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phylogenetic analysis of the vp2 gene of canine parvoviruses circulating in china.sequences of the full-length gene encoding the main capsid protein vp2 of 22 strains of canine parvovirus (cpv), isolated from domestic dogs in china between 1983 and 2008, were determined and analyzed in comparison with the sequences of 30 other strains of cpv from china and reference cpv isolates retrieved from genbank. three types of cpv, including cpv-2, cpv-2a, and cpv-2b, were detected, and cpv-2a (with 297-ala mutation) was predominant in china. the unique ile-324 mutation in the vp2 of c ...201020217205
effect of atp binding and hydrolysis on dynamics of canine parvovirus ns1.the replication protein ns1 is essential for genome replication and protein production in parvoviral infection. many of its functions, including recognition and site-specific nicking of the viral genome, helicase activity, and transactivation of the viral capsid promoter, are dependent on atp. an atp-binding pocket resides in the middle of the modular ns1 protein in a superfamily 3 helicase domain. here we have identified key atp-binding amino acid residues in canine parvovirus (cpv) ns1 protein ...201020219935
an outbreak of canine coronavirus in puppies in a greek kennel.canine coronavirus (ccov) is usually the cause of mild gastroenteritis in dogs and is known to have spread worldwide. however, to date, no ccov cases have been confirmed in greece. in the present work, the authors investigated an outbreak of enteritis in puppies from a greek kennel for the presence of ccov. dogs were presented with clinical signs of diarrhea, anorexia, weakness, depression, dehydration, and 1 death. canine coronavirus type ii was detected by reverse transcription nested polymera ...201020224103
use of oseltamivir in the treatment of canine parvoviral enteritis.to determine if oseltamivir with standard therapy for canine parvoviral enteritis ameliorates disease morbidity, mortality, or both; to document significant adverse effects associated with its use.201020230441
factors affecting the occurrence, duration of hospitalization and final outcome in canine parvovirus infection.the objectives of this matched case-control study in a veterinary teaching hospital were to investigate the influence of signalment and historical data on the odds of occurrence of canine parvovirus (cpv) enteritis and the potential usefulness of the clinical signs and clinicopathologic abnormalities recorded on admission as prognostic indicators of mean duration of hospitalization (doh) and outcome of the disease. ninety-four puppies with natural cpv enteritis and 188 age-matched controls were ...201020303134
characterisation of canine parvovirus strains isolated from cats with feline panleukopenia.unlike the original canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2), cpv-2 variants have gained the ability to replicate in vivo in cats but there is limited information on the disease patterns induced by these variants in the feline host. during 2008, two distinct cases of parvoviral infection were diagnosed in our laboratories. a cpv-2a variant was identified in a 3-month-old persian kitten displaying clinical sign of feline panleukopenia (fpl) (acute gastroenteritis and marked leukopenia) and oral ulceratio ...201020334885
sequence analysis of vp2 gene of canine parvovirus isolates in thailand.canine parvovirus (cpv) causes a very severe enteric disease especially in puppies. twenty-six isolates of cpv were obtained from dogs at the animal hospital, kasetsart university, thailand. whole vp2 gene of 26 isolates was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and its sequences were analyzed. nineteen out of 26 isolates were characterized as cpv type 2a variants and the rest of the isolates were characterized as cpv type 2b. these results indicated that both types are currently preva ...201020352483
misleading results of the mboii-based identification of type 2a canine parvovirus strains from hungary reacting as type 2c strains.type 2 canine parvovirus (cpv2) infection is one of the most frequent causes of death in the young, susceptible canine populations worldwide. since its emergence in the 1970s, several variants have been described. in the present study the authors describe the genetic analysis of 24 hungarian cpv2 strains collected from 2004 to 2008. surprisingly, the genetic and phylogenetic investigations of all these strains revealed that all of them were type 2a cpvs. on the other hand, the genetic analysis p ...201020390334
molecular characterisation and nucleotide sequence analysis of canine parvovirus strains in vaccines in india.canine parvovirus 2 (cpv-2) is one of the most important viruses that causes haemorrhagic gastroenteritis and myocarditis of dogs worldwide. the picture has been complicated further due to the emergence of new mutants of cpv, namely: cpv-2a, cpv-2b and cpv-2c. in this study, the molecular characterisation of strains present in the cpv vaccines available on the indian market was performed using polymerase chain reaction and dna sequencing. the vp1/vp2 genes of two vaccine strains and a field stra ...201020391369
occurrence of canine parvovirus type 2c in the dogs with haemorrhagic enteritis in india.canine parvovirus 2 (cpv-2) causes a highly contagious and often fatal disease in dogs. since its sudden emergence in the early 1970s, cpv-2 has been evolving through the generation of novel genetic and antigenic variants (cpv-2a/b/c) that are unevenly distributed throughout the world. in the present study we have examined 36 clinical cases of dogs suspected of cpv collected during year 2006. a fragment of the vp2 gene of the virus was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (pcr), restriction ...201019552931
serosurvey of selected viruses in captive giant pandas (ailuropoda melanoleuca) in china.serum samples from 92 giant pandas in three captive facilities were tested for antibodies against five viruses of carnivores. antibody titers against canine distemper virus (cdv) in two facilities in which giant pandas were vaccinated were variable. the canine adenovirus (cav-1) and canine parvovirus (cpv) titers in vaccinated group were both positive, but titers were not high and varied among individual except one vaccinated panda had extremely high cav-1 titer, indicating infection with the fi ...201019913371
detection of canine parvovirus type 2c by a commercially available in-house rapid test.diagnosis of canine parvovirus (cpv) infection is usually carried out by means of rapid immunochromatographic assays, but the ability of these tests to detect all cpv variants, including the recently identified cpv-2c, is still debated. to determine if the assays detect the different cpv variants, 201 cpv pcr-positive faecal samples or rectal swabs were tested using a commercially available in-house test. specimens (cpv-2a, n=51; cpv-2b, n=50; cpv-2c, n=100), containing cpv dna loads >10(5) dna ...201019410488
stable production of peptide antigens in transgenic tobacco chloroplasts by fusion to the p53 tetramerisation domain.the production of short peptides as single molecules in recombinant systems is often limited by the low stability of the foreign peptide. in the plant expression system this problem has been solved by translational fusions to recombinant proteins that are highly stable or are able to form complex structures. previously, we demonstrated that the highly immunogenic 21 amino acid peptide 2l21, which is derived from the canine parvovirus (cpv) vp2 protein, did not accumulate in transgenic tobacco ch ...201019953346
leukoencephalopathy associated with parvovirus infection in cretan hound puppies.leukoencephalopathies in dogs encompass presumably inherited conditions such as leukodystrophies, hypomyelination or spongiform degeneration, but other causes, such as virus infections and toxic or nutritional factors, might also play a contributory role. in this report, we provide evidence of parvovirus infection and replication in the brains of five 6-week-old cretan hound puppies suffering from a puppy shaker syndrome and leukoencephalopathy. although these puppies belonged to two different l ...201020592142
development of a sybr green based real-time pcr assay for detection and quantitation of canine parvovirus in faecal samples.the present study describes the development of sybr green based real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time pcr) for detection and quantitation of canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv 2) in faecal samples of dogs. in this assay, the primers were designed and custom-synthesized based on nucleotide sequence of vp2 gene of cpv 2. a standard curve was plotted using 10-fold serial dilution of standard plasmid dna and ct value. the standard curve was found to be linear over a 10(-7) dilution. the real-tim ...201020599563
prognostic value of serum acute-phase proteins in dogs with parvoviral enteritis.to evaluate the acute-phase protein response in dogs with parvoviral enteritis as predictor of the clinical outcome.201020630018
hematologic improvement in dogs with parvovirus infection treated with recombinant canine granulocyte-colony stimulating factor.previously, dogs with canine parvovirus-induced neutropenia have not responded to treatment with recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (rhg-csf). however, recombinant canine g-csf (rcg-csf) has not been previously evaluated for treatment of parvovirus-induced neutropenia in dogs. we assessed the effectiveness of rcg-csf in dogs with parvovirus-induced neutropenia with a prospective, open-label, nonrandomized clinical trial. endpoints of our study were time to recovery of wbc an ...201020646196
development and validation of a real-time pcr assay for specific and sensitive detection of canid herpesvirus 1.a taqman-based real-time pcr assay targeting the glycoprotein b-encoding gene was developed for diagnosis of canid herpesvirus 1 (chv-1) infection. the established assay was highly specific, since no cross-reactions were observed with other canine dna viruses, including canine parvovirus type 2, canine minute virus, or canine adenovirus types 1 and 2. the detection limit was 10(1) and 1.20 x 10(1) dna copies per 10 microl(-1) of template for standard dna and a chv-1-positive kidney sample, respe ...201020674611
molecular characterization of genome segments 1 and 3 encoding two capsid proteins of antheraea mylitta cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus.antheraea mylitta cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (amcpv), a cypovirus of reoviridae family, infects indian non-mulberry silkworm, antheraea mylitta, and contains 11 segmented double stranded rna (s1-s11) in its genome. some of its genome segments (s2 and s6-s11) have been previously characterized but genome segments encoding viral capsid have not been characterized.201020684765
fatal canine distemper infection in a pack of african wild dogs in the serengeti ecosystem, tanzania.in 2007, disease related mortality occurred in one african wild dog (lycaon pictus) pack close to the north-eastern boundary of the serengeti national park, tanzania. histopathological examination of tissues from six animals revealed that the main pathologic changes comprised interstitial pneumonia and suppurative to necrotizing bronchopneumonia. respiratory epithelial cells contained numerous eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies and multiple syncytial cells were found throughout the p ...201020684868
pathogen dynamics and morbidity of striped skunks in the absence of rabies.parasites have the potential to influence the population dynamics of mammalian hosts, either as a single devastating pathogen or as a community effect. striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) are typically host to rabies, which often regulates population numbers. we assessed micro- and macroparasite dynamics in striped skunk populations in the absence of rabies, to determine if a single pathogen, or community, was responsible for a majority of skunk deaths. we monitored mortality due to pathogens, an ...201020688627
effectiveness of rapid diagnostic tests to assess pathogens of fishers (martes pennanti) and gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus).wildlife managers often need to assess the current health status of wildlife communities before implementation of management actions involving surveillance, reintroductions, or translocations. we estimated the sensitivity and specificity of a commercially available domestic canine rapid diagnostic antigen test for canine parvovirus and a rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies toward anaplasma phagocytophilum on populations of fishers (martes pennanti) and sympatr ...201020688707
epidemiology of canine parvovirus and coronavirus in dogs presented with severe diarrhoea to pdsa petaid hospitals.canine parvovirus (cpv) and canine enteric coronavirus (cecov) are often cited as causes of diarrhoea in dogs. this study aimed to determine the prevalence of cpv and cecov in dogs presenting with severe diarrhoea to pdsa petaid hospitals throughout the uk. a total of 355 samples were collected from the pdsa between 2006 and 2008. all samples were tested for cpv using a long range pcr and for cecov using rt-pcr. the prevalence of cpv was 58 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval [ci] 52 to 63 ...201020693502
isolation, molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of canine parvovirus.canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2) causes acute haemorrhagic enteritis in dogs. canine parvovirus is prone to genetic evolution and has undergone several mutations that produced different strains like cpv-2a, cpv-2b, new cpv-2a, new cpv-2b and cpv-2c in the past three decades. mutations affecting the vp2 gene of cpv have been responsible for evolution of different antigenic variants. sequence analysis of vp2 gene of the virus and subsequent characterization is important for molecular epidemiology. ...201020723622
structural evidence of glycoprotein assembly in cellular membrane compartments prior to alphavirus budding.membrane glycoproteins of alphavirus play a critical role in the assembly and budding of progeny virions. however, knowledge regarding transport of viral glycoproteins to the plasma membrane is obscure. in this study, we investigated the role of cytopathic vacuole type ii (cpv-ii) through in situ electron tomography of alphavirus-infected cells. the results revealed that cpv-ii contains viral glycoproteins arranged in helical tubular arrays resembling the basic organization of glycoprotein trime ...201020739526
characterization of canine parvovirus 2 variants circulating in greece.the aim of the present study was to characterize canine parvovirus 2 (cpv-2) variants currently circulating in greece. between march 2008 and march 2009, 167 fecal samples were collected from diarrheic dogs from different regions of greece. canine parvovirus 2 was detected by standard polymerase chain reaction, whereas minor groove binder probe assays were used to distinguish genetic variants and discriminate between vaccine and field strains. of 84 cpv-2-positive samples, 81 cpv-2a, 1 cpv-2b, a ...201020807931
achieving high mass-throughput of therapeutic proteins through parvovirus retentive filters.parvovirus retentive filters that assure removal of viruses and virus-like particles during the production of therapeutic proteins significantly contribute to total manufacturing costs. operational approaches that can increase throughput and reduce filtration area would result in a significant cost savings. a combination of methods was used to achieve high throughputs of an antibody or therapeutic protein solution through three parvovirus retentive filters. these methods included evaluation of d ...201020859931
protection of sheep against rift valley fever virus and sheep poxvirus with a recombinant capripoxvirus vaccine.rift valley fever (rvf) is an epizootic viral disease of sheep that can be transmitted from sheep to humans, particularly by contact with aborted fetuses. a capripoxvirus (cpv) recombinant virus (rks1/rvfv) was developed, which expressed the rift valley fever virus (rvfv) gn and gc glycoproteins. these expressed glycoproteins had the correct size and reacted with monoclonal antibodies (mab) to native glycoproteins. mice vaccinated with rks1/rvfv were protected against rvfv challenge. sheep vacci ...201020876822
canine parvovirus.since its emergence in 1978, canine parvoviral enteritis has remained a common and important cause of morbidity and mortality in young dogs. the continued incidence of parvoviral enteritis is partly due to the virus's capability to "reinvent" itself and evolve into new, more virulent and resistant subspecies. this article reviews current knowledge about the virus, its epidemiology, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, management, and prevention.201020933134
identifying genetic markers of adaptation for surveillance of viral host jumps.adaptation is often thought to affect the likelihood that a virus will be able to successfully emerge in a new host species. if so, surveillance for genetic markers of adaptation could help to predict the risk of disease emergence. however, adaptation is difficult to distinguish conclusively from the other processes that generate genetic change. in this review we survey the research on the host jumps of influenza a, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus, canine parvovirus and venezuelan ...201020938453
discovery and characterization of mammalian endogenous parvoviruses.public databases of nucleotide sequences contain exponentially increasing amounts of sequence data from mammalian genomes. through the use of large-scale bioinformatic screening for sequences homologous to exogenous mammalian viruses, we found several sequences related to human and animal parvoviruses (pvs) in the parvovirus and dependovirus genera within genomes of several mammals, including rats, wallabies, opossums, guinea pigs, hedgehogs, african elephants, and european rabbits. however, phy ...201020943964
mechanisms of cell death in canine parvovirus-infected cells provide intuitive insights to developing nanotools for medicine.viruses have great potential as nanotools in medicine for gene transfer, targeted gene delivery, and oncolytic cancer virotherapy. here we have studied cell death mechanisms of canine parvovirus (cpv) to increase the knowledge on the cpv life cycle in order to facilitate the development of better parvovirus vectors. morphological studies of cpv-infected norden laboratory feline kidney (nlfk) cells and canine fibroma cells (a72) displayed characteristic apoptotic events. apoptosis was further con ...201020957163
development of a polyclonal antibody-based ac-elisa and its comparison with pcr for diagnosis of canine parvovirus infection.a polyclonal antibody-based antigen-capture elisa (ac-elisa) has been developed for detection of canine parvovirus (cpv) antigens in faecal samples of dogs. the assay uses rabbit anti-cpv polyclonal antibody as the capture antibody, guinea pig anti-cpv polyclonal antibody as tracing antibody and anti-guinea pig hrpo conjugate as the detection system. the optimum dilution of the capture antibody and the tracing antibody capable of detecting the cpv-2 antigens was found to be 1:1 600 and 1:400, re ...201020960181
detection and genetic characterization of canine parvoviruses and coronaviruses in southern ireland.canine parvovirus (cpv) and canine coronavirus (ccov) are considered the main pathogens responsible for acute gastroenteritis in dogs. from a collection of 250 samples, seven cpv strains and three ccov strains were identified in symptomatic irish dogs. samples were screened for the viruses using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and typed via dna sequence analysis. three cpv strains were characterized as cpv-2a, while four others were characterized as cpv-2b. to date, cpv-2c remains unreported in ...201021107617
efficacy of vaccination at 4 and 6 weeks in the control of canine parvovirus.seroconversion after early vaccination at four weeks against canine parvovirus (cpv) using a high antigen titre vaccine was evaluated in 121 puppies from three breeds of dogs housed in kennels representative of the private practitioner's environment. the trial included 52 german shepherd pups, 25 rottweiler pups and 44 boerboel pups. from each group 11, 4, and 18 puppies acted as control dogs, respectively. depending on the different groups, puppies were vaccinated at 4, 6, 9 and 12 weeks. the e ...201021111542
molecular typing of canine parvovirus variants by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme analysis.canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2) is a pathogen of dogs, which causes acute gastroenteritis and lymphopenia mostly in young pups. this paper reports the incidence of cpv-2 infection in diarrhoeic dogs with an aim to define the involvement of various variants of canine parvovirus circulating in india. cpv-2a, a variant of cpv-2 was differentiated from cpv-2b by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the samples positive for cpv-2b were further analysed by pcr and restriction endonuclease (re) analysis u ...201021117274
escherichia coli and selected veterinary and zoonotic pathogens isolated from environmental sites in companion animal veterinary hospitals in southern ontario.hospital-based infection control in veterinary medicine is emerging and the role of the environment in hospital-acquired infections (hai) in veterinary hospitals is largely unknown. this study was initiated to determine the recovery of escherichia coli and selected veterinary and zoonotic pathogens from the environments of 101 community veterinary hospitals. the proportion of hospitals with positive environmental swabs were: e. coli--92%, clostridium difficile--58%, methicillin-resistant staphyl ...201021119862
a needs-assessment and demographic survey of infection-control and disease awareness in western us animal shelters.a cross-sectional needs-assessment survey was used to characterize animal shelters in a 6-state region in the western us and describe infection-control practices and disease awareness. survey questions focused on shelter demographics, infection-control practices and policies, awareness and concern over infectious and zoonotic diseases, staff and volunteer training relating to infection-control and disease awareness, use of diagnostic tools, and isolation procedures and protocols. fifty percent o ...201021126786
contamination of infectious rd-114 virus in vaccines produced using non-feline cell lines.all domestic cats have a replication-competent endogenous retrovirus, termed rd-114 virus, in their genome and several feline cell lines produce rd-114 viruses. recently, we found that a portion of live attenuated feline and canine vaccines produced using feline cell lines was contaminated with infectious rd-114 viruses. in this study, we expanded our survey and examined canine vaccines produced using 'non-feline' cell lines. consequently, we found two vaccines containing rd-114 viral rna by rev ...201021145255
antibodies to parvovirus, distemper virus and adenovirus conferred to household dogs using commercial combination vaccines containing leptospira bacterin.to examine how the inclusion (+) or exclusion (-) of inactivated leptospira antigens in a vaccine for canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2), canine distemper virus (cdv) and canine adenovirus type 2 (cadv-2) affects antibody titres to cpv-2, cdv and cadv-1 antigens, household dogs were vaccinated with commercially available vaccines from one of three manufacturers. cpv-2, cdv and cadv-1 antibody titres were measured 11 to 13 months later and compared within three different age groups and three differ ...201021262693
diseases and parasites in wolves of the riding mountain national park region, manitoba, canada.we examined wolf (canis lupus) blood and fecal samples from the riding mountain national park (rmnp) region of manitoba, canada. in 601 fecal samples collected during two study periods in rmnp and the duck mountain provincial park and forest (dmppf) we found gastrointestinal helminth eggs from alaria sp. (15.5%), capillaria sp. (1.0%), taeniid tapeworms (30.8%), toxascaris sp. (1.7%), toxocara sp. (0.2%), trichuris sp. (2.2%), and moniezia sp. (0.5%). in addition, we found demodex sp. (0.2%) and ...201121270013
magnetic protein microbead-aided indirect fluoroimmunoassay for the determination of canine virus specific antibodies.rabies, canine distemper, and canine parvovirus are common contagious viral diseases of dogs and many other carnivores, and pose a severe threat to the population dynamics of wild carnivores, as well as endangering carnivore conservation. however, clinical diagnosis of these diseases, especially canine distemper and canine parvovirus, is difficult because of the broad spectrum of symptoms that may be confused with other respiratory and enteric diseases of dogs. the most frequently used and prove ...201121300534
vaccination with canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2) protects against challenge with virulent cpv-2b and cpv-2c.mutations in canine parvovirus (cpv) field isolates have created concerns regarding the ability of vaccines containing cpv-2 to protect against infection with the newly identified antigenic types cpv-2b and cpv-2c. to address this concern, the efficacy of cpv-2 strain nl-35-d currently in use as a commercial vaccine was demonstrated against an oral challenge with cpv-2b and cpv-2c, respectively. clinically healthy specific pathogen free beagle dogs were either vaccinated or treated with water fo ...201121306055
virus inactivation in albumin by a combination of alkali conditions and high temperature.non-enveloped viruses such as hav and b19 are of potential concern in plasma products. in the case of albumin, pasteurisation at 60 °c for 10 h is generally used for virus inactivation. however this procedure is only partially effective against some non-enveloped viruses. using a range of non-enveloped viruses i.e. hav, sv40, cpv, treatment at a high ph of about 9.5 and a temperature of 60 °c for 10 h was found to be effective for virus inactivation. these extreme conditions caused no increase i ...201121333548
development of a real-time reverse-transcription-pcr method for detection of rd114 virus in canine vaccines.it is known that certain feline cell lines, such as the crandell-rees feline kidney cell, produce an rd-114-like virus. as a feline endogenous retrovirus, rd114 virus, exists in the genome of all cats, it can be assumed that contamination with the virus in feline and canine live vaccines manufactured by culturing cells of feline origin occurs. to detect an infectious rd114 virus in vitro, a lacz marker rescue assay has recently been established. in feline and canine live vaccines approved in jap ...201121345697
evolution of canine parvovirus in argentina between years 2003 and 2010: cpv2c has become the predominant variant affecting the domestic dog population.the current frequency of canine parvovirus variants (cpv2a, cpv2b and cpv2c) in the argentine dog population was investigated by pcr amplification of a 583 bp fragment in the vp2 gene. from a total of 79 rectal swab samples that have been submitted to our laboratory since 2008, 55 (69.6%) resulted positive and were further analyzed by direct dna sequencing. fifty positives samples (91%) were characterized as cpv2c variant, which appeared in argentina in the year 2003 and has been the prevalent t ...201121354224
immunomodulatory effect of glucan on specific and nonspecific immunity after vaccination in puppies.the objective of the study was to determine the immunostimulatory effect of ß-(1,3/1,6)-d-glucan in puppies. the effect exerted on the efficacy of vaccination, especially against canine parvovirus and rabies infection, was studied. the application of vaccine and glucan leads to significant increases in the nonspecific immunological parameters (phagocytic ability of leukocytes, blastogenic response of lymphocytes, metabolic and chemotactic activity of polymorphonuclear cells). the level of antibo ...201121354943
genetic complexity and multiple infections with more parvovirus species in naturally infected cats.abstract: parvoviruses of carnivores include three closely related autonomous parvoviruses: canine parvovirus (cpv), feline panleukopenia virus (fpv) and mink enteritis virus (mev). these viruses cause a variety of serious diseases, especially in young patients, since they have a remarkable predilection for replication in rapidly dividing cells. fpv is not the only parvovirus species which infects cats; in addition to mev, the new variants of canine parvovirus, cpv-2a, 2b and 2c have also penetr ...201121366901
pharmacovigilance in veterinary medicine in chile: a pilot study.irag++en, d., urcelay, s., san mart+¡n, b. pharmacovigilance in veterinary medicine in chile: a pilot study. j. vet. pharmacol. therap.34, 108-115. in chile, there is no present government policy to survey and analyse adverse drug reactions (adrs) in the field of veterinary medicine. the intent of this study is to assess, for the first time, adr frequency in treated animals. to this purpose, a 6-month period pilot study based on who recommendations was conducted to monitor adrs in cats and dogs ...201121395600
exposure to infectious agents in dogs in remote coastal british columbia: possible sentinels of diseases in wildlife and humans.ranked among the top threats to conservation worldwide, infectious disease is of particular concern for wild canids because domestic dogs (canis familiaris) may serve as sources and reservoirs of infection. on british columbia's largely undeveloped but rapidly changing central and north coasts, little is known about diseases in wolves (canis lupus) or other wildlife. however, several threats exist for transfer of diseases among unvaccinated dogs and wolves. to gain baseline data on infectious ag ...201121461190
[escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin b subunit enhances the immune response against canine parvovirus vp2 in mice immunized by vp2 dna vaccine].to investigate the effect of escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (lt) b subunit (ltb) gene on canine parvovirus (cpv) vp2 gene vaccine.201121465794
electron tomography reveals polyhedrin binding and existence of both empty and full cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus particles inside infectious polyhedra.previous studies have described the structure of purified cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (cpv) and that of polyhedrin protein. however, how polyhedrin molecules embed cpv particles inside infectious polyhedra is not known. by using electron tomography, we show that cpv particles are occluded within the polyhedrin crystalline lattice with a random spatial distribution and interact with the polyhedrin protein through the a-spike rather than as previously thought through the b-spike. furthermore, b ...201121471233
isolation, tissue distribution and molecular characterization of two recombinant canine coronavirus strains.canine coronavirus (ccov) is an enveloped rna virus, responsible for gastrointestinal infection in dogs. to date, two different ccov genotypes have been recognized, ccov type i and ccov type ii. recently, ccov type ii strains of potential recombinant origin with transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) were detected and characterized as a new subtype (ccov-iib) of canine coronavirus, in order to be differentiated from the "classical" ccov type ii strains (ccov-iia). in the present study, two c ...201121481551
atomic model of cpv reveals the mechanism used by this single-shelled virus to economically carry out functions conserved in multishelled reoviruses.unlike the multishelled viruses in the reoviridae, cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (cpv) is single shelled, yet stable and fully capable of carrying out functions conserved within reoviridae. here, we report a 3.1 å resolution cryo electron microscopy structure of cpv and derive its atomic model, consisting of 60 turret proteins (tps), 120 each of capsid shell proteins (csps) and large protrusion proteins (lpps). two unique segments of csp contribute to cpv's stability: an inserted protrusion dom ...201121565700
molecular epidemiology and phylogeny reveals complex spatial dynamics of endemic canine parvovirus.canine parvovirus 2 (cpv-2) is a severe enteric pathogen of dogs, causing high mortality in unvaccinated dogs. after emerging, cpv-2 spread rapidly worldwide. however, there is now some evidence to suggest that international transmission appears to be more restricted. in order to investigate the transmission and evolution of cpv-2 both nationally and in relation to the global situation, we have used a long range pcr to amplify and sequence the full vp2 gene of 150 canine parvoviruses obtained fr ...201121593180
tibrogargan and coastal plains rhabdoviruses: genomic characterisation, evolution of novel genes and seroprevalence in australian livestock.tibrogargan virus (tibv) and coastal plains virus (cpv) were isolated from cattle in australia and tibv has also been isolated from the biting midge culicoides brevitarsis. complete genomic sequencing revealed that the viruses share a novel genome structure within the rhabdoviridae, each containing two additional putative genes between the m and g genes and one between the g and l genes. the predicted novel protein products are highly diverged at the sequence level but demonstrate significant co ...201121593274
cyclopropavir inhibits the normal function of the human cytomegalovirus ul97 kinase.cyclopropavir (cpv) is active against human cytomegalovirus (cmv) as well as both variants of human herpes virus 6 and human herpesvirus 8. the mechanism of action of cpv against cmv is similar to that of ganciclovir (gcv) in that it is phosphorylated initially by the cmv ul97 kinase resulting in inhibition of viral dna synthesis. resistance to cpv maps to the ul97 kinase, but is associated primarily with h520q mutations and thus retains good antiviral activity against most gcv-resistant isolate ...201121788463
recombinant canine parvovirus-like particles express foreign epitopes in silkworm pupae.the capsid structural protein vp2 of canine parvovirus (cpv) can self-assemble into highly organized virus-like particles (vlps) and retain major immunoreactivity. in this study, different recombinant baculoviruses that expressed varying fusion proteins of the cpv vp2 protein with the t cell determinant and/or the linear virus-neutralizing epitope of rabies virus (rv) were generated. infection with these baculoviruses changed bmn cell morphology and inhibited their proliferation as well as damag ...201121782359
peptide nucleic acid-based (pna) array for the antigenic discrimination of canine parvovirus.a novel peptide nucleic acid (pna)-based array was developed for use in ante-mortem antigenic typing discrimination in dogs with canine parvovirus (cpv). cyclic benzothiazole-2-sulfonyl pna monomers were synthesized that recognized gta (cpv-2) and tat (cpv-2a, -2b and -2c) at the nt 913-915 positions, and aat (cpv-2 and cpv-2a), gat (cpv-2b), and gaa (cpv-2c) at the nt 1276-1278 positions of the vp2 gene. the detection limits for aa 305 and aa 426 of the vp2 proteins belonging to the four cpv an ...201121764414
the role of evolutionary intermediates in the host adaptation of canine parvovirus.the adaptation of viruses to new hosts is a poorly understood process likely involving a variety of viral structures and functions that allow efficient replication and spread. canine parvovirus (cpv) emerged in the late 1970s as a host-range variant of a virus related to feline panleukopenia virus (fpv). within a few years of its emergence in dogs, there was a worldwide replacement of the initial virus strain (cpv type 2) by a variant (cpv type 2a) characterized by four amino acid differences in ...201122114336
Canine parvovirus-2b-associated erythema multiforme in a litter of English Setter dogs.Erythema multiforme (EM) was diagnosed in a litter of English Setter puppies. The puppies developed erythematous cutaneous lesions at the age of 2 weeks. Microscopically, there was individual keratinocyte apoptosis associated with lymphocyte exocytosis in all layers of the epidermis. Intranuclear viral inclusions were seen in multiple tissues and organs. Tissues from the tongue, lymph node, spleen, skin, and small intestine were positive for Canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) and negative for Canine di ...201121908294
presence of infectious rd-114 virus in a proportion of canine parvovirus isolates.we recently found that certain canine live attenuated vaccines produced using 'non-feline' cell lines were contaminated with an infectious feline endogenous retrovirus, termed rd-114 virus. we suspected that rd-114 virus may have contaminated the seed stock of canine parvovirus (cpv) during the production of the contaminated vaccines. in this study, we collected stock viruses of cpvs propagated in a feline cell line, and checked the presence of infectious rd-114 virus. consequently, we found tha ...201121997239
immune responses to raav6: the influence of canine parvovirus vaccination and neonatal administration of viral vector.recombinant adeno-associated viral (raav) vectors promote long-term gene transfer in many animal species. significant effort has focused on the evaluation of raav delivery and the immune response in both murine and canine models of neuromuscular disease. however, canines provided for research purposes are routinely vaccinated against canine parvovirus (cpv). raav and cpv possess significant homology and are both parvoviruses. thus, any immune response generated to cpv vaccination has the potenti ...201122065964
bioactive isoquinoline alkaloids from corydalis saxicola.twelve isoquinoline alkaloids including two new nitro-containing tetrahydroprotoberberines, (-)-2,9-dihydroxyl-3,11-dimethoxy-1,10-dinitrotetrahydroprotoberberine ( 1) and (+)-4-nitroisoapocavidine ( 2), were isolated from the whole plant of corydalis saxicola bunting. the structures of the new compounds were established by spectroscopic analysis and chemical evidence. the inhibitory activity of these isolates against cholinesterase and canine parvovirus were evaluated. compounds 1 and 1a, (+ ...201121858757
characterization and in vitro expression of non-structural 1 protein of canine parvovirus (cpv-2) in mammalian cell line.parvoviruses are small, 260-a-diameter, icosahedral, non-enveloped, single-stranded dna viruses with a genome of approximately 5 kb. non structural protein, (ns-1) is especially relevant, being both essential for virus replication and the main factor responsible for virus pathogenicity and cytotoxicity. this protein has also been reported to possess the property of killing of transformed cells. the present study was carried out to clone, characterize and express the ns-1 gene of canine parvoviru ...201121941937
characterization of the partial vp2 gene region of canine parvoviruses in domestic cats from turkey.canine parvoviruses (cpvs) is a category comprising three closely related viruses, cpv, feline panleukopenia virus (fplv), and mink enteritis virus, all of which cause serious diseases, especially in young cats. in this study, molecular detection and genetic analysis of a partial vp2 gene region of cpvs from domestic cats living in turkey between 2006 and 2010 was performed by pcr amplification and sequence analysis. the results indicated that cpv-2a, cpv-2c, and fplv were circulating in vaccina ...201122207487
canine parvovirus type 2c infection in a kitten associated with intracranial abscess and convulsions.a case of canine parvovirus type 2c (cpv-2c) infection in a 3-month-old feral kitten with a cerebral abscess and neurological disease is reported. the cat displayed ataxia and convulsions together with signs of gastroenteritis and profound alteration of the total and differential white blood cell counts. a parvovirus strain was detected by a taqman assay in the blood and faeces of the affected kitten, which was characterised as cpv by means of molecular assays but did not react with any of the c ...201121208817
canine parvovirus epidemiology in bulgaria.canine parvovirus 2 (cpv-2) emerged in 1978 as one of the most pathogenic etiologic agents in dogs. under the influence of evolution, the original cpv-2 was replaced, a few years later, by 2 variants, cpv-2a and cpv-2b. in 2000, a new variant, cpv-2c, was detected first in italy and later in other countries. the current study was conducted to provide data about the cpv types circulating in bulgaria. forty-two fecal samples from dogs with clinical signs of parvovirosis, collected between june 200 ...201121217049
atomic model of a cypovirus built from cryo-em structure provides insight into the mechanism of mrna capping.the cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (cpv) from the family reoviridae belongs to a subgroup of "turreted" reoviruses, in which the mrna capping activity occurs in a pentameric turret. we report a full atomic model of cpv built from a 3d density map obtained using cryoelectron microscopy. the image data for the 3d reconstruction were acquired exclusively from a ccd camera. our structure shows that the enzymatic domains of the pentameric turret of cpv are topologically conserved and that there are f ...201121220303
generation and validation of canine single chain variable fragment phage display libraries.single chain variable region fragments (scfvs) are composed of an immunoglobulin (ig) variable heavy (vh) and variable light (vl) chain joined by a flexible serine-glycine linker. they represent the smallest antibody fragments that maintain antigen specificity and they hold significant potential for therapeutic antigen targeting in vivo. here we report on the design and validation of a series of degenerate primers that amplify the recombined variable regions of canine ig heavy and light chain ge ...201120817275
monitoring of canine parvovirus (cpv) strains detected in vaccinated puppies in brazil.the objective of this study was to investigate, by partial sequencing of vp2 protein, the variability of cpv detected in 37 fecal samples collected from vaccinated puppies with enteritis. laboratorial diagnosis of cpv was confirmed by ha/hi and pcr and, for sequencing analyses, two different regions of the vp2 gene were amplified by pcr. from 1995 to 2004, all strains were characterized as cpv-2a. after that, both cpv-2a and cpv-2b were detected. all cpv-2a showed a non-synonymous mutation in th ...201120609453
recent spreading of a divergent canine parvovirus type 2a (cpv-2a) strain in a cpv-2c homogenous population.canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2), which causes acute hemorrhagic enteritis in dogs, is comprised of three antigenic variants (2a, 2b, and 2c) that are distributed worldwide with different frequencies. variant prevalence was analyzed in 150 cpv-2-positive samples collected from the uruguayan dog population in 2007-2010. samples were analyzed with polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment length polymorphism, and sequencing of the coding region for the largest and most variable loop of the v ...201122014372
study of canine parvovirus evolution: comparative analysis of full-length vp2 gene sequences from argentina and international field strains.the continuous emergence of new strains of canine parvovirus (cpv), poorly protected by current vaccination, is a concern among breeders, veterinarians, and dog owners around the world. therefore, the understanding of the genetic variation in emerging cpv strains is crucial for the design of disease control strategies, including vaccines. in this paper, we obtained the sequences of the full-length gene encoding for the main capsid protein (vp2) of 11 canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2) argentine re ...201121858463
characterization of parvoviruses from domestic cats in brazil.to characterize feline parvovirus (fpv) circulating in domestic cats in brazil, 51 fecal samples from unvaccinated domestic cats were collected during 2004-2005. six parvoviruses were characterized by hemagglutination (ha) assay at different ph values and temperatures and by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using different pairs of primers. however, data obtained from ha and pcr did not allow the discrimination between fpv and canine parvovirus (cpv). two regions of the vp2 capsid gene (1,171-bp ...201121908353
a case of a canine pigmented plaque associated with the presence of a chi-papillomavirus.the seven fully described canine papillomaviruses (cpvs) have been allocated by sequence comparison and other genetic features into three phylogenetic clades. this largely reflects clinical findings, so each sequence of a newly discovered cpv in combination with clinical and pathological details is a valuable piece of evidence. we hypothesize that the genomic sequence of a new cpv can help to predict clinical features and progression, and that this can be tested in subsequent cases. in this case ...201121883544
Validation of model virus removal and inactivation capacity of an erythropoietin purification process.Human erythropoietin (hEpo) production requires mammalian cells able to make complex post-translational modifications to guaranty its biological activity. As mammalian cell can be reservoir of pathogenic viruses and several animal origin components are usually used in the cultivation of mammalian cells, hEpo contamination with viruses is something of great concern. As consequence, this study investigated the viral removal and inactivation capacity of a recombinant-hEpo (rec-hEpo) purification pr ...201121982851
An oral Sindbis virus replicon-based DNA vaccine containing VP2 gene of canine parvovirus delivered by Escherichia coli elicits immune responses in dogs.A Sindbis virus replicon-based DNA vaccine containing VP2 gene of canine parvovirus (CPV) was delivered by Escherichia coli to elicit immune responses. The orally immunized dogs developed CPV-specific serum IgG and virus neutralizing antibody responses. The cellular immune responses analyzed using lymphocyte proliferation test and flow cytometry indicated CPV-specific sensitization of both CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ lymphocytes. This study demonstrated that the oral CPV DNA vaccine delivered by E. co ...201122149493
[Origin and evolution of canine parvovirus--a review].Canine parvovirus (CPV-2), first recognized in 1978 as a new pathogen of dogs, was probably derived from a very closely related virus in cats, feline panleukopaenia virus (FPLV) or a closely related carnivore parvovirus (FPLV-like virus). CPV-2 is responsible for either myocarditis or fatal gastroenteritis in pups with high morbidity and mortality. Shortly after its emergence, CPV-2 has become endemic in the global dog population. The original CPV-2 continued to evolve, and was subsequently repl ...201122043787
canine parvovirus in asymptomatic feline carriers.canine parvovirus (cpv) and feline panleukopaenia virus (fplv) are two closely related viruses, which are known to cause severe disease in younger unvaccinated animals. as well as causing disease in their respective hosts, cpv has recently acquired the feline host range, allowing it to infect both cats and dogs. as well as causing disease in dogs, there is evidence that under some circumstances cpv may also cause disease in cats. this study has investigated the prevalence of parvoviruses in the ...201122257775
canine parvovirus-a review of epidemiological and diagnostic aspects, with emphasis on type 2c.canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2) emerged in late 1970s causing severe epizootics in kennels and dog shelters worldwide. soon after its emergence, cpv-2 underwent genetic evolution giving rise consecutively to two antigenic variants, cpv-2a and cpv-2b that replaced progressively the original type. in 2000, a new antigenic variant, cpv-2c, was detected in italy and rapidly spread to several countries. in comparison to the original type cpv-2, the antigenic variants display increased pathogenicity ...201121962408
Genetic diversity of parvovirus isolates from dogs and wild animals in China.We isolated three new parvovirus variants in China. The isolate from a blue fox was related to feline parvovirus, but possessed a mutation of VP2 residue A300P. Isolates from a raccoon dog and a masked civet were antigenically similar to canine parvovirus-2a but had a substitution of VP2 residue G300S.201122102680
phylogenetic analysis of canine parvovirus cpv-2 strains and its variants isolated in poland.canine parvovirus disease appeared in the world and in europe during the second half of the 1970s. over the course of 40 years the original cpv-2 strains mutated and variants 2a, 2b and 2c appeared. their appearance is connected with specific amino acid changes, mainly in the capsid protein vp2. strains isolated by the authors were adapted for in vitro cell culture. phylogenetic analysis revealed differences between strains isolated in poland in 1982-1985 and in 1995-2009. strains from the 1980s ...201121957731
chronic hepatitis in the english springer spaniel: clinical presentation, histological description and outcome.medical records and liver histology of 68 english springer spaniels (ess) with a histological diagnosis of ch were reviewed retrospectively. pcr was performed on liver tissue for canine adenovirus-1 (cav-1), canine parvovirus, canine herpesvirus and pathogenic leptospira species. follow-up information was obtained to calculate survival times. median age at presentation was three years seven months (range, seven months to eight years five months) and there were 48 female and 20 male dogs. clinica ...201121852307
isolation and typing of canine parvovirus in crfk cell line in puducherry, south india.a total of 128 faecal samples/rectal swabs were collected from dogs showing signs of diarrhea/enteritis in and around puducherry, south india. eighteen clinical samples, showing high ha titre of 1:512 and above and positivity by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with cpv-2ab primers, were subjected to virus isolation in crfk cell line. of the 18 samples processed, 3 samples (16.6%) were positive for cpv and were confirmed by haemagglutination, dot-elisa, and ifat. the three cell culture isolates w ...201123024407
companion animal disease surveillance: a new solution to an old problem?infectious disease surveillance in companion animals has a long history. however, it has mostly taken the form of ad hoc surveys, or has focused on adverse reactions to pharmaceuticals. in 2006 a blue ribbon panel was convened by the u.s. white house office of science and technology policy to discuss the potential utility of a national companion animal health surveillance system. such a system could provide fundamental information about disease occurrence, transmission and risk factors; and coul ...201122748174
antibody titers for canine parvovirus type-2, canine distemper virus, and canine adenovirus type-1 in adult household dogs.serum antibody titers for canine parvovirus type-2 (cpv-2), canine distemper virus (cdv) and canine adenovirus type-1 (cav-1) were investigated in 1031 healthy adult household dogs (2 to 18 years old) given an annual inoculation in the previous 11 to 13 months. the number of dogs retaining significant titers of antibodies against cpv-2, cdv, and cav-1 were 888 (86%), 744 (72%), and 732 (71%), respectively. there were no differences between males and females in antibody titers against the 3 virus ...201122379198
prevalence of positive antibody test results for canine parvovirus (cpv) and canine distemper virus (cdv) and response to modified live vaccination against cpv and cdv in dogs entering animal shelters.canine parvovirus (cpv) and canine distemper virus (cdv) infections are relatively common in animal shelters and are important population management issues since the immune status of incoming dogs is usually unknown. this study aimed to determine the prevalence of positive antibody test results for cpv and cdv in incoming dogs aged ≥ 4 months and to measure antibody response over 2 weeks following vaccination with a modified live vaccine (mlv). dogs aged 4-24 months entering an adoption-guarante ...201122261239
a fast mapping method in the isaf reconstruction algorithm.isaf (icosahedral symmetry-adapted functions) algorithm is the new high-resolution algorithm of icosahedral molecules. but its running speed is very slow because of the time-consuming operations of mapping sampling points into 3d space. in this paper, a fast mapping method is proposed to increase the running speed of this stage. first of all, the angle corresponding to one pixel arc in the maximum fourier ring was taken as the sampling angle and the same angle sampling was applied in every rings ...201122255199
western european epidemiological survey for parvovirus and coronavirus infections in dogs.an epidemiological survey for canine parvovirus (cpv) and canine coronavirus (ccov) infections was conducted in western europe. a total of 156 faecal samples were collected from dogs with diarrhoea in spain (n=47), italy (n=39), france (n=26), germany (n=21), the united kingdom (n=8), belgium (n=10), and the netherlands (n=5). using molecular assays for virus detection and characterisation, cpv and ccov were found to be widespread in european dog populations, either alone or in mixed infections. ...201119932978
detection and genotyping of canine coronavirus rna in diarrheic dogs in japan.to clarify the prevalence of canine coronavirus (ccov) infection in japan, faecal samples from 109 dogs with diarrhoea were examined for ccov rna together with canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2) dna. the detection rates of ccov and cpv-2 for dogs aged less than 1 year were 66.3% and 43.8%, while those for dogs aged 1 year or older were 6.9% and 10.3%, respectively, which were significantly different (p<0.0001 and p=0.0003, respectively), indicating not cpv-2 but ccov is an important diarrhoea-caus ...201120557915
phylogenetic analysis of feline panleukopenia virus (fplv) strains in korean cats.sixteen korean feline panleukopenia virus (fplv) strains were compared with 48 non-korean strains and two vaccine strains to conduct phylogenetic analysis of the fplvs currently circulating among cats in korea. most of the residues that discriminate between fplvs and canine parvoviruses (cpv-2, -2a, -2b, and -2c), including 80-lys, 93-lys, 103-val, 323-asp, 564-asn, and 568-ala, were conserved in the korean flpvs; however, exceptions were observed in two strains, namely k50/08 (80-gln) and v142 ...201120627272
exposure to selected pathogens in to selected pathogens in geoffroy's cats and domestic carnivores from central argentina.wild carnivores share a high percentage of parasites and viruses with closely related domestic carnivores. because of increased overlap and potential contact with domestic species, we conducted a retrospective serosurvey for 11 common carnivore pathogens in 40 geoffroy's cats (leopardus geoffroyi) sampled between 2000 and 2008 within or near two protected areas in central argentina (lihué calel national park, la pampa, and campos del tuyú national park, buenos aires), as well as five domestic ca ...201223060491
pathogens of wild maned wolves (chrysocyon brachyurus) in brazil.the maned wolf, chrysocyon brachyurus, is an endangered neotropical canid that survives at low population densities. diseases are a potential threat for its conservation but to date have been poorly studied. we performed clinical evaluations and investigated the presence of infectious diseases through serology and coprologic tests on maned wolves from galheiro natural private reserve, perdizes city, minas gerais state, southeastern brazil. fifteen wolves were captured between 2003 and 2008. we f ...201223060508
enteropathogens identified in dogs entering a florida animal shelter with normal feces or diarrhea.to determine the frequency of enteropathogens in dogs entering an animal shelter with normal feces or diarrhea.201222812470
validation of a fecal scoring scale in puppies during the weaning period.in puppies weaning is a high risk period. fecal changes are frequent and can be signs of infection by digestive pathogens (bacteria, viruses, parasites) and indicators of nutritional and environmental stress. the aim of this study was to define a pathological fecal score for weaning puppies, and to study the impact on that score of two intestinal viruses (canine parvovirus type 2 and canine coronavirus). for this, the quality of stools was evaluated on 154 puppies between 4 and 8 weeks of age (1 ...201222520179
fatal outbreaks in dogs associated with pantropic canine coronavirus in france and belgium.infection with pantropic canine coronavirus was detected during outbreaks in france and belgium. this was concurrent in most cases with canine parvovirus 2c. one outbreak was a deadly acute systemic disease with a single pantropic canine coronavirus infection. this is the first report of a fatality associated with pantropic canine coronavirus alone outside italy.201222320357
duration of serological response to canine parvovirus-type 2, canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus type 1 and canine parainfluenza virus in client-owned dogs in australia.to determine whether client-owned dogs in australia, last vaccinated with canvac(®) vaccines containing canine parvovirus-type 2 (cpv-2), canine distemper virus (cdv), canine adenovirus type 2 (cav-2) ± canine parainfluenza virus (cpiv) at least 18 months ago, were seropositive or responded serologically to revaccination.201223186088
booster effect of canine distemper, canine parvovirus infection and infectious canine hepatitis combination vaccine in domesticated adult dogs.domesticated adult dogs with antibody titer classified as below 'high' to one or more of canine distemper virus (cdv), canine parvovirus type-2 (cpv-2) and canine adenovirus type-1 (cadv-1) were then given an additional inoculation, and the effectiveness of this booster evaluated 2 months later. consequently, cdv and cadv-1 antibody titer experienced a significant increase, but the same effect was not observed in the antibody titer of cpv-2. these findings suggest that with additional inoculatio ...201222672137
comparison of two assays for detection of antibodies against canine parvovirus and canine distemper virus in dogs admitted to a florida animal shelter.to compare 2 assays for use in the identification of dogs with a protective antibody titer (pat) against canine parvovirus (cpv) and canine distemper virus (cdv).201222515628
accuracy of a point-of-care elisa test kit for predicting the presence of protective canine parvovirus and canine distemper virus antibody concentrations in dogs.canine parvovirus (cpv) and canine distemper virus (cdv) are highly infectious and often fatal diseases with worldwide distributions, and are important population management considerations in animal shelters. a point-of-care elisa test kit is available to detect serum antibodies to cpv and cdv, and presumptively to predict protective status. the aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the test compared to cpv hemagglutination inhibition titers and cdv serum neutralization t ...201222381707
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