and minimize cauliflower yield loss.	first-generation cabbage maggot, delia radicum (l.) (diptera: anthomyiidae), can cause extensive damage to newly transplanted brassica crops. this study investigated the use of relay cropping, a form of intercropping that involves overlapping two crops in the same field for a short period, as a means to 1) reduce first-generation d. radicum egg numbers by disrupting female host finding and 2) minimize yield loss by reducing the time that crops overlap. because of the high incidence of two other ...	2007	17598546
[construction of genetic linkage map and localization of nbs-lrr like resistance gene analogues in cauliflower (brassica oleracea var. botrytis)].	nucleotide binding site (nbs) profiling, a new method was used to map resistance gene analogues (rgas) in cauliflower (brassica oleracea var. botrytis). this method allows amplification and the mapping of genetic markers anchored in the conserved nbs encoding domain of plant disease resistance genes. aflp was also performed to construct the cauliflower intervarietal genetic map. the aim of constructing genetic map was to identify potential molecular markers linked to important agronomic traits t ...	2007	17650494
multiplex pcr for species discrimination of sclerotiniaceae by novel laccase introns.	common pcr-based targets for the identification of filamentous fungi and yeasts are the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region (its1, 5.8s rdna, its2). within the sclerotiniaceae the its-region is homogenous and the identification is almost impossible. furthermore, the lack of igs-data (intergenic spacer region) requires new specific marker genes for a rapid identification of phytopathogenic sclerotiniaceae. we sequenced and analyzed new laccase2 (lcc2) genes from the phylogenetical ...	2007	17706821
a new technique to prevent the main post harvest diseases in berries during storage: inclusion complexes beta-cyclodextrin-hexanal.	natural occurring volatiles such as hexanal have a well know antifungal capacity but limited post harvest use due to their volatility. taking this into consideration, hexanal was inserted into beta-cyclodextrins (beta-cd) to develop a controlled release mechanism and then evaluated in vitro against colletotrichum acutatum, alternaria alternata and botrytis cinerea, the three main causes of post harvest diseases in berries. different concentrations of both pure volatile hexanal and its inclusion ...	2007	17716762
a biosynthetic gene cluster for a secreted cellobiose lipid with antifungal activity from ustilago maydis.	the phytopathogenic basidiomycetous fungus ustilago maydis secretes large amounts of the glycolipid biosurfactant ustilagic acid (ua). ua consists of 15,16-dihydroxypalmitic or 2,15,16-trihydroxypalmitic acid, which is o-glycosidically linked to cellobiose at its terminal hydroxyl group. in addition, the cellobiose moiety is acetylated and acylated with a short-chain hydroxy fatty acid. we have identified a 58 kb spanning gene cluster that contains 12 open reading frames coding for most, if not ...	2007	17850255
[analysis of simple sequence repeats in genomes of sclerotinia sclerotiorum and botrytis cinerea].	simple sequence repeats or microsatellites have been used as genetic markers in population genetics because of their abundance and length variation between different individuals. this study examined the ssrs in the completely sequenced sclerotinia sclerotiorum and botrytis cinerea genomes. the occurrences, relative abundance, relative density, most common motifs, and the longest ssrs in the two species were analyzed, and compared with other plant pathogenic fungal species, such as fusarium grami ...	2007	17855269
absence of the endo-beta-1,4-glucanases cel1 and cel2 reduces susceptibility to botrytis cinerea in tomato.	cel1 and cel2 are members of the tomato (solanum lycopersicum mill) endo-beta-1,4-glucanase (egase) family that may play a role in fruit ripening and organ abscission. this work demonstrates that cel1 protein is present in other vegetative tissues and accumulates during leaf development. we recently reported the downregulation of both the cel1 mrna and protein upon fungal infection, suggesting the involvement of egases in plant-pathogen interactions. this hypothesis was confirmed by assessing th ...	2007	17916112
oxalate-degrading bacteria can protect arabidopsis thaliana and crop plants against botrytis cinerea.	botrytis cinerea and sclerotinia sclerotiorum secrete oxalic acid as a pathogenicity factor with a broad action. consequently, it should be possible to interfere with the infection process by degrading oxalic acid during the interaction of these pathogens with their hosts. we have evaluated the potential of oxalate-degrading bacteria to protect plants against pathogenic fungi. such bacteria were isolated from agricultural soil and selected on agar plates with ca-oxalate as the sole carbon source ...	2007	17990961
synthetic pyrazole derivatives as growth inhibitors of some phytopathogenic fungi.	the present study was carried out to investigate the antifungal activity of pyrazole/isoxazole-3-carboxamido-4-carboxylic acids, 4-oxo-5-substituted pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-6-thiones, and n-alkyl/aryl-n'-(4-carbethoxy-3-pyrazolyl)thioureas against pythium ultimum, botrytis cinerea, and magnaporthe grisea. the results on growth inhibition showed differences in the sensitivity of the three fungi to the tested substances, and in general p. ultimum was shown to be the most sensitive. on all phytop ...	2007	18001038
purification and characterization of an alkaline protease prot 1 from botrytis cinerea : biodetergent catalyst assay.	alkaline thiol protease named prot 1 was isolated from a culture filtrate of botrytis cinerea. the enzyme was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration, and ion-exchange chromatography. thus, the enzyme was purified to homogeneity with specific activity of 30-fold higher than that of the crude broth. the purified alkaline protease has an apparent molecular mass of 43 kda under denaturing conditions as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the na ...	2007	18025562
fungal control of pathogenic fungi isolated from wild plants in taif governorate, saudia arabia.	twenty two plants were collected from taif governorate and identified as: euphorbia glomerifera, juniperus procera, launaea mucronata, capparis dcidua, punica granatum, opuntia ficus, prunus persica, eucalyptus globulus, medicago sativa, artemisia monosperma, trichodesma calathiforme, artemisia judaica, foeniculum vulgare, phagnalon sinaicum, rumex dentatus, asphodelus aestives, pulicaria crispa, launae sonchoides, forsskaolea tenacissima, arnebia hispidissima, avena spp and aerva lanata. pathog ...	2007	18928069
screening preharvest/postharvest strategies to prevent fruit rot decay.	in fruit growing preharvest sprayings in the orchard are mainly applied to protect fruit from decaying. next to multisite fungicides (captan, thiram, tolylfluanid) the most commonly used products recognized for the belgium market are bellis (pyraclostrobin & boscalid) and the combination of topsin m (thiophanate-methyl) and frugico (diethofencarb). in general the spraying schedule varies depending on weather conditions (infection risk), preharvest interval of available fungicides, fruitgrower an ...	2007	18396828
biological control of strawberry gray mold caused by botrytis cinerea using bacillus licheniformis n1 formulation.	bacillus licheniformis n1 is a biological control agent to control gray mold diseases caused by botrytis cinerea. various formulations of b. licheniformis n1 were generated and evaluated for the activity to control strawberry gray mold. the wettable powder type formulation n1e was selected in pot experiments with remarkable disease control activity on both strawberry leaves and flowers. the n1e formulation contained 400 g of corn starch, 50 ml of olive oil, and 50 g of sucrose per a liter of bac ...	2007	18050947
evaluation of the effects of chemical versus biological control on botrytis cinerea agent of gray mould disease of strawberry.	this study investigates on effects of four fungicide and six isolate from trichoderma and gliocladium on botrytis cinerea agent grey mold of strawberry under library and greenhouse condition. the effect of four fungicides i.e. benomyl, dichlofluanid, captan and triadimenol on b. cinerea was studied in the laboratory condition by method mixed poison to culture medium. it was shown that the fungicide including benomyl, triadimenol, dichlofluanid and captan were able to inhibit mycelial growth of b ...	2007	18396812