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susceptibility of human herpesvirus 6 to antiviral compounds by flow cytometry analysis.the emergence of human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6) as a human pathogen led to the possibility of specific therapy against hhv-6 and the development of standardized susceptibility assays of hhv-6 to antivirals.200010805933
dna vaccine encoding nucleocapsid and surface proteins of wild type canine distemper virus protects its natural host against distemper.canine distemper virus (cdv), a member of the genus morbillivirus induces a highly infectious, frequently lethal disease in dogs and other carnivores. current vaccines against canine distemper consisting of attenuated viruses have been in use for many years and have greatly reduced the incidence of distemper in the dog population. however, certain strains may not guarantee adequate protection and others can induce post vaccinal encephalitis. we tested a dna vaccine for its ability to protect dog ...200010825593
canine distemper virus causes apoptosis of vero cells.apoptosis of vero cells infected with two canine distemper virus (cdv) vaccine strains was detected using tdt (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase)-mediated dutp nick end-labelling (tunel), flow cytometric analysis, agarose gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy (em). by tunel, apoptotic cells were found in cdv-onderstepoort (cdv-ond)-infected cells. dna fragments isolated from infected cells were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis and a 'ladder' pattern appeared. em observations de ...200010829572
epizootiological investigations of canine distemper virus in free-ranging carnivores from germany.canine distemper virus (cdv) infects a broad range of carnivores. to assess whether wild carnivores may play a role in the epidemiology of cdv in domestic dogs in germany, the seroprevalence of cdv was determined. in sera from red foxes (30 of 591 (5%)) and stone martens (2 of 10 (20%)) antiviral antibodies were detected using a neutralization assay, whereas sera of raccoons, two mink, one pine marten and one raccoon dog were negative. in foxes, there was a significantly higher prevalence in urb ...200010831852
vaccination against canine distemper virus infection in infant ferrets with and without maternal antibody protection, using recombinant attenuated poxvirus vaccines.canine distemper virus (cdv) infection of ferrets is clinically and immunologically similar to measles, making this a useful model for the human disease. the model was used to determine if parenteral or mucosal immunization of infant ferrets at 3 and 6 weeks of age with attenuated vaccinia virus (nyvac) or canarypox virus (alvac) vaccine strains expressing the cdv hemagglutinin (h) and fusion (f) protein genes (nyvac-hf and alvac-hf) would induce serum neutralizing antibody and protect against c ...200010864646
immunohistological and serological investigation of morbillivirus infection in harbour porpoises (phocoena phocoena) from the german baltic and north sea.the role of morbillivirus infection as a cause of disease or death in harbour porpoises (phocoena phocoena) from the german north and baltic sea was investigated by serology, histology and immunohistochemistry. blood and tissue samples of lung, brain and lymph nodes from 74 stranded or by-caught harbour porpoises from german waters were collected between 1991 and 1997. according to dentinal growth layers and body length, animals were grouped into four age classes (neonates, 0-1, 1-4, 4-16 years ...200010865149
antibodies to cd9, a tetraspan transmembrane protein, inhibit canine distemper virus-induced cell-cell fusion but not virus-cell fusion.canine distemper virus (cdv) causes a life-threatening disease in several carnivores including domestic dogs. recently, we identified a molecule, cd9, a member of the tetraspan transmembrane protein family, which facilitates, and antibodies to which inhibit, the infection of tissue culture cells with cdv (strain onderstepoort). here we describe that an anti-cd9 monoclonal antibody (mab k41) did not interfere with binding of cdv to cells and uptake of virus. in addition, in single-step growth exp ...200010906209
listeriosis in a raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) associated with canine distemper.a wild raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) that manifested severe illness and died was examined. necropsy revealed severe emaciation, systemic icterus and petechial hemorrhages on the mucous membranes. histopathologically, necroses were seen in the liver and brain stem associated with meningitis. eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed in the spleen and intestinal mucosa, and eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were seen in transitional epithelium in the bladder. l ...200010907692
antiviral activity of nmso3 against respiratory syncytial virus infection in vitro and in vivo.nmso3, a sulfated sialyl lipid was evaluated for its efficacy against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and other myxovirus infections in cell culture. the median effective concentration (50% effective concentration, ec(50)) of nmso3 against replication of the long strain of rsv in hep-2 cells was 0.2 and 0.32 microm by optical elisa and the plaque reduction method, respectively. on the other hand, the corresponding values for ribavirin were 10.5 and 11.2 microm, respectively. nmso3 showed poten ...200010930645
absence of antibodies against canine distemper virus in free-ranging populations of the eurasian badger in great britain.canine distemper virus (cdv) is a serious disease of wild carnivores throughout the world. in europe, infection has been detected in several carnivores including the eurasian badger (meles meles). in the present study 182 badger blood samples were collected from an intensively studied population of wild badgers in southwestern england (january-july, 1997), and a further 286 from throughout southern britain (june 1996-november 1998). a neutralizing peroxidase-linked antibody test was used for the ...200010941749
absence of measles virus and canine distemper virus transcripts in long-term bone marrow cultures from patients with paget's disease of bone.the presence of intranuclear inclusions in pagetic osteoclasts with similar characteristics to those seen in some slow viral diseases has lead to the hypothesis that paget's disease is caused by a similar infection. bone marrow aspirates from seven patients with hemipelvic paget's disease were taken from both sides of the pelvis and cultured under identical conditions. rna was extracted after approximately 2 weeks of culture and reverse transcriptase-linked polymerase chain reaction used to inve ...200010962354
the removal of viruses during the purification of equine antisera using filtration aids hyflo super-cel and fulmon super a.the manufacturing process in australia for equine antisera against various venoms/toxins is based primarily on ammonium sulphate precipitation of pepsin-digested igg, whereby fc and f(ab')(2)fragments are separated. the capacity of the process to remove non-enveloped and enveloped model viruses was assessed using a scaled-down process. each virus was added to mid-process samples from equine plasma before the material was applied to hyflo super-celtrade mark filtration followed by fulmonttrade ma ...200010964443
serologic survey of selected viral agents in recently captured wild north american river otters (lontra canadensis).blood samples were collected from 64 wild north american river otters (lontra [lutra] canadensis) from northern and eastern new york state and analyzed for serologic evidence of exposure to selected viral agents during a 1995 1996 translocation program. no clinical signs of disease nor lesions suggestive of prior viral exposure were seen. titers were detected for antibodies against canine distemper virus, canine herpesvirus-1, and canine parvovirus-2 but not for antibodies against canine adenovi ...200010982127
onderstepoort distemper vaccine. 200011012395
clinical use of serum parvovirus and distemper virus antibody titers for determining revaccination strategies in healthy dogs.to assess whether serum canine parvovirus (cpv) and canine distemper virus (cdv) antibody titers can be used to determine revaccination protocols in healthy dogs.200011019708
interleukin-1beta, -6, -12 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression in brains of dogs with canine distemper virus infection.canine distemper virus infection in dogs is commonly associated with demyelinating central nervous system lesions. investigations on viral protein expression by studying mrna and protein distribution together with the characterization of cd4 and cd8 inflammatory cells and mhc class ii up-regulation revealed a biphasic disease process. to further investigate the cellular interactions in the different plaque types the cerebella of 14 dogs with confirmed distemper infection were investigated for ex ...200011024531
virology. canine virus blamed in caspian seal deaths.canine distemper virus has been identified as the most likely cause of a die-off of thousands of seals in the caspian sea earlier this year. although the findings by two independent research groups allay fears of a threat to humans, they heighten concerns about the survival of the imperiled species.200011032547
pathological findings in two fin whales (balaenoptera physalus) with evidence of morbillivirus infection.two immature female fin whales stranded on the belgian and french coastlines, were examined post mortem. the main gross findings were massive parasitic infestation, associated with a large thrombus in one whale, and severe emaciation. microscopical investigations revealed multinucleated syncytia with large intranuclear inclusion bodies in various tissues, and positive immunolabelling for morbillivirus antigens. other evidence of morbillivirus infection was provided by the demonstration of specif ...200011032676
establishment of a rescue system for canine distemper virus.canine distemper virus (cdv) has been rescued from a full-length cdna clone. besides measles virus (mv) and rinderpest virus, a third morbillivirus is now available for genetic analysis using reverse genetics. a plasmid p(+)cdv was constructed by sequential cloning using the onderstepoort vaccine strain large-plaque-forming variant. the presence of a t7 promoter allowed transcription of full-length antigenomic rna by a t7 rna polymerase, which was provided by a host range mutant of vaccinia viru ...200011044118
antiviral therapy of herpes simplex.herpes simplex virus (hsv) infections in immunocompromised patients are more severe and invasive than in non-immunocompromised patients. they are characterised by prolonged viral shedding and a tendency to heal more slowly. in addition, resistant viruses are exclusively isolated in immunocompromised patients, requiring other drugs with distinct mechanisms of action. the reference compound for the treatment of hsv infections is acyclovir (acv) that selectively inhibits hsv dna replication with lo ...200011053800
novel agents for the therapy of varicella-zoster virus infections.varicella-zoster virus (vzv), a member of the herpesvirus family, is responsible for both primary (varicella or chickenpox) as well as recurrent (zoster or shingles) infections. acyclovir has been the mainstay for treating vzv infections in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. recently, newer anti-vzv drugs, i.e., valaciclovir (the oral prodrug form of acyclovir) and famciclovir (the oral prodrug form of penciclovir) have been developed and have enlarged the therapeutic options t ...200011060773
mass die-off of caspian seals caused by canine distemper virus.thousands of caspian seals (phoca caspica) died in the caspian sea from april to august 2000. lesions characteristic of morbillivirus infection were found in tissue specimens from dead seals. canine distemper virus infection was identified by serologic examination, reverse transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction, and sequencing of selected p gene fragments. these results implicate canine distemper virus infection as the primary cause of death.200011076723
serologic survey for selected infectious disease agents in swift and kit foxes from the western united states.a serologic survey of swift fox (vulpes velox) and kit fox (v. macrotis) from the western usa was conducted for 12 infectious diseases. samples from swift fox were collected between 1987 and 1992 from colorado (n = 44), kansas (n = 10), and wyoming (n = 9). samples from kit fox were collected in california (n = 86), new mexico (n = 18), utah (n = 9), and arizona (n = 6). overall antibody prevalence rates were 33 of 110 (30%) for canine parvovirus (cpv), 9 of 72 (13%) for canine distemper virus ( ...200011085448
canine distemper virus neutralising antibodies in vaccinated dogs.the associations between the levels of canine distemper virus neutralising antibodies and vaccination history, age and gender were investigated in a cross-sectional study of a sample of 4627 dogs from the finnish urban dog population. dogs vaccinated with either canlan (langford laboratories) or dohyvac (solvay animal health) or with both, had significantly lower titres than those vaccinated with candur (behringwerke), duramune (fort dodge laboratories) or nobivac (intervet), or with combination ...200011110480
a negative search for a paramyxoviral etiology of paget's disease of bone: molecular, immunological, and ultrastructural studies in uk patients.paget's disease of bone is a common bone disease characterized by increased and disorganized bone remodeling at focal sites throughout the skeleton. the etiology of the disease is unresolved. a persistent viral infection has long been suggested to cause the disease. antigen and/or nucleic acid sequences of paramyxoviruses (in particular measles virus [mv], canine distemper virus [cdv], and respiratory syncytial virus [rsv]) have been reported in pagetic bone by a number of groups; however, other ...200011127197
thoughts on vaccination protocols. 200011128530
thoughts on vaccination protocols. 200011128531
opposing views of revaccination strategies. 200011132877
[significance of paramyxovirinae protein f in physiopathology and immunity].the paramyxovirinae sub-family contains viruses of major importance for humans (measles and mumps viruses) and animals (newcastle disease virus, canine distemper virus, rinderpest virus) but also zoonotic viruses (hendra and nipah viruses). newcastle disease virus, a rubulavirus, which is specific of birds, can be used as a model for understanding the pathogenicity mechanisms of paramyxovirinae and for the study of vaccination against the diseases they cause. the f protein of pathogenic strains ...200011268674
canine distemper in terrestrial carnivores: a review.canine distemper virus is a member of the genus morbillivirus in the family paramyxoviridae. canine distemper has been recorded in domestic dogs for centuries. it is now recognized as a worldwide problem of carnivores and has the second highest fatality rate of any infectious disease, after rabies, in domestic dogs. the importance of this disease in nondomestic animals has become evident with vaccine-induced infections in a variety of species and large-scale epidemics in captive and free-ranging ...200011428391
tyzzer's disease in a red panda (ailurus fulgens fulgens).a debilitated 9-yr-old female red panda (ailurus fulgens fulgens) with a recent history of corticosteroid administration displayed anorexia, depression, and diarrhea for 2 days. blood work revealed a moderate nonregenerative anemia, leukocytosis, hypokalemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and mildly elevated alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. serology was negative for occult heartworm, toxoplasma gondii, feline leukemia virus, feline infectious peritonitis, feline immunodeficiency vi ...200011428405
metaphyseal osteomyelitis. 200010661463
the antiviral resistance and replication of cidofovir-resistant adenovirus variants in the new zealand white rabbit ocular model.to determine the antiviral resistance of three cidofovir (cdv)-resistant variants of adenovirus type 5 (ad5) and their ability to replicate in the new zealand white rabbit ocular model.200111431446
comparison of immunoperoxidase plaque staining and neutralizing tests for canine distemper virus.the use of immunoperoxidase plaque staining (ip) in the antibody test for canine distemper virus (cdv) and its diagnostic value were investigated. antibody titres by the ip test and neutralizing test (nt) against cdv were compared in 114 specific pathogen-free (spf) dogs, including 84 cdv-vaccinated and 30 unimmunized dogs. all of the unimmunized dogs, which had negative nt titres, also showed negative ip titres, and all of the cdv-vaccinated dogs, which had positive nt titres, showed positive i ...200111432432
antibody testing against canine coronavirus by immunoperoxidase plaque staining.the application of the immunoperoxidase (ip) plaque staining procedure (ip test) to the diagnosis of canine coronavirus (ccv) infection was investigated. the ip test did not react with sera from either 15 specific pathogen-free (spf) dogs or 7 spf dogs immunized with a multivalent vaccine, including canine parvovirus type 2, canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus type 2, and canine parainfluenza virus. to compare the ip test with the neutralizing test (nt), sera from 240 healthy dogs and from ...200111432433
cidofovir in the treatment of hpv-associated lesions.the acyclic nucleoside phosphonate cidofovir (cdv) has proved efficacious in the treatment of different clinical manifestations of hpv-induced epithelial cell proliferation. local intratumor injections of cdv in an immunocompetent patient with hypopharyngeal/esophageal papillomatous lesions, pcr-positive for hpv types 16 and 18, resulted in a complete regression of the tumor. similarly, cdv, injected locally in patients with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis resulted in complete disappearance ...200111436421
seroepidemiological survey of distemper virus infection in the caspian sea and in lake baikal.forty caspian seals were surveyed seroepidemiologically between 1993 and 1998 around the times of mass mortality that occurred in 1997 in the caspian sea and seven baikal seals were also surveyed in 1998. virus neutralizing tests and elisa clearly suggested that distemper virus epidemic was caused in caspian seals before the spring of 1997 and that cdv infection continued to occur in lake baikal in recent years.200111470542
the humoral immune response to recombinant nucleocapsid antigen of canine distemper virus in dogs vaccinated with attenuated distemper virus or dna encoding the nucleocapsid of wild-type virus.this study compared the humoral immune response against the nucleocapsid-(n) protein of canine distemper virus (cdv) of dogs vaccinated with a multivalent vaccine against parvo-, adeno-, and parainfluenza virus and leptospira combined with either the attenuated cdv onderstepoort strain (n = 15) or an expression plasmid containing the n-gene of cdv (n = 30). the vaccinations were applied intramuscularly three times at 2-week intervals beginning at the age of 6 weeks. none of the pre-immune sera r ...200111475904
down regulation of melanin concentrating hormone in virally induced obesity.obesity is a complex disease involving genetic components and environmental factors and probably associated with the dysregulation of central homeostasis normally maintained by the hypothalamic neuroendocrine/neurotransmitter network. we previously reported that canine distemper virus (cdv), which is closely related to human measles virus, can target hypothalamic nuclei, and lead to obesity syndrome in the late stages of infection. here, using differential display pcr, we demonstrate specific do ...200111476954
morbillivirus infection of the mouse central nervous system induces region-specific upregulation of mmps and timps correlated to inflammatory cytokine expression.viral infection of the central nervous system (cns) can result in perturbation of cell-to-cell communication involving the extracellular matrix (ecm). ecm integrity is maintained by a dynamic balance between the synthesis and proteolysis of its components, mainly as a result of the action of matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) and the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (timps). an mmp/timp imbalance may be critical in triggering neurological disorders, in particular in virally induced neural d ...200111483772
molecular properties of the matrixprotein(m) gene of the lapinized rinderpest virus.the nucleotide sequence of the matrixprotein (m) gene of the lapinized rinderpest virus (rpv-l) was determined. the full-length cdna of the rpv-l m gene is composed of 1460 base pairs and is supposed to contain an open reading frame of 1005 nucleotides encoding on m protein of 335 amino acids. the homology of the predicted amino acid among congeneric morbilliviruses such as rpv kabete 'o' strain (wild strain of rpv), rpv rbok strain (vaccine strain of rpv for cattle), measles virus (mv), and can ...200111503909
cidofovir in aids-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: a monocenter observational study with clinical and jc virus load monitoring.a monocenter observational study was conducted to determine the clinical and virological effects of cidofovir added to highly active anti-retroviral therapy (haart) in aids-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml). exposure to other anti-viral drugs or late initiation of cidofovir were exclusion criteria. of the 53 consecutive patients with virologically proven pml admitted at the neuroaids unit of bicêtre hospital between may 1996 and july 2000 and having received haart with ...200111517420
partial protection and intrathecal invasion of cd8(+) t cells in acute canine distemper virus infection.initial non-inflammatory demyelination in canine distemper virus infection (cdv) develops against a background of severe immunosuppression and is therefore, thought to be virus-induced. however, recently we found a marked invasion of t cells throughout the central nervous system (cns) in dogs with acute distemper despite drastic damage to the immune system. in the present study, this apparent paradox was further investigated by immunophenotyping of lymphocytes, following experimental cdv challen ...200111574169
identification of canine helper t-cell epitopes from the fusion protein of canine distemper virus.the fusion protein of canine distemper virus (cdv-f), a 662 amino-acid envelope protein, was used as the target molecule for identification of canine t helper (th) epitopes. a library of 94 peptides, each 17 residues in length overlapping by 10 residues and covering the entire sequence of cdv-f, was screened using a lymphocyte proliferation assay with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) obtained from dogs inoculated with canine distemper virus (cdv) vaccine. initially we observed low and i ...200111576221
glial fibrillary acidic protein (gfap)-immunoreactive astrocytes in dogs infected with canine distemper virus.an experiment based on astrocyte immunoreactivity to glial fibrillary acidic protein (gfap) was designed to determine whether the astrocyte response in canine distemper encephalitis (cde) was associated with the age of the animal, type of lesion and the cerebellar region affected. four histopathological types of cde lesion were examined, namely acute (11 dogs), acute with necrosis (four dogs), subacute (22 dogs) and chronic (six dogs). the animals were divided into three age groups, namely, 0-2 ...200111578123
infectobesity: obesity of infectious origin.in the u.s., the prevalence of obesity increased by 30% from 1980 to 1990, and this increase appears to be continuing. although obesity has multiple etiologies, an overlooked possibility is obesity of an infectious origin. six pathogens are reported to cause obesity in animals. canine distemper virus was the first virus reported to cause obesity in mice, followed by rous-associated virus-7, an avian retrovirus, which has been shown to cause stunting, obesity and hyperlipidemia in chickens. next, ...200111584109
predictive efficacy of scid-hu mouse models for treatment of human cytomegalovirus infections.there are few animal models to evaluate the in vivo activity of new compounds against human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) infections, as virus replication is largely limited to human cells. in our studies, we have utilized scid mice implanted with human tissue (scid-hu) and inoculated with hcmv as models for infections of the eye or visceral organs in an immunocompromised host. for the ocular model, fetal human retinal tissue was implanted in the anterior chamber of the scid mouse eye and inoculated 6- ...200111594682
molecular evolution of viral fusion and matrix protein genes and phylogenetic relationships among the paramyxoviridae.phylogenetic relationships among the paramyxoviridae, a broad family of viruses whose members cause devastating diseases of wildlife, livestock, and humans, were examined with both fusion (f) and matrix (m) protein-coding sequences. neighbor-joining trees of f and m protein sequences showed that the paramyxoviridae was divided into the two traditionally recognized subfamilies, the paramyxovirinae and the pneumovirinae. within the paramyxovirinae, the results also showed groups corresponding to t ...200111603943
association between cancer chemotherapy and canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus, and rabies virus antibody titers in tumor-bearing dogs.to determine the association between cancer chemotherapy and serum canine distemper virus (cdv), canine parvovirus (cpv), and rabies virus antibody titers in tumor-bearing dogs.200111697366
[adjuvant properties of subalin, a recombinant interferon-producing probiotic].the adjuvant properties of subalin, a recombinant probiotic prepared from live bacteria bacillus subtilis producing human alpha 2-interferon were studied in the scheme of its use with vaccines against parvovirus enteritis and distemper. subalin was shown to be capable of preventing immunosuppression caused by the injection of vaccines, accelerating the formation of the antigen-specific clone of memory cells and enhancing antigen-specific immune response. the mechanisms of the adjuvant effect of ...200111881504
canine distemper infections, with special reference to south africa, with a review of the literature.canine distemper virus is a member of the genus morbillivirus of the family paramyxoviridae that causes severe disease in dogs and a range of wild mammals. the clinical signs relate essentially to the respiratory, gastrointestinal and central nervous systems. in south africa, infection with ehrlichia canis and canine parvovirus may present similarly many dogs will initially present with a wide range of central nervous system signs without any history of systemic disease. a recent south african s ...200111811699
properties of a new cdv isolate from a raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus) in japan. 200111271918
morbidity-mortality factors and survival of an urban coyote population in arizona.the health of coyotes (canis latrans) in urban areas has not been studied. our objectives were to assess the health of coyotes in tucson (arizona, usa) by determining the prevalence of antibodies to selected pathogens, estimating survival rates, and identifying sources of mortality. we drew blood from 22 coyotes to evaluate the prevalence of heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) antigens, and antibodies to canine distemper virus (cdv), infectious canine hepatitis (ich), canine parvovirus (cpv), and se ...200111310882
monoclonal antibody-based competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of morbillivirus antibody in marine mammal sera.a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (celisa), using two monoclonal antibodies (mabs), was developed and compared with the standard virus neutralization test (vnt) for detecting antibodies against canine distemper virus (cdv) and phocine distemper virus (pdv) in sera from dogs and various species of marine mammals. the test depends on the blocking of mab binding to solid-phase antigen in the presence of positive serum. test conditions were optimized by using control vnt-negative and - ...200111326007
seroprevalence of canine distemper virus in cats.a seroepidemiological survey of canine distemper virus (cdv) infection in asian felids revealed that the prevalence of antibodies varied depending on region and, in some cases, exposure to dogs. the serologic pattern in cats with antibodies indicated that they had likely been exposed to field strains rather than typical cdv vaccine strains.200111329473
multiple sclerosis and age at infection with common viruses.increased risk of multiple sclerosis has been reported among individuals with a history of measles and other common childhood diseases during adolescence, infectious mononucleosis, or exposure to the canine distemper virus. we investigated these associations in a case-control study nested within the nurses' health study (121,700 women traced since 1976) and the nurses' health study ii (116,671 women traced since 1989). age at diagnosis of common viral diseases and birth order were obtained throu ...200111337603
serologic evaluation, efficacy, and safety of a commerical modified-live canine distemper vaccine in domestic ferrets.to determine efficacy and safety of a commercial modified-live canine distemper virus (cdv) vaccine used for prophylaxis in domestic ferrets.200111341395
successful preemptive cidofovir treatment for cmv antigenemia after dose-reduced conditioning and allogeneic blood stem cell transplantation.cidofovir (cdv) is a nucleotide analogue with proven in vitro effects against cytomegalovirus (cmv) and adenovirus and has been successfully used in the treatment of cmv retinitis in aids patients.200111349720
pathogenesis of two strains of lion (panthera leo) morbillivirus in ferrets (mustela putorius furo).canine distemper virus (cdv) was previously considered to have a host range restricted to the canid family. in 1994, the virus was associated with sporadic outbreaks of distemper in captive felids. however, after severe mortality occurred in the serengeti lions (panthera leo), attention became focused on the pathogenesis of the virus and a concerted effort was made to identify the virus as cdv or a closely related feline morbillivirus. the present study was designed to explore the susceptibility ...200111355661
contact rates between wild and domestic canids: no evidence of parvovirus or canine distemper virus in crab-eating foxes.evaluating the risk of disease spill-over from domestic dogs to wildlife depends on knowledge of inter-specific contact rates and/or exposure to aetiological agents in dog environments. here, contact rates of crab-eating foxes (cerdocyon thous) with sympatric domestic dog populations were measured over 25months in amazon brazil. foxes and dogs were serologically and clinically monitored for exposure to canine parvovirus (cpv-2) and canine distemper virus (cdv), pathogens known to have caused wil ...200111356314
morbillivirus in common seals stranded on the coasts of belgium and northern france during summer 1998.sixteen common seals (phoca vitulina) were stranded on the belgian and northern french coasts during the summer of 1998. eleven (10 pups and one adult) were sampled for histopathological, immunohistochemical, serological, bacteriological, parasitological and virological investigations. the main gross findings were severe emaciation, acute haemorrhagic enteritis, acute pneumonia, interstitial pulmonary emphysema and oedema, and chronic ulcerative stomatitis. microscopical lung findings were acute ...200111386444
morbilliviruses use signaling lymphocyte activation molecules (cd150) as cellular receptors.morbilliviruses comprise measles virus, canine distemper virus, rinderpest virus, and several other viruses that cause devastating human and animal diseases accompanied by severe immunosuppression and lymphopenia. recently, we have shown that human signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (slam) is a cellular receptor for measles virus. in this study, we examined whether canine distemper and rinderpest viruses also use canine and bovine slams, respectively, as cellular receptors. the onderstepoo ...200111390585
antibodies to selected canine pathogens and infestation with intestinal helminths in golden jackals (canis aureus) in israel.blood and fecal samples, collected from 46 healthy adult free-ranging golden jackals captured in two different locations in israel, were examined. a serological study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of circulating antibodies reacting with four common canine pathogens: canine distemper virus (cdv), canine parvovirus (cpv), ehrlichia canis and leishmania infantum. faecal flotation and haematological tests were also performed. the seroprevalence of cpv, e. canis, cdv, and l. infantum we ...200111409931
recent epidemiological status of canine viral enteric infections and giardia infection in japan.epidemiology of canine enteric infections was studied. rectal swabs collected from 95 dogs presented at animal hospitals during a period from january to june of 2000 were examined for enteric pathogens, including viruses and giardia lamblia (g. lamblia). most frequently detected in both diarrheal and normal feces were canine coronavirus (55.4%) and g. lamblia (48.2%). canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2) was specifically associated with diarrheal cases and cpv-2b was the predominant antigenic type. ...200111411507
the hemagglutinin of canine distemper virus determines tropism and cytopathogenicity.canine distemper virus (cdv) and measles virus (mv) cause severe illnesses in their respective hosts. the viruses display a characteristic cytopathic effect by forming syncytia in susceptible cells. for cdv, the proficiency of syncytium formation varies among different strains and correlates with the degree of viral attenuation. in this study, we examined the determinants for the differential fusogenicity of the wild-type cdv isolate 5804han89 (cdv(5804)), the small- and large-plaque-forming var ...200111413309
dendritic cells recruitment and in vivo priming of cd8+ ctl induced by a single topical or transepithelial immunization via the buccal mucosa with measles virus nucleoprotein.the buccal mucosa, a prototype of pluristratified mucosal epithelia, contains a network of directly accessible class ii(+) epithelial dendritic cells (dc), similar to skin langerhans cells. we showed that a single buccal immunization with measles virus nucleoprotein (np), by either topical application onto or intradermal injection in the buccal mucosa, induced in vivo priming of protective class i-restricted specific cd8(+) ctl. both routes of immunization with np induced a rapid recruitment of ...200111418674
measles virus and canine distemper virus target proteins into a tap-independent mhc class i-restricted antigen-processing pathway.after infection of cem174.t2 cells [deficient for the transporter of antigen presentation (tap)] with measles virus (mv) the nucleocapsid protein is recognized by l(d)-restricted cytotoxic t cells in a tap-independent, chloroquine-sensitive fashion. presentation via the tap-independent pathway requires virus replication. during mv infection of the cell the nucleocapsid as well as the matrix protein enter the endolysosomal compartment as indicated by colocalization with the lysosomal-associated m ...200111161284
isolation and analysis of an aciclovir-resistant murine cytomegalovirus mutant.an aciclovir (acv)-resistant murine cytomegalovirus (mcmv) was isolated from the smith strain and the mutant was analysed. attempts were also made to identify directly the mutated gene. the 50% inhibitory concentration (ic(50)) of acv for the mutant strain was approximately 30 times higher than that for the wild-type strain. the mutant strain was equally sensitive to ganciclovir (gcv), but slightly resistant to cidofovir (cdv) and foscarnet (pfa) when compared with the wild-type. molecular analy ...200111166858
effect of vaccination on experimental infection with bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs.to determine comparative efficacy of vaccines administered im and intranasally, used alone or sequentially, to protect puppies from infection with bordetella bronchiseptica and determine whether systemic or mucosal antibody response correlated with protection.200111201562
canine distemper in a genet (gennetta gennetta), associated with endogenous lipid pneumonia.this report describes the histological and immunohistochemical findings in an adult male genet (gennetta gennetta) which died a few hours after being found lying in a forest in lugo (north-western spain). subpleural, yellowish, firm foci were found in the lung. histopathological examination confirmed a diagnosis of endogenous lipid pneumonia. microscopical lesions that gave rise to a suspicion of canine distemper virus (cdv) infection included lymphoid depletion, non-suppurative encephalitis and ...200111222019
caspian seal die-off is caused by canine distemper virus. 200111239773
hemagglutinin genotype profiles of canine distemper virus from domestic dogs in japan.two distinct hemagglutinin genotypes were identified in canine distemper viruses circulating among dogs since 1991 in japan. one is the native and numerically predominant kdk-1 genotype, while the other is the 98-002 genotype that may have evolved in the far east beyond the border between japan and the republic of korea.200111266208
distemper vaccination of farmed fur animals in finland.the most important farmed fur animal species in finland are the american mink (mustela vison), blue fox (alopex lagopus), silver fox (vulpes vulpes) and raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides); all are susceptible to canine distemper. the only distemper vaccines currently available are for mink, although they also have been used for fox and raccoon dogs in emergency situations. the efficacy in eliciting neutralizing antibodies and the safety of three mink-distemper vaccines were studied under fie ...200111267694
serologic response of maned wolves (chrysocyon brachyurus) to canine and canine parvovirus vaccination distemper virus.this study evaluated the immune response of 47 (22 males, 25 females) captive maned wolves (chrysocyon brachyurus) to modified-live canine parvovirus and canine distemper virus (onderstepoort and rockborn strains) vaccines. sera were collected from 33 adults and 14 pups, including five free-ranging pups captured at 1 yr of age or younger. all the adults and four captive-born pups had been vaccinated prior to this first blood collection. virus neutralization and hemagglutination-inhibition assays ...200112790399
detection of canine distemper virus (cdv) through one step rt-pcr combined with nested pcr.a one step reverse transcription pcr (rt-pcr) combined nested pcr was set up to increase efficiency in the diagnosis of canine distemper virus (cdv) infection after developement of nested pcr. two pcr primer sets were designed based on the sequence of nucleocapsid gene of cdv onderstepoort strain. one-step rt-pcr with the outer primer pair was revealed to detect 10(2) pfu/ml. the sensitivity was increased hundredfold using the one-step rt-pcr combined with the nested pcr. specificity of the pcr ...200114614296
development of a semi-nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for the retrospective diagnosis of canine distemper virus infection.formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks from 14 dogs were used to test the utility of a newly developed semi-nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay for canine distemper virus (cdv). the results from this new test were compared with those of histopathologic examination, fluorescent antibody detection (fa), and immunohistochemistry (ihc). the semi-nested rt-pcr protocol was used to detect cdv rna in 9 of the 10 cases that were positive by at least 1 of the im ...200212680643
relation of clinical signs to pathological changes in 19 cases of canine distemper encephalomyelitis.in an attempt to associate the clinical neurological syndromes with the neuropathological features of canine distemper (cd), 19 spontaneous cases with neurological involvement were examined, before and after euthanasia. seventeen dogs were less than one year of age and all except two (89.4%) were unvaccinated against cd. various extraneural signs associated with cd encephalomyelitis (cde) were seen in 15 dogs. generalized or localized myoclonus was the most common sign observed (13/19). seventee ...200211814321
development of hypertrophic osteodystrophy and antibody response in a litter of vaccinated weimaraner puppies.two different vaccination protocols were compared with regard to the development of hypertrophic osteodystrophy (hod) (also termed metaphyseal osteopathy) and effectiveness of immunisation in a litter of 10 weimaraner puppies. five puppies (group 1) were vaccinated with a modified live canine parvovirus vaccine (cpv) and then two weeks later with a trivalent vaccine containing modified live canine distemper virus and adenovirus type 2 combined with a leptospira bacterin (dhl). the cpv and dhl va ...200211833821
demyelination precedes oligodendrocyte loss in canine distemper virus-induced encephalitis.canine distemper virus (cdv), a negative-stranded rna morbillivirus, causes a persistent infection within the central nervous system resulting in a progressive, multifocal demyelinating disease. demyelination is thought to be caused by a selective alteration of the myelin-producing oligodendrocytes. metabolic impairment and morphological changes of the oligodendrocytes after cdv infection have previously been observed in vitro as well as in vivo. until now it has been suggested that the oligoden ...200211837742
rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants viruses exhibit neurovirulence in mice.members of the morbillivirus genus, canine distemper (cdv), phocine distemper virus (pdv), and the cetacean viruses of dolphins and porpoises exhibit high levels of cns infection in their natural hosts. cns complications are rare for measles virus (mv) and are not associated with rinderpest virus (rpv) and peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) infection. however, it is possible that all morbilliviruses infect the cns but in some hosts are rapidly cleared by the immune response. in this study, ...200211847591
expression of a foreign gene by recombinant canine distemper virus recovered from cloned dnas.a canine distemper virus (cdv) genomic cdna clone and expression plasmids required to establish a cdv rescue system were generated from a laboratory-adapted strain of the onderstepoort vaccine virus. in addition, a cdv minireplicon was prepared and used in transient expression studies performed to identify optimal virus rescue conditions. results from the transient expression experiments indicated that minireplicon-encoded reporter gene activity was increased when transfected cell cultures were ...200211864746
[combined use of killed vaccines and immunomodulator ridostin for urgent prevention of epidemic stomatitis, aujeszky disease and carnivore plague in experiment].results of experimental studies of mice and pigs infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus, minks infected with aujeszky's disease virus, and dogs infected with canine distemper virus are described. in animals with foot-and-mouth disease and aujeszky's disease, combined treatment with killed vaccine and immunomodulator ridostin by the scheme of urgent prophylaxis (3 days before infection) caused 75% (foot-and-mouth disease) and 100% (aujeszky's disease) prevention of animal death and developmen ...200212508681
serologic survey for viral and bacterial infections in western populations of canada lynx (lynx canadensis).a serologic survey for exposure to pathogens in canada lynx (lynx canadensis) in western north america was conducted. samples from 215 lynx from six study areas were tested for antibodies to feline parvovirus (fpv), feline coronavirus, canine distemper virus, feline calicivirus, feline herpesvirus, yersinia pestis, and francisella tularensis. a subset of samples was tested for feline immunodeficiency virus; all were negative. for all other pathogens, evidence for exposure was found in at least o ...200212528455
prevalence of antibodies against canine distemper virus among red foxes in luxembourg.canine distemper virus (cdv) has a wide host spectrum, and during the past years, distemper has been observed in species that were previously not considered to be susceptible. in this study, we investigated the prevalence of cdv-specific antibodies in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) sampled between may and november 1997. about 9 to 13% of the luxembourg red fox population is positive for antibodies against cdv. thus a sizeable proportion of red foxes has been exposed to cdv in the wild. the significan ...200212528458
detection and genetic characterization of canine distemper virus (cdv) from free-ranging red foxes in italy.fragments of the genes encoding the haemoagglutinin (h) and the nucleocapsid protein (n) of a canine distemper (cdv)-like virus affecting a red fox (vulpes vulpes) were sequenced and analysed. the cdv-like virus detected in the fox was found to be not dissimilar, in both the h and n gene, from other cdvs spreading in italy, as well as all over the world, and phylogenetic analysis on the h protein-encoding gene allowed to include all the italian cdvs in the h european genotype.200212005452
the morbillivirus receptor slam (cd150).morbilliviruses are highly contagious pathogens that cause some of the most devastating viral diseases of humans and animals, including measles virus (mv), canine distemper virus (cdv), and rinderpest virus (rpv). they replicate mainly in lymphoid organs throughout the body and cause severe immunosuppression accompanied with lymphopenia. we have recently shown that human, canine, and bovine signaling lymphocyte activation molecules (slams; also known as cd150) act as cellular receptors for mv, c ...200212008921
clinical and serological response of wild dogs (lycaon pictus) to vaccination against canine distemper, canine parvovirus infection and rabies.wild dogs lycaon pictuis (n = 8) were vaccinated 4 times against canine distemper (n = 8) (initially with inactivated and subsequently with live attenuated strains of canine distemper) and canine parvovirus infection (n = 8) over a period of 360 days. four of the wild dogs were also vaccinated 3 times against rabies using a live oral vaccine and 4 with an inactivated parenteral vaccine. commercially-available canine distemper, canine parvovirus and parenteral rabies vaccines, intended for use in ...200212088076
complement-mediated neutralization of canine distemper virus in vitro: cross-reaction between vaccine onderstepoort and field kdk-1 strains with different hemagglutinin gene characteristics.the properties of neutralization of antigens of canine distemper virus onderstepoort and a recent field isolate, kdk-1, were investigated with strain-specific dog sera. a conventional neutralization assay indicated antigenic dissimilarity between the strains; however, when guinea pig complement was included in the reaction mixture, the strains were neutralized with not only the homologous but also the heterologous antibodies.200212093697
application of n-pcr for diagnosis of distemper in dogs and fur animals.the immunofluorescence test, routinely used for laboratory diagnosis of canine distemper virus (cdv) in poland, is not sufficiently sensitive and specific. therefore, the application of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), nested pcr (n-pcr) and southern blot hybridization for detection of phosphoprotein (p) gene of cdv in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) or internal organs of dogs and fur animals was the aim of these studies. the optimal parameters for two-step pc ...200212119141
alkoxyalkyl esters of cidofovir and cyclic cidofovir exhibit multiple-log enhancement of antiviral activity against cytomegalovirus and herpesvirus replication in vitro.the incidence of cytomegalovirus (cmv) retinitis is declining in aids patients but remains a significant clinical problem in patients with organ transplants and bone marrow transplants. prophylaxis with ganciclovir (gcv) or valganciclovir reduces the incidence of cmv disease but may lead to the emergence of drug-resistant virus with mutations in the ul97 or ul54 gene. it would be useful to have other types of oral therapy for cmv disease. we synthesized hexadecyloxypropyl and octadecyloxyethyl d ...200212121908
postpartum live virus vaccination: lessons from veterinary medicine.pregnant rubella-susceptible women are often revaccinated during the postpartum period with the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (mmr). it is known that the rubella virus from vaccine is secreted in breast milk and persists in the nose and throat for up to 28 days but it is not known whether the measles and mumps viruses are similarly secreted. it is probable the measles virus from vaccine is.200212208153
vaccination of puppies born to immune dams with a canine adenovirus-based vaccine protects against a canine distemper virus challenge.none of the currently available distemper vaccines provides a satisfactory solution for the immunization of very young carnivores in the face of maternal-derived immunity. since mucosal immunization with replication-competent adenovirus-based vaccines has been proven effective in the face of passive immunity against the vector, it has the potential to provide a solution for the vaccination of young puppies born to canine distemper virus (cdv)-immune dams. we report the engineering and the charac ...200212297394
interactions among antiviral drugs acting late in the replication cycle of human cytomegalovirus.this study describes the extent of cross-resistance and interactions for selected inhibitors of human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) dna synthesis and dna processing. hcmv isolates resistant to the benzimidazole d-ribonucleoside viral dna processing inhibitors tcrb and bdcrb were sensitive to bay 38-4766, a non-nucleoside inhibitor of viral dna processing. this indicates that these two drug types have distinct interactions with the products of hcmv genes ul56 and ul89 required for viral dna cleavage and ...200212323400
sequence changes in the human adenovirus type 5 dna polymerase associated with resistance to the broad spectrum antiviral cidofovir.although there is currently no fda approved antiviral treatment for adenovirus (ad) infections, the broad spectrum antiviral cidofovir (cdv) has demonstrated potent inhibitory activity against many ad serotypes in vitro and in an in vivo ocular replication model. the clinical potential of cdv prompted the assessment for the emergence of cdv resistance in ad5. serial passage of ad5 in increasing concentrations of cdv resulted in derivation of four different ad5 variants with increased resistance ...200212323401
emerging morbillivirus infections of marine mammals: development of two diagnostic approaches.in the last 13 years, four viruses belonging in the morbillivirus genus of the paramyxoviridae family have emerged as significant causes of disease and mortality in marine mammals. the viruses involved are canine distemper virus (cdv) in seals and polar bears, dolphin morbillivirus (dmv) and porpoise morbillivirus (pmv) in cetaceans, and phocine distemper virus (pdv) in pinnipeds. the two cetacean morbilliviruses (dmv and pmv) are now considered to be the same viral species, named cetacean morbi ...200212381563
membrane fusion tropism and heterotypic functional activities of the nipah virus and hendra virus envelope glycoproteins.nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev) are novel paramyxoviruses from pigs and horses, respectively, that are responsible for fatal zoonotic infections of humans. the unique genetic and biological characteristics of these emerging agents has led to their classification as the prototypic members of a new genus within the paramyxovirinae subfamily called henipavirus: these viruses are most closely related to members of the genus morbillivirus and infect cells through a ph-independent membrane fu ...200212388678
comparative efficacy of a canine distemper-measles and a standard measles vaccine for immunization of rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta).measles virus (mv), a highly infective paramyxovirus, has caused sporadic epizootics characterized by high morbidity and increased mortality in nonhuman primates. measles vaccines for human use, although effective, are cost prohibitive for use in primate colonies. we compared the efficacy of one or two doses of vanguard d-m, a canine distemper-measles (cd-m) vaccine, with a single dose of attenuvax, a human measles vaccine. compared with 81% of animals inoculated with attenuvax, all animals inoc ...200212405642
genotypic and phenotypic characterization of the thymidine kinase of acv-resistant hsv-1 derived from an acyclovir-sensitive herpes simplex virus type 1 strain.twenty-four strains of acyclovir (acv)-resistant (acv(r)) herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) were generated from the hsv-1 tas strain by exposure to acv, and the genotype and phenotype of the thymidine kinase (tk) from these mutants were analyzed. the tk polypeptide of the acv(r) hsv-1 strains was examined by western blot using an anti-hsv-1 tk rabbit serum. the sensitivity of each strain to acv, foscarnet and cidofovir (cdv) was also determined. a single guanine (g) insertion or a single cytos ...200212406508
distribution of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the cerebellum in canine distemper virus infection.the cerebella of eight dogs naturally infected with canine distemper virus (cdv) and two normal dogs were examined immunohistochemically for glial fibrillary acidic protein (gfap) and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-hsd). the clinical diagnosis of canine distemper was confirmed histopathologically and by the immunohistochemical demonstration of cdv antigen. in all dogs (healthy and infected), the purkinje cells of the cerebellum were immunolabelled for 3beta-hsd activity. in infected d ...200212443737
cell type-dependent cytokine expression after canine distemper virus infection.canine cells of different histogenesis were infected with the onderstepoort strain of distemper virus (cdv) to study the effect of viral infection on cytokine production. included were primary brain cells, dermal fibroblasts, and two cell lines, dh 82 cells (macrophage-like) and epithelial madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells. all cultures produced infective virus. mdck cells had the lowest percentage of cdv-antigen positive cells, and infection did not cause a significant increase of cell dea ...200212479398
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