Publications

comparative susceptibility of three species of anopheles from belize, central america, to plasmodium falciparum (nf-54).	in august of 2000, a comparative susceptibility study was conducted using 3 species of anopheles mosquitoes from belize, central america, and a standard species used in laboratory infection studies, anopheles stephensi. test populations were fed human blood infected with cultured plasmodium falciparum (nf-54 strain) parasites via a membrane feeder. the control species, an. stephensi, exhibited the highest infections, with 73.8% of dissected specimens positive for sporozoites in the salivary glan ...	2005	16252518
an immune-responsive serpin, srpn6, mediates mosquito defense against malaria parasites.	we have functionally analyzed the orthologous srpn6 genes from anopheles stephensi and anopheles gambiae using phylogenetic, molecular, reverse genetic, and cell biological tools. the results strongly implicate srpn6 in the innate immune response against plasmodium. this gene belongs to a mosquito-specific gene cluster including three additional anopheles serpins. srpn6 expression is induced by escherichia coli and both rodent and human malaria parasites. the gene is specifically expressed in mi ...	2005	16260729
evaluation of ko-tab 1-2-3: a wash-resistant 'dip-it-yourself' insecticide formulation for long-lasting treatment of mosquito nets.	insecticide-treated nets (itn) are an important method of preventing malaria. to remain effective, they need to be re-treated with pyrethroid insecticide at approximately yearly intervals. systems for re-treating nets in africa are limited, and the vast majority of nets in use have never been treated or were treated only once. bayer environmental science (bes) has developed a long-lasting formulation 'ko-tab 1-2-3' which can be applied to the net post-manufacture, under field conditions, and ren ...	2005	16269088
monitoring of insecticides resistance in main malaria vectors in a malarious area of kahnooj district, kerman province, southeastern iran.	kahnooj district in south of iran is an endemic area for malaria where anopheles stephensi (liston) is a main malaria vector and an. dthali (patton) a secondary vector. according to the national strategy plan on monitoring of insecticides resistance, this study was performed on susceptibility and irritability levels of an. stephensi and an. dthali to different insecticides in the district.	2005	16294808
efficacy of igr compound starycide 480 sc (triflumuron) against mosquito larvae in clear and polluted water.	an environmental friendly formulation starycide 480 sc (triflumuron-oms-2015 ), a new insect growth regulator with chitin synthesis inhibitor type mode of action was evaluated against mosquito larvae in laboratory and small-scale field trials carried out in and around delhi.	2005	16294809
pcr cloning of a histone h1 gene from anopheles stephensi mosquito cells: comparison of the protein sequence with histone h1-like, c-terminal extensions on mosquito ribosomal protein s6.	in aedes and anopheles mosquitoes, ribosomal protein rps6 has an unusual c-terminal extension that resembles histone h1 proteins. to explore homology between a mosquito h1 histone and the rps6 tail, we took advantage of the anopheles gambiae genome database to clone a histone h1 gene from an anopheles stephensi mosquito cell line.	2005	15667661
evaluation of the standard membrane feeding assay (smfa) for the determination of malaria transmission-reducing activity using empirical data.	host responses to the transmittable stages of the malaria parasite may reduce transmission effectively. transmission-reducing activity (tra) of human serum can be determined as a percentage, using the standard membrane feeding assay (smfa). this laboratory assay was evaluated using the results of 121 experiments with malaria-endemic sera among which many repeated measurements were obtained. the assay consists of the feeding of anopheles stephensi mosquitoes with cultured plasmodium falciparum ga ...	2005	15700753
do malaria ookinete surface proteins p25 and p28 mediate parasite entry into mosquito midgut epithelial cells?	p25 and p28 are related ookinete surface proteins highly conserved throughout the plasmodium genus that are under consideration as candidates for inclusion in transmission-blocking vaccines. previous research using transgenic rodent malaria parasites lacking p25 and p28 has demonstrated that these proteins have multiple partially redundant functions during parasite infection of the mosquito vector, including an undefined role in ookinete traversal of the mosquito midgut epithelium, and it has be ...	2005	15733320
midgut epithelial responses of different mosquito-plasmodium combinations: the actin cone zipper repair mechanism in aedes aegypti.	in vivo responses of midgut epithelial cells to ookinete invasion of three different vector-parasite combinations, aedes aegypti-plasmodium gallinaceum, anopheles stephensi-plasmodium berghei, and a. stephensi-p. gallinaceum, were directly compared by using enzymatic markers and immunofluorescence stainings. our studies indicate that, in a. aegypti and a. stephensi ookinetes traverse the midgut via an intracellular route and inflict irreversible damage to the invaded cells. these two mosquito sp ...	2005	15753303
clinical outcome of experimental human malaria induced by plasmodium falciparum-infected mosquitoes.	human experimental malaria infections have been safely carried out previously. the objective of this study was to evaluate infection rates and clinical safety of different protocols for human experimental malaria induced by plasmodium falciparum-infected mosquitoes.	2005	15768480
anopheles mosquito bites activate cutaneous mast cells leading to a local inflammatory response and lymph node hyperplasia.	when anopheles mosquitoes probe the skin for blood feeding, they inject saliva in dermal tissue. mosquito saliva is known to exert various biological activities, but its perception by the immune system and its role in parasite transmission remain poorly understood. in the present study, we report on the cellular changes occurring in the mouse skin and draining lymph nodes after a anopheles stephensi mosquito bite. we show that mosquito bites induce dermal mast cell degranulation, leading to flui ...	2005	15778349
enhanced t cell-mediated protection against malaria in human challenges by using the recombinant poxviruses fp9 and modified vaccinia virus ankara.	malaria is a major global health problem for which an effective vaccine is required urgently. prime-boost vaccination regimes involving plasmid dna and recombinant modified vaccinia virus ankara-encoding liver-stage malaria antigens have been shown to be powerfully immunogenic for t cells and capable of inducing partial protection against experimental malaria challenge in humans, manifested as a delay in time to patent parasitemia. here, we report that substitution of plasmid dna as the priming ...	2005	15781866
an anopheles gambiae salivary gland promoter analysis in drosophila melanogaster and anopheles stephensi.	regulatory regions driving gene expression in specific target organs of the african malaria vector anopheles gambiae are of critical relevance for studies on plasmodium-anopheles interactions as well as to devise strategies for blocking malaria parasite development in the mosquito. in order to identify an appropriate salivary gland promoter we analysed the transactivation properties of genomic fragments located just upstream of the an. gambiae female salivary gland-specific genes agapy and d7r4. ...	2005	15796754
host cell preference and variable transmission strategies in malaria parasites.	malaria and other haemosporin parasites must undergo a round of sexual reproduction in their insect vector in order to produce stages that can be transmitted to vertebrate hosts. consequently, it is crucial that parasites produce the sex ratio (proportion of male sexual stages) that will maximize the number of fertilization and thus, transmission to new vertebrate hosts. there is some evidence to show that, consistent with evolutionary theory, the sex ratios of malaria parasites are negatively c ...	2005	15799947
persistence and wash-resistance of insecticidal efficacy of nettings treated with deltamethrin tablet formulation (k-o tab) against malaria vectors.	persistence, wash-resistance, and shelf life of mosquito nets treated with a water-dispersible tablet formulation of synthetic pyrethroid insecticide deltamethrin (k-o tab) at 25 mg/m2 was evaluated against malaria vectors in india. during june 2001, treated and untreated polyester, nylon, and cotton nets were separately distributed in 3 villages and cone bioassays were performed on anopheles culicifacies and an. stephensi 1 day after treatment and thereafter every month for 12 months. the mosqu ...	2005	15825762
a new in vitro bioassay system for discovery of novel human-use mosquito repellents.	a klun & debboun (k&d) test module, previously developed and used for quantitative measurement of the efficacy of mosquito repellents on human volunteers, was adapted for in vitro evaluation of repellents by coupling the module with a membrane-blood reservoir. performance of deet, bayrepel, and ss-220 insect repellents in the new in vitro system was compared with their performance on humans against mosquitoes using our standard in vivo system. for each compound, in vitro dose-response assays wer ...	2005	15825764
motility and infectivity of plasmodium berghei sporozoites expressing avian plasmodium gallinaceum circumsporozoite protein.	avian and rodent malaria sporozoites selectively invade different vertebrate cell types, namely macrophages and hepatocytes, and develop in distantly related vector species. to investigate the role of the circumsporozoite (cs) protein in determining parasite survival in different vector species and vertebrate host cell types, we replaced the endogenous cs protein gene of the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei with that of the avian parasite p. gallinaceum and control rodent parasite p. y ...	2005	15839899
induction of nitric oxide synthase in anopheles stephensi by plasmodium falciparum: mechanism of signaling and the role of parasite glycosylphosphatidylinositols.	malaria parasite (plasmodium spp.) infection in the mosquito anopheles stephensi induces significant expression of a. stephensi nitric oxide synthase (asnos) in the midgut epithelium as early as 6 h postinfection and intermittently thereafter. this induction results in the synthesis of inflammatory levels of nitric oxide (no) in the blood-filled midgut that adversely impact parasite development. in mammals, p. falciparum glycosylphosphatidylinositols (pfgpis) can induce nos expression in immune ...	2005	15845481
boosting of dna vaccine-elicited gamma interferon responses in humans by exposure to malaria parasites.	a mixture of dna plasmids expressing five plasmodium falciparum pre-erythrocyte-stage antigens was administered with or without a dna plasmid encoding human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hgm-csf) as an immune enhancer. after dna immunization, antigen-specific gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) responses were detected by elispot in 15/31 volunteers to multiple class i- and/or class ii-restricted t-cell epitopes derived from all five antigens. responses to multiple epitopes (</=7) we ...	2005	15845492
comparative susceptibility of three important malaria vectors anopheles stephensi, anopheles fluviatilis, and anopheles sundaicus to plasmodium vivax.	the 3 laboratory-colonized malaria vectors, i.e., anopheles stephensi, an. sundaicus, and an. fluviatilis, were studied for their comparative susceptibility to plasmodium vivax sporogony. there was no significant difference in oocyst and sporozoite recruitment by these 3 species, whereas the geometric mean (gm) of the oocyst number per midgut was significantly lower in an. fluviatilis as compared with that in the other 2 species. there was no difference in the gm of oocyst between an. stephensi ...	2005	15856876
urbanization, malaria transmission and disease burden in africa.	many attempts have been made to quantify africa's malaria burden but none has addressed how urbanization will affect disease transmission and outcome, and therefore mortality and morbidity estimates. in 2003, 39% of africa's 850 million people lived in urban settings; by 2030, 54% of africans are expected to do so. we present the results of a series of entomological, parasitological and behavioural meta-analyses of studies that have investigated the effect of urbanization on malaria in africa. w ...	2005	15608702
the plasmodium circumsporozoite protein is proteolytically processed during cell invasion.	the circumsporozoite protein (csp) is the major surface protein of plasmodium sporozoites, the infective stage of malaria. although csp has been extensively studied as a malaria vaccine candidate, little is known about its structure. here, we show that csp is proteolytically cleaved by a papain family cysteine protease of parasite origin. our data suggest that the highly conserved region i, found just before the repeat region, contains the cleavage site. cleavage occurs on the sporozoite surface ...	2005	15630135
linkage group selection: rapid gene discovery in malaria parasites.	the identification of parasite genes controlling phenotypes such as drug resistance, virulence, immunogenicity, and transmission is vital to malaria research. classical genetic methods have achieved these goals only rarely and with difficulty. we describe here a novel genetic method, linkage group selection (lgs), which achieves rapid de novo location of genes encoding selectable phenotypes of malaria parasites. a phenotype-specific selection pressure is applied to the uncloned progeny of a gene ...	2005	15632093
a genetic approach to the de novo identification of targets of strain-specific immunity in malaria parasites.	vaccine research in malaria has a high priority. however, identification of specific antigens as candidates for vaccines against asexual blood stages of malaria parasites has been based on largely circumstantial evidence. we describe here how genes encoding target antigens of strain-specific immunity in malaria can be directly located in the parasite's genome without prior information concerning their identity, by the method we call linkage group selection. two genetically distinct clones of the ...	2005	15640359
efficacy of repellent products against caged and free flying anopheles stephensi mosquitoes.	the efficacy of 9 repellents (8 commercial repellents and one product under development) was evaluated on the skin at dosages of 0.65 and 1.7 mg of product/cm2, the latter dosage being the industrial standard for deet based repellents. the repellents were applied to the arm or lower leg of a human subject and tested against anopheles stephensi in a cage or flying freely in a mosquito-proof room. in the cage tests, a product with 20% p-menthane-3, 8-diol (pmd) active ingredient provided complete ...	2005	16610644
malaria parasite growth is stimulated by mosquito probing.	the ability of malaria parasites to respond positively to the presence of feeding mosquito vectors would clearly be advantageous to transmission. in this study, anopheles stephensi mosquitoes probed mice infected with the rodent malaria parasite, plasmodium chabaudi. growth of asexual stages was accelerated and gametocytes appeared 1-2 days earlier than in controls. this first study, to our knowledge, of the effects of mosquitoes on 'in-host' growth and development of plasmodium has profound imp ...	2005	17148162
oviposition deterrent and skin repellent activities of solanum trilobatum leaf extract against the malarial vector anopheles stephensi.	the leaf extract of solanum trilobatum (solanaceae) was tested under laboratory conditions for oviposition deterrent and skin repellent activities against the adult mosquito anopheles stephensi. concentrations of 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075 and 0.1% reduced egg laying by gravid females from 18 to 99% compared to ethanol-treated controls. in skin repellent tests, concentrations of 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.015, and 0.02 % provided 70 to 120 minutes protection against mosquito bites, whereas the ethanol ...	2005	16341247
prevalence-dependent costs of parasite virulence.	costs of parasitism are commonly measured by comparing the performance of infected groups of individuals to that of uninfected control groups. this measure potentially underestimates the cost of parasitism because it ignores indirect costs, which may result from the modification of the competitiveness of the hosts by the parasite. in this context, we used the host-parasite system consisting of the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti and the microsporidian parasite vavraia culicis to address this ...	2005	16008503
assessment of laboratory and field assays of sunlight-induced killing of mosquito larvae by photosensitizers.	the effectiveness of light-induced killing of mosquito larvae in the presence of photosensitizers was studied with larvae of aedes aegypti (l.), anopheles stephensi (liston), and culex quinquefasciatus say grown in the laboratory and of cx. quinquefasciatus grown under field conditions. tested photosensitizers included xanthene, chlorin, and porphyrin derivatives. all the larvae were treated at the fourth instar. preliminary laboratory experiments showed a light-induced lethal effect of rose ben ...	2005	16119556
isolation and identification of mosquito bite deterrent terpenoids from leaves of american (callicarpa americana) and japanese (callicarpa japonica) beautyberry.	essential oil extracts from callicarpa americana and callicarpa japonica were investigated. bioassay-guided fractionation of c. americana extracts using the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, led to the isolation of alpha-humulene, humulene epoxide ii, and intermedeol and a newly isolated terpenoid (callicarpenal). similar work involving c. japonica resulted in the isolation of an additional compound, spathulenol, as well as the four compounds isolated from c. americana. structure elucidation ...	2005	16028979
larvicidal activity of tagetes patula essential oil against three mosquito species.	larvicidal activity of tagetes patula essential oil was tested against the fourth instar larvae of aedes aegypti, anopheles stephensi, and culex quinquefaciatus. five different concentrations of essential oil were studied and the results were compared with that of synthetic insecticide, malathion. a. aegypti (lc(50) 13.57, lc(90) 37.91) was most susceptible followed by an. stephensi (lc(50) 12.08, lc(90) 57.62) and c. quinquefaciatus (lc(50) 22.33, lc(90) 71.89).	2005	15734310
laboratory study on larvicidal properties of leaf extract of calotropis procera (family-asclepiadaceae) against mosquito larvae.	fresh leaf extract of milkweed (calotropis procera) showed larvicidal properties against mosquito larvae of anopheles stephensi, culex quinquefasciatus and aedes aegypti. methanolic extracts of the same plant were, however, more effective as larvicide. c. procera is a weed growing in uncultivated soils as well as in dry, arid zones in indian subcontinent throughout the year. the results of this study suggest the utility of milkweed as potential technology for control of mosquito larvae.	2005	16749273
effect of food on immature development, consumption rate, and relative growth rate of toxorhynchites splendens (diptera: culicidae), a predator of container breeding mosquitoes.	food utilization by the larvae of toxorhynchites splendens (wiedemann) was studied in the laboratory by offering larvae of aedes aegypti linnaeus, anopheles stephensi (liston), and culex quinquefasciatus (say). quantitative analyses of data indicated that immature development was significantly faster with increase in food availability. the regression analysis showed that the degrees of the relationship between immature duration (id) and food availability were higher when offered early instars of ...	2005	16444422
comparative efficacy and persistency of permethrin in olyset net and conventionally treated net against aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi.	the efficacy of the olyset net was compared to a net treated conventionally with permethrin 10% emulsifiable concentrate at the world health organization recommended dose. the nets were assessed under laboratory conditions against the mosquito vectors aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi. knockdown efficacy for the olyset net was assessed after the first 10 washings and then after the 15th and 20th washings. data were not collected for the conventionally treated netting after 5 washings because ...	2006	16646331
ultra low volume aerosol application of deltacide (deltamethrin 0.5% w/v, s-bioallethrin 0.71% w/v & piperonyl butoxide 8.9% w/v) against mosquitoes.	insecticide in the form of space spray as an ultra low volume (ulv) aerosol are used during epidemics of vector borne diseases. deltacide, a formulation comprising of three chemicals viz., deltamethrin 0.5 per cent w/v, s-bio-allethrin 0.71 per cent w/v and piperonyl butoxide 8.9 per cent w/v is suitable for ulv application. as this combination is found to be effective in preventing resistance development tackling the population, which had already developed resistance and cause immediate mortali ...	2006	16567869
composition and larvicidal activity of leaves and stem essential oils of chloroxylon swietenia dc against aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi.	the laboratory bioassay of the essential oil and the isolated compounds from chloroxylon swietenia against aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi was carried out to evaluate the larvicidal activity. lc50 value estimated for a. aegypti and an. stephensi were 16.5 and 14.9 microg/ml and 20.2 and 19 microg/ml for leaf and stem oils, respectively. the three sesquiterpenes pregeijerene, geijerene and germacrene d were isolated and their larvicidal activity was evaluated. pregeijerene and geijerene wer ...	2006	16815011
comparison of the mosquito-repelling efficacy of methyl neodecanamide (mnda) to that of deet.	the objective of this small pilot study was to assess the mosquito-repelling efficacy of methyl neodecanamide (mnda) relative to n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet) against anopheles stephensi, culex quinquefasciatus, and aedes aegypti under controlled laboratory conditions. in this study, subjects inserted both forearms (sham- and repellent-treated) into a test chamber containing 50 female mosquitoes. the number of mosquitoes landing on or probing each forearm during the 5-minute "forced-choic ...	2006	12858227
characterization of a pathogen related to vavraia culicis detected in a laboratory colony of anopheles stephensi.		2006	17169070
age-dependent induction of immunity and subsequent survival costs in males and females of a temperate damselfly.	to understand variation in resistance to parasites within host populations, researchers have examined conditions under which immunity is induced and/or is costly. both host sex and age have been found to influence immune expression and subsequently are likely factors influencing the costs of resistance. the purpose of this study was to examine immune expression and associated survival costs for two age groups (newly emerged and sexually mature individuals) of the damselfly, enallagma boreale sel ...	2006	17090312
s-nitrosogluthathione reductase activity of amphioxus adh3: insights into the nitric oxide metabolism.	nitric oxide (no) is a signalling molecule involved in many physiological functions. an important via of no action is through the s-nitrosylation of proteins, a post-translational modification that regulates the activity of enzymes, protein-protein interactions and signal transduction pathways. alcohol dehydrogenase class iii (adh3) recognises s-nitrosoglutathione (gsno), the main reservoir of non-protein s-nitrosothiol, and functions as an effective gsno reductase (gsnor) and as a safeguard aga ...	2006	16763671
bridging the gaps in vector biology. workshop on the molecular and population biology of mosquitoes and other disease vectors.		2006	16485025
germ cell development in the honeybee (apis mellifera); vasa and nanos expression.	studies of specification of germ-cells in insect embryos has indicated that in many taxa the germ cells form early in development, and their formation is associated with pole plasm, germ plasm or an organelle called the oosome. none of these morphological features associated with germ cell formation have been identified in the honeybee apis mellifera. in this study i report the cloning and expression analysis of honeybee homologues of vasa and nanos, germ cell markers in insects and other animal ...	2006	16503992
novel acetylcholinesterase target site for malaria mosquito control.	current anticholinesterase pesticides were developed during world war ii and are toxic to mammals because they target a catalytic serine residue of acetylcholinesterases (aches) in insects and in mammals. a sequence analysis of aches from 73 species and a three-dimensional model of a malaria-carrying mosquito (anopheles gambiae) ache (agache) reported here show that c286 and r339 of agache are conserved at the opening of the active site of aches in 17 invertebrate and four insect species, respec ...	2006	17183688
reduced susceptibility to deltamethrin and kdr mutation in anopheles stephensi liston, a malaria vector in india.	the indian urban malaria vector anopheles stephensi liston was selected for deltamethrin resistance for 25 generations (f25) at larval and adult stages separately in the laboratory. there was roughly a 151-fold increase in the lethal concentration (lc)50 and a 99-fold increase in the lc90 in larval selection, when the f25 was compared with the parent colony. similarly, adult selection resulted in a 39-fold increase in the lc50 and a 31-fold increase in the lc90 in the adults. knockdown bioassays ...	2006	17304937
efficacy of agnique mmf monomolecular surface film against anopheles stephensi breeding in urban habitats in india.	efficacy of agnique mmf, a monomolecular film formulation, was tested against immatures of anopheles stephensi, an urban malaria vector in india, in simulated and natural habitats. simulated field trials carried out in cement tanks showed 100% inhibition of adult emergence for up to 1 wk at 0.4 ml/m2 and up to 3 wk at 1 ml/m2. a small-scale field trial in tanks and wells at 1 and 2 ml/m2 produced more than 75% reduction of late instars and 100% reduction of pupae on day 1. the reduction in pupae ...	2006	17067041
simultaneous host and parasite expression profiling identifies tissue-specific transcriptional programs associated with susceptibility or resistance to experimental cerebral malaria.	the development and outcome of cerebral malaria (cm) reflects a complex interplay between parasite-expressed virulence factors and host response to infection. the murine cm model, plasmodium berghei anka (pba), which simulates many of the features of human cm, provides an excellent system to study this host/parasite interface. we designed "combination" microarrays that concurrently detect genome-wide transcripts of both pba and mouse, and examined parasite and host transcriptional programs durin ...	2006	17118208
survival of immature anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) in aquatic habitats in mwea rice irrigation scheme, central kenya.	the survivorship and distribution of anopheles arabiensis larvae and pupae was examined in a rice agro-ecosystem in mwea irrigation scheme, central kenya, from august 2005 to april 2006, prior to implementation of larval control programme.	2006	17125501
identification, sequence analysis, and comparative study on gste2 insecticide resistance gene in three main world malaria vectors: anopheles stephensi, anopheles culicifacies, and anopheles fluviatilis.	glutathione s-transferases (gsts) are soluble dimeric proteins that are involved in the metabolism, detoxification, and excretion of a large number of endogenous and exogenous compounds such as insecticides from the cell. in the current study, field specimens of anopheles stephensi liston, anopheles fluviatilis james, and anopheles culicifacies giles collected from sistan and baluchistan province in iran and subjected to world health organization susceptibility test. only an. stephensi was resis ...	2006	17162949
development of lymphatic filarial parasite wuchereria bancrofti (spirurida: onchocercidae) in mosquito species (diptera: culicidae) fed artificially on microfilaremic blood.	the efficiency of laboratory colonies of mosquitoes such as anopheles stephensi liston, aedes aegypti (l.) liverpool strain, ae. aegypti wild type, aedes albopictus (skuse), culex tritaeniorhynchus giles, culex sitiens wiedemann, and armigeres subalbatus coquillett in supporting the development of wuchereria bancrofti (cobbold) (spirurida: onchocercidae) microfilariae to infective larvae was investigated. the mosquitoes were fed on heparinized microfilaremic human blood by using a membrane-feedi ...	2006	17162957
biting deterrent activity of a deet analog, two depa analogs, and ss220 applied topically to human volunteers compared with deet against three species of blood-feeding flies.	an earlier in vitro screening of n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet) and n,n-diethylphenylacetamide (depa) analogs showed that two depa analogs, n,n-diethyl(3-bromophenyl) acetamide and n,n-diethyl[(alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-m-tolyl)]acetamide, and one deet analog, n,n,diethyl[3-(trifluoromethyl)]benzamide, had biting-deterrent activities that were superior to deet against aedes aegypti (l.) and anopheles stephensi liston. in the current study, the three analogs and (1s,2's)-methylpiperidinyl ...	2006	17162960
re-ingestion of plasmodium berghei sporozoites after delivery into the host by mosquitoes.	malaria-infected mosquitoes feeding on a mammalian host inject sporozoites into the skin to induce a malaria infection. the numbers of sporozoites ultimately able to reach the liver may be important determinants of the characteristics of the ensuing blood infection. because feeding mosquitoes not only inject sporozoites into the host but concomitantly ingest blood to obtain their bloodmeal, some sporozoites are re-ingested by the feeding mosquito. we studied transmission of fluorescent plasmodiu ...	2006	17172393
spatial epidemiology of plasmodium vivax, afghanistan.	plasmodium vivax is endemic to many areas of afghanistan. geographic analysis helped highlight areas of malaria risk and clarified ecologic risk factors for transmission. remote sensing enabled development of a risk map, thereby providing a valuable tool to help guide malaria control strategies.	2006	17176583
imp pcr primers detect single nucleotide polymorphisms for anopheles gambiae species identification, mopti and savanna rdna types, and resistance to dieldrin in anopheles arabiensis.	polymerase chain reactions to distinguish single-nucleotide polymorphisms are commonly used for mosquito identification and identifying insecticide resistance alleles. however, the existing methods used for primer design often result in analyses that are not robust or require additional steps.	2006	17177993
a plant-derived morphinan as a novel lead compound active against malaria liver stages.	the global spread of multidrug-resistant malaria parasites has led to an urgent need for new chemotherapeutic agents. drug discovery is primarily directed to the asexual blood stages, and few drugs that are effective against the obligatory liver stages, from which the pathogenic blood infection is initiated, have become available since primaquine was deployed in the 1950s.	2006	17194195
fz2 and cdc42 mediate melanization and actin polymerization but are dispensable for plasmodium killing in the mosquito midgut.	the midgut epithelium of the mosquito malaria vector anopheles is a hostile environment for plasmodium, with most parasites succumbing to host defenses. this study addresses morphological and ultrastructural features associated with plasmodium berghei ookinete invasion in anopheles gambiae midguts to define the sites and possible mechanisms of parasite killing. we show by transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence that the majority of ookinetes are killed in the extracellular space. ...	2006	17196037
the effect of repellents ocimum forskolei and deet on the response of anopheles stephensi to host odours.	the behavioural response of anopheles stephensi liston (diptera: culicidae) to incubated host odours (from human and goat) and to human odour in combination with a repellent plant, ocimum forskolei (labiatae), or deet (n, n, diethyl-toluamide) (20%) was tested in a dual-port olfactometer. an. stephensi was significantly attracted to both host odours compared with air alone, but showed no preference when given a choice between both host odours simultaneously. in choice tests, the addition of deet ...	2006	17199748
expression of immune responsive genes in cell lines from two different anopheline species.	malaria infection results in increased expression of immune responsive genes, including those encoding antimicrobial peptides such as gambicin (gam1) and cecropin a (cec1). understanding how these genes are regulated will provide insights how the mosquito immune system is activated by plasmodium. we previously have shown that cec1 was primarily regulated by the imd-relish (rel2) pathway in the anopheles gambiae sua1b cell line. we show here that expression of defensin a (def1) and gam1 was reduc ...	2006	17201765
safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of prime-boost immunization with recombinant poxvirus fp9 and modified vaccinia virus ankara encoding the full-length plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein.	heterologous prime-boost immunization with dna and various recombinant poxviruses encoding malaria antigens is capable of inducing strong cell-mediated immune responses and partial protection in human sporozoite challenges. here we report a series of trials assessing recombinant fowlpox virus and modified vaccinia virus ankara encoding the plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein in various prime-boost combinations, doses, and application routes. for the first time, these vaccines were adm ...	2006	16622207
antimalarial activity of allicin, a biologically active compound from garlic cloves.	the incidence of malaria is increasing, and there is an urgent need to identify new drug targets for both prophylaxis and chemotherapy. potential new drug targets include plasmodium proteases that play critical roles in the parasite life cycle. we have previously shown that the major surface protein of plasmodium sporozoites, the circumsporozoite protein (csp), is proteolytically processed by a parasite-derived cysteine protease, and this processing event is temporally associated with sporozoite ...	2006	16641443
the sensilla of aedes and anopheles mosquitoes and their importance in repellency.	the aim of this study was to detect the role of some mosquito organs in their sensation of repellent materials. a total of 250 females (15 days old) of the target species aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi were prepared and divided into five groups: group 1, without antenna; group 2, without maxillary bulbs; group 3, without proboscis; group 4, without frontal tarsus; and group 5, normal females as control. a mixture of five oils containing litsea cubeba 1%, melaleuca leucadendron 1%, melaleu ...	2006	16642383
repellency effect of forty-one essential oils against aedes, anopheles, and culex mosquitoes.	since ancient times, plant products were used in various aspects. however, their use against pests decreased when chemical products became developed. recently, concerns increased with respect to public health and environmental security requiring detection of natural products that may be used against insect pests. in this study, 41 plant extracts and 11 oil mixtures were evaluated against the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti (linnaeus), the malaria vector, anopheles stephensi (liston), and th ...	2006	16642384
larvicidal effects of various essential oils against aedes, anopheles, and culex larvae (diptera, culicidae).	mosquitoes in the larval stage are attractive targets for pesticides because mosquitoes breed in water, and thus, it is easy to deal with them in this habitat. the use of conventional pesticides in the water sources, however, introduces many risks to people and/or the environment. natural pesticides, especially those derived from plants, are more promising in this aspect. aromatic plants and their essential oils are very important sources of many compounds that are used in different respects. in ...	2006	16642386
artificial bloodfeeding of anopheles stephensi on a membrane apparatus with human whole blood.	the purpose of this study was to rear large numbers of anopheles stephensi (lis.) by artificial feeding with human whole blood in an insectary. an artificial membrane, bloodfeeding technique was evaluated for an. stephensi using the insectarium's strain in iran. parafilm "m" and human whole blood were satisfactory as a feeding membrane and as a source of nourishment, respectively. comparison of feeding rates and different ages were fluctuated in rearing of 3 generations of an. stephensi with hum ...	2006	16646322
laboratory evaluation of the bioinsecticide spinosad for mosquito control.	spinosad, a naturally occurring product of the fermentation of the bacterium saccharopolyspora spinosa, is a highly effective bioinsecticide against a broad range of agriculturally important insect pests, and this agent has an excellent environmental and mammalian toxicological profile. in this study the efficacy of a spinosad-based product (laser 4.8% emulsifiable concentrate) was evaluated in laboratory bioassays against laboratory-reared mosquito strains of 3 species of medical importance: ae ...	2006	16646328
defining the global spatial limits of malaria transmission in 2005.	there is no accurate contemporary global map of the distribution of malaria. we show how guidelines formulated to advise travellers on appropriate chemoprophylaxis for areas of reported plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax malaria risk can be used to generate crude spatial limits. we first review and amalgamate information on these guidelines to define malaria risk at national and sub-national administrative boundary levels globally. we then adopt an iterative approach to reduce these exte ...	2006	16647970
radiation-induced sterility for pupal and adult stages of the malaria mosquito anopheles arabiensis.	in the context of the sterile insect technique (sit), radiation-induced sterility in the malaria mosquito anopheles arabiensis patton (diptera: culicidae) was studied. male mosquitoes were exposed to gamma rays in the pupal or adult stage and dose-sterility curves were determined.	2006	16700906
malaria in sri lanka: one year post-tsunami.	one year ago, the authors of this article reported in this journal on the malaria situation in sri lanka prior to the tsunami that hit on 26 december 2004, and estimated the likelihood of a post-tsunami malaria outbreak to be low. malaria incidence has decreased in 2005 as compared to 2004 in most districts, including the ones that were hit hardest by the tsunami. the malaria incidence (aggregated for the whole country) in 2005 followed the downward trend that started in 2000. however, surveilla ...	2006	16700913
differential gene expression in abdomens of the malaria vector mosquito, anopheles gambiae, after sugar feeding, blood feeding and plasmodium berghei infection.	large scale sequencing of cdna libraries can provide profiles of genes expressed in an organism under defined biological and environmental circumstances. we have analyzed sequences of 4541 expressed sequence tags (ests) from 3 different cdna libraries created from abdomens from plasmodium infection-susceptible adult female anopheles gambiae. these libraries were made from sugar fed (s), rat blood fed (rb), and p. berghei-infected (irb) mosquitoes at 30 hours after the blood meal, when most paras ...	2006	16712725
analysis of mosquito bloodmeals using rflp markers.	an important variable in the amplification of arthropod vector-borne diseases is the degree of contact between human hosts and mosquito vectors. to analyze this interaction, a dna based method was developed to differentiate human bloodmeals from other sources in the mosquito anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae) liston. a portion of the host mitochondrial dna cytochrome b genes were pcr amplified and classified to the species level based on their restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp ...	2006	16716302
agdscam, a hypervariable immunoglobulin domain-containing receptor of the anopheles gambiae innate immune system.	activation of the insect innate immune system is dependent on a limited number of pattern recognition receptors (prrs) capable of interacting with pathogen-associated molecular pattern. here we report a novel role of an alternatively spliced hypervariable immunoglobulin domain-encoding gene, dscam, in generating a broad range of prrs implicated in immune defense in the malaria vector anopheles gambiae. the mosquito down syndrome cell adhesion molecule gene, agdscam, has a complex genome organiza ...	2006	16774454
environmental influence on the genetic basis of mosquito resistance to malaria parasites.	the genetic basis of a host's resistance to parasites has important epidemiological and evolutionary consequences. understanding this genetic basis can be complicated by non-genetic factors, such as environmental quality, which may influence the expression of genetic resistance and profoundly alter patterns of disease and the host's response to selection. in particular, understanding the environmental influence on the genetic resistance of mosquitoes to malaria gives valuable knowledge concernin ...	2006	16777744
anopheles gambiae immune responses to human and rodent plasmodium parasite species.	transmission of malaria is dependent on the successful completion of the plasmodium lifecycle in the anopheles vector. major obstacles are encountered in the midgut tissue, where most parasites are killed by the mosquito's immune system. in the present study, dna microarray analyses have been used to compare anopheles gambiae responses to invasion of the midgut epithelium by the ookinete stage of the human pathogen plasmodium falciparum and the rodent experimental model pathogen p. berghei. inva ...	2006	16789837
plasmodium berghei calcium-dependent protein kinase 3 is required for ookinete gliding motility and mosquito midgut invasion.	apicomplexan parasites critically depend on a unique form of gliding motility to colonize their hosts and to invade cells. gliding requires different stage and species-specific transmembrane adhesins, which interact with an intracellular motor complex shared across parasite stages and species. how gliding is regulated by extracellular factors and intracellular signalling mechanisms is largely unknown, but current evidence suggests an important role for cytosolic calcium as a second messenger. st ...	2006	16796674
activation process of the mosquitocidal delta-endotoxin cry39a produced by bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai bun1-14 and binding property to anopheles stephensi bbmv.	most delta-endotoxins produced by bacillus thuringiensis require proteolytic processing in order to become active. the in vitro and in vivo activation processes of cry39a, a delta-endotoxin that is highly toxic to anopheles stephensi, were investigated. cry39a with a molecular mass of 72 kda was processed in vitro into a 60 kda fragment by trypsin and gut extract from a. stephensi larvae. n-terminal amino acid sequencing of the 60 kda fragment revealed that trypsin and the protease(s) in the gut ...	2006	16837008
analysis of bacteria-challenged wild silkmoth, antheraea mylitta (lepidoptera) transcriptome reveals potential immune genes.	in the recent years a strong resemblance has been observed between the insect immune system and the mammalian innate immune mechanisms suggesting their common origin. among the insects, only the dipterans (drosophila and various mosquito species) have been widely investigated for their immune responses towards diverse pathogens. in the present study we constructed and analysed the immune transcriptome of the lepidopteran antheraea mylitta, an economically important indian tasar silkmoth with a v ...	2006	16857061
a reliable morphological method to assess the age of male anopheles gambiae.	release of genetically-modified (gm) or sterile male mosquitoes for malaria control is hampered by inability to assess the age and mating history of free-living male anopheles.	2006	16872516
cloning and expression of two crystal protein genes, cry30ba1 and cry44aa1, obtained from a highly mosquitocidal strain, bacillus thuringiensis subsp. entomocidus ina288.	two novel crystal protein genes, cry30ba and cry44aa, were cloned from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. entomocidus ina288 and expressed in an acrystalliferous strain. cry44aa crystals were highly toxic to second-instar culex pipiens pallens (50% mortality concentration [lc50] = 6 ng/ml) and aedes aegypti (lc50 = 12 ng/ml); however, cry30ba crystals were not toxic.	2006	16885329
population dynamics of sporogony for plasmodium vivax parasites from western thailand developing within three species of colonized anopheles mosquitoes.	the population dynamics of plasmodium sporogony within mosquitoes consists of an early phase where parasite abundance decreases during the transition from gametocyte to oocyst, an intermediate phase where parasite abundance remains static as oocysts, and a later phase where parasite abundance increases during the release of progeny sporozoites from oocysts. sporogonic development is complete when sporozoites invade the mosquito salivary glands. the dynamics and efficiency of this developmental s ...	2006	16887043
analysis of ests from lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies and their contribution toward understanding the insect-parasite relationship.	an expressed sequence tag library has been generated from a sand fly vector of visceral leishmaniasis, lutzomyia longipalpis. a normalized cdna library was constructed from whole adults and 16,608 clones were sequenced from both ends and assembled into 10,203 contigs and singlets. of these 58% showed significant similarity to known genes from other organisms, <4% were identical to described sand fly genes, and 42% had no match to any database sequence. our analyses revealed putative proteins inv ...	2006	16887324
robust salivary gland-specific transgene expression in anopheles stephensi mosquito.	malaria sporozoites invade the mosquito salivary glands and wait in the salivary duct until the next blood feeding. the mechanisms of the process and molecules involved in the salivary gland invasion remain largely unknown. to establish a robust salivary gland-specific transgene expression in anopheles stephensi, we obtained a salivary gland-specific promoter for a gene encoding anopheline antiplatelet protein (aapp). the aapp promoter is a female salivary gland-specific and blood meal-inducible ...	2006	16907827
infection by and protective immune responses against plasmodium berghei anka are not affected in macrophage scavenger receptors a deficient mice.	scavenger receptors (srs) recognize endogenous molecules modified by pathological processes as well as components of diverse microorganisms. mice deficient for both sr-ai and ii are more susceptible to infections by a variety of bacterial and viral pathogens.	2006	16914051
high degree of conservancy among secreted salivary gland proteins from two geographically distant phlebotomus duboscqi sandflies populations (mali and kenya).	salivary proteins from sandflies are potential targets for exploitation as vaccines to control leishmania infection; in this work we tested the hypothesis that salivary proteins from geographically distant phlebotomus duboscqi sandfly populations are highly divergent due to the pressure exerted by the host immune response. salivary gland cdna libraries were prepared from wild-caught p. duboscqi from mali and recently colonised flies of the same species from kenya.	2006	16952314
common and divergent immune response signaling pathways discovered in peripheral blood mononuclear cell gene expression patterns in presymptomatic and clinically apparent malaria.	using genome-wide expression profiles from persons either experimentally challenged with malaria-infected mosquitoes or naturally infected with plasmodium falciparum malaria, we present details of the transcriptional changes that occur with infection and that either are commonly shared between subjects with presymptomatic and clinically apparent malaria or distinguish these two groups. toll-like receptor signaling through nf-kappab pathways was significantly upregulated in both groups, as were d ...	2006	16988231
a dna prime-modified vaccinia virus ankara boost vaccine encoding thrombospondin-related adhesion protein but not circumsporozoite protein partially protects healthy malaria-naive adults against plasmodium falciparum sporozoite challenge.	the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of dna and modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva) prime-boost regimes were assessed by using either thrombospondin-related adhesion protein (trap) with a multiple-epitope string me (me-trap) or the circumsporozoite protein (cs) of plasmodium falciparum. sixteen healthy subjects who never had malaria (malaria-naive subjects) received two priming vaccinations with dna, followed by one boosting immunization with mva, with either me-trap or cs as the antigen. i ...	2006	16988273
transporters involved in resistance to antimalarial drugs.	the ability to treat and control plasmodium falciparum infection through chemotherapy has been compromised by the advent and spread of resistance to antimalarial drugs. research in this area has identified the p. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (pfcrt) and the multidrug resistance-1 (pfmdr1) transporter as key determinants of decreased in vitro susceptibility to several principal antimalarial drugs. transfection-based in vitro studies are consistent with clinical findings of an ass ...	2006	16996622
a standard cytogenetic photomap for the mosquito anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae): application for physical mapping.	to facilitate physical genome mapping, we have developed a new cytogenetic photomap for anopheles stephensi (liston) (diptera: culicidae), an important malaria vector in asia. the high-resolution images of the ovarian polytene chromosomes have been straightened and divided by numbered divisions and lettered subdivisions. the exact chromosomal locations of eight dna probes have been determined by fluorescent in situ hybridization. using the dna sequences, we have established correspondence betwee ...	2006	17017220
importance of waste stabilization ponds and wastewater irrigation in the generation of vector mosquitoes in pakistan.	the objective of the current study was to investigate the role of waste stabilization ponds (wsp) and wastewater-irrigated sites for the production of mosquitoes of medical importance. mosquito larvae were collected fortnightly from july 2001 to june 2002 in faisalabad, pakistan. in total, 3,132 water samples from wsp and irrigated areas yielded 606,053 culex larvae of five species. in addition, 107,113 anophelines, representing eight species were collected. anopheles subpictus (grassi) and cule ...	2006	17017239
comparative study on the efficacy of lambdacyhalothrin and bifenthrin on torn nets against the malaria vector, anopheles stephensi as assessed by tunnel test method.		2006	17024863
epidemiology of malaria and predictions of retransmission in babylon governorate, iraq.	after the 1997-98 malaria epidemic in babylon governorate, iraq, malaria transmission in this area was successfully interrupted. a parasitological survey in 2002 identified no malaria cases but an entomological survey found both anopheles stephensi and a. pulcherrimus in high densities. the highest density was recorded in september and the lowest in december and january. despite the high density of anopheles, no parasite sporozoites or oocysts were found in dissected mosquitoes. nevertheless, ma ...	2006	17037694
experimental infection of the neotropical malaria vector anopheles darlingi by human patient-derived plasmodium vivax in the peruvian amazon.	malaria transmission from humans to mosquitoes is modulated by human host immune factors. understanding mechanisms by which the human host response may impair parasite infectivity for mosquitoes has direct implications for the development of transmission-blocking vaccines. we hypothesized that despite a low transmission intensity of malaria in the peruvian amazon region of iquitos, transmission-blocking immunity against plasmodium vivax might be common, given an unexpectedly high proportion of a ...	2006	17038681
developmental biology of sporozoite-host interactions in plasmodium falciparum malaria: implications for vaccine design.	the plasmodium falciparum sporozoite infects different types of cells in a mosquito's salivary glands and human epithelial and kuppfer cells and hepatocytes. these become differentiated later on, transforming themselves into the invasive red blood cell form, the merozoite. the ability of sporozoites to interact with different types of cells requires a wide variety of mechanisms allowing them to survive in both hosts: mobility, receptor-ligand interactions with different cellular receptors, and t ...	2006	17041140
[effect of anti-midgut-protein-ingredient antibodies of anopheles stephensi on the oocysts of plasmodium yoelii].	to observe the inhibitory effect of the antibodies against midgut-protein-ingredient of anopheles stephensi on the oocysts of plasmodium yoelii.	2006	17366975
the tryptophan oxidation pathway in mosquitoes with emphasis on xanthurenic acid biosynthesis.	oxidation of tryptophan to kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-hk) is the major catabolic pathway in mosquitoes. however, 3-hk is oxidized easily under physiological conditions, resulting in the production of reactive radical species. to overcome this problem, mosquitoes have developed an efficient mechanism to prevent 3-hk from accumulating by converting this chemically reactive compound to the chemically stable xanthurenic acid. interestingly, 3-hk is a precursor for the production of compou ...	2006	17070835
adult longevity of certain mosquito species after larval and pupal exposure to sublethal concentration of an insect growth regulator, hexaflumuron.	longevity of the adults of three vector species, culex quinquefasciatus, anopheles stephensi, and aedes aegypti was drastically reduced when they were exposed at larval and pupal stages to sublethal concentrations of an insect growth regulator hexaflumuron. when the three species were exposed to 0.05 mg/l at the pupal stage, males and females of cx. quinquefasciatus suffered a more shortened life span than other species. among the females whose feeding activity was adversely affected by igr trea ...	2006	1523463
effects of dysoxylum malabaricum bedd. (meliaceae) extract on the malarial vector anopheles stephensi liston (diptera: culicidae).	in recent years, use of environmentally friendly and biodegradable natural insecticides of plant origin have received renewed attention as agents for disease vector control. methanol extracts of leaves from the indian white cedar dysoxylum malabaricum bedd. (meliaceae) were tested against mature and immature anopheles stephensi liston (diptera) mosquitoes under laboratory conditions. the extract showed strong larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal, and antiovipositional activity. the maximum leaf ex ...	2006	16314090
transgenic plasmodium berghei sporozoites expressing beta-galactosidase for quantification of sporozoite transmission.	malaria transmission occurs during a blood-meal of an infected anopheles mosquito. visualization and quantification of sporozoites along the journey from the mosquito midgut, where they develop, to the vertebrate liver, their final target organ, is important for understanding many aspects of sporozoite biology. here we describe the generation of plasmodium berghei parasites that express the reporter gene lacz as a stable transgene, under the control of the sporozoite-specific csp promoter. trans ...	2006	16316690
genetic analysis of rdna-its2 and rapd loci in field populations of the malaria vector, anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae): implications for the control program in iran.	anopheles stephensi is one of the most important malaria vectors in the middle-east, the indian subcontinent, the far-east and is the main malaria vector in south of iran. this vector is thought to be a single but polytypic species, despite its enormous geographical range. to examine this hypothesis, we analyzed the rdna-its2 and rapd loci in different populations of an. stephensi from iran. rdna-its2 region in all sequenced specimens of an. stephensi contained a (ca)7 microsatellite sequence. c ...	2006	16188214
effects of post-ingestion and physical conditions on pcr amplification of host blood meal dna in mosquitoes.	the effects of post-ingestion and physical conditions under which killed mosquitoes are stored on the success of detecting blood meal dna of anopheles stephensi and culex quinquefasiatus were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification at the human mitochondrial dna cytochrome b (cytb) gene. host dna extracted from the blood meal up to 33 h post-ingestion in both species acts as an efficient template for pcr amplification. however, more dna concentration is needed for meals dig ...	2006	16364301
immunogenicity and protection of a recombinant human adenovirus serotype 35-based malaria vaccine against plasmodium yoelii in mice.	given the promise of recombinant adenovirus type 5 (rad5) as a malaria vaccine carrier in preclinical models, we evaluated the potency of rad35 coding for plasmodium yoelii circumsporozoite protein (rad35pycs). we chose rad35 since a survey with serum samples from african subjects demonstrated that human ad35 has a much lower seroprevalence of 20% and a much lower geometric mean neutralizing antibody titer (gmt) of 48 compared to ad5 (seroprevalence, 85%; gmt, 1,261) in countries with a high mal ...	2006	16368986
effect of antibodies on the expression of plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein gene.	antibodies are known to play an important role in the control of malaria infection. however, they can modulate parasite development enhancing infection. the effect of anti-plasmodium antibodies on the expression of circumsporozoite protein gene (csp) was investigated. plasmodium falciparum 3d7 in vitro cultures were submitted to: i) anti- circumsporozoite protein monoclonal antibody (anti-csp-mab) [1microg/ml, 0.1microg/ml, 0.01microg/ml and 0.001microg/ml] and ii) purified igg fab fragment from ...	2006	16421624