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[tick (ixodoidea) and flea (siphonaptera) species on three red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in erzurum province].in this study, three red foxes (vulpes vulpes) which died after traffic accidents were examined in terms of ectoparasites, in the province of erzurum in january of 2009. 13 ticks and 74 fleas were collected from the foxes and taken to the laboratory in separate glasses containing 70% alcohol. ticks were taken directly from 70% alcohol and have been identified under the stereo microscope. fleas were cleared in 10% koh solution during 4-13 days and washed in distilled water 3-4 times and were iden ...201121776598
occurrence of cryptosporidium spp. in red foxes and brown bear in the slovak republic.wild animals can be involved in epidemiology of many important diseases and often act as reservoirs of pathogens which cause disease in domestic animals and humans. this paper aims the role of red fox (vulpes vulpes) and brown bear (ursus arctos) in the circulation of coccidian parasites from the genus cryptosporidium. cryptosporidiosis is known as an important enteric pathogen, clinical symptoms in particular in immune-compromised individuals range from mild to severe diarrhoea and dehydration, ...201121744018
clonal lineages, antibiotic resistance and virulence factors in vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolated from fecal samples of red foxes (vulpes vulpes).fourteen vana-containing enterococcal isolates were detected in seven of 52 fecal samples (13.5%) from free-ranging red foxes in portugal. nine of the vana-containing isolates were enterococcus faecium and five were e. durans. both sequence types, st262 and st273, were identified among e. faecium isolates.201121719850
molecular survey of anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia canis in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from central italy.during the 2007-2008 hunting season, 150 spleen samples were collected from free-ranging red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in central italy. the specimens were tested by two nested pcr assays to detect dna of anaplasma phagocytophilum, etiologic agent of granulocytic ehrlichiosis of animals and humans, and dna of ehrlichia canis, which causes the monocytic ehrlichiosis in canids. none of the foxes were pcr-positive for e. canis; 25 (16.6%) were positive for a. phagocytophilum. no specific gross alterati ...201121719836
mortality factors and diseases in free-ranging eurasian cranes (grus grus) in germany.detailed postmortem examinations were performed on 167 free-ranging eurasian cranes (grus grus) from germany, collected between september 1998 and december 2008 to evaluate causes of death and diseases. the most common causes of mortality were traumatic injuries (n=105, 62.9%) from collisions with power lines (n=39, 23.4%) and wire fences (n=12, 7.2%). a group of 28 eurasian cranes (16.8%) died from organophosphate intoxication. predation by white-tailed sea eagles (haliaeetus albicilla) and red ...201121719827
Rickettsiae in arthropods collected from red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in France.The aim of our study was to detect the presence of Rickettsia spp. and Bartonella spp. in ticks and fleas collected from red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in southeastern France during 2008. Using a genus-specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay, which was followed by a species-specific qPCR assay for the positive samples, 45.2% (33/73) of ticks (Rhipicephalus turanicus) were found to be infected with Rickettsia massiliae. 10.5% (2/19) of the fleas (Archaeopsylla erinacei) collected in the study tested po ...201122118782
Genetic characterization of flea-derived Bartonella species from native animals in Australia suggests host-parasite co-evolution.Fleas are important arthropod vectors for a variety of diseases in veterinary and human medicine, and bacteria belonging to the genus Bartonella are among the organisms most commonly transmitted by these ectoparasites. Recently, a number of novel Bartonella species and novel species candidates have been reported in marsupial fleas in Australia. In the present study the genetic diversity of marsupial fleas was investigated; 10 species of fleas were collected from seven different marsupial and pla ...201121856444
serological evidence of coxiella burnetii exposure in native marsupials and introduced animals in queensland, australia.summarythe state of queensland has the highest incidence of q fever in australia. in recent years, there has been an increase in human cases where no contacts with the typical reservoir animals or occupations were reported. the aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of coxiella burnetii in australian native animals and introduced animals in northern and southeastern queensland. australian native marsupials sampled included the brushtail possum (trichosurus vulpecula) and common no ...201121892986
Anchoring the dog to its relatives reveals new evolutionary breakpoints across 11 species of the Canidae and provides new clues for the role of B chromosomes.The emergence of genome-integrated molecular cytogenetic resources allows for comprehensive comparative analysis of gross karyotype architecture across related species. The identification of evolutionarily conserved chromosome segment (ECCS) boundaries provides deeper insight into the process of chromosome evolution associated with speciation. We evaluated the genome-wide distribution and relative orientation of ECCSs in three wild canid species with diverse karyotypes (red fox, Chinese raccoon ...201121947954
two candidate genes (fto and insig2) for fat accumulation in four canids: chromosome mapping, gene polymorphisms and association studies of body and skin weight of red foxes.fat accumulation is a polygenic trait which has a significant impact on human health and animal production. obesity is also an increasingly serious problem in dog breeding. the fto and insig2 are considered as candidate genes associated with predisposition for human obesity. in this report we present a comparative genomic analysis of these 2 genes in 4 species belonging to the family canidae - the dog and 3 species which are kept in captivity for fur production, i.e. red fox, arctic fox and chin ...201121846970
comparing adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mammalian species and orders: influence of chronological age and life history stage.adult hippocampal neurogenesis is a prominent event in rodents. in species with longer life expectancies, newly born cells in the adult dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation are less abundant or can be completely absent. several lines of evidence indicate that the regulatory mechanisms of adult neurogenesis differ between short- and long-lived mammals. after a critical appraisal of the factors and problems associated with comparing different species, we provide a quantitative comparison der ...201121929629
[human echinococcosis in poland in 2003-2010 according to the serological tests results of niph-nih].in 2003-2010 5483 persons suspected of echinococcosis were examined for echinococcus granulosus and echinococcus multilocularis infections using serological tests in the department of medical parasitology national institute of public health - national institute of hygiene. the screening test elisa (bordier affinity products s. a.), confirmation tests western-blot (ldbio diagnostics, lyon-france) and elisa em2 plus (bordier affinity products s.a) were applied. within 235 persons posistive for in ...201122184948
population and behavioural responses of native prey to alien predation.the introduction of invasive alien predators often has catastrophic effects on populations of naïve native prey, but in situations where prey survive the initial impact a predator may act as a strong selective agent for prey that can discriminate and avoid it. using two common species of australian small mammals that have persisted in the presence of an alien predator, the european red fox vulpes vulpes, for over a century, we hypothesised that populations of both would perform better where the ...201122042524
toxoplasma gondii in foxes and rodents from the german federal states of brandenburg and saxony-anhalt: seroprevalence and genotypes.data on the genotypes of toxoplasma gondii circulating in wildlife are scarce. in the present study, foxes and rodents from two federal states in central or eastern germany were examined for t. gondii infections. body fluids were collected at necropsy or fluids were obtained from frozen tissues of naturally exposed red foxes (vulpes vulpes), voles (microtus arvalis), shrews (neomys anomalus) and a striped field mouse (apodemus agrarius) and tested for t. gondii by serology. dna isolated from tis ...201122105083
new data in france on the trematode alaria alata (goeze, 1792) obtained during trichinella inspections.the trematode alaria alata is a cosmopolite parasite found in red foxes (vulpes vulpes), the main definitive host in europe. in contrast only few data are reported in wild boars (sus scrofa), a paratenic host. the aim of this paper is to describe the importance and distribution of alaria alata mesocercariae in wild boars, information is given by findings of these larvae during trichinella mandatory meat inspection on wild boars' carcasses aimed for human consumption. more than a hundred cases of ...201121894269
zoonotic bartonella species in fleas and blood from red foxes in australia.abstract bartonella are arthropod-borne, fastidious, gram-negative, and aerobic bacilli distributed by fleas, lice, sand flies, and, possibly, ticks. the zoonotic bartonella species, bartonella henselae and bartonella clarridgeiae, which are the causes of cat scratch disease and endocarditis in humans, have been reported from cats, cat fleas, and humans in australia. however, to date, there has been no report of b. henselae or b. clarridgeiae in australian wild animals and their ectoparasites. ...201121919728
predicting the potential demographic impact of predators on their prey: a comparative analysis of two carnivore-ungulate systems in scandinavia.1. understanding the role of predation in shaping the dynamics of animal communities is a fundamental issue in ecological research. nevertheless, the complex nature of predator-prey interactions often prevents researchers from modelling them explicitly. 2. by using periodic leslie-usher matrices and a simulation approach together with parameters obtained from long-term field projects, we reconstructed the underlying mechanisms of predator-prey demographic interactions and compared the dynamics o ...201122077484
A potential novel Brucella species isolated from mandibular lymph nodes of red foxes in Austria.The wild red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is a known indicator species for natural foci of brucellosis. Here, we describe phenotypic and molecular characteristics of two atypical Brucella strains isolated from two foxes hunted 2008 in Eastern Austria. Both strains agglutinated with monospecific anti-Brucella A serum and were positive in ELISA with monoclonal antibodies directed against various Brucella lipopolysaccharide epitopes. However, negative nitrate reductase- and negative oxidase-reaction were at ...201121908110
Helminths of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in Lithuania.SUMMARYRed foxes and raccoon dogs are hosts for a wide range of parasites including important zoonotic helminths. The raccoon dog has recently invaded into Europe from the east. The contribution of this exotic species to the epidemiology of parasitic diseases, particularly parasitic zoonoses is unknown. The helminth fauna and the abundance of helminth infections were determined in 310 carcasses of hunted red foxes and 99 of raccoon dogs ...201121996514
Levels of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in the critically endangered Iberian lynx and other sympatric carnivores in Spain.Accumulation of organochlorine compounds is well studied in aquatic food chains whereas little information is available from terrestrial food chains. This study presents data of organochlorine levels in tissue and plasma samples of 15 critically endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) and other 55 wild carnivores belonging to five species from three natural areas of Spain (Doñana National Park, Sierra Morena and Lozoya River) and explores their relationship with species diet. The Iberian lynx, w ...201122099537
Susceptibility of carnivore hosts to strains of canine distemper virus from distinct genetic lineages.Using the complete haemagglutinin (HA) gene and partial phosphoprotein (P) gene we investigated the genotype of canine distemper virus (CDV) strains recovered from two wildlife species in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated significant differences between the strains from raccoons Procyon lotor (family Procyonidae) obtained in 2007 and strains from red foxes Vulpes vulpes (family Canidae) obtained in 2008. The raccoon strains belonged to the CDV European wildlife ...201122024346
Sequence comparison of prefrontal cortical brain transcriptome from a tame and an aggressive silver fox (Vulpes vulpes).Two strains of the silver fox (Vulpes vulpes), with markedly different behavioral phenotypes, have been developed by long-term selection for behavior. Foxes from the tame strain exhibit friendly behavior towards humans, paralleling the sociability of canine puppies, whereas foxes from the aggressive strain are defensive and exhibit aggression to humans. To understand the genetic differences underlying these behavioral phenotypes fox-specific genomic resources are needed.201121967120
Morphological and molecular characterization and phylogenetic placement of Sarcocystis capreolicanis and Sarcocystis silva n. sp. from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Norway.Sarcocysts were isolated from the muscle tissue of three roe deer from southeastern Norway and examined by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and/or sequencing of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (ssu rRNA) gene. By light microscopy, four sarcocyst types were found, including those of Sarcocystis gracilis and Sarcocystis oviformis, which had been characterized previously. The third cyst type had about 10 µm long, flexible, hair-like surface protrusions, consistent with those of Sarcoc ...201121853224
presence of bartonella species in wild carnivores of northern spain.the genus bartonella was detected by pcr in 5.7% (12/212) of wild carnivores from northern spain. based on hybridization and sequence analyses, bartonella henselae was identified in a wildcat (felis silvestris), bartonella rochalimae in a red fox (vulpes vulpes) and in a wolf (canis lupus), and bartonella sp. in badgers (meles meles).201122138983
detection of echinococcus multilocularis in carnivores in razavi khorasan province, iran using mitochondrial dna.echinococcus multilocularis is the source of alveolar echinococcosis, a potentially fatal zoonotic disease. this investigation assessed the presence of e. multilocularis infection in definitive hosts in the chenaran region of razavi khorasan province, northeastern iran.201122132245
evaluation of selenium status and its distribution in organs of free living foxes (vulpes vulpes) from an se deficient area.the objective of the study was to determine selenium status and its distribution in the organs of free living foxes from selenium deficient areas of north-western poland. samples of organs harvested from 40 foxes shot during the 2008-2009 hunting seasons served as experimental material. selenium concentration in the organs was determined spectrofluorometrically. selenium distribution in tissues depends largely on its dietary content. our study indicated that concentrations of selenium in the exa ...201121957741
mother knows best: dominant females determine offspring dispersal in red foxes (vulpes vulpes).relatedness between group members is central to understanding the causes of animal dispersal. in many group-living mammals this can be complicated as extra-pair copulations result in offspring having varying levels of relatedness to the dominant animals, leading to a potential conflict between male and female dominants over offspring dispersal strategies. to avoid resource competition and inbreeding, dominant males might be expected to evict unrelated males and related females, whereas the rever ...201121799780
modern and ancient red fox (vulpes vulpes) in europe show an unusual lack of geographical and temporal structuring, and differing responses within the carnivores to historical climatic change.despite phylogeographical patterns being well characterised in a large number of species, and generalised patterns emerging, the carnivores do not all appear to show consistent trends. while some species tend to fit with standard theoretical phylogeographic expectations (e.g. bears), others show little obvious modern phylogeographic structure (e.g. wolves). in this study we briefly review these studies, and present a new phylogeographical study of the red fox (vulpes vulpes) throughout europe, u ...201121774815
on the origin of a domesticated species: identifying the parent population of russian silver foxes (vulpes vulpes).the foxes at novosibirsk, russia, are the only population of domesticated foxes in the world. these domesticated foxes originated from farm-bred silver foxes (vulpes vulpes), whose genetic source is unknown. in this study we examined the origin of the domesticated strain of foxes and two other farm-bred fox populations (aggressive and unselected) maintained in novosibirsk. to identify the phylogenetic origin of these populations we sequenced two regions of mtdna, cytochrome b and d-loop, from 24 ...201121625363
does small mammal prey guild affect the exposure of predators to anticoagulant rodenticides?ireland has a restricted small mammal prey guild but still includes species most likely to consume anticoagulant rodenticide (ar) baits. this may enhance secondary exposure of predators to ars. we compared liver ar residues in foxes (vulpes vulpes) in northern ireland (ni) with those in foxes from great britain which has a more diverse prey guild but similar agricultural use of ars. liver ars were detected in 84% of ni foxes, more than in a comparable sample of foxes from scotland and similar to ...201121616571
geographical information systems in the management of the 2009-2010 emergency oral anti-rabies vaccination of foxes in north-eastern italy.emergency oral fox vaccination campaigns, targeting a recent rabies epidemic in wild foxes (vulpes vulpes) in north-eastern italy, were implemented twice, first in the winter of 2009 and then in the spring of 2010. following on an unsuccessful manual bait distribution campaign, vaccine baits were aerially distributed by helicopters using a satellite-navigated, computer-supported, automatic bait drop system. the flight paths were traced with distance of 500-1,000 m from one another to optimise he ...201121590672
animal interactions and the emergence of territoriality.inferring the role of interactions in territorial animals relies upon accurate recordings of the behaviour of neighbouring individuals. such accurate recordings are rarely available from field studies. as a result, quantification of the interaction mechanisms has often relied upon theoretical approaches, which hitherto have been limited to comparisons of macroscopic population-level predictions from un-tested interaction models. here we present a quantitative framework that possesses a microscop ...201121423708
concentration of heavy metals in hair and skin of silver and red foxes (vulpes vulpes).the structure of hair and levels of main chemical elements (c, n, o, s, cl, ca, p, al, na) in the external layer of hair of silver and red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in a non-industrialised, typically agricultural region of middle-west poland was assessed using a scanning microscope. additionally, analysis of the accumulation of certain heavy metals (cr, cu, ni, pb and zn) in hair (washed) and skin (non-tanned) of those foxes was conducted. heavy metal levels were determined using a spectrophotometri ...201121327483
a restricted hybrid zone between native and introduced red fox (vulpes vulpes) populations suggests reproductive barriers and competitive exclusion.introduced species can threaten native taxa in multiple ways, including competition and hybridization, which can reduce fitness, alter ecological niches or swamp native genomes. encroachment and hybridization by introduced species also provide opportunities to study the dynamics of invasiveness and hybridization during early stages following contact. we used 33 microsatellites, 51 single nucleotide polymorphisms and a mtdna marker to characterize the extent and spatial pattern of encroachment an ...201121143330
a retrospective economic analysis of the ontario red fox oral rabies vaccination programme.ontario initiated a red fox (vulpes vulpes) oral rabies vaccination (orv) programme in 1989. this study utilized a benefit-cost analysis to determine if this orv programme was economically worthwhile. between 1979 and 1989, prior to orv baiting, the average annual human post-exposure treatments, positive red fox rabies diagnostic tests and indemnity payments for livestock lost to rabies were 2248, 1861 and $246,809, respectively. after baiting, from 1990 to 2000, a 35%, 66% and 41% decrease in p ...201120819201
fox defecation behaviour in relation to spatial distribution of voles in an urbanised area: an increasing risk of transmission of echinococcus multilocularis?urbanisation of alveolar echinococcosis is a new phenomenon that has been highlighted during the last few decades. it has thus become necessary to understand the dynamics of transmission of echinococcus multilocularis in urbanised areas. spatial heterogeneity of infection by e. multilocularis has been explained as the result of a multifactorial dependence of the transmission in which the factors depend on the scale of the investigation. the aim of this study was to assess, in an urbanised area, ...201120833171
hammondia triffittae n. comb. of foxes ( vulpes spp.): biological and molecular characteristics and differentiation from hammondia heydorni of dogs.genomic dnas from 3 oocyst isolates of hammondia sp. from foxes (vulpes vulpes and v. lagopus) and 1 oocyst isolate of hammondia heydorni from a dog, were examined by pcr and sequence analysis of 6 loci in order to determine whether the isolates were conspecific. consistent genetic differences were found between the fox and dog isolates, respectively, at the its-2 region, the lsu rrna gene, the alpha tubulin gene and the hsp70 gene, but not at the ssu rrna gene or its-1 locus. infection experime ...201120854709
the complete mitochondrial genome of dhole cuon alpinus: phylogenetic analysis and dating evolutionary divergence within canidae.the dhole (cuon alpinus) is the only existent species in the genus cuon (carnivora: canidae). in the present study, the complete mitochondrial genome of the dhole was sequenced. the total length is 16672 base pairs which is the shortest in canidae. sequence analysis revealed that most mitochondrial genomic functional regions were highly consistent among canid animals except the csb domain of the control region. the difference in length among the canidae mitochondrial genome sequences is mainly d ...201120859694
temporal genetic variation of the red fox, vulpes vulpes, across western europe and the british isles.quaternary climatic fluctuations have had profound effects on the phylogeographic structure of many species. classically, species were thought to have become isolated in peninsular refugia, but there is limited evidence that large, non-polar species survived outside traditional refugial areas. we examined the phylogeographic structure of the red fox (vulpes vulpes), a species that shows high ecological adaptability in the western palaearctic region. we compared mitochondrial dna sequences (cytoc ...201224068852
insights into korean red fox (vulpes vulpes) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b sequence variation in east asia.the red fox (vulpes vulpes) is the most widely distributed terrestrial carnivore in the world, occurring throughout most of north america, europe, asia, and north africa. in south korea, however, this species has been drastically reduced due to habitat loss and poaching. consequently, it is classified as an endangered species in korea. as a first step of a planned red fox restoration project, preserved red fox museum specimens were used to determine the genetic status of red foxes that had previ ...201223106560
first european interlaboratory comparison of tetracycline and age determination with red fox teeth following oral rabies vaccination programs.the first european interlaboratory comparison of tetracycline and age determination with red fox (vulpes vulpes) tooth samples was organized by the european union reference laboratory for rabies. performance and procedures implemented by member states were compared. these techniques are widely used to monitor bait uptake in european oral rabies vaccination campaigns. a panel of five red fox half-mandibles comprising one weak positive juvenile sample, two positive adult samples, one negative juve ...201223060487
red fox (vulpes vulpes linnaeus, 1758) as biological indicator for environmental pollution in hungary.our aim were to establish the metal (cu, ni, zn, co, cd, and pb) levels of red fox liver and the kidney samples (n = 10) deriving from central part of hungary and compare the results with other countries' data. according to our results the concentrations of residues of the targeted elements (mg/kg dry weight) in liver and kidney samples were, respectively in liver: cu: 21.418, zn: 156.928, ni: 2.079, co: 1.611, pb: 1.678 and cd: 0.499; and kidney samples: cu: 9.236; zn: 87.159; ni: 2.514; co: 2. ...201222864592
contamination of soil with eggs of geohelminths in recreational areas in the lublin region of poland.recreational areas cover parks, bicycle paths, lawns, urban squares, sports complexes, holiday camp areas, playgrounds for children, beaches, and even spontaneously used green field open spaces. while using recreational areas, people take with them accompanying animals (dogs, cats). these animals constitute the main source and reservoir of many dangerous zoonoses, including parasitoses caused by roundworms of the genus toxocara and trichuris. the objective of the presented study was determinatio ...201222742799
trace metals and micronutrients in bone tissues of the red fox vulpes vulpes (l., 1758).in this study we determined the levels of trace elements (zinc, copper, lead, cadmium and mercury) in three layers of bones of the hip joint (cartilage, compact bone and spongy bone) of 30 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from north-western poland. concentrations of cu, zn, pb and cd were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (icp-aes) in inductively coupled argon plasma using a perkin-elmer optima 2000 dv. determination of hg concentration was performed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. i ...201222707758
territorial dynamics and stable home range formation for central place foragers.uncovering the mechanisms behind territory formation is a fundamental problem in behavioural ecology. the broad nature of the underlying conspecific avoidance processes are well documented across a wide range of taxa. scent marking in particular is common to a large range of terrestrial mammals and is known to be fundamental for communication. however, despite its importance, exact quantification of the time-scales over which scent cues and messages persist remains elusive. recent work by the pr ...201222479510
complete mitochondiral genome of the korean red fox vulpes vulpes (carnivora, canidae).the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of vulpes vulpes consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 trna genes, 2 rrna genes, and 1 control region (cr). cr is located between the trna-pro and trna-phe genes and is 1173 base pairs (bp) in length. it consists of a short non-repetitive sequence followed by 8-bp 5'-acacacgt-3' tandem repeat between conserved sequence black i and conserved sequence black ii.201222409760
comparison of reliability of five patellar position indices at various stifle joint angles in pelvic limbs obtained from cadavers of red foxes (vulpes vulpes).to compare 5 patellar position indices at various stifle joint angles in cadavers of red foxes, determine measurement reliability, and assess the suitability of these indices for clinical use.201222280388
the quadriceps angle: reliability and accuracy in a fox (vulpes vulpes) pelvic limb model.to evaluate the effect of measurement technique and limb positioning on quadriceps (q) angle measurement, intra- and interobserver reliability, potential sources of error, and the effect of q angle variation.201222239602
genetics of behavior in the silver fox.the silver fox provides a rich resource for investigating the genetics of behavior, with strains developed by intensely selective breeding that display markedly different behavioral phenotypes. until recently, however, the tools for conducting molecular genetic investigations in this species were very limited. in this review, the history of development of this resource and the tools to exploit it are described. although the focus is on the genetics of domestication in the silver fox, there is a ...201222108806
matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with multidimensional scaling, binary hierarchical cluster tree and selected diagnostic masses improves species identification of neolithic keratin sequences from furs of the tyrolean iceman oetzi.the identification of fur origins from the 5300-year-old tyrolean iceman's accoutrement is not yet complete, although definite identification is essential for the socio-cultural context of his epoch. neither have all potential samples been identified so far, nor there has a consensus been reached on the species identified using the classical methods. archaeological hair often lacks analyzable hair scale patterns in microscopic analyses and polymer chain reaction (pcr)-based techniques are often ...201222777774
anthropogenic influences on macro-level mammal occupancy in the appalachian trail corridor.anthropogenic effects on wildlife are typically assessed at the local level, but it is often difficult to extrapolate to larger spatial extents. macro-level occupancy studies are one way to assess impacts of multiple disturbance factors that might vary over different geographic extents. here we assess anthropogenic effects on occupancy and distribution for several mammal species within the appalachian trail (at), a forest corridor that extends across a broad section of the eastern united states. ...201222880038
top predators as biodiversity regulators: the dingo canis lupus dingo as a case study.top-order predators often have positive effects on biological diversity owing to their key functional roles in regulating trophic cascades and other ecological processes. their loss has been identified as a major factor contributing to the decline of biodiversity in both aquatic and terrestrial systems. consequently, restoring and maintaining the ecological function of top predators is a critical global imperative. here we review studies of the ecological effects of the dingo canis lupus dingo, ...201222051057
trophic enrichment factors for blood serum in the european badger (meles meles).ecologists undertaking stable isotopic analyses of animal diets require trophic enrichment factors (tefs) for the specific animal tissues that they are studying. such basic data are available for a small number of species, so values from trophically or phylogenetically similar species are often substituted for missing values. by feeding a controlled diet to captive european badgers (meles meles) we determined tefs for carbon and nitrogen in blood serum. tefs for nitrogen and carbon in blood seru ...201223300863
relative abundance of american badger (taxidea taxus) and red fox (vulpes vulpes) in landscapes with high and low rodenticide poisoning levels.over the past decade, extensive poisoning campaigns have been conducted in southern saskatchewan to control richardson's ground squirrel spermophilus richardsonii (sabine, 1822) populations. such campaigns might impact on predator abundance by decreasing prey levels, and also through secondary poisoning. using spotlighting, we investigated the relative abundance of american badgers taxidea taxus (schreber, 1777) and red fox vulpes vulpes (linnaeus, 1758) in 2 study areas with road access and cro ...201222405447
[the melatonin influences on neutrophils/lymphocytes ratio of mammals blood depends on age of animals].the influence of melatonin on age dynamics of neutrophils and lymphocytes in blood of laboratory rats kept under different light conditions and predatory mammals--farmer silver fox, raccoon dog kept under natural light (nl) was investigated. the decrease of lymphocyte level, increase neutrophils content and alteration of neutrophils/lymphocytes ratio of aged rats (24 months) kept under natural light (nl) and standard light (ld) and adult silver foxes (2-5 years) kept under natural light in compa ...201223289215
comparative cytogenetic analysis of sex chromosomes in several canidae species using zoo-fish.sex chromosome differentiation began early during mammalian evolution. the karyotype of almost all placental mammals living today includes a pair of heterosomes: xx in females and xy in males. the genomes of different species may contain homologous synteny blocks indicating that they share a common ancestry. one of the tools used for their identification is the zoo-fish technique. the aim of the study was to determine whether sex chromosomes of some members of the canidae family (the domestic do ...201222428301
changes in the geographical distribution and abundance of the tick ixodes ricinus during the past 30 years in sweden.abstract: background: ixodes ricinus is the main vector in europe of human-pathogenic lyme borreliosis (lb) spirochaetes, the tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) and other pathogens of humans and domesticated mammals. the results of a previous 1994 questionnaire, directed at people living in central and north sweden (svealand and norrland) and aiming to gather information about tick exposure for humans and domestic animals, suggested that ixodes ricinus ticks had become more widespread in cent ...201222233771
screening for trichinella britovi infection in red fox (vulpes vulpes) and wild boar (sus scrofa) in southeastern france.from 2006 to 2009 we screened 108 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and 894 wild boars (sus scrofa) in haut-var, france for trichinella britovi infection. prevalences were 2.7 and 0% respectively. the fox may be considered a predictive sentinel for trichinella in the haut-var ecosystem.201222247397
the who rabies bulletin europe: a key source of information on rabies and a pivotal tool for surveillance and epidemiology.rabies is one of the most, if not the most, prominent and feared zoonotic diseases in the world and the world health organization (who) estimates that 55,000 people die of the disease every year. most of these deaths occur in asia and africa and are usually the result of dog-mediated rabies. in europe, the red fox is considered the main reservoir species for wildlife rabies caused by the rabies virus. besides foxes, bats have also been identified as a reservoir for european bat lyssaviruses in m ...201223520734
effects of selection for behavior, human approach mode and sex on vocalization in silver fox.this study presents a first direct comparison of vocal type, call rate and time spent vocalizing among unselected, tame and aggressive strains of silver fox (vulpes vulpes) in three modes of human approach (provoking, approach-retreat, and static). also, it provides a first comparison of male and female vocal output in the provoking test. vocal types were found strain-specific irrespective of the fox sex or the test. males had higher call rates and spent shorter times vocalizing than females. th ...201223525128
missense polymorphisms in the mc1r gene of the dog, red fox, arctic fox and chinese raccoon dog.coat colour variation is determined by many genes, one of which is the melanocortin receptor type 1 (mc1r) gene. in this study, we examined the whole coding sequence of this gene in four species belonging to the canidae family (dog, red fox, arctic fox and chinese raccoon dog). although the comparative analysis of the obtained nucleotide sequences revealed a high conservation, which varied between 97.9 and 99.1%, we altogether identified 22 snps (10 in dogs, six in farmed red foxes, two in wild ...201223496014
deer, predators, and the emergence of lyme disease.lyme disease is the most prevalent vector-borne disease in north america, and both the annual incidence and geographic range are increasing. the emergence of lyme disease has been attributed to a century-long recovery of deer, an important reproductive host for adult ticks. however, a growing body of evidence suggests that lyme disease risk may now be more dynamically linked to fluctuations in the abundance of small-mammal hosts that are thought to infect the majority of ticks. the continuing an ...201222711825
colonization of abandoned land by juniperus thurifera is mediated by the interaction of a diverse dispersal assemblage and environmental heterogeneity.land abandonment is one of the most powerful global change drivers in developed countries where recent rural exodus has been the norm. abandonment of traditional land use practices has permitted the colonization of these areas by shrub and tree species. for fleshy fruited species the colonization of new areas is determined by the dispersal assemblage composition and abundance. in this study we showed how the relative contribution to the dispersal process by each animal species is modulated by th ...201223071692
large-scale serosurvey of besnoitia besnoiti in free-living carnivores in spain.the disease bovine besnoitiosis is responsible for severe economic losses caused by the protozoan besnoitia besnoiti. the identity of the definitive host (dh) of this parasite has yet to be determined, although it is presumed to be a carnivore. with the aim of advancing in the identification of b. besnoiti dh, a necessary step in implementing control strategies, the contact rate of 205 free-roaming carnivores with this parasite in spain was studied. the study included 16 wolves (canis lupus), 41 ...201222770702
antibodies to west nile virus and related flaviviruses in wild boar, red foxes and other mesomammals from spain.red foxes (vulpes vulpes), wild boar (sus scrofa) and iberian pigs (sus scrofa domestica) that are raised extensively outdoors, as well as other wild mesomammals from south central spain and wild boar from doñana national park (dnp), were tested for antibodies against related flaviviruses by elisa and for antibodies against wnv by vnt. mean flavivirus seroprevalence according to elisa was 20.4 ± 7.8% (21 out of 103) in red foxes, 12.6 ± 2.8% (69 out of 545) in wild boars, and 3.3±2.7% (6 out of ...201222595138
foxes as a potential wildlife reservoir for meca-positive staphylococci.methicillin-resistant staphylococci (mrs), and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) in particular, have become a public and veterinary health concern. the search for mrs reservoirs outside human hospitals is needed in order to understand the reasons for their persistence and to control their spread. mrs have been isolated from rats, but little is known about their occurrence in foxes. in view of the perceived increasing proximity between people and foxes in the u.k. and the well-do ...201222448723
prevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection diagnosed by pcr in farmed red foxes, arctic foxes and raccoon dogs.the aim of this study was to compare toxoplasma gondii infection in three canid species: red fox vulpes vulpes, arctic fox vulpes lagopus and raccoon dog nyctereutesprocyonoides kept at the same farm. anal swabs were taken from 24 adult and 10 juvenile red foxes, 12 adult arctic foxes, three adult and seven juvenile raccoon dogs. additionally, muscle samples were taken from 10 juvenile red foxes. pcr was used to detect t. gondii dna. t. gondii infection was not detected in any of the arctic foxe ...201222428309
potential application of serological tests on fluids from carcasses: detection of antibodies against toxoplasma gondii and sarcoptes scabiei in red foxes (vulpes vulpes).serological surveys for disease investigation of wild animal populations require obtaining blood samples for analysis, which has logistic, ethic and economic difficulties. applying serological test to fluids collected from dead animals is an alternative. the aim of this study was to assess if antibodies could be detected in two types of fluids collected from 56 carcasses of red foxes (vulpes vulpes): pleural fluid and lung extract.201222380986
canid progesterone receptors lack activation function 3 domain-dependent activity.progesterone regulates multiple behavioral, physiological, and pathological aspects of female reproductive biology through its two progesterone receptors (prs), pr-b and the truncated pr-a. pr-b is necessary for mammary gland development in mice and, compared with pr-a, is overall a stronger transactivator of target genes due to an additional activation function 3 (af3) domain. in dogs, known for their high sensitivity to progesterone-induced mammary cancer, the pr-b function was studied. canine ...201223041671
diversity of currently circulating rabies virus strains in croatia.sylvatic rabies has been present in croatia for more than three decades, with the red fox (vulpes vulpes) as the main reservoir. the present epidemic of sylvatic rabies in croatia started already in 1977 and in the past ten years the disease has become enzootic in the entire country and thus represents a considerable veterinary and public health threat. a genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of rabies virus isolates (rabv) from croatia was performed using panel of 32 selected rabie ...201222712423
echinococcus multilocularis in svalbard, norway: microsatellite genotyping to investigate the origin of a highly focal contamination.echinococcus multilocularis is a threatening cestode involved in the human alveolar echinococcosis. the parasite, mainly described in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere was described for the first time in 1999 in the high arctic svalbard archipelago, norway. the origin of this contamination could be due to an anthropogenic introduction from mainland europe by domestic dogs or with the introduction of the sibling vole, perhaps from mainland russia (st. petersburg area), or with roaming ...201222465539
a diagnostic study of echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from great britain.alveolar echinococcosis is caused by a parasitic tapeworm echinococcus multilocularis and is a serious disease with high fatality in humans. the definitive primary host is the red fox (vulpes vulpes) but domestic animals (dogs and to a lesser extent cats) as well as several genera of rodents can also be infected with the parasite. there is, to date, no evidence of indigenous cases of e. multilocularis in great britain (gb) but in most of continental europe the parasite is considered to be endemi ...201222840643
specific detection of echinococcus spp. from the tibetan fox (vulpes ferrilata) and the red fox (v. vulpes) using copro-dna pcr analysis.there are three echinococcus species, echinococcus granulosus, e. multilocularis, and e. shiquicus, which are distributed on the vast area of pastureland on the eastern tibetan plateau in china. tibetan foxes (vulpes ferrilata) have been determined to be the main wild definitive host of e. multilocularis and e. shiquicus, but little information is available on the prevalence of these two parasites in tibetan foxes. consequently, the copro-prevalence of these parasites in foxes from the eastern t ...201222744713
emergence of canine distemper virus strains with modified molecular signature and enhanced neuronal tropism leading to high mortality in wild carnivores.an ongoing canine distemper epidemic was first detected in switzerland in the spring of 2009. compared to previous local canine distemper outbreaks, it was characterized by unusually high morbidity and mortality, rapid spread over the country, and susceptibility of several wild carnivore species. here, the authors describe the associated pathologic changes and phylogenetic and biological features of a multiple highly virulent canine distemper virus (cdv) strain detected in and/or isolated from r ...201222362965
molecular epidemiology of canine adenovirus type 1 and type 2 in free-ranging red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in italy.to date, no studies exist regarding the presence of canine adenovirus (cadv) infection in foxes in italy. furthermore, the majority of worldwide investigations regarding the presence of cadv in foxes have been carried out using common serological assays which are unable to differentiate between cadv type 1 and cadv type 2. to assess the presence of viral infection in italian red foxes (vulpes vulpes), thirty-two subjects shot during the regular hunting season in the province of pisa (tuscany, it ...201323201241
intestinal parasites of the red fox (vulpes vulpes) in slovenia.in the present study, 428 foxes were collected and examined for intestinal helminths using the washing-out method. parasites were found in 93.2% of the examined animals. the most frequently identified nematodes were uncinaria stenocephala (58.9%), toxocara canis (38.3%) and molineus patens (30.6%). other nematodes found were pterygodermatites affinis (4.2%), capillaria sp. (2.8%), crenosoma vulpis (2.8%), toxascaris leonina (2.5%), trichuris vulpis (0.7%) and physaloptera sp. (0.2%). mesocestoid ...201323974942
fecal shedding of toxocara canis and other parasites in foxes and coyotes on prince edward island, canada.knowledge of parasites shed by wild canids can assist in recognizing risk to human and domestic animal health. our aim was to estimate the prevalence of patent infections with toxocara canis and other parasites in foxes (vulpes vulpes) and coyotes (canis latrans) in prince edward island, canada. identification of parasite species was based on microscopic examination of feces, with the use of a sucrose fecal flotation method. sample collection was performed in winter on carcasses of 271 and 185 h ...201323568915
a coprological survey of parasites of wild carnivores in ireland.the increasing movement of people to wilderness areas, shrinking of wildlife habitats and the resulting urbanisation of wildlife has led to growing concerns about the transfer of parasitic diseases, particularly from contaminated faeces. faecal samples from wild carnivores in ireland were examined for the presence of protozoan and nematode parasites. red fox (vulpes vulpes) samples (n = 91) were positive for uncinaria stenocephala (38%), eucoleus aerophilus (26%), toxocara canis (20%), trichuris ...201323900557
environmental conditions predict helminth prevalence in red foxes in western australia.red foxes (vulpes vulpes) are the most common and widely distributed wild carnivore worldwide. these predators harbour a wide range of parasites, many of which may have important conservation, agricultural and zoonotic repercussions. this project investigated the occurrence of helminth parasites from the intestines of 147 red foxes across 14 sampling localities of southwest western australia. helminth parasites were detected in 58% of fox intestines: dipylidium caninum (27.7% of foxes), uncinari ...201324533331
antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in escherichia coli and enterococci from red foxes (vulpes vulpes).the aims of the study were to analyse the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and the mechanisms implicated, as well as the virulence factors, in faecal escherichia coli and enterococcus spp. from red foxes. from 52 faecal samples, 22 e. coli (42.3%) and 50 enterococci (96.2%) isolates were recovered (one/sample). a high percentage of e. coli isolates exhibited resistance to streptomycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or ampicillin (54-27%), and they harboured the aada, tet(a) a ...201323845583
molecular characterization of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing escherichia coli isolates from red foxes in portugal.the presence of broad-spectrum-cephalosporin-resistant escherichia coli isolates and the implicated mechanisms of resistance and virulence factor genes were investigated in red fox (vulpes vulpes) in portugal. cefotaxime-resistant e. coli isolates were isolated from two of 52 fecal samples (4 %), being both esbl producers. the β-lactamase genes found in the two isolates were bla(shv-12) + bla(tem-1b). the tet(a) and sul2 genes were also detected in these isolates, together with the non-classical ...201323179656
high infection rate of zoonotic eucoleus aerophilus infection in foxes from serbia.the respiratory capillariid nematode eucoleus aerophilus (creplin, 1839) infects wild and domestic carnivores and, occasionally, humans. thus far, a dozen of human infections have been published in the literature but it cannot be ruled out that lung capillariosis is underdiagnosed in human medicine. also, the apparent spreading of e. aerophilus in different geographic areas spurs new studies on the epidemiology of this nematode. after the recognition of the first human case of e. aerophilus infe ...201323340229
snapshot of viral infections in wild carnivores reveals ubiquity of parvovirus and susceptibility of egyptian mongoose to feline panleukopenia virus.the exposure of wild carnivores to viral pathogens, with emphasis on parvovirus (cpv/fplv), was assessed based on the molecular screening of tissue samples from 128 hunted or accidentally road-killed animals collected in portugal from 2008 to 2011, including egyptian mongoose (herpestes ichneumon, n = 99), red fox (vulpes vulpes, n = 19), stone marten (martes foina, n = 3), common genet (genetta genetta, n = 3) and eurasian badger (meles meles, n = 4). a high prevalence of parvovirus dna (63%) w ...201323527182
comparison of bacterial culture and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the detection of f. tularensis subsp. holarctica in wild animals.detection of the zoonotic pathogen francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica (ef tularensis) in wild animals with culture techniques as well as polymerase chain reaction were compared and discussed on the basis of the investigation of 60 animals. the samples originated from 55 european brown hares (lepus europaeus), two red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and one each from a wild rabbit (oryctolagus cuniculus), a european beaver (castor fiber), and a lemur (lemur catta). when comparing the growth of 28 f. ...201323901583
tularaemia seroprevalence of captured and wild animals in germany: the fox (vulpes vulpes) as a biological indicator.a total of 2475 animals from germany, both captive and wild, were tested for antibodies against francisella tularensis to obtain more knowledge about the presence of this pathogen in germany. an indirect and a competitive elisa served as screening methods, positive and inconclusive samples were confirmed by western blot. of the zoo animals sampled between 1992 and 2007 (n = 1122), three (0·3%) were seropositive. the seroconversion of a hippopotamus in berlin zoo was documented. from 1353 serum s ...201322800496
environmental determinants of the spatial distribution of echinococcus multilocularis in hungary.human alveolar echinococcosis, caused by the metacestode stage of echinococcus multilocularis, is one of the most pathogenic zoonoses in the temperate and arctic region of the northern hemisphere. to investigate the spatial distribution of e. multilocularis and the factors influencing this distribution in the recently identified endemic area of hungary, 1612 red fox (vulpes vulpes) carcasses were randomly collected from the whole hungarian territory from november 2008 to february 2009 and from n ...201324094776
efficacy of anthelmintic baiting of foxes against echinococcus multilocularis in northern japan.field application of anthelmintic baits against echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) was conducted on nemuro peninsula at the eastern edge of hokkaido, japan. the total study area was 412 km(2), of which 135 km(2) were used for bait distribution. commercial baits containing 50mg praziquantel were distributed by car along roads outside towns and villages in a density of 15/km(2). additional baits were distributed around fox breeding dens. baiting was done from november 1999 to ...201324001877
nutrias and muskrats as bioindicators for the presence of echinococcus multilocularis in new endemic areas.nutrias (myocastor coypus) and muskrats (ondatra zibethicus) are large invasive semi-aquatic or aquatic rodents, naturalized throughout europe. they are regarded as pests, and can be infected with several pathogens and parasites transmissible to wildlife, livestock, pets and humans. as a rule, in europe the life cycle of the cestode echinococcus multilocularis involves red foxes (vulpes vulpes) as main definitive hosts and common voles as intermediate hosts. the suitability of nutrias and muskra ...201323725822
establishment of a european-type strain of echinococcus multilocularis in canadian wildlife.in 2009, a haplotype closely related to european strains of echinococcus multilocularis was detected in a dog from the quesnel region of british columbia, canada. we now report the establishment of this same haplotype in 7 coyotes (canis latrans) trapped within 40 km of quesnel, bc. in addition, 3 coyotes and 1 red fox (vulpes vulpes) harboured adult cestodes morphologically compatible with that of e. multilocularis (overall prevalence 33% in 33 carnivores). none of 156 potential intermediate ho ...201323714582
fox baiting against echinococcus multilocularis: contrasted achievements among two medium size cities.in europe, most cities are currently colonized by red foxes (vulpes vulpes), which are considered to be the main definitive host of the zoonotic cestode echinococcus multilocularis. the risk of transmission to humans is of particular concern where high fox populations overlap with high human populations. the distribution of baits containing praziquantel has successfully reduced the infection pressure in rural areas and in small plots within large cities. the purpose of this study was to assess i ...201323642656
genetic strain modification of a live rabies virus vaccine widely used in europe for wildlife oral vaccination.in europe, the main reservoir and vector of rabies has been the red fox (vulpes vulpes). oral immunization of foxes with live vaccines, using attenuated rabies strains (sad b19, sad bern), apathogenic mutants of an attenuated strain (sag2) and the vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus vaccine (v-rg), has been shown to be the most effective method for the control and elimination of rabies. among all vaccines currently used for wildlife oral vaccination, one vaccine (marketed as sad bern ...201323899697
complete genome sequences of four virulent rabies virus strains isolated from rabid animals in russia.rabies virus (rabv) strains rus(lipetsk)-8052f, rus(lipetsk)-8053c, rus(lipetsk)-8054f, and rus(lipetsk)-8057f were isolated from foxes (vulpes vulpes) and a cat (felis catus) in the lipetsk region of russia in 2011. close relationships between these strains and the members of the "cosmopolitan" group from russia (98% homology) and from europe (95% homology) were estimated.201323661472
detection of neospora caninum in wild carnivorans in great britain.samples of brain and other tissues were collected from 99 ferrets (mustela furo), 83 red foxes (vulpes vulpes), 70 european polecats (mustela putorius), 65 american mink (neovison vison), 64 eurasian badgers (meles meles) and 9 stoats (mustela erminea), from around great britain. dna was extracted from approximately 1g of tissue and tested by specific nested its1 pcr for neospora caninum. the results from the pcr demonstrated that neospora specific dna was detected in all species of wild carnivo ...201323102760
investigating the role of wild carnivores in the epidemiology of bovine neosporosis.neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite, primarily associated with bovine abortion. the only definitive hosts discovered to date are carnivores. this study aimed to identify the role of mammalian carnivores in the epidemiology of bovine neosporosis. a sample bank of serum, fecal and brain samples was established: american mink (mustela vison), red foxes (vulpes vulpes), pine martens (martes martes), badgers (meles meles), stoats (mustela erminea), otters (lutra lutra) and feral ferrets (mustela ...201323068142
first detection of leishmania infantum kinetoplast dna in hair of wild mammals: application of qpcr method to determine potential parasite reservoirs.the data presented in this paper describe the application of a method for a reliable and non-invasive diagnosis of leishmaniosis in wild reservoirs, based on the detection of leishmania infantum kinetoplast dna (kdna) in hair samples by real time pcr (qpcr). the study has been performed on 68 ear/leg hair samples from 5 different wild species (vulpes vulpes, canis lupus, martes foina, rattus norvegicus and erinaceus europaeus) from several geographic areas of west and north spain. the presence o ...201323973736
high prevalence of hepatozoon-infection among shepherd dogs in a region considered to be free of rhipicephalus sanguineus.blood samples and ticks were collected from 100 shepherd dogs, 12 hunting dogs and 14 stray dogs in southern hungary, in order to screen them for the presence of hepatozoon spp. by pcr. out of 126 blood samples, 33 were positive (26%). significantly more shepherd dogs (31%) were infected, than hunting (8%) and stray dogs (7%). three genotypes of hepatozoon canis were identified by sequencing, differing from each other in up to six nucleotides in the amplified portion of their 18s rrna gene. in d ...201323499483
the safety of onrab® in select non-target wildlife.onrab(®) is a recombinant human adenovirus type 5 (had5) with the rabies glycoprotein gene incorporated into its genome. onrab(®) has been used in canada as an oral rabies vaccine in target wildlife species such as: red fox (vulpes vulpes), raccoon (procyon lotor), and striped skunk (mepthis mephitis). we evaluated the safety of onrab(®) in non-target wildlife species likely to contact the vaccine baits during oral rabies vaccine campaigns in the united states. we investigated the effects of ora ...201323831321
survey of antibodies to leishmania spp. in wild canids from pennsylvania and tennessee.visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a zoonosis with worldwide distribution. infections with the leishmania donovani complex, including leishmania infantum, cause the vl. domestic dogs are the most important reservoir host for human vl, and wild canids are also susceptible. in the united states, infections with l. infantum are common in the foxhound dog breed. little information is available regarding l. infantum in wild canids in the unites states. sera from 11 foxes and 256 coyotes originating in pe ...201324450086
a survey of intestinal helminths in wild carnivores from the tatra national park, southern poland.from january 2011 to july 2012, 144 faecal samples of wild carnivores from the tatra national park were examined to evaluate the prevalence of intestinal helminths--72 of wolves (canis lupus), 45 of red foxes (vulpes vulpes), 15 of pine martens (martes martes) and 12 of brown bears (ursus arctos). in wolves, monospecific infection with trichuris vulpis (13.9%), toxocara canis (6.9%), ancylostoma/uncinaria (5.6%) and taeniids (1.4%) was revealed. in red foxes, the most prevalent infection was 7 v ...201324791342
serologic, molecular, and pathologic survey of toxoplasma gondii infection in free-ranging red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in central italy.we tested 191 sera of red foxes (vulpes vulpes; 78 females and 113 males) for antibodies to toxoplasma gondii using an indirect immunofluorescent test. tissue samples of myocardium, lymph nodes, and brains from antibody-positive animals were tested for t. gondii dna using specific pcr and processed for histopathology and immunohistochemistry (ihc) to detect t. gondii antigen. of 192 (53.4%) antibody-positive animals, eight were positive by pcr on myocardium and one on brain. all dna extracts wer ...201323778603
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