Publications

a feline large granular lymphoma and its derived cell line.	a lymphoma cell line (mcc) was derived from an abdominal mass from a 13-yr-old castrated male cat. the cells resemble natural killer precursor cells, have membrane-bound granules, and are positive for chloroacetate esterase, alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activities. the mcc cells are negative for rearranged feline t-cell receptor genes, negative for feline t-cytotoxic antigen, ia, and surface mu, tau, and lambda chains and do not form e-rosettes. the m ...	1990	2161827
flvi-1, a common integration domain of feline leukemia virus in naturally occurring lymphomas of a particular type.	a locus in feline dna, termed flvi-1, which may play an important role in the natural induction of lymphomas by feline leukemia virus (felv) was identified. examination of a bank of 21 naturally occurring felv-positive feline lymphomas revealed that felv proviral integration occurs at flvi-1 in four independent tumors (19%). independent integrations occurred within a 2.4-kilobase region of flvi-1, the probability of which by random chance can be estimated as 10(-16). several lines of evidence, i ...	1990	2161948
molecular cloning of feline leukemia provirus genomes integrated in the feline large granular lymphoma cells.	feline leukemia virus (felv) is a horizontally transmitted agent of the domestic cat which is known to be associated with wide spectrum of diseases of the hematopoietic system. in the present study, proviral dnas of felv proviruses were examined in the tumor cells of natural killer cell lineage which is very rare in cats. in the chromosomal dna of the tumor cells, 5 distinct bands corresponding to exogenous felv provirus genomes were detected by digestion with ecori which does not cut most felv ...	1990	2162159
zidovudine toxicity to cats infected with feline leukemia virus.	feline leukemia virus (felv) infection of cats is a model for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in humans. the toxicity of zidovudine was evaluated in spf cats experimentally infected with felv. at initiation of the zidovudine study, all cats were antibody positive for felv antigens but clinically asymptomatic. four cats were also viremic. thirteen, 6- to 10-month-old cats were divided into five dosage groups and given zidovudine po at 0, 7.5, 15, 30, or 60 mg/kg daily in three equally divi ...	1990	2163339
should cats be vaccinated for feline leukemia?		1990	2163809
zidovudine in combination with alpha interferon and interleukin-2 as prophylactic therapy for felv-induced immunodeficiency syndrome (felv-faids).	zidovudine (3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine; azt) inhibited replication of an immunodeficiency-inducing strain of feline leukemia virus (felv-faids) in vitro at concentrations of 0.5-0.005 micrograms/ml. a 25-30% additional antiviral effect was achieved in vitro when azt was combined with human recombinant alpha interferon 2a (ifn alpha). oral administration of azt (20 mg/kg three times daily) to cats resulted in plasma concentrations of 3 micrograms/ml at 2 h post-administration with a t1/2 of appro ...	1990	2164083
an unusual retrovirus-like sequence identified in human dna.	the human genome contains many different types of endogenous proviruses and retrovirus-like elements. an unusual element of this kind has been isolated from human dna on the basis of its relatedness to the integrase-coding domain of the pol gene of feline leukaemia virus (felv). the element, termed hs5, is related to felv only over a short region of 81 nucleotides predicted to encode the carboxyl terminus of the felv integrase protein, p46pol. the region of relatedness between hs5 and felv ident ...	1990	2165140
epizootiologic association between feline immunodeficiency virus infection and feline leukemia virus seropositivity.	five hundred twenty-one feline serum samples submitted to the texas veterinary medical diagnostic laboratory between nov 1, 1988, and jan 31, 1989 were tested for antibody to feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) by use of an elisa. the prevalence of fiv infection in this population was 11.3% (95% confidence interval: 8.6 to 14.0%). serologic test results for felv were available for 156 of the 521 cats. a significant (p = 0.008) association between fiv infection and felv seropositivity was observe ...	1990	2166726
characterization and significance of delayed processing of the feline leukemia virus felv-faids envelope glycoprotein.	felv-faids, an immunodeficiency-inducing isolate of feline leukemia virus, is composed of a pathogenic but replication-defective genome (molecular clone 61c) and a replication-competent but non-immunodeficiency-inducing variant genome (molecular clone 61e). the chimeric virus eecc, composed of the 5' gag-pol of 61e fused to the env-3' ltr of 61c, also induces immunodeficiency. the 61c (or eecc) gp80 can be distinguished from that of 61e on the basis of antigenic recognition, size, and rate of po ...	1990	2166820
in vitro and in vivo evidence that the antiviral activity of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine is target cell dependent in a feline retrovirus animal model.	2',3'-dideoxycytidine (ddc) was evaluated for prophylactic antiviral activity in vitro and in vivo, using the feline leukemia virus (felv)-cat animal model. in vitro antiviral activity of ddc against felv was dependent upon the target cell used for infection. ddc (5 to 10 microm) inhibited felv infection of feline lymphoid cells by greater than 80%, while 6.07 to 12.13 microm ddc was required to similarly inhibit infection of feline fibroblasts. however, 43 to 384 microm ddc was needed to inhibi ...	1990	2167039
[feline immunodeficiency virus in switzerland: clinical aspects and epidemiology in comparison with feline leukemia virus and coronaviruses].	serum samples from 1421 domestic cats (561 healthy, 860 sick) were tested for fiv-, felv- and coronavirus infection. the results were stored in a computer data base and compared with epidemiologic data and clinical findings. all 3 infections were significantly more prevalent in sick than healthy cats: fiv was found in 0.7% of healthy and 3.4% of sick cats. for felv the prevalence was 3.0% and 13.0% and for coronavirus 21% and 36.2%, respectively. fiv-infected cats were mostly male (73%); no sex ...	1990	2167513
reference intervals for feline cerebrospinal fluid: biochemical and serologic variables, igg concentration, and electrophoretic fractionation.	reference intervals are reported for feline csf biochemical and serologic variables, igg concentration, and electrophoretic fractionation, derived from 58 clinically normal adult cats that did not have histologic lesions of the cns. there was no apparent effect of age on any variable. the csf total protein concentration was significantly (p = 0.012) greater in males than in females, but all other variables were unaffected by gender. the only variable that had a statistically significant correlat ...	1990	2167619
effect of toxoplasma lysate antigen (tla) on feline cytotoxicity against felv positive lymphoma cells.	the cytotoxic activities of feline spleen cells treated with toxoplasma lysate antigen (tla) were assayed against feline leukemia virus (felv)-producing lymphoma. fl74 cells, and xenogeneic target lymphoma, mouse yac-1 cells. the tla treatments were performed in vivo alone, in vitro alone, and in vivo plus in vitro, respectively. in vivo plus in vitro treatments with tla induced a marked augmentation in cytotoxic activity of spleen cells to fl74 cells. the treatment with tla in vivo alone showed ...	1990	2167995
existence of feline immunodeficiency virus infection in japanese cat population since 1968.		1990	2168001
fv-1 restriction of endogenous feline c-type rd114 virus genome phenotypically mixed with ecotropic murine leukemia viruses.	endogenous feline leukemia rd114 virus genome rendered capable of infecting mouse cells by phenotypic mixing with an ecotropic murine leukemia virus (mulv) exhibited the fv-1 restriction pattern of the ecotropic murine virus. however, rd114 genomes phenotypically mixed with ecotropic mulv showed one-hit dose-response kinetics, even when titrated with murine cells with the restricted fv-1 phenotype.	1990	2168865
recombinant feline herpesviruses expressing feline leukemia virus envelope and gag proteins.	we constructed recombinant feline herpesviruses (fhvs) expressing the envelope (env) and gag genes of feline leukemia virus (felv). expression cassettes, utilizing the human cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter, were inserted within the thymidine kinase gene of fhv. the felv env glycoprotein expressed by recombinant fhv was processed and transported to the cell surface much as in felv infection, with the exception that proteolytic processing to yield the mature gp70 and p15e proteins was les ...	1990	2168977
feline retroviruses: a brief review.	representatives of all three retrovirus subfamilies are recognized in the cat: feline leukaemia virus (an oncovirus), feline syncytium-forming virus (a spumavirus) and feline immunodeficiency virus (a lentivirus). each of these is briefly reviewed.	1990	2169669
immunosuppressive actions of retroviruses.	the immunosuppressive properties of retroviruses were first demonstrated by old et al. we later showed that gross passage a retrovirus superinfection in mice resulted in decreased antibody production and diminished allograft rejection. we have studied in some detail the immunosuppression which occurs subsequent to infection with feline leukemia virus (felv) as characterized by profoundly depressed t and b lymphocyte responses and decreased production of gamma-interferon. injection of staphylococ ...	1990	2170777
lymphatic tissue changes in aids and other retrovirus infections: tools and insights.	based on immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and electron microscopy, lymphatic tissue changes in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and other retroviral infections represent different stages of a dynamic process progressing from hyperplasia to atrophy. the germinal centers (gc) function early as a virus reservoir in both hiv and feline leukemia virus infection, which also produces lymphadenopathy, severe immune impairment, and death from opportunistic infections. core proteins of hiv c ...	1990	2170778
the polymerase chain reaction (pcr): a valuable method for retroviral detection.	although the detection of antibodies to a specific pathogen is used initially as the assay of choice, direct detection of human retroviruses is difficult. first, only a small fraction of cells are infected in the peripheral blood and lymphatic tissue may serve as a reservoir for infection. second, infected cells may harbor only a small number of copies of the viral sequences. third, a latent infection marked by transcriptional dormancy is often established thereby obviating the use of proteins o ...	1990	2170779
feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukaemia virus, toxoplasma gondii, and intestinal parasitic infections in taiwanese cats.	a population consisting of 70 breeder cats, 43 clinical cases, and 16 feral cats was examined for the presence of toxoplasma gondii, feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv), and feline leukaemia virus (felv). no oocysts of t. gondii were observed in 96 faecal samples; faecal samples were not available from the feral cats. other intestinal parasites identified included isospora felis (three cats), isospora rivolta (five), dipylidium canium (two), toxocara cati (four), toxascaris leonina (one), and an ...	1990	2171713
type c retroviral expression in spontaneous feline olfactory neuroblastomas.	three cases of spontaneous olfactory neuroblastoma (onb) in domestic cats were morphologically and immunocytochemically characterized. diagnostic light microscopic features included flexner and homer-wright rosettes, while ultrastructurally the cells had neuritic processes, intracellular intermediate filaments, and intercellular junctions. immunocytochemically, the tumors stained positively for neuron-specific enolase, cytokeratins, and s-100 protein antigens. in each case, a key finding was the ...	1990	2174630
prevalence of antibody to hantavirus in some cat populations in britain.		1990	2177930
feline retrovirus infections.		1990	2178110
origins and characteristics of pathogenic variants of feline leukaemia virus.		1990	2178111
pathogenic mechanisms of immunodeficiency syndrome and aplastic anemia induced by feline leukemia viruses.		1990	2178112
the felv and siv aids pathogenesis models: search for and analysis of molecularly defined pathogens.		1990	2178113
vaccination against feline retroviruses.		1990	2178114
evaluation of humoral immunity tests in felv infected cats.		1990	2178116
alpha interferon (2b) in combination with zidovudine for the treatment of presymptomatic feline leukemia virus-induced immunodeficiency syndrome.	the therapeutic efficacies of human recombinant alpha interferon (ifn-alpha), ifn-alpha plus zidovudine (azt), and azt alone were evaluated in presymptomatic cats with established feline leukemia virus (felv)-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (faids) infection and high levels of persistent antigenemia. subcutaneous injection of 1.6 x 10(6) u of human recombinant ifn-alpha 2b per kg delivered peak concentrations in plasma of 3,600 u/ml at 2 h postadministration with a half-life of elimination of ...	1990	2178336
iscoms.	the common problem for defined purified antigens or antigen determinants has been to make them immunogenic regardless of whether they are produced conventionally, produced as cloned genetechnology products or chemically synthesized. the first problem is to get the protective antigen into a submicroscopic particle where the antigen is presented in several copies, i.e. as a multimer. for some antigens it seems also necessary to enhance the immunogenicity with an adjuvant. the immunostimulating com ...	1990	2205974
human recombinant interleukin-2 induces maturation and activation signals for feline eosinophils in vivo.	immunotherapy, with interleukin-2 (il-2) or il-2 plus lymphokine-activated killer (lak) cells, has been used to treat cancer and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) in man. similarities between feline leukemia virus (felv) infection in the cat and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in man have prompted immunotherapeutic studies in the cat. to develop baseline data on hematological responses to infused il-2, cats were given daily (1-14 days) i.v. injections of 5 x 10(4) u/kg of re ...	1990	2230598
the iscom: an immunostimulating system.	to make purified antigens highly immunogenic, they have to be presented in several copies in the form of a microscopic or submicroscopic particle. this is the case, regardless of whether the antigens are obtained by isolation from conventional microorganisms, or from gene-manipulated cells, or synthesized. in the iscom, the antigens are attached as multimers to a 40-nm cage-like particle with a built-in adjuvant. the antigens in iscoms are rapidly transported from the injection site to the drain ...	1990	2283159
hematologic manifestations of feline immunodeficiency virus infection.	studies were done on 53 cats with community-acquired infection with the feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) to determine if hematologic abnormalities were comparable with those observed in patients seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). nine cats were asymptomatic, 24 had clinical symptoms equivalent to aids-related complex (arc), and 20 had aids-like disease. hematologic abnormalities were detected in 75% (40 of 53) of fiv-seropositive cats, and multiple concurrent cytopenias ...	1990	2400806
use of hollow fiber technology for large scale production of viruses and viral antigens.		1990	1369281
naturally occurring animal models of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids).		1991	1645558
genetically-engineered subunit vaccine against feline leukaemia virus: protective immune response in cats.	a recombinant retroviral subunit vaccine has been developed that successfully protects cats from infectious feline leukaemia virus (felv) challenge. the antigen used is a non-glycosylated protein derived from the envelope glycoprotein of felv subgroup a, expressed in escherichia coli. this recombinant protein, rgp70d, includes the entire exterior envelope protein gp70, plus the first 34 amino acids from the transmembrane protein p15e. the vaccine consists of purified rgp70d absorbed on to alumin ...	1991	1647576
anti-idiotypic antibodies to feline leukemia virus: an approach for retroviral immunization strategies.	the present study describes an approach to the development and use of anti-idiotypic antibodies as a possible immunization strategy to prevent retroviral infection. the rationale for using anti-idiotypes (anti-ids) to try to elicit an antigenic-specific immune response is examined, and the production and characterization of polyclonal and monoclonal anti-ids are described. several techniques were used to determine antigenic mimicry and anti-id subtypes. the potential use of anti-ids in feline le ...	1991	1648360
prevention of retrovirus infection after injury with contaminated instruments: an experimental study.	owing to similarities between human immunodeficiency virus and feline retroviruses, the feline model was chosen for the study to investigate the efficacy of timely topical treatment of accidental human immunodeficiency virus infection in the operating room. cats were subcutaneously inoculated with either feline leukemia virus or feline immunodeficiency virus. an effort was made to neutralize the virus in loco either by infiltration of the inoculation site with povidone-iodine or with monoclonal ...	1991	1648894
studies of the effect of acemannan on retrovirus infections: clinical stabilization of feline leukemia virus-infected cats.	feline leukemia is a disease induced by an oncornavirus infection that inevitably causes clinically affected cats to die. it has been estimated that 40% of cats are dead within 4 weeks and 70% within 8 weeks of the onset of clinical symptoms. acemannan is a complex carbohydrate with both immunostimulatory and direct antiviral properties. administration of acemannan for 6 weeks intraperitoneally to clinically symptomatic cats significantly improved both the quality of life and the survival rate. ...	1991	1648929
specific association of retroviral envelope protein, p15e, with human cell surfaces.	experiments were carried out to analyze the binding sites on human cells for highly purified retroviral protein p15e isolated from feline leukemia virus, rickard strain. binding of 125i-labeled p15e was tested with surfaces of human peripheral blood lymphocytes and 3 cell lines, raji, molt-4, and u-937. 125i-labeled p15e showed specific binding to human peripheral blood lymphocytes. in addition, all of the cell lines tested showed binding of 125i-labeled p15e. using u-937 cells, we characterized ...	1991	1649129
viral genetic determinants of t-cell killing and immunodeficiency disease induction by the feline leukemia virus felv-faids.	within the fatal immunodeficiency disease-inducing strain of feline leukemia virus, felv-faids, are viruses which range in pathogenicity from minimally (clone 61e is the prototype) to acutely pathogenic, most of the latter of which are also replication defective (clone 61c is the prototype). mixtures of 61e and 61c virus and chimeras generated between them, but not 61e alone, killed feline t cells. t-cell killing depended on changes within a 7-amino-acid region near the c terminus of the gp70 en ...	1991	1649341
cytochemical and immunological properties of leukemic cells from a cat with reticuloendotheliosis.		1991	1650603
pathological features of lymphoid tissues in cats with natural feline immunodeficiency virus infection.	a range of tissues from a total of 17 cats naturally infected with the feline immunodeficiency virus was examined histologically. in 11 cases, chronic inflammatory lesions were present in various tissues including, most commonly, the intestine, brain and lung. extensive inflammation in the intestinal wall was present in seven of the cats. no particular bacterial organisms were demonstrated in these inflammatory lesions. a range of changes was present in the lymph nodes, including hyperplasia, at ...	1991	1651959
[paramunization of felv-positive cats with pind-avi].	84 felv-positive cats were continually treated with the paramunity inducer (immunomodulator) pind-avi (23 healthy cats once a week, 61 diseased cats up to 3 times a week), the frequency depending on their general condition. the elisa control tests were repeated after 4 to 6 weeks. paramunization was continued in cats still viremic until remission of viremia. 21 healthy cats already reacted negatively to the first control elisa, the 2 others after 8 weeks of paramunization. within an observation ...	1991	1653471
recombination between feline leukemia virus subgroup b or c and endogenous env elements alters the in vitro biological activities of the viruses.	an important question in feline leukemia virus (felv) pathogenesis is whether, as in murine leukemia virus infection, homologous recombination between the infecting felv and the noninfectious endogenous felv-like proviruses serves as a significant base for the generation of proximal pathogens. to begin an analysis of this issue, several recombinant felvs were produced by using two different approaches: (i) the regions of the viral envelope (env) gene of a cloned felv (subgroup b virus [felv-b], ...	1991	1658356
selective impairment of humoral immunity in feline leukemia virus-induced immunodeficiency.	we used a panel of in vitro assays to investigate the nature of immune dysfunction in cats infected with felv-faids, a naturally occurring, molecularly cloned feline leukemia virus (felv) isolate which induces a fatal immunodeficiency syndrome in infected cats. during the asymptomatic period preceding immunodeficiency disease, we were unable to detect any deficits in concanavalin a-induced blastogenesis, xenogeneic mixed-lymphocyte reaction assays, stimulation of lymphocytes by soluble protein a ...	1991	1659028
chronic oral infections of cats and their relationship to persistent oral carriage of feline calici-, immunodeficiency, or leukemia viruses.	two hundred and twenty-six cats from the veterinary medical teaching hospital (vmth), a cat shelter, and a purebred cattery were tested for chronic feline calicivirus (fcv), feline leukemia virus (felv) and feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) infections. chronic oral carriage of fcv was present in about one-fifth of the cats in each of the groups. fiv infection was not present in the purebred cattery, was moderately prevalent (8%) in the pet population of cats examined at the vmth for various co ...	1991	1659031
feline leukemia virus-associated lymphosarcoma following renal transplantation in a cat.		1991	1661037
evaluation of antiviral activity and toxicity of dextran sulfate in feline leukemia virus-infected cats.	the feline leukemia virus (felv) disease model was used to conduct a toxicity and antiretrovirus efficacy trial of dextran sulfate (ds; molecular mass, 7,000 to 8,000 da). in vitro, felv infection of feline lymphoid cells was inhibited by 10 micrograms of ds per ml. ds was administered to cats by continuous intravenous infusion at doses of 600, 120, 24, or 4.8 mg/kg of body weight per day, beginning 24 h before felv challenge. doses of 24 mg/kg/day and more were excessively toxic, causing intest ...	1991	1662026
early therapy of feline leukemia virus infection (felv-faids) with 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (pmea).	cats infected with molecularly cloned felv-faids develop an immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by persistent antigenemia, decline in circulating cd4+ t lymphocytes, and impaired t-cell-dependent immune responses and opportunistic infection. we evaluated the capacity of pmea to inhibit the replication of felv-faids in vitro and to inhibit the progression of felv-faids infection in vivo. we found that pmea inhibited replication of felv-faids by greater than or equal to 50% at concentrations o ...	1991	1663730
cryptosporidium infection in cats: prevalence of infection in domestic and feral cats in the glasgow area.	a clinical and post mortem survey of domestic and feral cats in the glasgow area revealed that 19 of 235 (8.1 per cent) were infected with cryptosporidium species. more kittens than adults were infected (p less than 0.01), and of 51 of the cats which had diarrhoea, four also had cryptosporidium infection. of seven domestic cats with cryptosporidium infection, two were also positive for feline immunodeficiency virus. there was no significant difference between the prevalence of cryptosporidium in ...	1991	1664551
variable suppression of feline bone marrow fibroblast colony-forming units by two isolates of feline leukemia virus.	bone marrow fibroblast colony-forming units (cfu-f) were evaluated in cats experimentally infected with different, isolates of felv. cats infected with the kawakami-theilen isolate of felv (felv-kt) had progressive decrease in the number of cfu-f at 2, 4, and 6 weeks after infection. the number of cfu-f in felv-kt-infected cats ranged from 38 to 70% of the preinoculation cfu-f value. of 3 cats with felv-kt-induced suppression of cfu-f, 2 developed fatal nonregenerative anemia. cats infected with ...	1991	1664674
panel report on the colloquium on feline leukemia virus/feline immunodeficiency virus: tests and vaccination.		1991	1666068
overview of feline leukemia virus research.		1991	1666069
feline leukemia virus infection and diseases.	feline leukemia virus is a naturally occurring, contagiously transmitted and oncogenic immunosuppressive retrovirus of cats. the effects of felv are paradoxical, causing cytoproliferative and cytosuppressive disease (eg, lymphoma and myeloproliferative disorders vs immunodeficiency and myelosuppressive disorders). in the first few weeks after virus exposure, interactions between felv and hemolymphatic system cells determine whether the virus or the cat will dominate in the host/virus relationshi ...	1991	1666070
pathogenesis of infection by the feline leukemia virus.		1991	1666072
early events in the immunopathogenesis of feline retrovirus infections.	feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) are lymphotropic retroviruses that cause a wide range of diseases in domestic cats. although it is known that both viruses are capable of infecting t lymphocytes and that infected cats are lymphopenic, it was not known how infection with either virus might alter specific lymphocyte subpopulations. using a panel of monoclonal antibodies to feline lymphocyte subpopulations, we examined, by use of flow cytometric analysis, lymphocyte cha ...	1991	1666073
study of feline leukemia virus immunity.	fifteen specific-pathogen-free cats were experimentally infected with felv; 8 cats recovered after transient or nondetectable viremia, and 7 cats became persistently viremic. four additional cats served as noninfected controls. antibodies to whole felv (elisa and immunoblot [western] analysis), antibodies to fixed felv-infected cells, and virus-neutralizing antibodies were monitored for as long as 3 years after infection. as a group, cats that recovered after acute infection developed higher tit ...	1991	1666074
regulatory considerations for licensing feline leukemia virus antigen or antibody test kits.		1991	1666075
development of the immunofluorescent antibody test for detection of feline leukemia virus infection in cats.	studies of the immunodetection of various microorganisms by various assay systems indicated that the most specific and sensitive assays are immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay, and immunoblot analysis (western blot), followed by sensitive but less specific elisa and agglutination assays and, finally, by even less sensitive but very specific virus isolation and double immunodiffusion techniques. the first test for the clinical detection of felv infection in pet cats was the immunofluorescent ant ...	1991	1666076
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods for detection of feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus.	enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays have been widely used for diagnosis of felv and feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) infections. various elisa kits for felv are available from several manufacturers. although these tests are configured in a variety of formats, they are all direct antigen-detection systems for the viral core protein p27. on the other hand, elisa for fiv exposure detects specific feline antibody to fiv. basic immunoassay principles and the application of elisa technology used in ...	1991	1666077
use of western blot and radioimmunoprecipitation for diagnosis of feline leukemia and feline immunodeficiency virus infections.	the uses and limitations of the western blot (wb) and radioimmunoprecipitation assay (ripa) techniques for study of feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) and felv were evaluated. western blot analysis was used to detect antigenic relatedness between the 2 lentiviruses. using a rabbit serum directed against p26 of the equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) and anti-eiav horse serum obtained from an infected horse, cross-reactivity with p24 of fiv was revealed. cat sera obtained late after experiment ...	1991	1666078
how well do serodiagnostic tests predict the infection or disease status of cats?		1991	1666079
report of the national felv/fiv awareness project.		1991	1666080
neoplasia associated with feline immunodeficiency virus infection in cats of southern california.	between 1988 and 1991, feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) infection status was evaluated in 1,160 cats examined at an oncology referral and general practice in los angeles, california. twenty-nine (2.5%) cats were fiv positive. neoplasia was present in 18 of the 29 (62%) cats. sampling for neoplasia was intentionally biased in the oncology referral group. however, 33% (6/18) of fiv-infected cats with neoplasia originated from the general practice. three neoplastic processes were observed; myelo ...	1991	1666082
comparison of diagnostic methods for feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus.		1991	1666083
ten-year study comparing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with the immunofluorescent antibody test for detection of feline leukemia virus infection in cats.	immunodetection tests for feline retroviruses are powerful tools used in modern veterinary practice. veterinarians must fully understand the characteristics--strengths and weaknesses--of the felv tests so that the information gained from them can be used properly. any felv elisa or immunofluorescent antibody (ifa) test is a method for detection of felv infection (the virus) and is not a diagnostic test for leukemia or other feline disease. from previous studies, it was determined that the most a ...	1991	1666084
comparison of four test kits for feline leukemia virus antigen.	the sensitivity and specificity of 4 commercial felv elisa kits, using blood, were compared with results of virus isolation from blood and immunofluorescent antibody (ifa) testing on blood. significant differences were not found among the 4 elisa kits. marked decrease in sensitivity of the elisa kits was detected when virus isolation was used as the standard of positivity rather than the ifa test. virus isolation was a more sensitive indicator of early infection, with marked discrepancy among re ...	1991	1666085
saliva and tear tests for feline leukemia virus.		1991	1666087
evaluation of feline leukemia virus diagnostic tests available for in-office use by veterinarians.	blood samples from cats were tested for felv group-specific antigen by use of an indirect immunofluorescent antibody (ifa) test, elisa, or both. several elisa kits were evaluated as they would be used in a veterinary clinic, and some elisa kits were compared with an ifa test for agreement of results. good agreement of results was evident among the commercially available elisa kits; results for most blood samples were clearly negative or decidely positive. occasionally, test results were equivoca ...	1991	1666088
comparative study of diagnostic testing for feline leukemia virus infection.	results of commercially available diagnostic test kits and commercial laboratory test results were compared for ability to detect felv antigen. results of the immunofluorescent antibody (ifa) test were compared with test kit elisa results and with results of a system in which samples were applied to an absorbent material, dried, sent to a laboratory, eluted, and assayed by a plate elisa. test kits were generally highly sensitive and specific, compared with the ifa test performed at a commercial ...	1991	1666089
protection against feline leukemia virus infection by use of an inactivated virus vaccine.	the protective immunity induced by 3 experimental felv vaccines were evaluated: prototype inactivated felv vaccine developed from a molecularly cloned felv isolate (felv-faids-61e-a); a mixture of immunodominant synthetic peptides corresponding to regions of the felv-gardner-arnstein-b (felv-ga-b) envelope proteins; and an adjuvant-disrupted but non-activated virus prepared from a non-cloned felv field isolate comprised of subgroup a and b viruses (felv-05821-ab). included as controls were paral ...	1991	1666090
united states department of agriculture licensing requirements for feline leukemia virus vaccines.		1991	1666091
review of the first feline leukemia virus vaccine.		1991	1666092
evaluation of a killed, whole virion feline leukemia virus vaccine.		1991	1666093
feline leukemia virus vaccine development.		1991	1666094
development of a whole killed feline leukemia virus vaccine.	a whole killed felv vaccine was developed. by use of a chromatography method of purification and concentration, the resulting vaccine has been shown to be significantly lower in bovine serum albumin and total protein contents than were the same ingredients in the starting materials. the virus was inactivated or killed as an essential part of the vaccine development process. vaccination trials with the vaccine without use of adjuvants indicated appreciable virus-neutralizing serum titer (greater ...	1991	1666095
development of a genetically engineered vaccine against feline leukemia virus infection.	a genetically engineered subunit vaccine against felv infection was developed. the protective immunogen in the vaccine was a purified recombinant protein containing the entire amino acid sequence of felv subgroup a gp70 envelope protein. the optimal adjuvant was determined to be a highly purified saponin, qs-21, derived from quillaja saponaria molina. a vaccine formulation containing the recombinant protein, qs-21, and aluminum hydroxide was tested in specific-pathogen-free kittens and was shown ...	1991	1666096
evaluation of efficacy and safety of an inactivated virus vaccine against feline leukemia virus infection.	an inactivated virus vaccine was developed for prevention of felv infection in domestic cats. when given in 2 doses, 3 weeks apart, to cats that were greater than or equal to 9 weeks old at the time of first vaccination, the vaccine prevented persistent viremia from developing in 132 of 144 (92%) vaccinates after oronasal challenge exposure with virulent felv. in contrast, persistent viremia developed after oronasal challenge exposure with felv in 39 of 45 (87%) age-matched nonvaccinated control ...	1991	1666097
year two of follow-up evaluation of a randomized, blind field trial of a commercial feline leukemia virus vaccine.	a blind randomized field trial of a commercial felv vaccine was conducted. cats on study were vaccinated with either a commercial felv vaccine or a placebo, then housed with felv-positive cats in a ratio of approximately 2 study cats to 1 infected cat (results of the first 12 months of the study have been reported). all surviving placebo-treated and felv-vaccinated cats were re-vaccinated 1 year after initial exposure to felv-infected cats. exposure continued for an additional 12 months, and the ...	1991	1666098
efficacy and safety field trials of a recombinant dna vaccine against feline leukemia virus infection.	a new recombinant gp70 vaccine was found to be safe and effective for prevention of infection by felv. the vaccine incorporates a unique purified saponin adjuvant with the recombinant antigen. serious systemic reactions were not observed during the efficacy trial. local reactions were transient and mild. more than 2,000 doses were administered to a cross section of household cats in a field safety trial. only 1 cat had hypersensitivity reaction, which resolved. among veterinarians who used the v ...	1991	1666099
toward vaccination against feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus infections.		1991	1666100
vaccination of cats experimentally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus, using a recombinant feline leukemia virus vaccine.	a group of 15 cats experimentally infected with a swiss isolate of feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) and a group of 15 fiv-negative control cats were inoculated with an felv vaccine containing recombinant felv-envelope. high elisa antibody titer developed after vaccination in fiv-positive and fiv-negative cats. vaccinated and nonvaccinated controls were later challenge exposed by intraperitoneal administration of virulent felv subtype a (glasgow). although 12 of 12 nonvaccinated controls becam ...	1991	1666101
comparative efficacy of three commercial feline leukemia virus vaccines against methylprednisolone acetate-augmented oronasal challenge exposure with virulent virus.	three commercial felv vaccines, (a, b, and c) were purchased on the open market and administered to 8- to 20-week-old specific-pathogen-free kittens, according to manufacturers' instructions. a similar group of nonvaccinated kittens served as controls. all kittens were challenge-exposed oronasally with virulent felv 4 weeks after the final vaccination. serum samples were monitored for felv-p27 antigenemia using an elisa at 1- to 2-week intervals for at least 16 weeks after the last day of challe ...	1991	1666102
comparison of the efficacy of three commercial feline leukemia virus vaccines in a natural challenge exposure.	forty-seven kittens were exposed for 31 weeks to 12 felv-positive carrier cats. the carrier cats were infected with 2 laboratory strains of felv and at least 2 strains of street virus. eleven nonvaccinated control kittens and 12 vaccinated kittens were allotted to 3 groups. after 31 weeks of exposure, the following kittens were persistently blood felv positive by elisa and immunofluorescence antibody (ifa) testing: 7 of the 11 control kittens, 0 of 12 kittens inoculated with vaccine a, 5 of 12 k ...	1991	1666103
antibody response of kittens after vaccination followed by exposure to feline leukemia virus-infected cats.	protein (western) blot analysis and virus-neutralization assay were used to evaluate the antibody response of specific-pathogen-free kittens to felv vaccination and followed by natural exposure. several kittens had barely detectable reactions to specific felv antigens prior to vaccination or exposure. correlation was not found between protection against persistent viremia and antibody response after vaccination as measured by western blot analysis or virus neutralization assay. a statistically s ...	1991	1666104
management of healthy feline leukemia virus-positive cats.		1991	1666105
husbandry practices for cats infected with feline leukemia virus or feline immunodeficiency virus.	cats that are persistently infected with felv or feline immunodeficiency virus but are not manifesting clinical signs of disease are at risk for developing a wide variety of immunosuppressive, degenerative, or neoplastic diseases. infected cats should be isolated to prevent transmission of virus to healthy cats, and to protect infected cats from exposure to pathogens that can cause life-threatening secondary infections. iatrogenic transmission of virus from infected cats in isolation to healthy ...	1991	1666106
low-dose orally administered alpha interferon treatment for feline leukemia virus infection.		1991	1666107
prevalence of feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus infections in random-source cats.	retroviral serologic profiles were generated for 506 random-source cats (felis catus) that were received by our facility during a twenty-month period. feline leukemia virus antigens were detected in plasma samples from 26 (5.1%) of the cats. antibodies to feline immunodeficiency virus were present in 24 (4.7%) of the samples tested. a single cat (0.2%) was positive for both viruses. neither gender nor vendor correlation with retroviral seropositivity could be demonstrated.	1991	1667194
conversion of human fibroblasts to tissue macrophages by the snyder-theilen feline sarcoma virus (st:fesv) is associated with the de-novo expression of il-1 alpha, il-1 beta, ifn-alpha, tnf-alpha, gm-csf, and cd4.	in an earlier study, we have demonstrated the conversion of human fibroblasts (hf) to tissue macrophages (tm) by the snyder-theilen feline sarcoma virus (st:(fesv)) [1]. the present study shows that conversion of cultured hf by the st:fesv to tm resulted in the de-novo expression of interleukin-1 alpha, il-1 beta, interferon-alpha, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, and cd4. the conversion of hf to tm was also associated with increased expression of no ...	1991	1667481
feline leukaemia virus: generation of pathogenic and oncogenic variants.		1991	1667630
evolutionary conservation and chromosomal localization of flvi-1.	a locus in feline dna, termed flvi-1, has been identified as harboring retroviral integrations commonly found in natural feline lymphomas induced by infection with feline leukemia virus (felv). southern blot analysis of human and murine dna using restriction fragments representing flvi-1 demonstrates its phylogenetic conservation among mammals, flvi-1 is localized to murine chromosome 2, proximal portion of band e, by in situ hybridization to metaphase chromosomes. this position is adjacent to t ...	1991	1679530
colloquium on feline leukemia virus/feline immunodeficiency virus: tests and vaccination. orlando, florida, march 1-3, 1991.		1991	1686876
prophylactic and therapeutic effects of phosphonoformate against feline leukemia virus in vitro.	phosphonoformate (pfa), a noncompetitive inhibitor of reverse transcriptase (rt), inhibited feline leukemia virus (felv) infection of 2 feline cell lines and inhibited progeny virus rt activity in a chronically felv-infected cell line. feline leukemia virus infection of 3201 cells, an felv-negative lymphoma cell line, was inhibited by greater than 70% at a concentration of only 1 microm pfa and by greater than 90% at concentrations of 64 to 256 microm pfa, as evidenced by rt activity. however, f ...	1991	1724122
use of immunomodulators as an aid to clinical management of feline leukemia virus-infected cats.		1991	1724773
antibody response to reverse transcriptase in cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus.	the antibody response in cats to feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) reverse transcriptase (rt) was followed for 3 years. eight of the nine cats used in this study produced reverse transcriptase-inhibiting (rti) antibodies. relative inhibitory means of 2.9%, 18.4%, 33%, and 47% were found 6, 12, 24, and 36 months, respectively, after infection with fiv. the enzyme activity was suppressed by greater than or equal to 78% with the use of 100 micrograms of fiv-associated igg. the rti antibodies were ...	1991	1726399
some viral and protozool diseases in the european wildcat (felis silvestris).	ten european wildcats (felis silvestris) were examined at necropsy and an additional 23 were examined clinically for evidence of viral diseases in scotland. two plasma samples taken from live free-living wildcats showed positive elisa reactions to feline leukemia antigen. a feline leukemia virus of subgroup a was isolated from one of these samples, taken from a wildcat in north-western scotland. no antibodies to feline coronavirus or feline immunodeficiency virus were detected in any sample. thr ...	1991	1758037
evaluation of a biologic response modifier derived from serratia marcescens: effects on feline macrophages and usefulness for the prevention and treatment of viremia in feline leukemia virus-infected cats.	normal feline bone marrow-derived macrophages released maximum concentrations of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin-1 when stimulated with imuvert (cell technology inc, boulder, co, usa) at dosages of 1.0 microgram/ml, 5.0 micrograms/ml, and 10.0 micrograms/ml, respectively. when imuvert was administered to healthy adult cats, significant elevations in rectal temperature and neutrophil counts were observed 10 and 24 hours after each treatment. weekly treatment with imuvert fai ...	1991	1768375