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bacterial diversity associated with populations of glossina spp. from cameroon and distribution within the campo sleeping sickness focus.tsetse flies were sampled in three villages of the campo sleeping sickness focus in south cameroon. the aim of this study was to investigate the flies' gut bacterial composition using culture-dependent techniques. out of the 32 flies analyzed (27 glossina palpalis palpalis, two glossina pallicera, one glossina nigrofusca, and two glossina caliginea), 17 were shown to be inhabited by diverse bacteria belonging to the proteobacteria, the firmicutes, or the bacteroidetes phyla. phylogenetic analysi ...201121387098
a general model for mortality in adult tsetse (glossina spp.).tsetse exhibit a u-shaped age-mortality curve, with high losses after eclosion and a well-marked ageing process, which is particularly dramatic in males. a three-parameter (k(1) -k(3) ) model for age-dependent adult instantaneous mortality rates was constructed using mark-recapture data for the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae). mortality changed linearly with k(1) over all ages; k(2) affected only losses in roughly the first week of adult life, and k(3) con ...201121414021
antimicrobial peptide killing of african trypanosomes.the diseases caused by trypanosomes are medically and economically devastating to the population of sub-saharan africa. parasites of the genus trypanosoma, infect both humans, causing african sleeping sickness, and livestock, causing nagana. the development of effective treatment strategies has suffered from the severe side effects of approved drugs, resistance and major difficulties in delivering drugs. antimicrobial peptides are ubiquitous components of immune defense and are being rigorously ...201121517904
molecular bases of cytoskeleton plasticity during the trypanosoma brucei parasite cycle.african trypanosomes are flagellated protozoan parasites responsible for sleeping sickness and transmitted by tsetse flies. the accomplishment of their parasite cycle requires adaptation to highly diverse environments. these transitions take place in a strictly defined order and are accompanied by spectacular morphological modifications in cell size, shape and positioning of organelles. to understand the molecular bases of these processes, parasites isolated from different tissues of the tsetse ...201121159115
VectorBase: improvements to a bioinformatics resource for invertebrate vector genomics.VectorBase (http://www.vectorbase.org) is a NIAID-supported bioinformatics resource for invertebrate vectors of human pathogens. It hosts data for nine genomes: mosquitoes (three Anopheles gambiae genomes, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus), tick (Ixodes scapularis), body louse (Pediculus humanus), kissing bug (Rhodnius prolixus) and tsetse fly (Glossina morsitans). Hosted data range from genomic features and expression data to population genetics and ontologies. We describe improvements ...201222135296
epidemiology of sleeping sickness in boffa (guinea): where are the trypanosomes?human african trypanosomiasis (hat) in west africa is a lethal, neglected disease caused by trypanosoma brucei gambiense transmitted by the tsetse glossina palpalis gambiensis. although the littoral part of guinea with its typical mangrove habitat is the most prevalent area in west africa, very few data are available on the epidemiology of the disease in such biotopes. as part of a hat elimination project in guinea, we carried a cross-sectional study of the distribution and abundance of people, ...201223272259
[behavioral interactions and rhythms of activity of glossina palpalis gambiensis and g. tachinoides (diptera: glossinidae) in a forest gallery in burkina faso].glossina palpalis gambiensis and g. tachinoides are the main vectors of human and animal trypanosomoses in west africa. in some parts of their distribution area, they co-exist in sympatry, but little is known about their interactions. this study aimed to explore their respective flight height and daily activity when co-existing or alone. attractive targets were used, made of a black/blue/black cloth covered with adhesive film, so that all tsetse that landed were caught. the study was conducted i ...201222910664
phenetic and genetic structure of tsetse fly populations (glossina palpalis palpalis) in southern ivory coast.sleeping sickness, transmitted by g. p. palpalis, is known to be present in the ivory coast. g. p. palpalis has recently been reported to occur in several places within the town of abidjan, including: (i) the banco forest, (ii) the abobo adjamé university campus and (iii) the zoological park. could these three places be treated sequentially, as separate tsetse populations, or should they be taken as one area comprising a single, panmictic population?201222846152
irradiated male tsetse from a 40-year-old colony are still competitive in a riparian forest in burkina faso.tsetse flies are the cyclical vectors of african trypanosomosis that constitute a major constraint to development in africa. their control is an important component of the integrated management of these diseases, and among the techniques available, the sterile insect technique (sit) is the sole that is efficient at low densities. the government of burkina faso has embarked on a tsetse eradication programme in the framework of the pattec, where sit is an important component. the project plans to ...201222590652
understanding local population genetics of tsetse: the case of an isolated population of glossina palpalis gambiensis in burkina faso.tsetse flies are the vectors of human and animal trypanosomiases. for tsetse eradication programs, it is crucial to be able to identify and target isolated populations, because they can be targeted for eradication without risk of reinvasion. however, most data that are available on non-isolated populations fail to find how these populations are locally structured, because wahlund effect (admixture of individuals from genetically different units) always interfere with interpretations. in this pap ...201222546274
identification of different trypanosome species in the mid-guts of tsetse flies of the malanga (kimpese) sleeping sickness focus of the democratic republic of congo.the malanga sleeping sickness focus of the democratic republic of congo has shown an epidemic evolution of disease during the last century. however, following case detection and treatment, the prevalence of the disease decreased considerably. no active survey has been undertaken in this focus for a couple of years. to understand the current epidemiological status of sleeping sickness as well as the animal african trypanosomiasis in the malanga focus, we undertook the identification of tsetse blo ...201222992486
best-bet integrated strategies for containing drug-resistant trypanosomes in cattle.african animal trypanosomosis is a major constraint to the rearing of productive livestock in the sub-humid sudan-sahel zone of west africa where cotton is grown. trypanosomosis is mainly controlled using trypanocidal drugs, but the effective use of drugs is threatened by the development of widespread resistance. this study tested integrated best-bet strategies for containment and/ or reversal of trypanocide resistance in villages in south-east mali where resistance has been reported.201222874003
population dynamics of glossina palpalis gambiensis symbionts, sodalis glossinidius, and wigglesworthia glossinidia, throughout host-fly development.the tsetse fly (diptera: glossinidae), the vector of trypanosomes causing human and animal trypanosomiasis, harbors symbiotic microorganisms including the primary symbiont wigglesworthia glossinidia, involved in the fly's nutrition and fertility, and the secondary symbiont sodalis glossinidius, involved in the trypanosome establishment in the fly's midgut. both symbionts are maternally transmitted to the intrauterine progeny through the fly's milk gland secretions. in this study, we investigated ...201323107774
the bacterial flora of tsetse fly midgut and its effect on trypanosome transmission.the tsetse fly, glossina palpalis is a vector of the trypanosome that causes sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in cattle along with associated human health problems and massive economic losses. the insect is also known to carry a number of symbionts such as sodalis, wigglesworthia, wolbachia whose effects on the physiology of the insect have been studied in depth. however, effects of other bacterial flora on the physiology of the host and vector competence have received little attention. ep ...201322841948
identification of glossina palpalis gambiensis specific salivary antigens: towards the development of a serologic biomarker of human exposure to tsetse flies in west africa.the saliva of blood sucking arthropods contains a number of pharmacologically active compounds that induce an antibody response in exposed human individuals. the objectives of the present study were (i) to assess the human igg response directed against salivary antigens of glossina palpalis gambiensis, the main vector of trypanosoma brucei gambiense in west africa, as a biomarker of human-tsetse contacts; and (ii) to identify specific salivary antigens. immune reactivity of human plasma collecte ...201323500186
the sequential aerosol technique: a major component in an integrated strategy of intervention against riverine tsetse in ghana.an integrated strategy of intervention against tsetse flies was implemented in the upper west region of ghana (9.62°-11.00° n, 1.40°-2.76° w), covering an area of ≈18,000 km(2) within the framework of the pan-african tsetse and trypanosomosis eradication campaign. two species were targeted: glossina tachinoides and glossina palpalis gambiensis.201323516662
multiple host feeding in glossina palpalis gambiensis and glossina tachinoides in southeast mali.changes in agricultural practices and the resulting extinction of wildlife have led to the reduction or disappearance of savannah tsetse species. riparian tsetse such as glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank 1949 and glossina tachinoides westwood 1850 (diptera: glossinidae) continue to persist in peridomestic sites, transmitting trypanosomiasis. at present, little is known about interspecies differences in feeding behaviour in these two species in southeast mali, or of the phenomenon of multi ...201323002954
dynamics of tsetse natural infection rates in the mouhoun river, burkina faso, in relation with environmental factors.in burkina faso, the cyclical vectors of african animal trypanosomoses (aat) are riverine tsetse species, namely glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank (g.p.g.) and glossina tachinoides westwood (g.t.) (diptera: glossinidae). experimental work demonstrated that environmental stress can increase the sensitivity of tsetse to trypanosome infection. seasonal variations of the tsetse infection rates were monitored monthly over 17 months (may 2006-september 2007) in two sites (douroula and kadomba). ...201324010125
spatial and temporal variations relevant to tsetse control in the bipindi focus of southern cameroon.human african trypanosomiasis (hat) remains a public health problem in many poor countries. due to lack of financial resources in these countries, cost-effective strategies are needed for efficient control of this scourge, especially the tsetse vector. it was shown that perennial water sources maintain a favourable biotope for tsetse flies and thus the transmission dynamics of sleeping sickness. the present paper aimed at assessing the transmission dynamics of hat in a forest environment where t ...201323815985
release-recapture studies confirm dispersal of glossina palpalis gambiensis between river basins in mali. 201323634232
decrease in survival and fecundity of glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank 1949 (diptera: glossinidae) fed on cattle treated with single doses of ivermectin.human and animal trypanosomes are major problems for the socio-economic growth of developing countries like burkina faso. ivermectin is currently used to treat humans in mass drug administration programs in africa, and is also commonly used for veterinary purposes. in this study, we tested the effect of ivermectin injected into cattle on the survival and fecundity of glossina palpalis gambiensis, the main vector of human and animal trypanosomes in west africa.201323741989
the transcriptional signatures of sodalis glossinidius in the glossina palpalis gambiensis flies negative for trypanosoma brucei gambiense contrast with those of this symbiont in tsetse flies positive for the parasite: possible involvement of a sodalis-hosted prophage in fly trypanosoma refractoriness?tsetse flies, such as glossina palpalis gambiensis, are blood-feeding insects that could be subverted as hosts of the parasite trypanosoma brucei gambiense: initiated in the tsetse fly mid gut, the developmental program of this parasite further proceeds in the salivary glands. the flies act as vectors of this human-invasive parasite when their salivary glands sustain the generation of metacyclic trypomastigotes, the exclusive morphotypes pre-programmed to further develop in the human individuals ...201424637266
glossina palpalis palpalis populations from equatorial guinea belong to distinct allopatric clades.luba is one of the four historical foci of human african trypanosomiasis (hat) on bioko island, in equatorial guinea. although no human cases have been detected since 1995, t. b. gambiense was recently observed in the vector glossina palpalis palpalis. the existence of cryptic species within this vector taxon has been previously suggested, although no data are available regarding the evolutionary history of tsetse flies populations in bioko.201424438585
comparative gene expression of wigglesworthia inhabiting non-infected and trypanosoma brucei gambiense-infected glossina palpalis gambiensis flies.tsetse flies (glossina sp.) that transmit trypanosomes causing human (and animal) african trypanosomiasis (hat and aat, respectively) harbor symbiotic microorganisms, including the obligate primary symbiont wigglesworthia glossinidia. a relationship between wigglesworthia and tsetse fly infection by trypanosomes has been suggested, as removal of the symbiont results in a higher susceptibility to midgut infection in adult flies. to investigate this relationship and to decipher the role of w. glos ...201425452752
midgut expression of immune-related genes in glossina palpalis gambiensis challenged with trypanosoma brucei gambiense.tsetse flies from the subspecies glossina morsitans morsitans and glossina palpalis gambiensis, respectively, transmit trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and trypanosoma brucei gambiense. the former causes the acute form of sleeping sickness, and the latter provokes the chronic form. although several articles have reported g. m. morsitans gene expression following trypanosome infection, no comparable investigation has been performed for g. p. gambiensis. this report presents results on the different ...201425426112
challenges towards the elimination of human african trypanosomiasis in the sleeping sickness focus of campo in southern cameroon.the sleeping sickness focus of campo lies along the atlantic coast and extends along the ntem river, which constitutes the cameroonian and equatorial guinean border. it is a hypo-endemic focus with the disease prevalence varying from 0.3 to 0.86% during the last few decades. investigations on animal reservoirs revealed a prevalence of trypanosoma brucei gambiense of 0.6% in wild animals and 4.83% in domestic animals of this focus. from 2001 to 2012, about 19 931 tsetse were collected in this foc ...201425129168
population genetics of trypanosoma brucei circulating in glossina palpalis palpalis and domestic animals of the fontem sleeping sickness focus of cameroon.human african trypanosomiasis is still a public health threat in cameroon. to assess trypanosoma brucei strains circulating in the fontem sleeping sickness focus, we conducted a genetic structure study using microsatellites to assess genotypes circulating in both tsetse flies and domestic animals.201424690359
population genetics of forest type of trypanosoma congolense circulating in glossina palpalis palpalis of fontem in the south-west region of cameroon.genetic variation of microsatellite loci is a widely used method for the analysis of population genetic structure of several organisms. to improve our knowledge on the population genetics of trypanosomes, trypanosoma congolense forest and savannah types were identified in the mid-guts of glossina palpalis palpalis caught in five villages of fontem in the south-west region of cameroon. from the positive samples of trypanosoma congolense forest, the genetic diversity and the population genetic str ...201425142136
ex-ante benefit-cost analysis of the elimination of a glossina palpalis gambiensis population in the niayes of senegal.in 2005, the government of senegal embarked on a campaign to eliminate a glossina palpalis gambiensis population from the niayes area (∼ 1000 km(2)) under the umbrella of the pan african tsetse and trypanosomosis eradication campaign (pattec). the project was considered an ecologically sound approach to intensify cattle production. the elimination strategy includes a suppression phase using insecticide impregnated targets and cattle, and an elimination phase using the sterile insect technique, n ...201425144776
using species distribution models to optimize vector control in the framework of the tsetse eradication campaign in senegal.tsetse flies are vectors of human and animal trypanosomoses in sub-saharan africa and are the target of the pan african tsetse and trypanosomiasis eradication campaign (pattec). glossina palpalis gambiensis (diptera: glossinidae) is a riverine species that is still present as an isolated metapopulation in the niayes area of senegal. it is targeted by a national eradication campaign combining a population reduction phase based on insecticide-treated targets (itts) and cattle and an eradication ph ...201424982143
storage of male glossina palpalis gambiensis pupae at low temperature: effect on emergence, mating and survival.procurement of sterile tsetse flies (glossina palpalis gambiensis) from burkina faso for an eradication programme in senegal that incorporates the sterile insect technique (sit) required the development of transport and handling protocols that would allow retaining the female flies in the rearing facility and transport of the male flies as irradiated pupae. the proposed handling scheme included the chilling of the male pupae after the female emergence and transport to senegal under low temperatu ...201425287653
genetic correlations within and between isolated tsetse populations: what can we learn?isolated tsetse populations constitute a target for tsetse control programmes in endemic countries, since their isolation, if demonstrated, allows control without reinvasion risk from neighbouring populations. population genetic parameters, such as the fixation index, have proven useful to assess isolation status, and should also give important information on the divergence time since isolation. we gathered results obtained from different datasets regarding several examples of putatively totally ...201424657846
standardising visual control devices for tsetse flies: central and west african species glossina palpalis palpalis.glossina palpalis palpalis (g. p. palpalis) is one of the principal vectors of sleeping sickness and nagana in africa with a geographical range stretching from liberia in west africa to angola in central africa. it inhabits tropical rain forest but has also adapted to urban settlements. we set out to standardize a long-lasting, practical and cost-effective visually attractive device that would induce the strongest landing response by g. p. palpalis for future use as an insecticide-impregnated to ...201424421909
analysis of glossina palpalis gambiensis and glossina tachinoides from two distant locations in burkina faso using maldi tof ms.riverine tsetse (glossina) as glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank 1949 and glossina tachinoides westwood 1850 are the main vectors for african animal trypanosomoses in burkina faso. vector control has been proven efficient in disease containment, but its success is endangered by the reinvasion of tsetse from neighbouring areas. thus, identifying relic populations can enhance the success rate of vector control efforts. this is currently carried out through microsatellite analysis which is ti ...201424292542
quality of sterile male tsetse after long distance transport as chilled, irradiated pupae.tsetse flies transmit trypanosomes that cause human and african animal trypanosomosis, a debilitating disease of humans (sleeping sickness) and livestock (nagana). an area-wide integrated pest management campaign against glossina palpalis gambiensis has been implemented in senegal since 2010 that includes a sterile insect technique (sit) component. the sit can only be successful when the sterile males that are destined for release have a flight ability, survival and competitiveness that are as c ...201526562521
mapping landscape friction to locate isolated tsetse populations that are candidates for elimination.tsetse flies are the cyclical vectors of deadly human and animal trypanosomes in sub-saharan africa. tsetse control is a key component for the integrated management of both plagues, but local eradication successes have been limited to less than 2% of the infested area. this is attributed to either resurgence of residual populations that were omitted from the eradication campaign or reinvasion from neighboring infested areas. here we focused on glossina palpalis gambiensis, a riverine tsetse spec ...201526553973
trypanosome infection rates in tsetse flies in the "silent" sleeping sickness focus of bafia in the centre region in cameroon.the bafia sleeping sickness focus of cameroon is considered as "silent" with no case reported for about 20 years despite medical surveys performed during the last decades. in this focus, all epidemiological factors that can contribute to trypanosomes transmission are present. to update our knowledge on the current risks of human and animal african trypanosomiases, different trypanosome species were identified in midguts of tsetse flies captured in the bafia focus.201526458386
do tsetse flies only feed on blood?tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) are the vectors of trypanosomes causing sleeping sickness in humans, and nagana (animal trypanosomosis) in domestic animals, in subsaharan africa. they have been described as being strictly hematophagous, and transmission of trypanosomes occurs when they feed on a human or an animal. there have been indications however in old papers that tsetse may have the ability to digest sugar. here we show that hungry tsetse (glossina palpalis gambiensis) in the lab do fe ...201526391183
the antennal sensilla of species of the palpalis group (diptera: glossinidae).infection of tsetse fly with trypanosome parasites could be influenced by its ability to locate vertebrate host(s) in the wild. generally, the antennae of insects are known to bear chemo-sensory organs (sensilla), which are used for host search among other functions. in order to exploit the potentials of tsetse-search behavior, knowledge of sensilla types on the antennae is desirable. in line with this, the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the antennae of glossina palpalis and glossina tachinoides ...201526335467
long distance transport of irradiated male glossina palpalis gambiensis pupae and its impact on sterile male yield.the application of the sterile insect technique (sit) requires mass-production of sterile males of good biological quality. the size of the project area will in most cases determine whether it is more cost effective to produce the sterile flies locally (and invest in a mass-rearing facility) or import the sterile flies from a mass-rearing facility that is located in another country. this study aimed at assessing the effect of long distance transport of sterile male glossina palpalis gambiensis p ...201525927610
effect of sampling methods, effective population size and migration rate estimation in glossina palpalis palpalis from cameroon.human and animal trypanosomiases are two major constraints to development in africa. these diseases are mainly transmitted by tsetse flies in particular by glossina palpalis palpalis in western and central africa. to set up an effective vector control campaign, prior population genetics studies have proved useful. previous studies on population genetics of g. p. palpalis using microsatellite loci showed high heterozygote deficits, as compared to hardy-weinberg expectations, mainly explained by t ...201525917495
ecotype evolution in glossina palpalis subspecies, major vectors of sleeping sickness.the role of environmental factors in driving adaptive trajectories of living organisms is still being debated. this is even more important to understand when dealing with important neglected diseases and their vectors.201525775377
importance of vector-borne infections in different production systems: bovine trypanosomosis and the innovation dynamics of livestock producers in senegal.in senegal, a project has been undertaken to eradicate a population of tsetse flies (glossina palpalis gambiensis) from a prime area for intensifying livestock production--the coastal region of niayes. the project is intended to remove the constraint of trypanosomosis and allow the ecological intensification of cattle production. a cross-sectional analysis of ten case studies was the inductive phase of an assessment to gauge the impact of removing trypanosomosis on livestock production strategie ...201526470458
a spatio-temporal model of african animal trypanosomosis risk.african animal trypanosomosis (aat) is a major constraint to sustainable development of cattle farming in sub-saharan africa. the habitat of the tsetse fly vector is increasingly fragmented owing to demographic pressure and shifts in climate, which leads to heterogeneous risk of cyclical transmission both in space and time. in burkina faso and ghana, the most important vectors are riverine species, namely glossina palpalis gambiensis and g. tachinoides, which are more resilient to human-induced ...201526154506
detection and identification of pathogenic trypanosome species in tsetse flies along the comoé river in côte d'ivoire.in order to identify pathogenic trypanosomes responsible for african trypanosomiasis, and to better understand tsetse-trypanosome relationships, surveys were undertaken in three sites located in different eco-climatic areas in côte d'ivoire during the dry and rainy seasons. tsetse flies were caught during five consecutive days using biconical traps, dissected and microscopically examined looking for trypanosome infection. samples from infected flies were tested by pcr using specific primers for ...201526035296
rna-seq de novo assembly reveals differential gene expression in glossina palpalis gambiensis infected with trypanosoma brucei gambiense vs. non-infected and self-cured flies.trypanosoma brucei gambiense (tbg), causing the sleeping sickness chronic form, completes its developmental cycle within the tsetse fly vector glossina palpalis gambiensis (gpg) before its transmission to humans. within the framework of an anti-vector disease control strategy, a global gene expression profiling of trypanosome infected (susceptible), non-infected, and self-cured (refractory) tsetse flies was performed, on their midguts, to determine differential genes expression resulting from in ...201526617594
technical data of the transcriptomic analysis performed on tsetse fly symbionts, sodalis glossinidius and wigglesworthia glossinidia, harbored, respectively by non-infected, trypanosoma brucei gambiense infected and self-cured glossina palpalis gambiensis tsetse flies.microarray is a powerful and cheap method to identify and quantify gene expression in particular in a mix of total rna extracted from biological samples such as the tsetse fly gut, including several organisms (here, the fly tissue and the intestinal microorganisms). besides, biostatistics and bioinformatics allow comparing the transcriptomes from samples collected from differently treated flies, and thus to identify and quantify differential expressed genes. here, we describe in details a whole ...201526484198
immunogenicity and serological cross-reactivity of saliva proteins among different tsetse species.tsetse are vectors of pathogenic trypanosomes, agents of human and animal trypanosomiasis in africa. components of tsetse saliva (sialome) are introduced into the mammalian host bite site during the blood feeding process and are important for tsetse's ability to feed efficiently, but can also influence disease transmission and serve as biomarkers for host exposure. we compared the sialome components from four tsetse species in two subgenera: subgenus morsitans: glossina morsitans morsitans (gmm) ...201526313460
differential expression of midgut proteins in trypanosoma brucei gambiense-stimulated vs. non-stimulated glossina palpalis gambiensis flies.the unicellular pathogenic protozoan trypanosoma brucei gambiense is responsible for the chronic form of sleeping sickness. this vector-borne disease is transmitted to humans by the tsetse fly of the group glossina palpalis, including the subspecies g. p. gambiensis, in which the parasite completes its developmental cycle. sleeping sickness control strategies can therefore target either the human host or the fly vector. indeed, suppression of one step in the parasite developmental cycle could ab ...201526029185
laboratory evaluation of efficacy and persistence of a 1% w/w fipronil pour-on formulation (topline®) against glossina palpalis gambiensis, diptera: glossinidae.one zebu bull of 365 kg live weight was treated along the back line with 36 ml of fipronil as a pour-on formulation. long-lasting mortalities of glossina palpalis gambiensis were recorded despite exposure to sunlight and regular rinsing with 50 l of water during the following 5 months. significantly higher mortalities were still observed even 140, 170 and 190 days after treatment following their triple releases or triple feeding of caged tsetse on the treated bull. mortalities of 70, 80 and 44%, ...201525944739
neemazal ® as a possible alternative control tool for malaria and african trypanosomiasis?research efforts to identify possible alternative control tools for malaria and african trypanosomiasis are needed. one promising approach relies on the use of traditional plant remedies with insecticidal activities.201627146309
influence of temperature and relative humidity on survival and fecundity of three tsetse strains.tsetse flies occur in much of sub-saharan africa where they are vectors of trypanosomes that cause human and animal african trypanosomosis. the sterile insect technique (sit) is currently used to eliminate tsetse fly populations in an area-wide integrated pest management (aw-ipm) context in senegal and ethiopia. three glossina palpalis gambiensis strains [originating from burkina faso (bkf), senegal (sen) and an introgressed strain (senbkf)] were established and are now available for use in futu ...201627682638
high frequency of (kinetoplastida: trypanosomatidae) type among (diptera: glossinidae) in a historic trypanosoma foci in north-eastern gabon: preliminary study.human african trypanosomiasis became a neglected disease after the 1960s, when case numbers dropped dramatically. it again became a public health problem in sub-saharan africa at the end of the 1990s, when new cases were reported, notably in central africa, and specifically in gabon, where historic foci existed and new cases have been reported. therefore, the present study reports on an entomological survey conducted in may 2012 to determine the pathogenic trypanosome infection rate in tsetse fl ...201627113105
xenomonitoring of sleeping sickness transmission in campo (cameroon).the sleeping sickness focus of campo in south cameroon is still active, at a low endemic level, for more than a century, despite a regular medical surveillance. the present study focuses on the spatial distribution of xenomonitoring information obtained from an entomological survey performed in the dry season 2012. it appears that humans constitute a third of the blood meals and that the flies' densities were coherent with those classically observed in the different biotopes. paradoxically, the ...201627071554
[ecology of glossina palpalis vanderplank, 1949 (diptera: glossinidae) in mangrove area of guinea: influence of tides on tsetse densities].the mangrove area on the guinea littoral constitutes a favourable habitat for transmission of trypanosoma brucei gambiens, the parasite causing sleeping sickness also called human african trypanosmosis (hat), due the simultaneous presence of the vector (tsetse flies) and the human hosts. in order to assess the influence of the sea tides on the densities of glossina palpalis gambiensis (gpg), major vector of hat in the mangrove, entomological surveys were performed using two transects, according ...201626875082
molecular identification of different trypanosome species and subspecies in tsetse flies of northern nigeria.animal african trypanosomiasis (aat) is caused by several species of trypanosomes including trypanosoma congolense, t. vivax, t. godfreyi, t. simiae and t. brucei. two of the subspecies of t. brucei also cause human african trypanosomiasis. although some of them can be mechanically transmitted by biting flies; these trypanosomes are all transmitted by tsetse flies which are the cyclical vectors of trypanosoma congolense, t. godfreyi, t. simiae and t. brucei. we present here the first report asse ...201627216812
variations in attack behaviours between glossina palpalis gambiensis and g. tachinoides in a gallery forest suggest host specificity.tsetse flies glossina palpalis gambiensis and g. tachinoides are among the major vectors of sleeping sickness (human african trypanosomiasis-hat) and nagana (african animal trypanosomiasis - aat) in west africa. both riparian species occur sympatrically in gallery forests of south west burkina faso, but little is known of their interspecies relationships although different authors think there may be some competition between them. the aim of this study was to check if sympatric species have diffe ...201627513602
eco-epidemiology of porcine trypanosomosis in karim lamido, nigeria: prevalence, seasonal distribution, tsetse density and infection rates.animal trypanosomosis is a major economic disease in nigeria causing considerable morbidity and mortality in livestock. despite reports in other animals, the disease is under reported in pigs.201627519526
near infrared imaging as a method of studying tsetse fly (diptera: glossinidae) pupal development.near infrared (nir) photography and video was investigated as a method for observing and recording intrapuparial development in the tsetse fly glossina palpalis gambiensis and other muscomorpha (cyclorrhapha) diptera. we showed that nir light passes through the puparium, permitting images of the true pupae and pharate adult to be captured. various wavelengths of nir light from 880 to 1060 nm were compared to study the development of tsetse fly pupae from larviposition to emergence, using time-la ...201627402791
a molecular method to discriminate between mass-reared sterile and wild tsetse flies during eradication programmes that have a sterile insect technique component.the government of senegal has embarked several years ago on a project that aims to eradicate glossina palpalis gambiensis from the niayes area. the removal of the animal trypanosomosis would allow the development more efficient livestock production systems. the project was implemented using an area-wide integrated pest management strategy including a sterile insect technique (sit) component. the released sterile male flies originated from a colony from burkina faso.201626901049
using genetic data to improve species distribution models.tsetse flies (diptera, glossinidae) transmit human and animal trypanosomoses in africa, respectively a neglected human disease (sleeping sickness) and the most important constraint to cattle production in infested countries (nagana). we recently developed a methodology to map landscape friction (i.e. resistance to movement) for tsetse in west africa. the goal was to identify natural barriers to tsetse dispersal, and potentially isolated tsetse populations for targeting elimination programmes. mo ...201728342886
intestinal bacterial communities of trypanosome-infected and uninfected glossina palpalis palpalis from three human african trypanomiasis foci in cameroon.glossina sp. the tsetse fly that transmits trypanosomes causing the human or the animal african trypanosomiasis (hat or aat) can harbor symbiotic bacteria that are known to play a crucial role in the fly's vector competence. we hypothesized that other bacteria could be present, and that some of them could also influence the fly's vector competence. in this context the objectives of our work were: (a) to characterize the bacteria that compose the g. palpalis palpalis midgut bacteriome, (b) to evi ...201728824591
transcriptional profiling of midguts prepared from trypanosoma/t. congolense-positive glossina palpalis palpalis collected from two distinct cameroonian foci: coordinated signatures of the midguts' remodeling as t. congolense-supportive niches.our previous transcriptomic analysis of glossina palpalis gambiensis experimentally infected or not with trypanosoma brucei gambiense aimed to detect differentially expressed genes (degs) associated with infection. specifically, we selected candidate genes governing tsetse fly vector competence that could be used in the context of an anti-vector strategy, to control human and/or animal trypanosomiasis. the present study aimed to verify whether gene expression in field tsetse flies (g. p. palpali ...201728804485
comparative genomics of glossina palpalis gambiensis and g. morsitans morsitans to reveal gene orthologs involved in infection by trypanosoma brucei gambiense.blood-feeding glossina palpalis gambiense (gpg) fly transmits the single-celled eukaryotic parasite trypanosoma brucei gambiense (tbg), the second glossina fly african trypanosome pair being glossina morsitans/t.brucei rhodesiense. whatever the t. brucei subspecies, whereas the onset of their developmental program in the zoo-anthropophilic blood feeding flies does unfold in the fly midgut, its completion is taking place in the fly salivary gland where does emerge a low size metacyclic trypomasti ...201728421044
morphometric diagnosis of glossina palpalis (diptera: glossinidae) population structure in ghana.this study aimed to identify isolated population(s) of glossina palpalis in ghana using geometric morphometrics to evaluate variations in wing-shape and size between populations of the fly from three regions.201729284545
competitiveness and survival of two strains of glossina palpalis gambiensis in an urban area of senegal.in the niayes area, located in the west of senegal, only one tsetse species, glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank (diptera: glossinidae) was present. the government of senegal initiated and implemented an elimination programme in this area that included a sterile insect technique (sit) component. the g. p. gambiensis strain (bkf) mass-reared at the centre international de recherche-développement sur l'elevage en zone subhumide (cirdes) in burkina faso was used for the sit component.201729281634
fipronil 1% pour-on: further studies of its effects against lab-reared glossina palpalis gambiensis.in order to assess the residual effects of fipronil 1% on tsetse fly survival, male glossina palpalis gambiensis were released on non-treated and treated cattle, with 0.1 ml of fipronil/kg b.w. as a pour-on formulation. in a second trial, the female fecundity performances were evaluated by feeding teneral females on the same cattle. these females were then mated and their production parameters monitored, as well as the survival of freshly emerged flies. fipronil had a significant effect on tsets ...201728932909
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