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[specific immunity in preschool children at high risk of infection with hepatitis a virus].the dynamics of postinfection immunity to hepatitis a (ha) in preschool children was studied for 2 years in an area with a high activity of the epidemic process. in primary examinations by radioimmunoassay, anti-hav were found in 82% of the subjects. the degree of the immunity intensity was found to be markedly variable: in 21% of the children the titre of anti-hav was 1:10, in 28%-1:40, in 37%-1:160, in 14%-1:640. one year later, in the group of children with titres 1:10-1:40 the antibody level ...19902141961
[the characteristics of an outbreak of non-a, non-b hepatitis with a fecal-oral mechanism of the transmission of the causative agent in osh province, the kirghiz ssr].the results of epidemiological, clinical and laboratory studies revealed that the sharp rise of morbidity in viral hepatitides in osh province, the kirghiz ssr in autumn 1987 was caused by hepatitis non a, non b virus with fecal-oral transmission. at this period the results of the enzyme immunoassay showed the absence of the markers of hepatitides a, b and delta in 72.2% of viral hepatitis patients. hepatitis non a, non b occurred only in 2.4% of viral hepatitis patients of preschool age (of the ...19902151497
vaccines to prevent hepatitis b and hepatitis a virus infections.vaccines to prevent hepatitis b infection became available in 1982, and were recommended primarily for adults considered at high risk because of exposure in the workplace or lifestyles that lead to sexual or parenteral exposure to the virus. plasma-derived and recombinant vaccines produced in yeast are highly immunogenic, safe, and effective for all age groups. decreased response and protection by vaccine occur in older persons and in persons with immunosuppressive illnesses. the main issues con ...19902155262
immunogenicity of hepatitis a virus vaccine in primates. 19902155977
persistence of hepatitis a virus in fulminant hepatitis and after liver transplantation.a peroxidase-labelled, specific mouse monoclonal antibody to hepatitis a virus (hav) and an in situ hybridization technique (streptavidin-biotin-horseradish peroxidase reaction) with an hav-specific cdna probe (recombinant plasmid pawha comprising 1.8 kb of the hav-specific cdna, located toward the 3' end of the genome) were used to detect hav in liver tissues in two patients with fulminant viral hepatitis type a treated by liver transplantation after a protracted (day 40: case 1) and relapsing ...19902156006
protracted alanine aminotransferase levels in tamarins infected with hepatitis a virus.eighteen red-bellied tamarins (saguinus labiatus), experimentally infected with hepatitis a virus (hav), were followed for up to 1.5 years after initial challenge. half of these animals developed protracted alanine aminotransferase (alt) abnormalities, which lasted for between 23 and 55 weeks post-challenge. igm anti-hav was detected intermittently during the early phase of their relapsing hepatitis and never after return of alt levels to normal. the possibility that these findings may be relate ...19902156008
construction of recombinant dna molecules by the use of a single stranded dna generated by the polymerase chain reaction: its application to chimeric hepatitis a virus/poliovirus subgenomic cdna.in order to study the importance of vp4 in picornavirus replication and translation, we replaced the hepatitis a virus (hav) vp4 with the poliovirus (pv1) vp4. using a modification of oligonucleotide site directed mutagenesis and the polymerase chain reaction (pcr), we created a subgenomic cdna chimera of hepatitis a virus in which the precise sequences coding for hav vp4 capsid protein were replaced by the sequences coding for the poliovirus vp4 capsid protein. the method involved the use of pc ...19902156236
recovery of hepatitis a virus from a water supply responsible for a common source outbreak of hepatitis a.an outbreak of hepatitis a occurred in a north georgia trailer park served by a private well. of 18 residents who were serosusceptible to hepatitis a virus (hav), 16 (89%) developed hepatitis a. well water samples were collected 3 months after illness onset in the index case and 28 days after illness onset in the last trailer park resident. hepatitis a virus antigen (havag) was detected in the samples by enzyme immunoassay from three of the five cell lines following two 30-day passages and from ...19902156462
aetiology of icteric hepatitis and fulminant hepatic failure in children and the possible predisposition to hepatic failure by sickle cell disease.the aetiological agents of acute icteric hepatitis and fulminant hepatic failure were investigated in 47 children less than 12 years of age presenting at our hospital during the period january to december 1987. hepatitis a virus was the aetiological agent in 72%, hepatitis b virus in 11%, cytomegalovirus in 2% and non a non b in 15%. these results confirm the endemicity of these viruses in the saudi population and that they can be contracted in early life and could lead to severe hepatitis. thre ...19902157327
prophylaxis against hepatitis a for travel.to develop a rational practice policy for prophylaxis against hepatitis a for travellers to high risk areas.19902157514
simultaneous vaccination for hepatitis a and b.seronegative volunteers (15) were vaccinated at three 1-month intervals with a combined hepatitis a and b vaccine. the vaccine contained a killed hepatitis a vaccine made from hepatitis a virus (hav) propagated in diploid human fibroblast cell cultures and hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) produced in yeast. after only one injection, all volunteers developed neutralizing antibodies for hav with antibody titers comparable to those found after gamma globulin administration. compared with the ant ...19902157770
disappearance of igm antibodies to hepatitis a virus after an acute infection in children and adolescents.the kinetics of igm antibodies to hepatitis a virus (hav) following an acute infection, were studied in 17 children. antibodies disappeared in two patterns, one group at 113 +/- 18 days after the acute infection in the children, and the second group at 283 +/- 90 days. the same two patterns of kinetics were seen in adults. we conclude that igm anti-hav antibodies can be found in the sera of children for over 6 months after the acute infection, as was observed in adults.19902157834
molecular epidemiology of human hepatitis a virus defined by an antigen-capture polymerase chain reaction method.we describe an immunoaffinity-linked nucleic acid amplification system (antigen-capture/polymerase chain reaction, or ac/pcr) for detection of viruses in clinical specimens and its application to the study of the molecular epidemiology of a picornavirus, hepatitis a virus (hav). immunoaffinity capture of virus, synthesis of viral cdna, and amplification of cdna by a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) were carried out sequentially in a single reaction vessel. this approach simplified sample preparat ...19902158093
[infection with hepatitis viruses hav, hbv and hcv as well as with aids virus hiv in drug addicts of the zurich street scene--a prevalence study].382 i.v. drug abusers were tested for a past or ongoing infection with the hepatitis viruses a (hav), b (hbv), the newly discovered c (hcv) and with the aids virus hiv. the cohort studied was representative for i.v. drug users of the zurich street scene including occasional users, weekend users and severe drug addicts. 56% of the drug users tested showed hbv markers. 21% had an ongoing infection. 32% were naturally hbv immune and 4% showed immunity due to vaccination. hav markers were detected i ...19902160123
subclinical infection with hepatitis a in peace corps volunteers following immune globulin prophylaxis.a study was undertaken to determine the incidence of subclinical infection in peace corps volunteers (pcvs) maintained on a routine prophylactic immune globulin (ig) regimen. serum markers to hepatitis a virus (hav) were detected in 172 of 1,508 (11.4%) single serum samples from a cross-sectional sample of pcvs. of those tested prior to service, 15/298 (5%) were seropositive for hav. those tested at 1-12 months showed 48/417 (11.3%) seropositivity, while 72/529 (13.6%) of those with greater than ...19902160196
characterization by t1-oligonucleotide fingerprinting of three strains of human hepatitis a virus isolated in italy.three human hepatitis a virus strains, all of them isolated in italy but one acquired abroad, were analyzed by t1-rnaase oligonucleotide mapping and by monoclonal antibody neutralization. the variation among their genomes according to t1-maps was calculated to be about 9%, thus confirming the poor genomic variation assessed by nucleotide sequencing (1-10%). however t1-maps of these italian isolates were different from those reported in the literature (weitz and siegl, 1985). neutralization by mo ...19902160891
[cultivation of hepatitis a virus in various cell lines and isolation of dna sequences].using the mbb/11/5 strain originally adapted to the plc/prf/5 cell line, reproduction of the virus in diploid cells of human embryo fibroblasts, continuous primate lines (ramt, frhk-4) and human urinary bladder tumor (t-24) lines was studied. we obtained hav dna sequences (about 99% from vrna) for the mbb/11/5 strain which were used as a probe for demonstration of vrna synthesis in the infected cells.19902163567
chronic hepatitis caused by the hepatitis a virus. 19902163969
immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase assays for the titration of infectious hepatitis a virus (hav).immunofluorescence (ifa) and immunoperoxidase (ipa) assays were developed for the titration of infectious hepatitis a virus. both of these methods were found to be simple, rapid and quantitatively reproducible. the immunoperoxidase technique could be the method of choice for the assay of hav in cell culture.19902164520
a nitrocellulose-enzyme immunoassay method for the detection of hepatitis a virus. 19902164523
hepatitis transmission among the sioux indians of south dakota.hepatitis a continues to occur in cyclical community-wide epidemics on the indian reservations of south dakota. in june 1985 a population-based serosurvey for viral hepatitis involving 120 households was conducted at the pine ridge and rosebud sioux indian reservations in south dakota. the serosurvey was performed shortly after a large hepatitis a epidemic on the pine ridge reservation in 1983-84, and immediately before a large hepatitis a epidemic on the rosebud reservation in 1985-86. the over ...19902166446
preparation of noninfectious hepatitis a virus hemagglutinin for detecting hemagglutination inhibition antibodies.hepatitis a virus (hav) harvested from infected mrc-5 cells can hemagglutinate various species of erythrocytes at acid ph (eckels et al., 1989). further studies revealed that the majority of the hemagglutinin (ha) in mrc-5 and bs-c-1 cells was cell-associated. a simplified procedure for preparing hav-ha consisted of collecting infected cells in phosphate-buffered saline followed by three cycles of freeze-thawing and sonication. the fluids were clarified and stored at 4 degrees c. the analysis of ...19902166750
inhibition of hepatitis a virus replication in vitro by antiviral compounds.forty antiviral compounds were screened for inhibitory effect on hepatitis a virus (hav) antigen expression in the human hepatoma cell line plc/prf/5. ribavirin, amantadine, glycyrrhizin, and pyrazofurin were selected in this screening test and were studied further. the selectivity indices of these four compounds, calculated as the ratio of 50% cytotoxic dose (determined by the trypan blue exclusion and by inhibition of [3h] leucine incorporation) to the 50% effective dose (determined by the vir ...19902167349
inhibitory effects of atropine, protamine, and their combination on hepatitis a virus replication in plc/prf/5 cells.atropine, protamine, and the combination of these drugs were tested for their effects on hepatitis a virus (hav) replication in cell culture. plc/prf/5 hepatoma cells were treated simultaneously with nontoxic concentrations of these drugs and inoculated with hav strain cf 53 at several multiplicities of infection. the yields of infectious hav after 4 and 15 days were markedly reduced by each drug, especially at the lowest multiplicity of infection. the activities of each drug were irreversible. ...19902168143
[experimental model of hepatitis a in rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) infected with human hepatitis a virus].the focus of this paper is characterization of hepatitis a experimental model obtained for the first time in rhesus monkeys (m. mulatta) infected with fecal isolate from a patient with hepatitis a (hav-h1). monkeys were susceptible to oral and intravenous routes of hav inoculation. the disease could be reproduced regularly in 4 passages as a result of which hav strain continuously pathogenic for m. mulatta has been established. all 17 infected monkeys developed hepatitis a with characteristic (e ...19902168770
sociodemographic correlates of neutralizing poliovirus and hepatitis a virus antibodies as markers of different modes of acquiring immunity.the prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of antibodies against poliovirus and hepatitis a virus (hav) were compared in a random sample of 457 military recruits in israel inducted during 1987. lower socioeconomic status (ses) was associated with a higher prevalence of anti-hav antibodies (67.3 vs 32.5 percent), whereas the reverse was true for type 1 poliovirus (78.4 vs 89.5 percent). while the high prevalence of anti-hav antibodies observed in the lower ses groups reflects considerable nat ...19902169209
response to trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine with and without immune serum globulin in young adults in israel in 1988.fifteen cases of type 1 paralytic poliomyelitis occurred in august 1988, mainly among young adults in the jewish population of israel, where vaccine coverage exceeds 90%. the military forces, as a precaution against further spread of the virus, vaccinated all recruits in late september. they received oral poliovirus vaccine (opv) simultaneously with prophylactic immune serum globulin (isg) to protect against hepatitis a virus infection. since it is generally not recommended to administer live va ...19902169502
morphogenesis of hepatitis a virus: isolation and characterization of subviral particles.the morphogenesis of hepatitis a virus (hav) in bs-c-1 cells was examined by immunoblotting with antisera to capsid proteins and labeling of virus-specific proteins with l-[35s]methionine. antiserum to vp2 detected two virus-specific proteins with apparent molecular masses of 30.6 and 30 kda, representing vp0 and vp2, while antiserum to vp1 detected proteins with molecular masses of 33 and 40 kda, representing vp1 and a virus-specific protein which we designated px, respectively. sedimentation o ...19902170672
[clinical trial of inactivated hepatitis a vaccine].a clinical trial was carried out for a lypophilized inactivated hepatitis a vaccine in order to confirm its safety and antibody response. the vaccine used for the study has been developed by denka institute of biological science (lot. d-01), chiba serum institute (lot. c-01) and the chemo-sero-therapeutic research institute (lot. k-02). thirty-six volunteers were selected and employed for the present study from healthy male adults carrying no antibody against hepatitis a virus (hav). they were d ...19902170718
an investigation of hepatitis a virus infected blood products.hepatitis a virus (hav) infection via the parenteral route is not common. to investigate this further, we obtained the fresh frozen plasma (ffp) component from a unit of whole blood provided by an hav-infected donor and attempted to quantify and characterize the virus in this material. despite repeated efforts at culture and cesium banding, hav was not detected by these methods. however, a hepatitis-a-specific antibody capture assay did demonstrate an occasional hav-like particle upon electron m ...19902172868
[hepatitis a virus]. 19902173038
viral infections in transfusion-dependent patients with beta-thalassemia major: the predominant role of cytomegalovirus.for 9 months, 38 transfusion-dependent patients with beta-thalassemia, ranging in age from 3.4 to 19.1 years, were observed for serologic evidence of viral infections, by the collection of serial serum samples. seventy-six age-matched healthy subjects, two for each patient, were followed as controls. samples taken at the beginning, middle, and end of the study were tested against 18 viral antigens by complement fixation (cf). in addition, tests for antibodies to hiv, epstein-barr virus, hepatiti ...19902173179
high incidence of viral hepatitis among american missionaries in africa.protestant missionaries (n = 360) serving in sub-saharan africa between 1967-1984 were studied to determine the risk of hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection. personnel were serologically screened for antibody to both the hepatitis a virus (anti-hav) and the surface antigen to the hepatitis b virus (anti-hbs) prior to departure, periodically during service abroad, and upon completion of their african tour. rates of seroconversion were used as measures of the incidence of ...19902173432
prospects for a hepatitis a virus vaccine. 19902173849
effects of ozone treatment on the infectivity of hepatitis a virus.the inactivation of a large-focus-forming variant of hepatitis a virus (hm-175) by ozone was investigated. experiments using mainly single-particle virus preparations suspended in phosphate-carbonate buffer were conducted over a range of ph levels (6-8) at 4 degrees c. viral enumerations involved the use of a radioimmunofocus assay. while some tolerance to lower (i.e., 0.1-0.5 mg/l) ozone residuals was noted, the exposure of virus particles to ozone concentrations of 1 mg/l or greater at all ph ...19902173968
[the sensitivity of rhesus and cynomolgus macaques to the human hepatitis a virus].hepatitis a infection characterized by virus excretion in feces, synthesis of specific igm antibody, increased activity of alanine aminotransferase in the blood serum, and a complex of morphological lesions in the liver typical of acute hepatitis was reproduced in m. fascicularis (m. f.) and macaca rhesus (m. r.) using 2 strains of hepatitis a virus (hav) isolated from human patients. the incubation period varying from 9 to 23 (mean 16) days in m. f. and from 12 to 35 (mean 18) days in m. r. in ...19902175064
[a karyotype study of the cells of the african green monkey kidney cell line 4647 cultured long term in media with different sera].the karyological analysis of the cell line 4647 used for production of a killed vaccine to hepatitis a virus was run in the 98th, 107th, 117th and 127th passages by the routine and c, g, and ag methods of differential chromosome staining. a considerable balancing of the chromosome composition at 107-127 passage levels is shown. the cells of line 4647 present a significant heterogeneity, as to the number of chromosomes, and do not belong to any distinct modal class. the modal number of chromosome ...19902175469
[the use of a molecular probe containing a specific cdna consisting of bacteriophage m13 for detecting the hepatitis a virus in clinical specimens].a probe was constructed containing a fragment of dna replica of hepatitis a virus (hav) rna within bacteriophage m13 single-stranded dna which allowed 10(-12) g of viral rna to be tested. hybridization of 32p-labeled probe with total rna from 559 samples of blood, saliva, and urine from patients with viral hepatitis a revealed the presence of hav rna in 14% of the samples. in the 1st week of the jaundice period hav rna was detected in 40% (15 positive samples out of the 39 tested), in the 2nd we ...19902176421
chemical disinfection of hepatitis a virus on environmental surfaces.hepatitis a virus disinfection was assessed on contaminated stainless-steel disks. ten microliters of fecally suspended hepatitis a virus was deposited on the center of each disk, dried for 20 min, and then covered with 20 microliters of the test product for 1 min. of the 20 formulations tested, only 2% glutaraldehyde, a quaternary ammonium formulation containing 23% hcl (toilet bowl cleaner), and sodium hypochlorite (greater than 5,000 ppm [greater than 5,000 micrograms/ml] of free chlorine) re ...19902176450
identification of enterically transmitted hepatitis virus particles by solid phase immune electron microscopy.small 'featureless' viruses (less than 50 nm) are difficult to identify by routine immune electron microscopy techniques, particularly when they are mixed with debris from stool or cell culture extracts. a combination of conventional immune electron microscopy (iem) and solid phase iem (spiem) methodologies was used to identify hepatitis a virus (hav) in stool and cell culture extracts and non-a non-b hepatitis (hepatitis e) in stool extracts. compared with conventional iem, the modified spiem m ...19902176664
recombinant proteins vp1 and vp3 of hepatitis a virus prime for neutralizing response.six overlapping genomic regions of capsid proteins vp1 and vp3 of hepatitis a virus (hav) inserted into the expression vectors pbd or pur respectively expressed beta-galactosidase-hav fusion proteins. the recombinant proteins were poorly soluble so they were difficult to detect by human anti-hav sera in radioimmunoassay, but the fusion proteins dissolved in sodium dodecyl sulfate reacted with human and rabbit anti-hav-positive sera in immunoblots. antisera against vp1 and vp3 recombinant protein ...19902176673
depuration of mytilus galloprovincialis experimentally contaminated with hepatitis a virus.mussels (mytilus galloprovincialis) were contaminated with known amounts of laboratory strains of hepatitis a virus and poliovirus 1 and the effectiveness of a self-cleansing mechanism was studied using a pilot depuration system. both viruses were rapidly bioaccumulated by mussels and the maximal concentration of about 10(4) tcid50/ml was reached within 1.5 hours. depuration was carried out up to 24 h; infectivity titer decreased to 10(2) tcid50/ml and 10(3.2) tcid50/ml within 6 h in hepatitis a ...19902177996
[outcome of pregnancy complicated by hepatitis a in the urban districts of shanghai].in 1988, during an epidemic 431 cases of hepatitis a among a group 7,476 pregnant women were in the 12 women health units at urban area of shanghai, accounting for a morbidity rate of 5,765.1/100,000 pregnant women. the ratio of spontaneous abortion, induced abortion and term delivery were 18:15:67. there were 16 perinatal deaths in the 288 delivered cases. the perinatal mortality rate was 55.6/1,000 and its relative risk, as compared with that of the whole shanghai urban districts was 4.1, at t ...19902209221
toxoplasmic chorioretinitis and hepatic granulomas.a 71-yr-old male presented with a 2-month history of fever, malaise, and weight loss. physical exam revealed chorioretinitis. laboratory studies were notable for elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, aspartate transaminase, and alanine transaminase. immunoglobulin g antibody to toxoplasma gondii was positive to a dilution of 1:4096, whereas serologic studies for hepatitis a virus, hepatitis b virus, cytomegalovirus, epstein-barr virus, human immunodeficiency vir ...19902220741
hepatitis a, b, c, d and e viruses: structure of their genomes and general properties.hepatitis a virus is an enteric picornavirus. its genome is a single stranded rna molecule of positive-strand polarity of 7478 bases. this sequence codes for a polyprotein which is processed to give rise to viral proteins vp-1, vp-2, vp-3 and others. hepatitis b virus, a major worldwide infectious and cancer promoting agent contains a dna genome of 3226 base pairs that replicates by a reverse transcriptase via an rna intermediate. extensive sequencing and expression experiments have revealed fou ...19902227269
[a trial of a cultured inactivated vaccine against hepatitis a on saguinus mystax tamarins].an experimental batch of inactivated hepatitis a vaccine was prepared using hepatitis a virus (hav), has-15 strain, adapted to cell culture and purified by ultracentrifugation. the vaccine was tested in tamarins immunized intramuscularly three times one month apart. three tamarins received a vaccine preparation containing 10 ng of immunogen each, three--100 ng each, and three animals were used as controls. the efficacy was judged by the anti-hav antibody response in the vaccinated animals and de ...19902256314
clonal analysis of infiltrating t lymphocytes in liver tissue in viral hepatitis a.the pathogenic mechanism leading to liver tissue injury in hepatitis caused by hepatitis a virus is unclear. we have randomly established t-cell clones from liver biopsies from four patients with hepatitis a. a total of 578 clones was phenotypically analysed. during the acute phase of the disease cd8+ clones dominated over cd4+ clones, whereas in a biopsy taken late after onset of clinical syndromes more cd4+ than cd8+ clones were obtained. interestingly, in a patient with a second exacerbation ...19902312151
an outbreak of hepatitis a among cancer patients treated with interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells.an outbreak of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection occurred among cancer patients treated with interleukin-2 (il-2) and lymphokine-activated killer (lak) cells between july and september 1986 at six different clinical centers. among 85 patients tested serologically for recent hav infection, 22 (39%) of 56 susceptible patients developed acute hav infection. only exposure to lak cells cultured in medium containing human serum from two specific manufactured pools was associated with hav infection. at ...19902319165
vasculitis and cryoglobulinemia associated with persisting cholestatic hepatitis a virus infection.extrahepatic manifestations are rarely found in hepatitis a viral (hav) infection. only a single case of hav infection associated with cutaneous vasculitis and cryoglobulinemia has been reported. described here is a patient with a persisting cholestatic type of hav infection who developed cutaneous vasculitis and cryoglobulinemia during the third month of her illness. analysis of the cryoglobulins revealed igm anti-hav antibodies.19902337062
diagnostic significance of igm antibody to hepatitis delta virus in fulminant hepatitis b.the prevalence of hepatitis delta virus (hdv) infection was studied in 25 adult patients with fulminant hepatitis who were admitted consecutively to our unit from february, 1986, to september, 1988. enzyme and radioimmunoassays were used for the detection of serological markers of hav, hbv, and hdv (hdag, igm anti-hd, total [igg] anti-hd) infections. two hundred twenty-nine serum samples (three to 19 samples/patient) were tested for serological markers of hdv infection. of the 25 patients, 17 (6 ...19902341833
impact of hepatitis a in siena: a "traveller's disease"?over a period of seven years (from 1980 to 1987) 58 acute viral hepatitis a cases were admitted to the departments for infectious diseases. this number represents 10.76% of all viral hepatitis patients. most of the patients had travelled to foreign countries or to areas in italy with high hepatitis a virus (hav) circulation. an assessment of specific immunization against hav in normal healthy people aged 1-60, performed by elisa, showed a very low number of sero-positive subjects. the disappeara ...19902344870
changing patterns of hepatitis a virus infection in children in palermo, italy.in 1988 in palermo, italy, the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav) in a sample of 490 children 6-13 years old was 10.6%; it increased from 6.3% among children 6-10 years old to 14.7% in children 11-13 years old (p less than 0.01). compared with findings from a survey conducted in 1978 in the same area, the results of the present study show a significant (p less than 0.01) reduction in the anti-hav prevalence in both age groups. anti-hav prevalence was inversely related to th ...19902344881
etiological spectrum of acute sporadic viral hepatitis amongst adults in chandigarh.all 77 hbsag positive and 94 of representative hbsag negative sera derived from 253 adult patients with acute sporadic viral hepatitis during 1987 at chandigarh were tested for serological markers of hepatitis b virus (hbv) and hepatitis a virus (hav) infections. the hbsag positive patients could be classified as acute hepatitis b (64%); chronic hepatitis b with exacerbation, or liver damage by other infectious or noninfectious agent/s over a chronic hbsag carrier state (35%); and coinfection of ...19902345034
epidemiologic surveillance of enteric diseases in alaska--value of case investigation.patients infected by salmonella, shigella, giardia, campylobacter, yersinia, and hepatitis a virus were interviewed during a 15-month period to evaluate the benefit of intensive follow-up, to assess the proportion of cases who had contact with children less than four years of age, and to determine risk factors. of 746 reported infections, we interviewed 345 patients (46%) and identified 199 other ill people. follow-up of sporadic, passively reported cases required considerable resources, but no ...19902353745
age-specific prevalence of hepatitis a virus antibody in ethiopian children.three groups of individuals in ethiopia, with different socioeconomic status, were studied demographically and serologically to determine the age-specific prevalence of antibody to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav). a total of 959 subjects, 89% of whom were children under 15 years of age, were tested for anti-hav by radioimmunoassay. evidence of infection started early, found in 50% of the population before 5 years of age, increased rapidly with age and became universal after 15 years of age. a compa ...19902356438
an increased risk of hepatitis b virus infection from tattooing in taiwan.from among 2,375 young men, examined by doctors, 111 tattooed subjects were found. twenty one subjects reported engaging in promiscuous sexual behavior or being intravenous drug abusers, and so were excluded. the other 90 were evaluated. to make up the control group, 180 non-tattooed subjects from the remaining 2,264, who neither engaged in promiscuous sexual activity nor were intravenous drug abusers, were matched from household registry reports by age, sex, education, occupation, and geographi ...19902362302
[prevalence of hepatitis a markers in families of patients treated at home and in hospitals].the data on the time-course examinations of 119 family members of 59 adult patients with hepatitis a (ha) treated at home in moscow and 170 relatives of 82 ha patients admitted to an infectious hospital are presented. the diagnosis for all the patients was verified by the detection in their blood of antibodies to hepatitis a virus (hav) of the igm class. clinical methods of examination were used as well as determinations of anti-hav of the igg and igm classes by enzyme immunoassay. when a case o ...19902363272
[susceptibility of macaca rhesus to infection with hepatitis a virus strains isolated from man and monkeys].the results of infection of macaca rhesus monkeys with hepatitis a virus (hav) strains isolated from monkeys and man are presented. after inoculation of monkeys with human nav strains the infection could not be reproduced whereas simian hav strains were found to be pathogenic for m. rhesus monkeys both on experimental inoculation and during natural contacts with infected monkeys in the animal house.19902363273
[risk factors analysis of epidemic hepatitis a in a factory in shanghai].an investigation of the epidemic of hepatitis a which occurred in early 1988 in shanghai was conducted at the shanghai number 2 yarn dyeing and weaving mill. in this factory the attack rate between january and april 1988 was 9%. the rate was highest among staff and workers who ate raw clams (18%) but also higher among those who ate cooked clams (7%) than among those who did not eat clams (2%). in addition, independent risk factors for infection were: age below 30 years (relative risk = 3.0, 95% ...19902364805
hepatitis b virus (hbv) markers and hbv-dna in serum and liver tissue of patients with acute exacerbation of chronic type b hepatitis.we analysed the serum samples and the liver biopsies of six consecutive chronic hbsag/anti-hbe carriers admitted to hospital because of an episode of acute hepatitis. the six patients became positive for igm anti-hbc and negative for hbeag, hepatitis delta virus (hdv) markers, igm anti-hepatitis a virus (hav), anti-cytomegalovirus (cmv) and anti-epstein-barr virus (ebv). two patients showed positivity for hepatitis b virus (hbv)-dna in serum obtained on admission, with no positivity in the subse ...19902365978
cholestatic hepatitis, cutaneous vasculitis, and vascular deposits of immunoglobulin m and complement associated with hepatitis a virus infection. 19902368780
[clinical aspects and outcome of chronic persistent hepatitis b during hepatitis a virus and delta virus superinfections]. 19902370754
hepatitis b and delta viruses in fulminant hepatitis.from june 1985 to 1989, we studied 39 cases with fulminant viral hepatitis. these included 32 cases due to hepatitis b, of whom 27 died. twenty of the 32 cases were positive for delta antibody, and all of them died. four cases who died were negative for igm anti-hav, hbsag and igm anti-hbc and were classified as nanb. thus, a total of 31 patients died. hepatitis b and delta virus infection were the major risk factors for fulminant hepatitis and eventual death.19902373531
foodborne hepatitis a: evidence that microwaving reduces risk?during july 1988, 68 persons in chattanooga, tennessee, developed serologically confirmed hepatitis a. between 15 june and 3 july, 93% of case-patients ate at a specific restaurant compared with only 3% of the local community. an intravenous drug user who worked as a cook was identified as the source. a case-control study was done to identify the vehicle of transmission. case-patients were more likely than controls to have eaten hamburger buns and pickles, the only foods routinely handled after ...19902387992
comparative study of virion structure, protein composition and genomic dna of three ascovirus isolates.the virions of three ascoviruses isolated from the noctuids heliothis zea, spodoptera frugiperda and trichoplusia ni were compared with respect to their size and structure, protein composition and the size and relatedness of their dnas. the virions of the isolates from h. zea (hav) and t. ni (tav) were allantoid in shape (400 x 130 nm), enveloped and contained an inner particle which appeared to have an internal lipid bilayer surrounding the dna core. the virions of the s. frugiperda isolate (sa ...19902391498
identification of virus components in circulating immune complexes isolated during hepatitis a virus infection.circulating immune complexes were isolated by conglutinin affinity chromatography during the course of hepatitis a virus infection in a chimpanzee. characterization of circulating immune complexes showed that most of the hepatitis a virus-specific antibody was igm, that igg was present and that c3d and fibronectin were also present. hepatitis a virus capsid polypeptides were identified in the circulating immune complexes and polypeptides in the molecular weight range of 63 to 67 kda having immun ...19901688544
in vivo replication and reversion to wild type of a neutralization-resistant antigenic variant of hepatitis a virus.six seronegative owl monkeys were intravenously inoculated with an antigenic variant (s18) of hepatitis a virus that is highly adapted to growth in cell culture and resists neutralization by monoclonal antibodies due to replacement of aspartic acid 70 of capsid protein vp3 with histidine. each developed hepatitis 22-33 days after inoculation. virus in feces, serum, and liver was quantified by radioimmunofocus assay. viremia developed 7-11 days after inoculation, in parallel with fecal shedding o ...19901688601
monoclonal antibodies against an immunodominant and neutralizing epitope on hepatitis a virus antigen.two monoclonal antibodies (813 and 10.09) were raised against hepatitis a virus (hav). they recognize an immunodominant epitope and a neutralizing site on hav.19901696807
[development of an infection in monkeys as a result of their sequential natural and experimental exposure to the hepatitis a virus].the development of spontaneous outbreak of hepatitis a (ha) among african green monkeys kept under strict isolation conditions was studied. it was shown that in the case of introduction of hav the infection involved all the susceptible monkeys, running a course with and without any increase in the level of activity of serum alanine aminotransferase (alt) after inoculation of commercial gamma-globulin only the infection without the alt activity increase developed and some monkeys had no signs of ...19901697129
[clinical studies of the specificity of detecting viral dna in non-a, non-b hepatitis in liver tissue and lymphocytes].the clinical specifity of an intraparticular virus-dna of 5001 bp associated with non-a, non-b hepatitis (hnanb) was evaluated. investigations were done in liver biopsies and lymphocytes in 173 patients having acute or chronic hnanb (n = 107) or liver diseases of other etiology (n = 66). the sensitivity of the test system (polymerase chain reaction, southern-transfer, dna-hybridisation with synthetic oligonucleotides) was less than 100 virus particles per probe. in all patients with acute hnanb ...19901700557
hepatitis a.known properties of hepatitis a virus are described in this article. hav is a small non-enveloped picornavirus, grouped in the enterovirus family, with unique biological features. the genome structure resembles that of other picornaviruses. replication in cell cultures takes much longer than that of other picornaviruses and the yield is much lower. hav is extremely heat- and ph-stable. variants may induce cytopathogenic effects in vitro. normally, however, the virus is non-cytopathogenic. the el ...19901962730
[safety observation of attenuated live hepatitis b vaccine (h2 strain) in humans].3089 healthy persons, aged 4 to 27 years, have been inoculated in 3 batches with attenuated live hepatitis a vaccine (h2 strain) since may, 1987. each subject received 10(8.5) tcid dosage subcutaneously in the upper arm. none of the recipients developed any local or systemic reaction during a 42-day followup after vaccination. the serum enzyme activities, including sgpt/alt and ldh5, were within normal range during the 4th to 16th weeks of serial tests after inoculation. the study of hepatitis a ...19901963372
[the development of the epidemic process and the formation of humoral immunity to the hepatitis a virus in adolescent collectives].additional observation on the formation of humoral immunity to hepatitis a virus has been carried out in 2,375 adolescents aged 15-17 years and belonging to 12 groups at 3 areas of the ussr. this observation has shown that in the presence of a high level of the immune stratum the spread of infection occurs, as a rule, outside the group under observation. besides, as revealed in this study, the risk of seroconversion and the loss of specific antibodies are, respectively, directly and inversely re ...19901963724
hepatitis a virus antibodies in belgium: relationship between prevalence and age.epidemiological data from various countries show that the frequency of hepatitis a virus antibodies (anti-hav) in different population groups is largely dependent on the geographical and age distribution of the population surveyed. as regards europe anti-hav antibodies are generally frequent in all groups in southern europe while in northern europe these antibodies are common in older people only. the prevalence data collected in 1979 and in 1989 show that the anti-hav antibodies rate is a funct ...19901963883
[mapping of the structural proteins of the hepatitis a virus].the western blot procedure with highly specific antipeptide antibody was applied to identify the electrophoretic mobility of hepatitis a virus capsid proteins. polypeptides with molecular weights of 33, 29 and 27 kda proved to be vp1, vp2, and vp3 proteins as they reacted with sera generated to vp1 recombinant protein and to synthetic oligopeptides 42-62 vp2 and 62-75 vp3, respectively.19901964513
[relapses and reinfections in viral hepatitis: an analysis of repeated admissions].the causes of repeated admissions of 35 patients with viral hepatitides were unraveled on the basis of studies of the serum markers hav, hbv, hbsag, anti-hbs, hbeag, igm-anti-hbc, anti-hbc, igm-anti-hav, anti-hav, and anti-d. mixed viral infections were diagnosed in 14 persons: 3 persons had superinfection with hav associated with chronic hbsag carriership, 6 had superinfection with hdv and 5 manifested superinfection with hahb viruses. reactivation of chronic hepatitis was diagnosed in 5 patien ...19901965616
a stochastic model for analyzing prevalence surveys of hepatitis a antibody.epidemiologic surveys of the age-specific prevalence of antibody to hepatitis a virus (anti-hav) provide information on the spread of infection such as the infection rate and age-dependent characteristics. however, the data on prevalence are confounded with the mortality and diminished immunity of surveyed individuals. through modeling, the age-specific prevalence of an individual can be separated from these confounding factors. a markov chain is used to model the process of acquisition of anti- ...19901966882
[the modelling of hepatitis a and of enterally transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis (hepatitis e) in saguinus mystax tamarins].a comparative study of hepatitis infection caused by human hepatitis a virus (ms-1 strain), simian hepatitis a virus (agm-27 strain), and enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis virus (tashkent-1435 strain) was carried out. susceptibility of tamarins to the agm-27 and tashkent-1435 as well as to ms-1 strain was demonstrated. all the strains induced an acute infection characterized by serum alanine aminotransferase (alt) elevation, virus excretion and antibody response. certain differences ...19901967121
hepatitis a virus antibody in east anglian blood donors. 19901978160
hepatitis a virus immunisation. 19901979410
dissociation of alanine aminotransferase values in acute hepatitis a patients with and without past experience to the hepatitis b virus.serological markers and peak serum alanine aminotransferase (alt) values of 140 in-patients with acute hepatitis, either type a (n = 90), or type b (n = 50) were prospectively assessed. in 23 out of the 90 patients with acute hepatitis a, evidence of previous experience with hepatitis b virus (hbv) was found, whereas 35 out of the 50 patients with acute hepatitis b had past contact with hepatitis a virus (hav). the mean peak alt values [s.d.] were significantly higher in hepatitis a patients wit ...19912019305
[basic factors affecting the development of chronic hepatitis b virus infection].the authors followed up for a period of five years 276 convalescents after viral hepatitis b where all remained carriers of hbsag. the group comprised 108 cases of chronic persisting hepatitis, 134 cases of chronic active hepatitis, 13 cirrhoses of the liver and 21 symptom-free carriers of hbsag. in the group of chronic active hepatitis at the onset of the investigation 128 were hbeag positive. in the course of five years in 43 patients seroconversion to hbeag negativity occurred. thus an annual ...19912025893
hepatitis a virus infection among homosexual men. 19912059724
[guillain-barré syndrome following acute hepatitis a].a case of guillain-barré syndrome in a 39-year-old male is described. he was admitted to our hospital because of type a acute hepatitis. five days after admission, he developed a progressive weakness of limbs. one week later, he also developed dysphagia and dyspnea. however, after 7 weeks almost all abnormal signs and symptoms disappeared. ha-igm antibody and ha antibody in csf was detectable and then decreasing with neurologic improvement. this finding suggests that guillain-barré syndrome may ...19912060247
antigenic and genetic variation in cytopathic hepatitis a virus variants arising during persistent infection: evidence for genetic recombination.variants of hepatitis a virus (phm175 virus) recovered from persistently infected green monkey kidney (bs-c-1) cells induced a cytopathic effect during serial passage in bs-c-1 or fetal rhesus kidney (frhk-4) cells. epitope-specific radioimmunofocus assays showed that this virus comprised two virion populations, one with altered antigenicity including neutralization resistance to monoclonal antibody k24f2, and the other with normal antigenic characteristics. replication of the antigenic variant ...19911705995
[the modulation of the interferon system by gamma-globulin preparations].preparations of specific and commercial gamma-globulin against hepatitis a virus caused a marked inhibition of alpha- and gamma-links of the if system 7 days after administration. in 80% of the subjects given commercial gamma-globulin 14 days after administration the above values returned to those observed before administration of the preparations. the recovery of the leukocyte capacity for alpha-if production after administration of specific gamma-globulin was observed only in 50% of the subjec ...19911713374
prophylactic treatment regimens for the prevention of hepatitis a. current concepts.hepatitis a virus (hav) occurs worldwide. in developing countries the virus is endemic, with the majority of the population being exposed to it in childhood, when the infection usually causes, at the most, a mild anicteric illness. in developed countries the majority of hav infections occur at a later age, often in adults, especially those with a history of recent travel to developing countries. in adults, hav infection usually causes a symptomatic icteric illness. in addition to community sanit ...19911715265
[synthesis and immunochemical properties of oligopeptides--fragments of capsid proteins of the hepatitis a virus].the hepatitis a virus (hav) capsid protein vp1, vp2 and vp3 are exposed at the virion surface and should therefore contain antigenic determinants. algorithms for hydrophilicity, antigenicity and flexibility were used to predict probable antigenic sites. synthesis of 7- to 23-membered overlapping peptides from seven sites, viz., 1-11, 1-17, 2-33, 11-25, 73-82, 76-86, 98-109, 98-112, 102-107, 102-108, 108-127, 113-123, 118-140, 276-298 from vp1, 42-62 from vp2, 76-85 from vp3, and 1-23 from vp4, w ...19911724368
changing epidemiology of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection: a comparative seroepidemiological study (1979 vs 1989) in north-east italy.a comparative seroepidemiological study (1979 vs 1989) on hav infection, was carried out in children and adolescents from north-east italy. anti-hav was tested in 850 subjects 6 to 8 years of age and the results were compared to those observed in 1979, in 462 subjects of the same age range and from the same geographical area. overall anti-hav prevalence was 1.9% (ranging from 0.5 to 5.2) in 1989 vs 32.5% (ranging from 7.8 to 70.7) in 1979. this dramatic decline of hav infection in children and a ...19911742523
decrease of hepatitis a and b virus infections in the population of okinawa, japan.in 1988 1282 serum samples were collected from healthy japanese persons living on hateruma island (574 samples) and iriomote island (708 samples) in okinawa, japan. serological markers of hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection [hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag), antibody to hepatitis b core antigen (anti-hbc) were investigated and the findings compared with samples taken in 1980 on hateruma island and in 1970 and 1980 on iriomote island. the samples collected in 1988 on iriomote island were also te ...19911753133
severe herpes simplex virus hepatitis following autologous bone marrow transplantation: successful treatment with high dose intravenous acyclovir.a 17-year-old male patient with t-cell type lymphoblastic lymphoma in complete remission underwent high dose chemotherapy (busulfan 16 mg/kg and cyclophosphamide 120 mg/kg) followed by autologous bone marrow transplantation (abmt). the patient had been taking oral acyclovir (200 mg x 5) daily from seven days prior to the abmt (day -7). on day +24, he complained of epigastralgia and general malaise, and the next day his got and gpt rose to 570 u/l and 397 u/l, respectively. although he had no muc ...19911753418
[comparative morphology of spontaneous hepatitis a in lower old world monkeys].detailed description of liver damage in two species of macaques (rhesus and fascicularis) and green monkeys with spontaneous hepatitis a (ha) induced by the virus similar to human hepatitis. a virus (hav) is given. evolution of histological changes was followed by serial liver biopsies. the picture of the hepatitis in the above monkey species resemble that of human na as well as ha in other monkey species susceptible to hav. only in 8 of 21 monkeys the disease lasted for 2-5 months, others exhib ...19911793374
[igm- and igg-class antibodies to the hepatitis c virus].the test system widely used currently for the determination of anti-hcv permits the detection of anti-hcv igg alone. the data recently published by t. g. wreghitt et al. confirm the probability of the presence of anti-hcv of both igg and igm classes in sera from hepatitis c patients. anti-hcv igm was detected by ortho test with some modifications using an anti-m conjugate in the last stage of the experiment. anti-hcv igg were detected by regular ortho test. a total of 46 patients with different ...19911796581
the role of secretory immunity in hepatitis a virus infection.because the role of intestinal immunity remains uncertain in hepatitis a, samples of feces and saliva from infected primates and humans were tested for virus neutralizing activity. only two of eight owl monkeys infected by the intragastric route developed neutralizing antibody detectable in extracts of feces collected up to 88 days after viral challenge, although serum neutralizing antibody was present in all monkeys by day 33. similarly, neutralizing antibody was detected in fecal extracts from ...19911845810
epidemiologic patterns of wild-type hepatitis a virus determined by genetic variation.hepatitis a virus (hav) isolates from different parts of the world are a single serotype. however, genetic analysis of the vp1 genome region of published hav sequences suggested that distinct genotypes of hav could be defined based upon the geographic source of the original isolates. to circumvent the process of cell culture adaptation or animal passage, a 247-bp segment within the vp1 genome region of wild-type hav was amplified by reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction amp ...19911846392
rapid completion of the replication cycle of hepatitis a virus subsequent to reversal of guanidine inhibition.the single-cycle replication kinetics of hepatitis a virus (hav: hm175 p39) in bs-c-1 cells were examined by rna hybridization and vp1 immunoblot assays. viral products accumulated after 4 days of lag phase and reached a plateau by 12 days postinfection. defective, subgenomic rnas were not detected by northern blot analysis of cytoplasmic extracts from infected cells or purified virions. replication of this hav strain was markedly inhibited by 2 mm guanidine. neither the virion itself nor the ad ...19911846497
hepatitis a outbreak involving bread.an outbreak of hepatitis a involved more than 50 residents of a group of villages in the late spring and summer of 1989. the only food that was common to all the laboratory-confirmed cases was bread, purchased either unwrapped or as rolls, sandwiches or filled rolls, and supplied either directly from one shop or indirectly through its subsidiary outlets. it was concluded that this bread was the most likely vehicle of transmission of the hepatitis a virus and that the bread was contaminated by so ...19911847105
a simple antigen-reduction assay for the measurement of neutralizing antibodies to hepatitis a virus.a simplified hepatitis a virus (hav) antigen-reduction neutralization assay (havarna) was developed to permit the measurement of biologically active antibodies in recipients of candidate hav vaccines. degrees of neutralization were measured from the reduction in the amount of hav antigen synthesized by 7-10 days after infection of mrc-5 (fetal human diploid lung) cell cultures. sera producing a greater than or equal to 50% reduction in viral infectivity were scored as neutralizing. the assay was ...19911847404
safety and immunogenicity of a live attenuated hepatitis a virus vaccine in seronegative volunteers.seronegative adults were enrolled in a dose-escalating study of a live attenuated hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccine that was prepared from the f' variant of hav strain cr326f. they were injected subcutaneously with 10(4.1), 10(5.2), 10(6.1), or 10(7.3) tcid 50 of hav vaccine (n = 40) or with placebo (n = 12) and were followed for 6 months. none of the vaccine recipients developed significant systemic reactions or aminotransferase elevations. hav was not isolated in cell culture from any postvaccin ...19911849160
detection of hepatitis a virus and other enteroviruses in water by ssrna probes.sensitive and specific methods are needed to detect hepatitis a virus (hav) and other human enteroviruses in environmental samples such as drinking water and foods. clones of cdna encoding the 5'-most 1 kb of the hav and coxsackievirus b3 (cb3) genomes were subcloned into t7/sp6 rna transcription vectors. in vitro transcribed rna from the t7 promoter detected their respective hav or cb3 genomic rna. conversely, sp6 transcripts detected viral negative-stranded rna but not the genome. when both ss ...19911849914
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