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[development of a nested polymerase chain reaction test for the diagnosis of transmissible gastroenteritis of pigs].the aim of this study was to develop a nested polymerase chain reaction (nested pcr) for the rapid detection of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) of pigs. the primers were designed on the basis of highly conserved regions of several tgev sequences included in the analysis. external primers were used to amplify a fragment of the expected size (441 bp) in all the samples evaluated using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), but with very low intensity. in the second am ...201223520755
structure of alphacoronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus nsp1 has implications for coronavirus nsp1 function and evolution.coronavirus nsp1 has been shown to induce suppression of host gene expression and to interfere with the host immune response. however, the mechanism is currently unknown. the only available structural information on coronavirus nsp1 is the nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) structure of the n-terminal domain of nsp1 from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) from the betacoronavirus genus. here we present the first nsp1 structure from an alphacoronavirus, transmissible gastroent ...201223269811
structural bases of coronavirus attachment to host aminopeptidase n and its inhibition by neutralizing antibodies.the coronaviruses (covs) are enveloped viruses of animals and humans associated mostly with enteric and respiratory diseases, such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome and 10-20% of all common colds. a subset of covs uses the cell surface aminopeptidase n (apn), a membrane-bound metalloprotease, as a cell entry receptor. in these viruses, the envelope spike glycoprotein (s) mediates the attachment of the virus particles to apn and subsequent cell entry, which can be blocked by neutralizing a ...201222876187
generation of a mouse scfv library specific for porcine aminopeptidase n using the t7 phage display system.porcine aminopeptidase n (papn) is a common cellular receptor for swine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv). to investigate single-chain fragment variable (scfv) repertoire against papn, the genes encoding the immunoglobulin light chain variable region (vl) and heavy chain variable region (vh) were amplified by reverse transcript polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) using a series of degenerate primers from the spleen of babl/c mice immunized with ...201222481024
broad-spectrum antivirals against 3c or 3c-like proteases of picornaviruses, noroviruses, and coronaviruses.phylogenetic analysis has demonstrated that some positive-sense rna viruses can be classified into the picornavirus-like supercluster, which includes picornaviruses, caliciviruses, and coronaviruses. these viruses possess 3c or 3c-like proteases (3cpro or 3clpro, respectively), which contain a typical chymotrypsin-like fold and a catalytic triad (or dyad) with a cys residue as a nucleophile. the conserved key sites of 3cpro or 3clpro may serve as attractive targets for the design of broad-spectr ...201222915796
quarantine protects falkland islands (malvinas) cats from feline coronavirus infection.feline coronavirus (fcov) causes feline infectious peritonitis (fip). since 2002, when 20 cats on the falkland islands were found to be fcov seronegative, only seronegative cats could be imported. between 2005-2007, 95 pet and 10 feral cats tested negative by indirect immunofluorescence antibody (ifa) analysis using two strains of type ii fcov, two transmissible gastroenteritis virus assays, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and rapid immunomigration test. twenty-four samples (23%) showed non ...201222314098
feline infectious peritonitis virus with a large deletion in the 5'-terminal region of the spike gene retains its virulence for cats.in this study, the japanese strain of type i feline infectious peritonitis virus (fipv), c3663, was found to have a large deletion of 735 bp within the gene encoding the spike (s) protein, with a deduced loss of 245 aa of the n-terminal region of the s protein. this deletion is similar to that observed in porcine respiratory coronavirus (prcov) when compared to transmissible gastroenteritis virus, which correlates with reduced virulence. by analogy to prcov, we expected that the pathogenicity of ...201222718568
comparative in vivo analysis of the nsp15 endoribonuclease of murine, porcine and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses.the purpose of this study was to compare the biochemical and biological properties of nonstructural protein (nsp) 15 among mouse hepatitis virus (mhv), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) in virus-infected and ectopically expressed cells. in virus-infected cells, mhv nsp15 distributed unevenly throughout the cytoplasm but predominantly in the perinuclear region. when expressed as n-terminal enhanced green fluorescence protein (e ...201222617024
detection and molecular characterization of porcine astrovirus strains associated with swine diarrhea.astrovirus has been reported to be associated with diarrhea in pigs. the current study was conducted for the detection and molecular characterization of astroviruses in diarrheic pigs submitted to the veterinary diagnostic laboratory, university of minnesota. intestinal contents from 269 pigs were examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), and 62% were found positive for astroviruses. of the positive samples, 20% were positive for astrovirus alone while astrovirus with ...201222956487
transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus rna-dependent rna polymerase and nonstructural proteins 2, 3, and 8 are incorporated into viral particles.coronavirus replication and transcription are processes mediated by a protein complex, with the rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) as a main component. proteomic analysis of highly purified transmissible gastroenteritis virus showed the rdrp to be a component of the viral particles. this finding was confirmed by western blotting, immunofluorescence, and immunoelectron microscopy analyses. interestingly, the replicase nonstructural proteins 2, 3, and 8 colocalized with the rdrp in the viral fact ...201222090122
prevalence of antibodies to selected viral pathogens in wild boars (sus scrofa) in croatia in 2005-06 and 2009-10.we determined prevalence of antibody to selected viral pathogens important for domestic pigs and livestock in 556 wild boar (sus scrofa) sera collected during 2005-06 and 2009-10 in four counties in croatia. these counties account for an important part of the croatian commercial pig production and have a high density of wild boars. samples were tested for antibodies to porcine parvovirus (ppv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), swine influenza virus, porcine respi ...201222247381
complete genome of transmissible gastroenteritis virus ayu strain isolated in shanghai, china.transmissible gastroenteritis virus strain ayu was isolated in shanghai. the complete genome has a length of 28,582 bp and contains seven open reading frames. sequence analysis suggested that shanghai strain ayu and u.s. strain purdue p115 are derived from a common ancestor, as they have 99.6% similarity at the nucleotide level.201223043168
antiviral activity of zinc salts against transmissible gastroenteritis virus in vitro.zinc has been shown to mediate antiviral effects against certain viruses. however, the underlying mechanisms are still largely unknown. we investigated the effects of the two zinc salts, zinc chloride (zncl(2)) and zinc sulfate (znso(4)), on infection of swine testicle (st) cells with transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) and compared it to the effects of a control salt, magnesium sulfate (mgso(4)). virus yield reduction experiments showed that zncl(2) and znso(4) did not exhibit direct vir ...201222818659
transmissible gastroenteritis virus infection induces apoptosis through fasl- and mitochondria-mediated pathways.transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) has been reported to induce apoptosis in swine testis (st) cells. however, the mechanisms underlying tgev-induced apoptosis are still unclear. in this study we observed that tgev infection induced apoptosis in porcine kidney (pk-15) cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. tgev infection up-regulated fasl, activated fasl-mediated apoptotic pathway, leading to activation of caspase-8 and cleavage of bid. in addition, tgev infection down-regulated bcl- ...201222341312
cloning and sequence analysis of n gene of transmissible gastroenteritis virus hym-09 isolated from dog in china.transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) is the etiological agent of tge, and dogs are potential carriers of tgev. in this study, genomic rna were extracted from tgev designated hym-09 isolated from dog naturally infected with tgev. the nucleocapsid (n) gene of hym-09 was amplified by rt-pcr and cloned into pmd18-t vector. the n gene cdna was sequenced and encompassed an open reading frame of 1,149 nucleotides, encoding a 382-amino acids protein. sequence analyses of the n genes were performed ...201224293826
identification of a conserved linear b-cell epitope in the m protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.the major structural protein of coronaviruses, the membrane (m) protein, can elicit the formation of protective antibodies, but little information is available about the m protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv). identification of epitopes on the pedv m protein will be helpful in the elucidation of the antigenic properties of this protein.201223025700
molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) field strains in south china.a total of 127 porcine samples were collected from 48 farms in six provinces in south china. the positive rate of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) was 43.0 % (55/127), and the co-infection rate of pedv and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) was 12.0 % (15/127). the partial s gene and complete m gene were amplified from pedv-positive strains by rt-pcr, cloned, sequenced and compared with each other, as well as with the reference strains in genbank. sequence homology results of the p ...201222528639
post-transcriptional control of type i interferon induction by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in its natural host cells.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is not only a poor inducer of type i interferon but also inhibits the efficient induction of type i interferon by porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) and synthetic dsrna molecules, poly i:c. however, the mechanistic basis by which prrsv interferes with the induction of type i interferon in its natural host cells remains less well defined. the purposes of this review are to summarize the key findings in supporting the post ...201222754646
evaluation on the efficacy and immunogenicity of recombinant dna plasmids expressing spike genes from porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pdev) can cause severe diarrhea in pigs. development of effective vaccines against tgev and pedv is one of important prevention measures. the spike (s) protein is the surface glycoprotein of tgev and pedv, which can induce specific neutralization antibodies and is a candidate antigen for vaccination attempts. in this study, the open reading frames of the tgev s1 protein and in addition of the s or s1 proteins ...201323526943
occurrence and investigation of enteric viral infections in pigs with diarrhea in china.between february 2011 and february 2012, 985 and 324 samples were collected from diarrheal and healthy pigs, respectively, to detect porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), porcine kobuvirus (pkov), porcine bocavirus (pbov), porcine group a rotavirus (garv), and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev). pedv and pkov clearly predominated in diarrheal pigs. compared to healthy pigs, a substantial prevalence of mixed infections was observed in diarrheal pigs (72.3 %) (p < 0.001). all of the coin ...201323494226
regulation of ros in transmissible gastroenteritis virus-activated apoptotic signaling.transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), an enteropathogenic coronavirus, causes severe lethal watery diarrhea and dehydration in piglets. previous studies indicate that tgev infection induces cell apoptosis in host cells. in this study, we investigated the roles and regulation of reactive oxygen species (ros) in tgev-activated apoptotic signaling. the results showed that tgev infection induced ros accumulation, whereas uv-irradiated tgev did not promote ros accumulation. in addition, tgev in ...201324225120
transmissible gastroenteritis virus infection induces cell cycle arrest at s and g2/m phases via p53-dependent pathway.p53 signaling pathway plays an important role in the regulation of cell cycle. our previous studies have demonstrated that tgev infection induces the activation of p53 signaling pathway. in this study we investigated the effects of tgev infection on the cell cycle of host cells and the roles of p53 activation in this process. the results showed that tgev infection induced cell cycle arrest at s and g2/m phases in both asynchronous and synchronized pk-15 and st cells, while uv-inactivated tgev lo ...201324095767
transmissible gastroenteritis virus: identification of m protein-binding peptide ligands with antiviral and diagnostic potential.the membrane (m) protein is one of the major structural proteins of coronavirus particles. in this study, the m protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) was used to biopan a 12-mer phage display random peptide library. three phages expressing tgev-m-binding peptides were identified and characterized in more depth. a phage-based immunosorbent assay (phage-elisa) capable of differentiating tgev from other coronaviruses was developed using one phage, phtgev-m7, as antigen. when the pha ...201323830854
transmissible gastroenteritis virus infection induces cell apoptosis via activation of p53 signalling.transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) infection induced apoptosis in several cell lines in vitro. our previous studies demonstrated that tgev could activate fasl- and mitochondria-mediated pathways to induce apoptosis in pk-15 cells. in this study, we investigated the regulation of p53 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk) signalling pathways in the interaction of tgev with host cells. we observed that tgev infection decreased p300/cbp, downregulated mdm2 and promoted p53 phospho ...201323677787
a monoclonal antibody against transmissible gastroenteritis virus generated via immunization of a dna plasmid bearing tgev s1 gene.transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) is a member of the coronaviruses. the viral spike (s) protein of tgev mediates interaction between tgev and its susceptible cells. herein, dna plasmid bearing tgev s1 gene (the n terminal half of tgev s gene) was used to immunize balb/c mice followed by generation of a monoclonal antibody (mab) using the hybridoma technique. the generated mab (1h4) was identified by elisa. immunofluorescence assays showed that mab 1h4 was able to detect infection of cel ...201323600507
monoclonal antibody against membrane protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus.transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) is a porcine coronavirus that can cause piglet diarrhea with high mortality rates. tgev membrane (m) protein not only plays a vital role in the process of virus assembly and budding, but also induces the production of interferon-α during infection. in this study, a monoclonal antibody (mab) designated 7g7, against the tgev m protein was generated by inoculating balb/c mice with tgev followed by hybridoma technique. immunofluorescence assays indicated th ...201323600504
identification and molecular characterization of porcine kobuvirus in u. s. swine.porcine kobuvirus has been associated with piglet diarrhea in asia and europe, but there are no reports of its presence in the u.s. swine farms. we screened intestinal contents from 114 diarrheic pigs and fecal samples from 46 apparently healthy pigs to determine the presence of kobuvirus by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using 3d (rna polymerase) region primers (amplicon size 216 bp). the samples from ill pigs came from 15 different u.s. states, while those from healthy pigs we ...201323334473
the survey of porcine teschoviruses, porcine circovirus and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus infecting piglets in clinical specimens in china.a multiplex pcr assay was developed and evaluated for its ability to simultaneously detect three viral infections of swine. specific primers were carefully selected from articles published for each of the following three viruses: porcine circovirus type ii (pcv2), porcine teschovirus (ptv) and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev). each target produced a specific amplicon with a size of 353 bp (pcv2), 168 bp (ptv) and 499 bp (tgev). the sensitivity of the multiplex pcr using purifie ...201323224864
a serological survey of selected pathogens in wild boar (sus scrofa) in northern turkey.during the hunting season in march 2012, a total of 93 blood samples were collected from wild boars (sus scrofa) shot in the area of northern turkey (samsun and gumushane provinces). these blood samples were examined by enzyme immunoassay (elisa) for the presence of antibodies to classical swine fever virus (csfv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), porcine respiratory coronavirus (prcv), swine influenza virus (siv), porcine parvovirus (p ...201332214940
a multiplex rt-pcr assay for rapid and differential diagnosis of four porcine diarrhea associated viruses in field samples from pig farms in east china from 2010 to 2012.since october 2010, clinical outbreaks of diarrhea in suckling piglets have reemerged in pig-producing areas of china, causing an acute increase in the morbidity and mortality in young piglets. four viruses, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), porcine group a rotaviruses (gar), and porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2), are the major causative agents of enteric disease in piglets. a novel multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (mrt-pcr) wa ...201323988656
sialic acid binding properties of soluble coronavirus spike (s1) proteins: differences between infectious bronchitis virus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus.the spike proteins of a number of coronaviruses are able to bind to sialic acids present on the cell surface. the importance of this sialic acid binding ability during infection is, however, quite different. we compared the spike protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) and the spike protein of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). whereas sialic acid is the only receptor determinant known so far for ibv, tgev requires interaction with its receptor aminopeptidase n to initiate infectio ...201323896748
development of porcine rotavirus vp6 protein based elisa for differentiation of this virus and other viruses.the context and purpose of the study included 1) bacterial expression of viral protein 6 (vp6) of porcine rotavirus (prv) and generation of rabbit polyclonal antiserum to the vp6 protein; 3) establishment of a discrimination elisa to distinguish prv from a panel of other porcine viruses.201323517810
antiviral effects of a probiotic enterococcus faecium strain against transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus.the enteropathogenic coronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) causes severe disease in young piglets. we have studied the protective effects of the probiotic enterococcus faecium ncimb 10415 (e. faecium), which is approved as a feed additive in the european union, against tgev infection. e. faecium was added to swine testicle (st) cells before, concomitantly with, or after tgev infection. viability assays revealed that e. faecium led to a dose-dependent rescue of viability of tgev- ...201323188495
several enteropathogens are circulating in suckling and newly weaned piglets suffering from diarrhea in the province of villa clara, cuba.intestinal contents of suckling (n = 45) and newly weaned (n = 45) piglets, suffering from diarrhea in the province of villa clara in cuba, were tested for viral, bacterial, and parasitic enteropathogens from may to june 2008. at least one enteropathogen was identified in 53.3 % of piglets and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec; 25.6 %) was the major pathogen; mostly sta(+)/stb(+) or f4(+)/sta(+)/stb(+) etec were isolated. the overall occurrence of the rest of pathogens was 10 % for transmis ...201322843242
prevalence of swine viral and bacterial pathogens in rodents and stray cats captured around pig farms in korea.in 2008, 102 rodents and 24 stray cats from the areas around 9 pig farms in northeast south korea were used to determine the prevalence of the following selected swine pathogens: ten viral pathogens [porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), rotavirus, classical swine fever virus (csfv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), porcine parvovirus (ppv), pseudorabies ...201323892461
alphacoronavirus protein 7 modulates host innate immune response.innate immune response is the first line of antiviral defense resulting, in most cases, in pathogen clearance with minimal clinical consequences. viruses have developed diverse strategies to subvert host defense mechanisms and increase their survival. in the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) as a model, we previously reported that accessory gene 7 counteracts the host antiviral response by associating with the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 1 (pp1c). in the present work, the e ...201323824792
emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the united states: clinical signs, lesions, and viral genomic sequences.during the 10 days commencing april 29, 2013, the iowa state university veterinary diagnostic laboratory received the first 4 of many submissions from swine farms experiencing explosive epidemics of diarrhea and vomiting affecting all ages, with 90-95% mortality in suckling pigs. histology revealed severe atrophy of villi in all segments of the small intestines with occasional villus-epithelial syncytial cells, but testing for rotaviruses and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (alphacoronavirus ...201323963154
negatively charged residues in the endodomain are critical for specific assembly of spike protein into murine coronavirus.coronavirus spike (s) protein assembles into virions via its carboxy-terminus, which is composed of a transmembrane domain and an endodomain. here, the carboxy-terminal charge-rich motif in the endodomain was verified to be critical for the specificity of s assembly into mouse hepatitis virus (mhv). recombinant mhvs exhibited a range of abilities to accommodate the homologous s endodomains from the betacoronaviruses bovine coronavirus and human sars-associated coronavirus, the alphacoronavirus p ...201323628137
differential sensitivity of bat cells to infection by enveloped rna viruses: coronaviruses, paramyxoviruses, filoviruses, and influenza viruses.bats (chiroptera) host major human pathogenic viruses including corona-, paramyxo, rhabdo- and filoviruses. we analyzed six different cell lines from either yinpterochiroptera (including african flying foxes and a rhinolophid bat) or yangochiroptera (genera carollia and tadarida) for susceptibility to infection by different enveloped rna viruses. none of the cells were sensitive to infection by transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), a porcine coronavirus, or to infection mediated by the spi ...201324023659
canine coronavirus, greece. molecular analysis and genetic diversity characterization.canine coronavirus (ccov) is an etiologic agent of diarrhea in dogs and is known to have spread worldwide. mild disease or asymptomatic carriage are probably in many cases common outcomes of infection. to date, two different genotypes of ccov are known, ccov type i (ccov-i) and ccov type ii (ccov-ii). ccov type ii is divided in two subtypes, ccov-iia (classical strains) and ccov-iib, with ccov-iib emerging as a result of a putative recombination between ccov-iia and transmissible gastroenteritis ...201323410992
m gene analysis of canine coronavirus strains detected in korea.the purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic features of canine coronavirus (ccv) strains detected in korea. m gene sequences obtained for isolates from 22 dogs with enteritis over a 5-year period were evaluated. sequence comparison revealed that the 22 korean ccv strains had an 87.2 to 100% nucleotide homology. comparing to the typical reference ccv strains (type ii), the nucleotide sequence of korean strains had homology ranged from 86.3% to 98.3% (89.1% to 99.2% for the amino acid ...201425234323
nucleic acid-based differential diagnostic assays for feline coronavirus.feline coronavirus (fcov) is a pleomorphic, enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded rna virus. owing to the differences in its genotype, fcov belongs to a separate clade along with other viruses, such as transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) and canine coronavirus (ccov), which can be isolated from cats. in this study, a pcr assay was developed to differentiate these coronaviruses concurrently. multiplex differential rt-pcr was performed with primers based on the highly conserved coronavi ...201425088974
evaluating the virucidal efficacy of hydrogen peroxide vapour.surface contamination has been implicated in the transmission of certain viruses, and surface disinfection can be an effective measure to interrupt the spread of these agents.201424656442
up-regulation of mdp and tuftsin gene expression in th1 and th17 cells as an adjuvant for an oral lactobacillus casei vaccine against anti-transmissible gastroenteritis virus.the role of muramyl dipeptide (mdp) and tuftsin in oral immune adjustment remains unclear, particularly in a lactobacillus casei (l. casei) vaccine. to address this, we investigated the effects of different repetitive peptides expressed by l. casei, specifically the mdp and tuftsin fusion protein (mt) repeated 20 and 40 times (20mt and 40mt), in mice also expressing the d antigenic site of the spike (s) protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) on intestinal and systemic immune respo ...201424993357
status report on porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the united states.on 16 may 2013, the usda animal and plant health inspection service, national veterinary services laboratories reported the detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the united states for the first time.this virus causes severe diarrhea and vomiting in young pigs. porcine epidemic diarrhea virus does not infect humans and is not a food safety risk.this virus is already found in many countries around the world, and there is no us official regulation of the virus and no export restrictions t ...201432288969
quantitative proteomic analysis reveals that transmissible gastroenteritis virus activates the jak-stat1 signaling pathway.transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), a porcine enteropathogenic coronavirus, causes lethal watery diarrhea and severe dehydration in piglets. in this study, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled to isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification labeling was used to quantitatively identify differentially expressed cellular proteins after tgev infection in pk-15 cells. in total, 162 differentially expressed cellular proteins were identified, including 60 upregulated ...201425357264
differential response of porcine immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells to virulent and inactivated transmissible gastroenteritis virus.exposure of piglets less than 2 weeks of age to virulent transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) gives rise to mortality as high as 100%, and adult pigs recovering from its infection often become tgev carriers. these facts suggest an evasion of the immune system by virulent tgev. in this study, we showed that a virulent tgev shxb strain could infect porcine immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mo-dcs), and down-regulate cell surface markers (sla-ii-dr, cd1a and cd80/86). moreover, shxb- ...201425307113
effects of virulent and attenuated transmissible gastroenteritis virus on the ability of porcine dendritic cells to sample and present antigen.virulent transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) results in an acute, severe pathology and high mortality in piglets, while attenuated tgev only causes moderate clinical reactions. dendritic cells (dcs), through uptake and presentation of antigens to t cells, initiate distinct immune responses to different infections. in this study, an attenuated tgev (stc3) and a virulent tgev (shxb) were used to determine whether porcine dcs play an important role in pathogenetic differences between these t ...201424742951
high-dose dietary zinc oxide mitigates infection with transmissible gastroenteritis virus in piglets.zinc (zn) supplementation has been shown to reduce the incidence of diarrhea and to protect animals from intestinal diseases, but the mechanisms of this protective effect against virus infection in vivo have not yet been elucidated. transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) causes diarrhea in piglets with an age-dependent decrease of severity.201424673930
a lysine-methionine exchange in a coronavirus surface protein transforms a retention motif into an endocytosis signal.transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) is an enveloped (+) rna virus belonging to the family coronaviridae. among the viral membrane proteins, the spike (s) protein mediates receptor recognition/attachment to the host cell and fusion of viral and cellular membranes. the cytoplasmic tail of the s protein contains a tyrosine-dependent sorting signal with the consensus sequence yxxφ. in the context of the s protein of tgev (1440yepi1443), this motif acts as a retention signal, preventing surfac ...201424603841
inhibitory effect of silver nanomaterials on transmissible virus-induced host cell infections.coronaviruses belong to the family coronaviridae, which primarily cause infection of the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tract of hosts. transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) is an economically significant coronavirus that can cause severe diarrhea in pigs. silver nanomaterials (ag nms) have attracted great interests in recent years due to their excellent anti-microorganism properties. herein, four representative ag nms including spherical ag nanoparticles (ag nps, nm-300), two kinds ...201424524838
antigenic structures stably expressed by recombinant tgev-derived vectors.coronaviruses (covs) are positive-stranded rna viruses with potential as immunization vectors, expressing high levels of heterologous genes and eliciting both secretory and systemic immune responses. nevertheless, its high recombination rate may result in the loss of the full-length foreign gene, limiting their use as vectors. transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) was engineered to express porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) small protein domains, as a strategy to im ...201425108114
complete genomic sequence of the coronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus shxb isolated in china.a strain of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), shxb, was isolated in shanghai, china. the complete genome of strain shxb was sequenced, and its sequence was compared those of other tgev strains in the genbank database. the comparison showed that there were no insertions or deletions in the 5' and 3'- non-translated regions, in the nonstructural genes orf1, orf3, and orf7, or in the genes encoding the structural proteins envelope (e), membrane (m) and nucleoprotein (n). a phenomenon in c ...201424740387
transmissible gastroenteritis virus and porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus infection induces dramatic changes in the tight junctions and microfilaments of polarized ipec-j2 cells.viral infection converts the normal constitution of a cell to optimise viral entry, replication, and virion production. these conversions contain alterations or disruptions of the tight and adherens junctions between cells as part of their pathogenesis, and reorganise cellular microfilaments that initiate, sustain and spread the viral infections and so on. using porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (pedv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) and a model of normal intestinal epithelial cells ( ...201425173696
us-like strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus outbreaks in taiwan, 2013-2014.since late 2013, several outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) infection have emerged in taiwan. suckling piglets under 2 weeks of age showed severe vomiting and watery yellowish diarrhea with morbidity and mortality ranging from 80 to 100% and 90 to 100%, respectively. a total of 68 samples from 25 pig farms were confirmed as positive for pedv and negative for rotavirus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus by reverse transcription pcr, and the partial s gene of pedv was analyze ...201424898162
a phage-displayed peptide recognizing porcine aminopeptidase n is a potent small molecule inhibitor of pedv entry.three phage-displayed peptides designated h, s and f that recognize porcine aminopeptidase n (papn), the cellular receptor of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) were able to inhibit cell infection by tgev. these same peptides had no inhibitory effects on infection of vero cells by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv). however, when pedv, tgev and porcine pseudorabies virus were incubated with peptide h (hvtttfappppr), only infection of vero cells by pedv was inhibited. immunofl ...201424889221
full-length genome sequence of porcine deltacoronavirus strain usa/ia/2014/8734.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) was detected in feces from diarrheic sows during an epidemic of acute and transmissible diarrhea. no transmissible gastroenteritis virus or porcine epidemic diarrhea virus was detected. the pdcov usa/ia/2014/8734 from the herd was sequenced for full-length genomic rna to further characterize pdcov in u.s. swine.201424723718
development of an indirect elisa, blocking elisa, fluorescent microsphere immunoassay and fluorescent focus neutralization assay for serologic evaluation of exposure to north american strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.recent, severe outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) in asia and north america highlight the need for well-validated diagnostic tests for the identification of pedv infected animals and evaluation of their immune status to this virus. pedv was first detected in the u.s. in may 2013 and spread rapidly across the country. some serological assays for pedv have been previously described, but few were readily available in the u.s. several u.s. laboratories quickly developed indirect flu ...201526232106
development and application of an elisa for the detection of porcine deltacoronavirus igg antibodies.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov), also known as porcine coronavirus hku15, was first detected in north america in early 2014 and associated with enteric disease in pigs, resulting in an urgent need to further investigate the ecology of this virus. while assays detecting nucleic acids were implemented quickly, assays to detect anti-pdcov antibodies have not been available. in this study, an indirect anti-pdcov igg enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) based on the putative s1 portion of the s ...201525881086
origin, evolution, and virulence of porcine deltacoronaviruses in the united states.a novel porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcv) was first discovered in ohio and indiana in february 2014, rapidly spread to other states in the united states and canada, and caused significant economic loss in the swine industry. the origin and virulence of this novel porcine coronavirus are not known. here, we characterized u.s. pdcv isolates and determined their virulence in gnotobiotic and conventional piglets. genome analyses revealed that u.s. pdcv isolates possess unique genetic characteristics a ...201525759498
strategies for design and application of enteric viral vaccines.enteric viral infections in domestic animals cause significant economic losses. the recent emergence of virulent enteric coronaviruses [porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv)] in north america and asia, for which no vaccines are available, remains a challenge for the global swine industry. vaccination strategies against rotavirus and coronavirus (transmissible gastroenteritis virus) infections are reviewed. these vaccination principles are applicable against emerging enteric infections such as p ...201525387111
efficacy and immunogenicity of recombinant swinepox virus expressing the a epitope of the tgev s protein.to explore the possibility of developing a vaccine against transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) infection, a recombinant swinepox virus (rspv-sa) expressing a tgev protective antigen has been constructed. immune responses and protection efficacy of the vaccination vector were assessed in both mice and pig models. an indirect elisa assay suggested that when mice were vaccinated with rspv-sa, the level of igg against tgev was enhanced dramatically. the cytokine assays were employed and the r ...201526116254
[antimicrobial activity of polyazolidinammonium, modified with hydrate-ions of iodine].study of antimicrobial activity of a polymer compound--polyazolidinammonium, modified with hydrate-ions of iodine.201526259277
transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) infection alters the expression of cellular microrna species that affect transcription of tgev gene 7.transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) is a member of coronaviridae family. tgev infection has emerged as a major cause of severe gastroenteritis and leads to alterations of many cellular processes. meanwhile, the pathogenic mechanism of tgev is still unclear. micrornas (mirnas) are a novel class of small non-coding rnas which are involved in the regulation of numerous biological processes such as viral infection and cell apoptosis. accumulating data show that mirnas are involved in the proc ...201526157346
phage display for identifying peptides that bind the spike protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus and possess diagnostic potential.the spike (s) protein of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) is located within the viral envelope and is the only structural protein that possesses epitopes capable of inducing virus-neutralizing antibodies. among the four n-terminal antigenic sites a, b, c, and d, site a and to a lesser extent site d (s-ad) induce key neutralizing antibodies. recently, we expressed s-ad (rs-ad) in recombinant form. in the current study, we used the rs-ad as an immobilized target to identify pepti ...201526013256
molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of transmissible gastroenteritis virus hx strain isolated from china.porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) is the major etiological agent of viral enteritis and severe diarrhea in suckling piglets. in china, tgev has caused great economic losses, but its role in epidemic diarrhea is unclear. this study aims to reveal the etiological role of tgev in piglet diarrhea via molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis.201525890036
identification of the interaction between vimentin and nucleocapsid protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus.nucleocapsid (n) protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) packages viral rna genome to form a ribonucleoprotein complex. in addition to its function as a structural protein, n protein is involved in cell apoptosis or cell-cycle regulation. n protein possibly interacts with host factors to modulate cellular functions. to identify cellular proteins that interacted with n protein of tgev, methods of gst pull-down and co-ip were utilized to precipitate cellular proteins of swine testicu ...201525533531
looking for a needle in a haystack: cellular proteins that may interact with the tyrosine-based sorting signal of the tgev s protein.the spike protein s of transmissible gastroenteritis virus, an alphacoronavirus, contains a tyrosine-based sorting signal that is responsible for ergic retention and may be important for a correct viral assembly process. to find out whether the s protein interacts with cellular proteins via this sorting signal, a pulldown assay with gst fusion proteins was performed. filamin a has been identified as a putative interaction candidate. immunofluorescence assays confirmed a co-localization between t ...201525481285
(+)-catechin inhibition of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus in swine testicular cells is involved its antioxidation.transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) causes transmissible gastroenteritis (tge), especially in newborn piglets, which severely threatens the worldwide pig industry. in this study, (+)-catechin was evaluated for its antiviral effect against tgev in vitro. viability assays revealed that (+)-catechin treatment exerted a dose-dependent rescue effect in tgev-infected st cells, and this result was only obtained with the post-treatment application of (+)-catechin. the viral yields in (+)-catechin ...201526679792
antiviral effect of lithium chloride on infection of cells by porcine parvovirus.porcine parvovirus (ppv) causes reproductive failure in pigs, which leads to economic losses to the industry. as reported previously, licl efficiently impairs the replication of a variety of viruses, including the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), and pseudorabies herpesvirus. we demonstrate for the first time that inhibition of ppv replication in swine testis (st) cells by licl is dose-dependent, and that the antiviral effect of licl occu ...201525663217
utility of feline coronavirus antibody tests.eight different tests for antibodies to feline coronavirus (fcov) were evaluated for attributes that are important in situations in veterinary practice. we compared four indirect immunofluorescent antibody tests (ifat), one enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) (fcov immunocomb; biogal) and three rapid immunochromatographic (rim) tests against a panel of samples designated by consensus as positive or negative. specificity was 100% for all but the two ifats based on transmissible gastroenteri ...201524966245
chicken egg yolk antibodies (igy) as non-antibiotic production enhancers for use in swine production: a review.in recent years, the use of in-feed antibiotics for growth and disease prevention in livestock production has been under severe scrutiny. the use and misuse of in-feed antibiotics has led to problems with drug residues in animal products and increased bacterial resistance. chicken egg yolk antibodies (igy) have attracted considerable attention as an alternative to antibiotics to maintain swine health and performance. oral administration of igy possesses many advantages over mammalian igg such as ...201526309735
antigenic relationships among porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus strains.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) are economically important swine enteropathogenic coronaviruses. these two viruses belong to two distinct species of the alphacoronavirus genus within coronaviridae and induce similar clinical signs and pathological lesions in newborn piglets, but they are presumed to be antigenically distinct. in the present study, two-way antigenic cross-reactivity examinations between the prototype pedv cv777 strain, three d ...201525589635
possible involvement of coaxially stacked double pseudoknots in the regulation of -1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting in rna viruses.-1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting (prf) in viruses is often stimulated by a pseudoknot downstream from the slippery sequence. at the prf junction of hiv-1, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), barmah forest virus (bfv), fort morgan virus (fmv), and equine arteritis virus (eav), we identified potential double pseudoknots in either a tandem mode or embedded mode. in viruses with tandem pseudoknots (5'pk & 3'pk), the slippery sequence is encompassed in the 5'pk. the ribosome needs to unw ...201525204560
the porcine microrna transcriptome response to transmissible gastroenteritis virus infection.transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev; coronaviridae family) causes huge economic losses to the swine industry. micrornas (mirnas) play a regulatory role in viral infection and may be involved in the mammalian immune response. here, we report a comprehensive analysis of host mirna expression in tgev-infected swine testis (st) cells. deep sequencing generated 3,704,353 and 2,763,665 reads from uninfected st cells and infected st cells, respectively. the reads were aligned to known sus scrofa ...201525781021
transmissible gastroenteritis virus infection enhances sglt1 and glut2 expression to increase glucose uptake.transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) is a coronavirus that causes villus atrophy, followed by crypt hyperplasia, reduces the activities of intestinal digestive enzymes, and disrupts the absorption of intestinal nutrients. in vivo, tgev primarily targets and infects intestinal epithelial cells, which play an important role in glucose absorption via the apical and basolateral transporters na+-dependent glucose transporter 1 (sglt1) and facilitative glucose transporter 2 (glut2), respectively ...201627851758
mutagenesis of coronavirus nsp14 reveals its potential role in modulation of the innate immune response.coronavirus (cov) nonstructural protein 14 (nsp14) is a 60-kda protein encoded by the replicase gene that is part of the replication-transcription complex. it is a bifunctional enzyme bearing 3'-to-5' exoribonuclease (exon) and guanine-n7-methyltransferase (n7-mtase) activities. exon hydrolyzes single-stranded rnas and double-stranded rnas (dsrnas) and is part of a proofreading system responsible for the high fidelity of cov replication. nsp14 n7-mtase activity is required for viral mrna cap syn ...201627009949
autophagy negatively regulates transmissible gastroenteritis virus replication.autophagy is an evolutionarily ancient pathway that has been shown to be important in the innate immune defense against several viruses. however, little is known about the regulatory role of autophagy in transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) replication. in this study, we found that tgev infection increased the number of autophagosome-like double- and single-membrane vesicles in the cytoplasm of host cells, a phenomenon that is known to be related to autophagy. in addition, virus replicatio ...201627029407
establishment of a nanoparticle-assisted rt-pcr assay to distinguish field strains and attenuated strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) can cause serious disease and even death in neonatal piglets, resulting in serious damage to the swine industry worldwide. open reading frame 3 (orf3) is the only accessory gene in the pedv genome. previous studies have indicated that pedv vaccine strains have a partial deletion in orf3. in this study, a nanoparticle-assisted polymerase chain reaction (nanoparticle-assisted rt-pcr) assay targeting the orf3 of pedv was developed to distinguish pedv field str ...201627287433
a recombinant nucleocapsid protein-based indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect antibodies against porcine deltacoronavirus.recently, porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) has been proven to be associated with enteric disease in piglets. diagnostic tools for serological surveys of pdcov remain in the developmental stage when compared with those for other porcine coronaviruses. in our study, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) (rpdcov-n-elisa) was developed to detect antibodies against pdcov using a histidine-tagged recombinant nucleocapsid (n) protein as an antigen. the rpdcov-n-elisa did not cross-react ...201626668175
case-control study of pathogens involved in piglet diarrhea.diarrhea in piglets directly affects commercial swine production. the disease results from the interaction of pathogens with the host immune system and is also affected by management procedures. several pathogenic agents such as campylobacter spp., clostridium perfringens, escherichia coli, salmonella spp., group a rotavirus (rv-a), coronaviruses (transmissible gastroenteritis virus; porcine epidemic diarrhea virus), as well as nematode and protozoan parasites, can be associated with disease cas ...201626754836
immune responses induced by recombinant bacillus subtilis expressing the spike protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus in pigs.transmissible gastroenteritis (tge) causes severe diarrhea in suckling piglets, results in enormous economic loss in swine-producing areas of the world. to develop an effective, safe, and convenient vaccine for the prevention of tge, we have constructed a recombinant bacillus subtilis strain (b. subtilis cotgsg) displaying the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) spike (s) protein and discussed its immune function to intestinal submucosal dendritic cells (dcs). our results showed that the ...201626988122
epidemiological survey of enteric viruses in wild boars in the czech republic: first evidence of close relationship between wild boar and human rotavirus a strains.population of wild boar is increasing in the whole europe, the animals migrate close to human habitats which greatly increases the possibility of natural transmission between domestic animals or humans and wild boars. the aim of the study was to estimate in population of free-living wild boar in the czech republic the prevalence of enteric viral pathogens, namely rotavirus groups a and c (rva and rvc), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), and members of family coronavirid ...201627599927
neonatal mortality, vesicular lesions and lameness associated with senecavirus a in a u.s. sow farm.a 300-sow farrow-to-finish swine operation in the united states experienced a sudden and severe increase in mortality in neonatal piglets with high morbidity followed by vesicular lesions on the snout and feet of adult females and males. affected live piglets were submitted for diagnostic investigation. samples tested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) negative for foot-and-mouth disease virus, porcine delta coronavirus, porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus, porcine rotavirus types a, b and c, transmis ...201627213868
a comprehensive microbiological safety approach for agarose encapsulated porcine islets intended for clinical trials.the use of porcine islets to replace insulin-producing islet β-cells, destroyed during the diabetogenic disease process, presents distinct challenges if this option is to become a therapeutic reality for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. these challenges include a thorough evaluation of the microbiological safety of the islets. in this study, we describe a robust porcine islet-screening program that provides a high level of confidence in the microbiological safety of porcine islets suitable for ...201627862363
a phase trial of the oral lactobacillus casei vaccine polarizes th2 cell immunity against transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus infection.transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (tgev) is a member of the genus coronavirus, family coronaviridae, order nidovirales. tgev is an enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes highly fatal acute diarrhoea in newborn pigs. an oral lactobacillus casei (l. casei) vaccine against anti-transmissible gastroenteritis virus developed in our laboratory was used to study mucosal immune responses. in this l. casei vaccine, repetitive peptides expressed by l. casei (specifically the mdp and tuftsin fusi ...201627020282
tubulins interact with porcine and human s proteins of the genus alphacoronavirus and support successful assembly and release of infectious viral particles.coronavirus spike proteins mediate host-cell-attachment and virus entry. virus replication takes place within the host cell cytosol, whereas assembly and budding occur at the endoplasmic reticulum-golgi intermediate compartment. in this study we demonstrated that the last 39 amino acid stretches of alphacoronavirus spike cytoplasmic domains of the human coronavirus 229e, nl63, and the porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus tgev interact with tubulin alpha and beta chains. in addition, a par ...201627479465
identification and comparison of receptor binding characteristics of the spike protein of two porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), a member of alphacoronavirus, has caused huge economic losses for the global pork industry recently. the spike (s) protein mediates pedv entry into host cells. herein, we investigated the interactions between the s protein and its receptor porcine aminopeptidase n (papn) or co-receptor sugars. the c-terminal domain (ctd) of the s1 domain is bound to papn. the prototype strain demonstrated similar receptor-binding activity compared with the variant field is ...201626907329
vaccines for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and other swine coronaviruses.the recent introduction of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) into the north american swine herd has highlighted again the need for effective vaccines for swine coronaviruses. while vaccines for transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) have been available to producers around the world for a long time, effective vaccines for pedv and deltacoronaviruses were only recently developed or are still in development. here, we review existing vaccine technologies for swine coronaviruses and high ...201627964998
construction of an oral vaccine for transmissible gastroenteritis virus based on the tgev n gene expressed in an attenuated salmonella typhimurium vector.this research aimed to develop an oral vaccine for transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) based on the tgev n gene expressed in an attenuated salmonella typhimurium vector and aimed to evaluate the vaccine's immune response in piglets. recombinant plasmid pvax-n was transformed into competent cells of attenuated s. typhimurium sl7207 via electroporation. after it was identified via rt-pcr and double digestion, the screened recombinant bacteria presenting pvax-n were named sl7207 (pvax-n). to ...201626297958
characterization of an immunodominant epitope in the endodomain of the coronavirus membrane protein.the coronavirus membrane (m) protein acts as a dominant immunogen and is a major player in virus assembly. in this study, we prepared two monoclonal antibodies (mabs; 1c3 and 4c7) directed against the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) m protein. the 1c3 and 4c7 mabs both reacted with the native tgev m protein in western blotting and immunofluorescence (ifa) assays. two linear epitopes, 243ysteart249 (1c3) and 243ysteartdnlseqekllhmv262 (4c7), were identified in the endodomain of the tge ...201627973413
morphogenesis and proliferative rule of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus in porcine intestinal epithelial cells.to gain a better understanding of the replication, proliferation and infection characteristics of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) in porcine intestinal epithelial cells (iecs), this study established a cell model of iecs infected with the chongqing (cq) strain of tgev. the morphogenesis and proliferative rule of tgev in porcine iecs were investigated using transmission electron microscopy, indirect immunofluorescence assays and real-time fluorescence quantitative pcr. observat ...201627693376
tgev infection up-regulates fcrn expression via activation of nf-κb signaling.it has been well characterized that the neonatal fc receptor (fcrn) transports maternal igg to a fetus or newborn and protects igg from degradation. we previously reported that fcrn is expressed in a model of normal porcine intestinal epithelial cells (ipec-j2). transmissible gastroenteritis is an acute enteric disease of swine that is caused by transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev). how porcine fcrn (pfcrn) expression is regulated by pathogenic infection remains unknown. our research shows ...201627555521
retinoic acid facilitates inactivated transmissible gastroenteritis virus induction of cd8(+) t-cell migration to the porcine gut.the digestive tract is the entry site for transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev). tgev transmission can be prevented if local immunity is established with increased lymphocytes. the current parenteral mode of vaccination stimulates systemic immunity well, but it does not induce sufficient mucosal immunity. retinoic acid (ra) plays an important role in the induction of cells that imprint gut-homing molecules. we examined whether ra assist parenteral vaccination of pigs could improve mucosal i ...201627080036
cpg dna facilitate the inactivated transmissible gastroenteritis virus in enhancing the local and systemic immune response of pigs via oral administration.transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) replicates in the small intestine and induces enteritis and watery diarrhea. establishment of local immunity in the intestine would thus prevent tgev transmission. cpg dna has been reported as a promising mucosal adjuvant in some animals. the effects of oral immunization of cpg dna together with inactivated tgev (itgev) were investigated in this study. pigs (6 weeks old) were orally immunized with itgev plus cpg dna. the tgev-specific iga level in the i ...201627032496
mitophagy in tgev infection counteracts oxidative stress and apoptosis.the intestinal epithelial cells contain a large number of mitochondria for persisting absorption and barrier function. selective autophagy of mitochondria (mitophagy) plays an important role in the quality control of mitochondria and maintenance of cell homeostasis. transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) is a porcine enteropathogenic coronavirus which induces malabsorption and lethal watery diarrhea in suckling piglets. the role of mitophagy in the pathological changes caused by tgev infecti ...201627027356
neonatal fc receptor-mediated igg transport across porcine intestinal epithelial cells: potentially provide the mucosal protection.it has been well characterized that piglets can absorb colostrum igg across the intestine to neonatal bloodstream and a certain level of igg has been found in the mucosal secretions of the porcine intestinal tract. however, little is known about how the maternal igg transport across the intestinal barrier and how igg enter the lumen of intestinal tract. in this study, we demonstrated that the porcine neonatal fc receptor (pfcrn) was expressed in a model of normal porcine intestinal epithelial ce ...201626982157
the epidermal growth factor receptor regulates cofilin activity and promotes transmissible gastroenteritis virus entry into intestinal epithelial cells.transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), a coronavirus, causes severe diarrhea and high mortality in newborn piglets. the porcine intestinal epithelium is the target of tgev infection, but the mechanisms that tgev disrupts the actin cytoskeleton and invades the host epithelium remain largely unknown. we not only found that tgev infection stimulates f-actin to gather at the cell membrane but the disruption of f-actin inhibits tgev entry as well. cofilin is involved in f-actin reorganization an ...201626933809
mir-27b attenuates apoptosis induced by transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) infection via targeting runt-related transcription factor 1 (runx1).transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), belonging to the coronaviridae family, is the key cause of the fatal diarrhea of piglets and results in many pathological processes. micrornas (mirnas) play a key role in the regulation of virus-induced apoptosis. during the process of apoptosis induced by tgev infection in pk-15 cells, the mir-27b is notably down-regulated. thus, we speculate that mir-27b is involved in regulating the process of apoptosis in pk-15 cells. in this study we demonstrated ...201626870610
immunogenicity of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) m gene delivered by attenuated salmonella typhimurium in mice.attenuated salmonella typhimurium (s. typhimurium) was selected as a transgenic vehicle for the development of live mucosal vaccines against transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) based on the m gene. an approximate 1.0 kb dna fragment, encoding for glycoprotein m, was amplified by rt-pcr and cloned into eukaryotic expression vector pvax1. the recombinant plasmid pvax-m was transformed by electroporation into attenuated s. typhimurium sl7207, and the expression and translation of the pvax-m ...201626837896
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