Publications

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litmus: multipurpose cloning vectors with a novel system for bidirectional in vitro transcription.we describe the construction and uses of a set of four multipurpose cloning vectors: litmus 28, 29, 38 and 39. the vectors feature the high-copy puc origin and an m13 origin for single-stranded dna production as well as polylinker sites for most commercially available restriction enzymes that recognize nondegenerate hexanucleotide sites and yield 4-base sticky ends upon cleavage. sites are arranged, without overlaps, to permit linker addition to blunt-ended fragments and unidirectional nested de ...19957669286
serological diagnosis of subcutaneous dirofilariosis.we present serological evidence that dirofilaria immitis was the causative agent of subcutaneous nodules in two patients. elisa and enzyme-linked immunoblot analysis showed that the two human sera had a reactivity pattern similar to that of d. immitis rabbit immune serum. the reaction pattern of the human sera was very different to that of dirofilaria repens rabbit immune serum. in the light of our findings, the traditional view that subcutaneous filarial nodules are due to d. repens has to be r ...19957671389
solitary pulmonary nodule in a 62-year-old man. 19957813291
[studies on amino acid and chemical element in five species of filariae].five species of human and domestic animal filariae (b. m, s. d, s. l, s. e, d. i) after lyophilization and hydrolysis were resolved using hplc and type wfx-ib aas to determine amino acid (aa) and microelement (me) content, respectively. the results showed that there were 16 and 17 aa in b. malayi and the animal filariae, respectively. among aa, the total amount (microgram/mg dry wt.) was markedly higher in animal filariae than that in b. malayi in which the content of acidic and aliphatic aa was ...19957788893
diethylcarbamazine-induced dirofilaria immitis larval death, as indicated by immunoglobulin e concentration, in dogs with concurrent ancylostoma caninum infection.immunoglobulin e is produced in response to parasitic nematodes that undergo blood and tissue migrations. results of our previous studies indicated that ige and igg respond to dirofilaria immitis in experimentally infected dogs. to determine the association between treatment with the larvicide, diethylcarbamazine (dec), and antibody responses and to examine the potential influence of infection with a nonfilarid intestinal nematode on isotype-specific immune responses, we monitored, by use of iso ...19957717581
myocardial edema and compromised left ventricular function attributable to dirofilariasis and cardiopulmonary bypass in dogs.we investigated the relation between left ventricular dysfunction and myocardial edema in dogs with heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) infection that were undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. dogs with and without d immitis were anesthetized by continuous thiopental infusion and were mechanically ventilated. sonomicrometry crystals were placed on the long and short axes of the left ventricle, and a millar pressure transducer was placed in the left ventricular chamber. pressure-volume loops were digit ...19957717590
alterations in polyamine levels of nematode, earthworm, leech and planarian during regeneration, temperature and osmotic stresses.free-living nematodes, caenorhabditis elegans and dorylaimus fodori, contain putrescine and spermidine. putrescine, spermidine and spermine occur in the parasitic nematoda, ascaris suum, anisakis simplex and dirofilaria immitis. earthworms, eisenia foetida, tubifex hattai and pheretima communissima and the leech, hirudo nipponia (belonging to annelida) and the planarian, dugesia japonica (belonging to platyhelminthes) contain homospermidine and spermine in addition to putrescine and spermidine. ...19957749639
structure and function of a family of chitinase isozymes from brugian microfilariae.a family of chitinase isozymes, consisting of three proteins from the microfilariae of brugia pahangi and two previously described chitinases from the microfilariae of b. malayi, has been characterized. the five members of this family display closely related chitin-degrading activities, characterized by strong endo- rather than exochitinase activity. all five proteins have highly conserved sequences at their amino-termini and appear to share a two-domain tertiary structure, as demonstrated by pr ...19957758548
studies of reproductive competence in male dirofilaria immitis treated with milbemycin oxime.normal adult dirofilaria immitis from a microfilaremic donor dog and d. immitis from donors rendered microfilaria (mf) negative by seven consecutive monthly doses of milbemycin oxime (500 micrograms/kg) were transplanted into three previously uninfected and untreated dogs. two dogs received reciprocal combinations of treated and untreated d. immitis and the third received untreated adults of both sexes. a fourth dog served as an infected, milbemycin treated, non-transplanted control. eleven week ...19958826103
evaluation of dirofilaria immitis excretory/secretory products for seroepidemiological studies on human dirofilariosis.the usefulness of excretory/secretory (e/s) products of adult dirofilaria immitis for the diagnosis of human dirofilariosis was evaluated in 97 human sera using an elisa and a western blot analysis with e/s antigens. results of the elisa analysis show that in healthy individuals from an endemic area seropositivity is high (22%). immuno blot analysis shows that the reaction pattern with e/s antigens differentiates healthy seropositives, which recognize a 43 kda band, from patients with pulmonary ...19958520802
extensive diversity in repeat unit sequences of the cdna encoding the polyprotein antigen/allergen from the bovine lungworm dictyocaulus viviparus.the complete sequence of the cdna encoding the nematode polyprotein allergen/antigen (npa) of the bovine lungworm dictyocaulus viviparus was obtained by immunoscreening of cdna expression libraries and by 5' race (rapid amplification of cdna ends). the encoded polypeptide is similar in sequence to the aba-1 allergen of ascaris, the gp15/400 'ladder' protein of brugia malayi, brugia pahangi and wuchereria bancrofti, and a 15-kda antigen of dirofilaria immitis. as with these, the predicted amino-a ...19958538702
purification and characterization of an acid proteinase from dirofilaria immitis worms.an acid proteinase of dirofilaria immitis worms was purified 437-fold by gel filtration on sephadex g-75 followed by pepstatin-agarose gel affinity chromatography. the enzyme with a molecular weight of 42 kda was homogeneous as judged by both affinity chromatography and sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis at ph 8.9, however, revealed that the enzyme was composed of five multi-forms, all carrying proteinase activity. optimum ph of the enzyme was in the rang ...19958540332
polymerase chain reaction-based method for the detection of canine heartworm (filarioidea: onchocercidae) in mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) and vertebrate hosts.a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based test was developed to aid in identification of dirofilaria sp. and for use in surveys for infected vectors of dirofilaria immitis (leidy). a set of pcr primers was designed based on the dna sequence of a d. immitis surface antigen gene. the predicted product was a 378 base-pair dna fragment. the target fragment was amplified from free d. immitis larvae (both l3 and microfilariae), individual infected mosquitoes, pools of 30 mosquitoes (including a single i ...19958551511
specific igg1 and igg2 antibody responses of dogs to leishmania infantum and other parasites.sera from dogs naturally infected with leishmania infantum were analysed for the igg subclass specificity of their antibody response by elisa. dogs infected with l. infantum produced both igg1 and igg2 antibodies with igg2 being associated with asymptomatic infections and igg1 being associated with disease (symptomatic dogs, non- or low-responsive to chemotherapy). the differential responses of igg1 and igg2 serum antibodies in asymptomatic and symptomatic dogs may indicate a dichotomous immune ...19958552413
purification and partial characterization of a transglutaminase from dog filarial parasite, dirofilaria immitis. 19958581824
gliding bacterial adjuvant stimulates feline cytokines in vitro and antigen-specific igg in vivo.gliding bacterial adjuvant (gba) has been previously characterized as a potent immune modulator, stimulating the growth of murine b lymphocytes, inducing murine nk cell activity, and promoting the release of several murine cytokines. based on these studies and our interest in potentiating the effectiveness of feline vaccines, gba was tested for its ability to stimulate feline t cells in vitro and act as a vaccine adjuvant in vivo. in vitro, gba stimulated feline pbls to proliferate and release i ...19958585283
pulmonary dirofilariasis in a japanese hare, lepus brachyurus angustidens.a case of pulmonary dirofilariasis in a japanese hare, lepus brachyurus angustidens captured in aomori prefecture, was first reported in japan. two dead worms recovered from the pulmonary artery and detected within an organized arterial thrombus in the lung, were identified as a male and a female young adult dirofilaria immitis, respectively. principal lesions in the lung were associated with pulmonary arterial degeneration and consisted of rugose and villous intimal fibrosis, endarteritis with ...19958593310
human pulmonary dirofilariasis: a review.the authors presented a detailed summary of the geographical distribution, clinical and pathological aspects of human pulmonary dirofilariasis. although benign, this zoonosis, of which dirofilaria immitis is the major etiological agent, represents a medical problem since it produces symptoms which may be confused with neoplasia and thus may subject patients to unnecessary thoracic surgery. of 229 cases cited in the literature, only 17 were reported in brazil, despite the existence of highly favo ...19958731266
development of dirofilaria and setaria nematodes in aedes albopictus.the development of dirofilaria repens, d immitis and setaria labiatopapillosa up to l3 stage was documented in a laboratory colony of aedes albopictus originating from specimens collected in civitavecchia (central italy). the susceptibility of ae albopictus and its plastic trophic habits, strongly suggest that this mosquito may contribute to the spreading of these nematodes in the country. it is particularly emphasized the danger for human health of an increased probability of transmission of di ...19958778656
[two cases of pulmonary dirofilariasis in nagasaki prefecture].we reported two cases of pulmonary dirofilariasis in nagasaki prefecture. each case was admitted to our hospitals for evaluation of an abnormal shadow on chest x-ray film taken for examination. we strongly suspected lung cancer before operation. it was resected in order to confirm the pathological diagnosis. there was a dirofilaria immitis in the vessels surrounded by the necrotic tissues. the case of pulmonary dirofilariasis tends to increase in japan, but the positive rate of dogs with dirofil ...19968797309
second case of zoonotic onchocerca infection in a resident of oita in japan.a non-gravid female onchocerca was found in histopathological sections of a biopsy specimen taken from a painful nodule in the wrist of a 57-year old woman in oita, in southern japan. six species of onchocerca have been found in animals in japan: two in wild bovids, one in equids, and three in domestic bovids of which one, onchocerca sp., is only known by the microfilaria and infective stage. distinctive morphological features of the worm, including a three-layered thick cuticle with prominent a ...19968758554
extrapulmonary dirofilaria immitis-like infections in the western hemisphere.one worm recovered from the orbit of a patient in indiana, and two from the peritoneal cavity of another patient in california are described and classified as dirofilaria. both patients were elderly men who have lived all their lives in the united states. the main morphologic feature of these three immature worms is the presence of a smooth cuticle devoid of longitudinal ridges, similar to the cuticle of d. immitis. however, because other dirofilariid with similar cuticular characteristics have ...19968772783
dirofilaria immitis: ultrastructural localization, molecular characterization, and analysis of the expression of p27, a small heat shock protein homolog of nematodes.a cdna fragment encoding the complete coding region of a 27-kda protein (p27) of dirofilaria immitis was cloned. antibody to the recombinant p27 bound to hypodermal tissues of third (l3) and fourth stage larvae (l4) of d. immitis and to both the hypodermis and the cuticle of l3s of onchocerca volvulus, as visualized by immunoelectronmicroscopy. the deduced amino acid sequence of the central and c-terminal regions of p27 (amino acids s83 to h222) is 18-36% identical to members of the shsp/alpha-c ...19968654549
the prevalence of dirofilaria immitis in dogs in sydney.four hundred and four dogs from 9 pounds in sydney were examined for circulating microfilariae and antigens of dirofilaria immitis. one hundred of these were also examined post mortem for adult heartworms. the prevalence of infection in the 404 dogs as shown by serology was 11.4%, and 5.9% had circulating microfilariae of d immitis. adult heartworms were present in 15 of 100 dogs. dipetalonema reconditum microfilariae were present in 3.7% of dogs. dirofilariosis is still a common and important p ...19968660208
cloning and expression of dit33 from dirofilaria immitis: a specific and early marker of heartworm infection.dirofilaria immitis is an important filarial parasite of dogs and cats, and a useful model for human filariasis. current diagnostic tests for heartworm infection in animals rely on the presence of fecund female worms (usually found 6.5 months post-infection or later) and therefore fail to detect pre-patent infections. putative pepsin inhibitors from 2 filarial parasites of humans namely onchocerca volvulus (ov33, oc3.6, ovd5b) and brugia malayi (bm33), have been shown to be useful in diagnosis o ...19968728997
the influence of microfilarial density of dog heartworm dirofilaria immitis on infection rate and survival of aedes notoscriptus and culex annulirostris from australia.the mosquitoes aedes notoscriptus and culex annulirostris, previously shown to be competent vectors of dirofilaria immitis, were allowed to feed on dogs with densities of microfilariae ranging from 2665 to 33,055 microfilariae/ml. filaria developed in both species at a similar rate independent of the initial microfilarial density. cx annulirostris ingested more microfilariae although the number of developing larvae was consistently greater in ae.notoscriptus; one female ae.notoscriptus carried s ...19968834739
evaluation of ivermectin and milbemycin oxime efficacy against dirofilaria immitis infections of three and four months' duration in dogs.to determine the efficacy of ivermectin (ivm) and milbemycin oxime (mbo) against induced heartworm infection, where monthly treatment is started 3 or 4 months after infection, and to monitor microfilaremia and antigenemia.19968836373
a cyclosporin a-sensitive small molecular weight cyclophilin of filarial parasites. 19968855561
an epidemiological study of canine filarioses in north-west italy: what has changed in 25 years?a field survey aimed at updating knowledge of the distribution and prevalence of filarial infections in the piedmont region was undertaken. blood samples were collected from 2628 dogs (10-15 dogs/100 km2) which had remained in the local area, were kept in the open overnight, were more than 2 years old and had not previously been treated with microfilaricidal drugs. infection was diagnosed by a modified knott test. comparison of the results with those from a similar survey carried out 25 years ag ...19968865572
the host-parasite relationship in canine heartworm infection in a hyperendemic area of italy.from november 1990 to june 1991, 2273 dirofilaria immitis were collected from 175 stray dogs euthanized in the province of padua. the breed, sex, age and weight of each animal were noted. the worms were counted, sexed, differentiated as adults or fifth-stage larvae and weighed, and their length was measured. the host-parasite relationship in this epidemiological situation was characterized by a high prevalence (67%) together with a low intensity (19) and abundance (13). the frequency distributio ...19968865574
the validity of some haematological and elisa methods for the diagnosis of canine heartworm disease.examinations for heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) were performed on 175 impounded dogs from a hyperendemic area of the po valley (italy). each blood sample was used with five haematological diagnostic methods (filtration, direct smear, modified knott, clotted blood and capillary tube) and three commercial elisa kits (petchek, diasystems, uni-tec). the results were compared with the true infection status obtained from post-mortem examination of the heart, pulmonary arteries, thoracic venae cavae a ...19968865575
detection of circulating immune complexes in dog sera by immune adherence hemagglutination method.circulating immune complexes (cic) in the sera from 102 clinically healthy dogs and from 16 dirofilaria immitis (d. immitis) infected dogs were measured by the immune adherence hemagglutination (iaha) method. the level of cic in the sera from healthy dogs was 28.2 +/- 29.1 micrograms/ml. there was no significant difference in the levels of cic regarding sexes or ages. on the other hand, the level of cic in the sera from d. immitis infected dogs was 230.3 +/- 117.1 micrograms/ml, which was signif ...19968877969
re-migration of fifth-stage juvenile dirofilaria immitis into pulmonary arteries after subcutaneous transplantation in dogs, cats, and rabbits.an assessment was made of the capacity for re-migration of the 5th-stage juvenile canine heartworm, dirofilaria immitis. live, 5th-stage juvenile worms recovered from the pulmonary arteries of infected dogs were transplanted into the subcutaneous tissue of uninfected dogs, cats, and rabbits. a mean of 45%, 61%, and 18% of the transplanted worms were recovered from the pulmonary arteries of dogs, cats, and rabbits, respectively, 1 and 3 mo later. the 5th-stage juvenile worms thus have the ability ...19968885898
thiacetarsamide depresses relaxation of canine pulmonary artery in vitro.little information is available on the primary pharmacological effects of thiacetarsamide on mammalian systems, particularly on blood vessels. the effects of thiacetarsamide on arterial responses was studied in isolated rings from canine pulmonary artery. vessels were exposed to thiacetarsamide and dose-response relationships were applied to methacholine and nitroglycerin. to rule out non-specific effects of antihelmintics, the effects of two other antifilarial drugs, diethylcarbamazine and iver ...19968888557
evaluating the detection of circulating filarial antigen in diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis and filarial hydrocele.four groups of patients were selected: 16 patients with clinical evidence of obstructive filarial lymphangiopathy without microfilaraemia; 12 patients with clinical evidence of obstructive filarial lymphangiopathy with microfilaraemia and 9 patients with microfilaraemia. two control groups were also included. blood films, sera and hydrocele fluid samples were collected from all subjects. polyclonal antibody against dirofilaria immitis worm homogenate was prepared, fractionated and conjugated wit ...19968918042
polymerase chain reaction-identification of dirofilaria repens and dirofilaria immitis.on the basis of known dna sequences of dirofilaria repens and d. immitis we designed specific primers for the amplification by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) of the dna from the two species. the pcr-based identification was found to be unambiguous and allowed specific diagnosis of microfilariae in blood samples, of developing larvae in the mosquito vector and of immature adults in bioptic material, overcoming the serious constraints of the morphological separation of these filarial parasites at ...19968939053
carboxy-terminal sequence divergence and processing of the polyprotein antigen from dirofilaria immitis.a polyprotein composed of multiple units arranged in direct tandem arrays has been identified in parasitic and free living nematodes. analysis of previously cloned units from the dirofilaria immitis polyprotein antigen (dipa) indicated the units were nearly identical but here we demonstrate that they segregate into two related families. the consensus repeats, dipa-cr1 and cr2, derived for each family are 80% identical. however, the repeats at the c-terminus of the polyprotein have diverged from ...19968943150
human infection with dirofilaria repens in malaysia.human dirofilariasis is a rare infection in malaysia. thus far, only two human cases have been reported viz. dirofilaria immitis and d. (nochtiella) repens and in both instances, adult worms were recovered from infected patients. the two cases reported in the present study, one from melaka and the other from penang, were diagnosed histologically. based on the diagnostic criteria for identifying dirofilaria in tissue sections, the parasites were identified as d. (nochtiella) repens.19968960220
purification and characterization of three larval excretory-secretory proteins of dirofilaria immitis.two proteins were previously described in the excretory-secretory products (es) collected from dirofilaria immitis during the molt from the third stage to the fourth stage in vitro. the two proteins were purified using cation exchange and reverse phase hplc. during the purification of these two proteins, a third protein was identified that co-migrated with one of the others during previous gel analysis. all three had molecular masses of 20-23 kda as determined by tris-glycine sds-page and have b ...19968992320
molecular cloning of a developmentally regulated protein isolated from excretory-secretory products of larval dirofilaria immitis.three proteins isolated from the excretory-secretory products (es) of larval dirofilaria immitis have been previously characterized and termed the 20, 22l and 22u kda proteins. two of the proteins (20 and 22l) were produced and released around the time of the third molt and were specifically recognized by immune dog sera. an amino acid sequence common to both proteins was used to synthesize a dna probe to molecularly clone these molecules from a 48-h third stage larval cdna library. the dna sequ ...19968992321
[a survey of canine heartworm infections among german shepherds in south korea].a survey of canine heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) infections among german shepherds in five areas of south korea was performed from october 1994 to august 1995 using a microfilarial test (modified knott's test) and an antigen test (dirochek, synbiotics, usa). the infection rate of 127 german shepherds (71 males and 56 females) was 10.2% (13/127) by the microfilarial test, but was 28.3% (36/127) by the antigen test, revealing that 24 of the 36 antigen-positive dogs were microfilaria negative in ...19969017907
[tropical eosinophilia in a man from sri lanka].a 21-year-old man from sri lanka came to japan in august 1992 and worked as a painter. he had often complained of dyspnea on exertion before coming to japan. he was admitted to ogaki municipal hospital in june 1993 for further examination of persistent coughing, dyspnea, and fever. a chest x-ray film showed bilateral diffuse reticulonodular shadows. blood examinations revealed marked eosinophilia (9440/mm3) with elevation of the serum ige level (4982 iu/ml). igg enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ...19969022330
a simple method to design pcr primer to detect genomic dna of parasites and its application to dirofilaria immitis.a simple method to design a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) primer for parasites of interest was developed using dirofilaria immitis as a test sample. the method involved the cloning and sequencing of randomly amplified dna of the parasite, and designing a primer based on the resulting dna sequence. using the primer, dna fragments of the expected length were amplified by a regular pcr with genomic dna of dirofilaria immitis.19969025079
variation in protein concentrations in acute and chronic ascites in dirofilaria immitis-infected dogs.microfilaremic dogs, developing ascites acutely following a reaction to diethylcarbamazine therapy, had similar protein concentrations in their ascitic fluid and plasma. in contrast, in dogs chronically infected with dirofilaria immitis, the protein concentrations of ascitic fluid were found to be significantly lower than plasma protein concentrations. the acute development of ascites in such dogs is associated with high ascitic protein levels.199612660967
multiplex polymerase chain reaction for detection of dirofilaria immitis (filariidea: onchocercidae) and wuchereria bancrofti (filarioidea: dipetalonematidae) in their common vector aedes polynesiensis (diptera: culicidae).in french polynesia, aedes polynesiensis (marks) is the vector of the human filarial parasite wuchereria bancrofti (cobbold) and dog heartworm, dirofilaria immitis (leidy). a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was designed to screen pools of field-collected ae. polynesiensis for the presence of both parasites simultaneously using primers specific for each parasite. the sensitivity of detection on purified dna was 1 and 10 pg, equivalent to 0.1 and 1 l3 larva per pool for w. bancroft ...19979439132
immunologic protection against canine heartworm infection.this study was conducted to evaluate protective efficiency of three different protocols for vaccination in canine heartworm infection. to evaluate the three protocols of immunization, dogs were separately immunized with living larvae; 1) immunization with gamma-attenuated infective larvae, 2) with 50 micrograms/kg ivermectin-abbreviation, and 3) with chemical abbreviation plus freund's complete adjuvant (fca). each group was composed of two dogs. all dogs used for this study were subcutaneously ...19979450241
characteristics of nucleotide sequences flanking the trans-spliced leader sl1 exon in dirofilaria immitis, brugia malayi, and brugia pahangi.nucleotide sequences surrounding the trans-spliced leader sl1 exon in the 5s rrna gene spacer regions of dirofilaria immitis, brugia malayi, and b. pahangi were determined after pcr amplification, aligned with the genus onchocerca for comparison, and used for the prediction of secondary structures. the nucleotide sequence of this region in b. pahangi was first shown in the present study. hypothetical secondary structures of the spacer region suggested that the sl1 transcript is capable to form a ...19979450246
no evidence of endemic infection with dirofilaria immitis in dogs. 199716031959
dirofilaria immitis: heartworm infection alters pulmonary artery endothelial cell behavior.the pathogenesis of filariasis has generally been attributed to either physical presence of the adult parasites or the host's immune response to the parasites. however, the spectrum of filariasis cannot be entirely explained by these causes, and other mechanisms must be operative. it is now evident that factors released by filarial parasites likely contribute to the pathogenesis of filarial diseases. adult heartworms (dirofilaria immitis) reside in the right heart and pulmonary artery, so the pu ...19979049715
effect of arsenical drugs on in vitro vascular responses of pulmonary artery from heartworm-infected dogs.to test the effect of thiacetarsamide and melarsomine on vascular responses in isolated rings of pulmonary artery from heartworm-infected dogs.19979099385
effect of heartworm infection on in vitro contractile responses of canine pulmonary artery and vein.to test the effect of heartworm infection on agonist-induced constriction of canine pulmonary artery and vein in vitro.19979099386
[the dog heartworm]. 19979490469
molecular cloning, expression and enzymatic activity of a thioredoxin peroxidase from dirofilaria immitis.a dirofilaria immitis cdna clone encoding a nucleic acid homolog of thioredoxin peroxidase (nditpx) was isolated from a fourth-stage larval cdna library, using serum from dogs vaccinated by chemotherapeutically-abbreviated d. immitis larval infections. the protein encoded by nditpx had a predicted molecular mass of 22.1 kda and the deduced amino acid sequence was homologous to thioredoxin peroxidase-like sequences described in other filarial nematodes, yeast, bacteria and mammals. as is true for ...19979497051
a solitary pulmonary nodule in a long-term smoker. 19979153150
ultrasonographic identification of dirofilaria immitis in the aorta and liver of a dog.a 5-year-old sexually intact male mixed-breed dog was evaluated because of suspected vena caval syndrome secondary to heartworm disease. on physical examination, the dog was thin, icteric, and weak and had tachycardia and a cardiac murmur. serum biochemical and hematologic abnormalities included hyperbilirubinemia, high serum alkaline phosphatase and alanine transferase activities, hypoalbuminemia, leukocytosis, and normocytic normochromic anemia. dirofilaria immitis microfilariae were seen in a ...19979170093
effects of glucocorticoid therapy on urine protein-to-creatinine ratios and renal morphology in dogs.glomerulonephritis has been associated with exogenous glucocorticoid administration and spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism in the dog. the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of long-term glucocorticoid therapy on urine protein:creatinine ratios (up/cs) and renal morphology. nine young-adult male dogs were determined to be healthy and have normal renal function as assessed by physical examination, cbc, serum biochemistry analysis, knott's test for dirofilaria immitis, urinalysis, ur ...19979183769
systemic arterial dirofilariasis in five dogs.systemic arterial dirofilariasis is an unusual manifestation of heartworm disease of dogs that results from aberrant migration of dirofilaria immitis into the peripheral arterial circulation. to expand the clinical characterization of systemic arterial dirofilariasis, 5 dogs evaluated at the north carolina state university's college of veterinary medicine were reviewed. common clinical presentations included hindlimb lameness, paresthesia of hindlimbs, and interdigital ischemic necrosis resultin ...19979183772
dirofilaria, visceral larva migrans, and tropical pulmonary eosinophilia.helminthic infections are prevalent worldwide. the intestinal ascarid, toxocara, the animal filarial parasite, dirofilaria, and the human filarial parasite, wuchereria or brugia, produce an array of pulmonary disease in humans. infections are common in temperate, tropical, and subtropical regions of the world. pulmonary dirofilariasis is essentially an asymptomatic disease. most cases are diagnosed accidentally after thoracotomy for a solitary pulmonary nodule presumed to be lung cancer. clinica ...19979195679
isolation and partial characterization of a fatty-acid-binding protein from ascaris suum reproductive tissue.a 12-kda fatty-acid-binding protein was purified to homogeneity from ascaris suum reproductive tissue as confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. n-terminal amino-acid-sequence analysis of the protein revealed its identity with the aba-1 allergen protein isolated from a. suum pseudocoelomic fluid. fatty-acid binding by the protein from a. suum reproductive tissue was investigated using the lipidex 1000 assay, which revealed the presence of a single class of fatty-a ...19979197404
feline heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) infection: detection of specific igg for the diagnosis of occult infections.sera from 54 cats, 53 asymptomatic and one symptomatic (chronic dyspnoea and coughing), living in a hyper-endemic area for canine heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) infection were studied to evaluate the reliability of two elisa-based antibody tests coupled with both somatic (elisasa) and excretory/secretory (elisae/s) antigens. all cats were examined by echocardiography and radiography. in addition, an elisa-based test to detect adult female heartworm circulating antigens and a modified knott test ...19979211646
differentially expressed, abundant trans-spliced cdnas from larval brugia malayi.isolation and cloning of abundant reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) products from the filarial nematode brugia malayi using the conserved nematode spliced leader sequence and poly a as amplification targets has allowed us to identify abundant, stage specific transcripts from infective and post-infective larvae. the predicted protein products of the most prominent full-length transcripts from mosquito-derived l3 parasites are: (i) bm-alt-1, a homologue of a dirofilaria immi ...19979233676
dirofilariasis with conjunctival inflammation. 19979236762
immunological characteristics and localization of the trichinella spiralis glutathione s-transferase.trichinella spiralis glutathione s-transferase (tsgst) was isolated from crude extracts of l1 larvae by glutathione-affinity chromatography. two closely migrating polypeptides with molecular masses of 28.5 and 28 kda were identified by electrophoresis. three isoforms of pi 5.6, 5.8, and 6.0 were detected by isoelectric focusing. purified tsgst showed a low transferase activity as measured with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene; glutathione peroxidase activity was also demonstrated using cumene hydrope ...19979267403
effects of inhibitors of serine protease, phenoloxidase and dopa decarboxylase on the melanization of dirofilaria immitis microfilariae with armigeres subalbatus haemolymph in vitro.the melanization of dirofilaria immitis microfilariae in armigeres subalbatus haemolymph in vitro is a two-step process. firstly, the microfilariae are encased in a transparent capsule, then the capsule material is melanized later. benzamadine hc1 and p-amidinophenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, both serine protease inhibitors, inhibited the deposition of the transparent capsule material and melanization. diethyldithiocarbamate, a phenoloxidase inhibitor, did not prevent the deposition of the transp ...19979280896
a preliminary assessment of the recombinant antigen pla2 in the diagnosis of human dirofilariosis.two recombinant antigens (p22u and pla2), cloned in a l4 dirofilaria immitis cdna library, were analyzed by western-blot and elisa to investigate their characteristics for the diagnosis of human dirofilariosis. p22u seems related to a di22 native antigen useful for the diagnosis of pulmonary dirofilariosis, but it is unspecifically recognized by sera from patients with different parasitic and non parasitic pulmonary diseases. pla2 is not related to di22 but specifically reacts in western-blot an ...19979296061
survey of dirofilaria immitis (leidy, 1856) in random source cats in metropolitan rio de janeiro, brazil, with descriptions of lesions.to evaluate the prevalence of heartworm disease in metropolitan rio de janeiro, rj, brazil, cats submitted for euthanasia were evaluated by laboratory tests and by necropsy for signs of heartworm infection. of the 135 cats examined, one (0.8%)--a stray male from an urbanizing district--had one male worm (14.5 cm) in the left lung and showed severe muscular hypertrophy of small pulmonary arteries and arterioles with no right ventricle enlargement or passive congestion. microfilariae were not dete ...19979299698
[subcutaneous human dirofilariasis].after a short review of the literature, starting from the last decades of the past century, the current classification of the dirofilaria genus is shown with its two subgenera: d. immitis and d. nochtiella (repens, tenuis and ursi). the first case of subcutaneous and pulmonary dirofilariasis caused in italy by d. repens is then shown as well as a research on dog populations in which d. immitis is prevalent. the fact that d. immitis has not yet been isolated in humans, in italy, is probably due t ...19979312730
[imported parasites in dogs: dirofilaria repens and dipetalonema reconditum].between june 1993 and may 1996 infections with filariae were diagnosed in 80 dogs. five animals were infected with dirofilaria repens and three other dogs with dipetalonema reconditum. one of the d. reconditum positive dogs was also infected with dirofilaria immitis. an epidemiological analysis of the cases was possible for three d. repens and two d. reconditum infected dogs. two of the dogs with d. repens infections had been imported from italy or greece, the third dog had been taken by its own ...19979312900
canine filarial infections in north taiwan.to assess the current status of dirofilaria immitis infection and to determine whether there were other canine filarial infections in north taiwan, postmortem examination was conducted in 180 stray dogs more than 12 months old. blood and serum samples were examined using a modified knott's test and an antigen-detecting enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) kit, respectively. filarial infection was found in 60.6% of the dogs: 55% with d. immitis and 12.2% dipetalonema reconditum. moreover, th ...19979352007
prevalence of dirofilaria immitis infection in cats in saitama, japan.to clarify dirofilaria immitis infection among cats in saitama prefecture, japan, 1,840 cats were examined postmortem for adult worms and microfilariae in the blood from 1989 to 1995. as a reference control, 500 dogs from the same area were examined in the same way and period. d. immitis worms were found in 15 cats, one of which had microfilariae in the blood. prevalence rate of d. immitis infection was 0.8% (15/1,840) in cats and 46.8% (234/500) in dogs examined, whereas it was 4.1% and 64.6% i ...19979362033
a comparison of antibody responses to veterinary vaccine antigens potentiated by different adjuvants.six adjuvant formulations were compared for their ability to potentiate the primary and memory antibody responses in mice to three companion animal vaccine immunogens--feline leukemia virus (felv), feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv), and a recombinantly-derived heartworm antigen. the combination of a novel bacterial immunostimulator, gliding bacterial adjuvant (gba), either adsorbed onto an aluminum hydroxide gel (rehydragel hpa), or emulsified with a vehicle of polyalcohol and detergent, elici ...19979413100
dirofilaria immitis: experimental infection of rabbits with immature fifth-stage worms.to establish an animal model for human pulmonary dirofilariasis, we experimentally infected nine rabbits with immature fifth-stage worms of dirofilaria immitis. the rabbits were infected by subcutaneous transplantation with various numbers of immature worms collected from 110- and 120-day-old infections of dogs. four of seven rabbits infected with up to four larvae possessed encapsulated worms in the lungs at 196 or 308 days post-transplantation. two rabbits transplanted with eight worms died of ...19979430524
a comparison of two antigen-detection elisa for detecting infection of dirofilaria immitis in dogs.a survey on 87 dogs necropsied in the townsville region revealed 34 (39%) were infected with dirofilaria immitis. infected dogs had an average of 6.1 adult worms in the heart and associated blood vessels. the vetred assay detected 23 of the 34 infected dogs (sensitivity 65%) and the og4c3 elisa detected 27 (sensitivity 80%). sensitivity of the vetred and og4c3 elisa increased to 88 and 94% respectively in dogs with three or more worms. both tests detected correctly all uninfected dogs. despite t ...19979587612
human dirofilariasis caused by dirofilaria (nochtiella) repens in sri lanka.human dirofilariasis due to dirofilaria (nochtiella) repens is a common zoonotic infection in sri lanka. todate 70 cases are on record, and they include 3 expatriates from russia, england and korea, who were undoubtedly infected in sri lanka. around 30-60% of dogs are infected with d. repens in various parts of the country and the mosquito vectors are aedes aegypti, armigeres subalbatus, mansonia uniformis and m. annulifera. unlike in other countries of the old world infection is most common in ...19979802095
recent increase of human infections with dog heart worm dirofilaria immitis in japan.the human infection with dirofilaria immitis, was reported for the first time in 1964 from a subcutaneous case, and in 1968 from a pulmonary case in japan. since that time, a total of human d. immitis cases amounted to 120 cases up to the first half of 1995. among these, only one infection with d. repens was reported from a southern island of okinawa. the parasitological aspects of these cases are reviewed along with clinical, pathological, immunological and epidemiological features.19979802097
human humoral immune response to dirofilaria species.dirofilaria immitis and d. repens, the agents of human pulmonary and subcutaneous dirofilariosis respectively, may coexist in areas of southern europe, and l3 and l4 of both species develop in subcutaneous tissue. previous studies have shown that humans develop high levels of specific igm, igg and ige anti-d. immitis. an antigen of approximately 22 kda (di22) is a marker of pulmonary dirofilariosis. in this work, we demonstrate that d. repens also induces igg in infected humans. polypeptides bet ...19979802100
advances in the identification of dirofilaria repens and dirofilaria immitis by a pcr-based approach.the differential epidemiology of d. repens and d. immitis is still poorly understood due to the lack of a diagnostic method which would make possible the routine identification of these parasites as developing larvae either in the vector or in unsuitable hosts, including man. the pcr-based method here described allows: i) the unambiguous identification of mature and immature adult worms in bioptic material, of microfilariae in blood samples and of developing larvae in mosquito vectors; ii) the a ...19979802101
immunohistochemical detection of dirofilaria immitis using a rabbit polyclonal anti-serum against adult somatic antigens and excretory-secretory products.an immunohistochemical study on tissue sections of kidney, lung, liver and spleen from six dogs naturally infected by dirofilaria immitis was carried out, using a rabbit polyclonal anti-serum against somatic antigen (sa) of adult worms, excretory-secretory products (es) of adult worms and fraction c3 of complement (dog c3). positive immunoreactions were observed on circulating microfilariae when anti-sa and anti-es were used, but no differences were noted between the two anti-sera. no antigen de ...19979802110
a divergent multi-domain cyclophilin is highly conserved between parasitic and free-living nematode species and is important in larval muscle development.a divergent multi-domain cyclophilin from the filarial nematodes brugia malayi, onchocerca volvulus and dirofilaria immitis has a highly conserved orthologue in the free-living nematodes caenorhabditis elegans and c. briggsae. cyclophilins are the receptors for the immunosuppressive and anti-parasitic agent cyclosporin a and additionally these ubiquitously expressed proteins have protein folding capabilities, and exhibit proline isomerase activity. these divergent nematode cyclophilins (cyp-4 is ...19989803414
unusual presentation of periorbital dirofilariasis. 19989818132
pathologic findings in dogs with shock induced by intravenous administration of heartworm extract.to examine pathologic findings in dogs with shock induced by iv administration of heartworm (hw) extract.19989829400
periodicity exhibited by dirofilaria immitis microfilariae identified in dogs of korea.microfilarial periodicity of dirofilaria immitis (the dog heartworm) was determined at two hr intervals for 72 consecutive hrs in 10 naturally infected war dogs, 3-9 years old, in korea to facilitate harvest of the microfilariae for possible use in laboratory works and to elucidate further the periodicity of the microfilaria depending on geographic location. although the periodicity had been observed as being low-grade nocturnal, maximal microfilarial counts were found at 21:00 hr and minimal at ...19989868888
habitat related differences in helminth parasites of red foxes in the ebro valley.the prevalences of helminth parasites found on red foxes collected in two different habitats of the ebro valley, in north-eastern spain were compared. twenty helminth species, including one trematode, six cestodes, 12 nematodes and one acanthocephalan were found. metorchis albidus, uncinaria stenocephala and dirofilaria immitis were more prevalent in the irrigated lands close to the main rivers of the study area, whereas trichuris vulpis and pterygodermatites affinis showed higher prevalences in ...19989877074
molecular characterization of a calcium-binding protein from the filarial parasite dirofilaria immitis.a full length d. immitis cdna (ndical) encoding a protein with significant similarity to the calreticulin protein family was isolated from a 6-day fourth-stage larval cdna expression library by immunoscreening, using serum from a rabbit immunized by repeated injection of small numbers of third-stage larvae. ndical is 1538 bp long and contains the 21 bp nematode splice leader sequence sl1 at the 5' end. ndical encodes for a protein (pdical) with a predicted molecular mass of 46 kda. pdical sequen ...19989879888
antibody to the dirofilaria immitis aspartyl protease inhibitor homologue is a diagnostic marker for feline heartworm infections.feline heartworm disease, caused by the filarial nematode dirofilaria immitis, has been diagnosed with increased frequency in areas endemic for canine heartworm infection. the routine methods for determining the infection status of dogs, such as identification of circulating microfilariae in blood or identification of circulating antigen in serum, plasma or blood, have proven inadequate for screening cats. the inadequacies are due to the likelihood of single-sex infections and clinical disease d ...19989920319
[laboratory diagnosis of protozoan and parasitic infections. 2. helminthiasis. g. dirofilariasis (with special reference to dirofilaria immitis infection)]. 19989921259
phylogeny of wolbachia in filarial nematodes.intracellular bacteria have been observed in various species of filarial nematodes (family onchocercidae). the intracellular bacterium of the canine filaria dirofilaria immitis has been shown to be closely related to wolbachia, a rickettsia-like micro-organism that is widespread among arthropods. however, the relationships between endosymbionts of different filariae, and between these and the arthropod wolbachiae, appear not to have been studied. to address these issues we have examined ten spec ...19989921679
expression of lex antigen in schistosoma japonicum and s.haematobium and immune responses to lex in infected animals: lack of lex expression in other trematodes and nematodes.adults of the human parasitic trematode schistosoma mansoni, which causes hepatosplenic/intestinal complications in humans, synthesize glycoconjugates containing the lewis x (lex) galbeta1-->4(fucalpha1-->3)glcnacbeta1-->r, but not sialyl lewis x (slex), antigen. we now report on our analyses of lexand slexexpression in s.haematobium and s.japonicum, which are two other major species of human schistosomes that cause disease, and the possible autoimmunity to these antigens in infected individuals ...19989592128
comparison of a whole-blood agglutination test and an elisa for the detection of the antigens of dirofilaria immitis in dogs.to compare the usefulness of two commercial tests for detecting the antigens of dirofilaria immitis in dogs, one based on whole-blood agglutination (wba) and the other on elisa, 100 stray dogs from north taiwan were tested before necropsy. of the 53 dogs found to contain d. immitis at necropsy, which had a mean (s.d.) burden of 8.2 (10.6) worms/dog, 45 were found to be positive by wba and 47 by elisa. all the false negatives were dogs with very low worm burdens. although the elisa was more sensi ...19989614456
dirofilaria immitis in tikuna indians and their dogs in the colombian amazon. 19989614463
the prevalence of dirofilaria immitis in gran canaria, canary islands, spain (1994-1996).blood samples from 2034 dogs were tested to detect dirofilaria immitis antigen during three consecutive years (from 1994 to 1996) in gran canaria island, canary islands, spain. the prevalence of heartworm infection was 67.02% in 1994, 58.92% in 1995 and 52.18% in 1996, with a mean prevalence of 58.89%. heartworm infection was more common in males (56.19%) than in females (43.81 %), in dogs aged between 3 and 6 years old. the distribution of the disease in the different climatic zones was studied ...19989637223
presumptive dirofilariasis in a pale-headed saki monkey (pithecia pithecia).a 6-yr-old male pale-headed saki monkey (pithecia pithecia), born at the dallas zoo, reentered the collection in 1994 after it was housed for 4 yr in rhode island and 2 yr in florida. the monkey tested negative for both dirofilaria immitis microfilariae and d. immitis adult antigens (via commercially available tests) upon return. however, it tested positive for adult antigens 1 yr later, and additional testing, including ultrasonography, suggested a diagnosis of aberrant dirofilariasis. relevant ...19989638626
[is dirofilariasis in dogs spreading in south switzerland?].microfilarial infections could be detected by the difil test in 11 (2.2%) of 479 blood samples of clinically asymptomatic dogs from the south of switzerland. dirofilaria repens and d. immitis were identified in 3 (0.6%) and 8 dogs (1.6%), respectively, by the acid phosphatase activity of the microfilariae. 10 dogs with microfilaremia had been abroad or a stay outside switzerland could not be excluded. one dog diagnosed with d. immitis could have had acquired the infection in the canton tessin ac ...19989646715
pneumothorax secondary to dirofilaria immitis infection in two cats.dirofilariasis was diagnosed in 2 cats with spontaneous pneumothorax. one cat had a 3-week history of a cough, and the other had an 11-month history of vomiting and tachypnea. pneumothorax was managed in cats by thoracocentesis and supportive care. diagnosis of dirofilariasis was made on the basis of heartworm antigen and antibody test results and radiographic findings. clinical signs of heartworm infection improved after treatment with corticosteroids. cats had good extended outcomes. heartworm ...19989656031
mosquito frequency and feeding habits in an enzootic canine dirofilariasis area in niterói, state of rio de janeiro, brazil.heartworm, a chronic fatal mosquito-borne canine disease, is frequently diagnosed in dogs from the state of rio de janeiro, where its prevalence is 29.7% in the city of niterói. nevertheless it is rarely detected in cats (0.8%) from the same state. dogs are the primary source of infection to mosquitoes. because cats either do not demonstrate microfilaremia or it is too low and transient for transmission. a mosquito survey was conducted in itacoatiara, niterói, from march 1995 to february 1996, u ...19989698883
dirofilaria immitis and brugia pahangi: filarial parasites make nitric oxide. 19989709039
potential vectors of dirofilaria immitis (leidy, 1856) in itacoatiara, oceanic region of niterói municipality, state of rio de janeiro, brazil.dirofilaria immitis is a widespread mosquito-borne parasite that causes dirofilariasis, a commonly diagnosed disease of dogs that is rarely reported in cats and humans. a mosquito survey was conducted in itacoatiara in the state of rio de janeiro, from march 1995 to february 1996, using canine, feline and human baits. a total of 3,667 mosquitoes were dissected for d. immitis larvae, representing 19 species and 10 genera. from those, ae. scapularis, ae taeniorhynchus, cx. quinquefasciatus, cx. de ...19989711329
susceptibility of aedes scapularis (rondani, 1848) to dirofilaria immitis (leidy, 1856), an emerging zoonosis. 19989711331
heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) disease and glomerulonephritis in a black-footed cat (felis nigripes).a 6-yr-old, 1.36-kg, intact female black-footed cat (felis nigripes) was presented to the veterinary medical teaching hospital, university of florida, with a history of depression, lethargy, and anorexia. cardiac dysfunction and renal failure were diagnosed on the basis of antemortem and postmortem findings. at necropsy, heartworms (dirofilaria immitis), glomerulonephritis, and endometritis were present. the glomerulonephritis could have been immune mediated and may have been associated with the ...19989732037
canine heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) detected in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in urban melbourne.canine heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) was detected by antigen elisa in 8 (6.4%) of 125 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) captured in the melbourne (australia) metropolitan area. circulating microfilariae were also detected by whole blood filtration in six of these foxes. cursory sampling of mosquitos at two of the sites where positive foxes were captured revealed the existence of two known mosquito vectors of dirofilaria. the existence of widespread fox populations in melbourne, together with known mos ...19989735919
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