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[A history of malaria in modern Korea 1876-1945].Although it is not certain when malaria began to appear in Korea, malaria is believed to have been an endemic disease from ancient times. It was Dr. H. N. Allen (1858-1932) who made the first description and diagnosis of malaria in terms of Western medicine. In his first year report (1885) of Korean Government Hospital he mentioned malaria as the most prevalent disease. Very effective anti-malarial drug quinine was imported and it made great contribution in treating malaria. After Japan had anne ...201121894070
Evaluation of the Clearview® Malaria pLDH Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test in a non-endemic setting.Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) are widely used to diagnose malaria. The present study evaluated a new RDT, the Clearview® Malaria pLDH test targeting the pan-Plasmodium antigen lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH).201121951996
malaria rapid diagnostic tests in elimination settings--can they find the last parasite?rapid diagnostic tests (rdts) for malaria have improved the availability of parasite-based diagnosis throughout the malaria-endemic world. accurate malaria diagnosis is essential for malaria case management, surveillance, and elimination. rdts are inexpensive, simple to perform, and provide results in 15-20 min. despite high sensitivity and specificity for plasmodium falciparum infections, rdts have several limitations that may reduce their utility in low-transmission settings: they do not relia ...201121910780
multiplex real-time pcr for the diagnosis of malaria: correlation with microscopy.malaria is generally diagnosed by microscopy and rapid antigen testing. molecular methods become more widely used. in the present study, the contribution of a quantitative multiplex malaria pcr was investigated. we assessed: (i) the agreement between pcr-based identification and microscopy and (ii) the correlation between the parasite load as determined by quantitative pcr and by microscopy. for 83 patients positive by microscopy for plasmodium spp., the first edta-blood sample was tested by mul ...201120298268
unresolved direction of host transfer of plasmodium vivax v. p. simium and p. malariae v. p. brasilianum.the evolutionary history of two human malaria parasites, plasmodium vivax and plasmodium malariae, remains unresolved. the near genetic identity between human p. vivax and p. malariae, and primate p. simium and p. brasilianum, respectively, suggests that recent host transfers occurred, but questions remain, such as whether the transfer was from humans to new world monkeys or vice versa, and when the transfers occurred. here, we investigate the phylogenies, haplotype networks, positive selection ...201120849978
evaluation of the rapid diagnostic test sdfk40 (pf-pldh/pan-pldh) for the diagnosis of malaria in a non-endemic setting.the present study evaluated the sd bioline malaria ag 05fk40 (sdfk40), a three-band rdt detecting plasmodium falciparum-specific parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pf-pldh) and pan plasmodium-specific pldh (pan-pldh), in a reference setting.201121226920
circulating red cell-derived microparticles in human malaria.in patients with falciparum malaria, plasma concentrations of cell-derived microparticles correlate with disease severity. using flow cytometry, we quantified red blood cell-derived microparticles (rmps) in patients with malaria and identified the source and the factors associated with production. rmp concentrations were increased in patients with plasmodium falciparum (n = 29; median, 457 rmps/µl [range, 13-4,342 rmps/µl]), plasmodium vivax (n = 5; median, 409 rmps/µl [range, 281-503/µl]), and ...201121282195
comparative population structure of plasmodium malariae and plasmodium falciparum under different transmission settings in malawi.described here is the first population genetic study of plasmodium malariae, the causative agent of quartan malaria. although not as deadly as plasmodium falciparum, p. malariae is more common than previously thought, and is frequently in sympatry and co-infection with p. falciparum, making its study increasingly important. this study compares the population parameters of the two species in two districts of malawi with different malaria transmission patterns--one seasonal, one perennial--to expl ...201121314950
nephrotic syndrome and unrecognized plasmodium malariae infection in a us navy sailor 14 years after departing nigeria.a 34-year-old nigerian man presented with nephrotic syndrome. renal biopsy revealed chronic membranous glomerulopathy with focal segmental sclerosis. blood giemsa smear contained rare plasmodium sp. trophozoites and small subunit ribosomal rna polymerase chain reaction amplification confirmed the presence of plasmodium malariae. this case highlights the importance of obtaining even remote travel histories from ill immigrants and considering occult quartan malaria in patients from endemic locatio ...201121722243
asymptomatic carriage of malaria parasites in blood donors in yaoundébackground: malaria can be transmitted through blood transfusion, but there is paucity of data concerning transfusion-transmitted malaria in cameroun. objective: to determine prevalence of malaria infection and association with epidemiological and clinical data obtained from donors' responses. methods: microscopic examination of stained thick and thin blood smears for the detection, quantification and specification of plasmodium sp was performed on 493 blood donors in two main hospitals in yaoun ...201122141368
the next opportunity in anti-malaria drug discovery: the liver stage. 201121966266
Plasmodium species co-infection as a cause of treatment failure.We report a case of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium malariae coinfection with associated failure of clinical response to artemether + lumefantrine therapy. This case highlights the need to consider co-infection in the setting of apparent treatment failure and the impact of mixed species infection upon host dynamics and clinical presentation. Recognition of malarial co-infection is clinically important for determining appropriate therapy and preventing disease sequelae.201122137441
quantification of the burden and consequences of pregnancy-associated malaria in the democratic republic of the congo.pregnancy-associated malaria (pam) produces poor birth outcomes, but its prevalence is commonly estimated in convenience samples.201121990422
[plasmodium knowlesi: an emerging species in humans?].plasmodium knowlesi is typically found in macaques and has recently been recognized as the fifth plasmodium species to cause malaria in humans. several cases of p. knowlesi malaria have been reported in people in southeast asia. most cases are simple but approximately one in 10 patients develops complications. the morphology of p. knowlesi parasites in human infections closely resembles that of plasmodium malariae or plasmodium falciparum, so a molecular method is the optimum diagnostic procedur ...201223353028
entomological indices of malaria transmission in chikhwawa district, southern malawi.although malaria is highly prevalent throughout malawi, little is known of its transmission dynamics. this paper describes the seasonal activity of the different vectors, human biting indices, sporozoite rates and the entomological inoculation rate in a low-lying rural area in southern malawi.201223171123
a case of imported plasmodium malariae malaria.malaria, the most common vector-borne parasite infection worldwide, results from infection by plasmodium species. approximately 80% of malaria cases are caused by p. vivax, which is broadly distributed from tropical to temperate regions; p. falciparum is the second most common infectious species. p. malariae and p. ovale are responsible for a relatively small proportion of malaria cases. here, we report the case of a 23-yr-old korean woman who acquired a p. malariae infection while visiting the ...201222563561
why do plasmodium malariae infections sometimes occur in spite of previous antimalarial medication?quartan malaria due to plasmodium malariae is commonly regarded as being preventable by current antimalarials. a case of p. malariae infection occurred in spite of previous treatment of plasmodium falciparum malaria 4 months earlier with a full therapy course of intravenous quinine hydrochloride and oral doxycycline followed by artemether + lumefantrine. since the patient was not anymore exposed to agents of malaria in the meantime, a new infection by p. malariae after therapy is unlikely. the p ...201222350675
evaluation of the rapid diagnostic test carestart pldh malaria (pf-pldh/pan-pldh) for the diagnosis of malaria in a reference setting.the present study evaluated carestart pldh malaria, a three-band rapid diagnostic test detecting plasmodium falciparum-specific parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pf-pldh) and pan plasmodium-specific pldh (pan-pldh) in a reference setting.201222704733
cloning, overexpression, purification and characterization of plasmodium knowlesi lactate dehydrogenase.plasmodial lactate dehydrogenase, key enzyme of anaerobic glycolysis, has been shown to be a potential immunodiagnostic marker as well as a novel target for chemotherapy. we have cloned, overexpressed and immunochemically characterized the recombinant lactate dehydrogenase of plasmodium knowlesi, the fifth human malaria parasite. the p. knowlesi lactate dehydrogenase (pkldh) gene was pcr amplified and 0.9 kb pcr product was cloned into pgem-t easy vector. sequencing and blast analysis revealed o ...201222683723
prospective evaluation of artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of non-falciparum and mixed-species malaria in gabon.the recommendation of artemisinin combination therapy (act) as first-line treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria is supported by a plethora of high quality clinical trials. however, their recommendation for the treatment of mixed-species malaria and the large-scale use for the treatment of non-falciparum malaria in endemic regions is based on anecdotal rather than systematic clinical evidence.201222515681
plasmodium knowlesi: from malaysia, a novel health care threat.epidemic foci of plasmodium knowlesi malaria have been identified during the past ten years in malaysia, in particular in the states of sarawak and sabah (malaysia borneo), and in the pahang region (peninsular malaysia). based on a review of the available recent international literature, the authors underline the importance of molecular biology examinations, polymerase chain reactions (pcr), performed with primers specific for p. knowlesi, since the current microscopic examination (haemoscope) m ...201222475654
Plasmodium knowlesi: A Malaria Parasite of Monkeys and Humans (*).Plasmodium knowlesi is a malaria parasite of monkeys of Southeast Asia that is transmitted by mosquitoes of the Anopheles leucosphyrus group. Humans are frequently infected with this parasite and misdiagnosed as being infected with Plasmodium malariae. The parasite was a major monkey animal model for developing antimalarial vaccines and investigations of the biology of parasite invasion. P. knowlesi is the first monkey malaria parasite genome to be sequenced and annotated.201222149265
human plasmodium knowlesi infection in ranong province, southwestern border of thailand.plasmodium knowlesi, a simian malaria parasite, has been reported in humans in many southeast asian countries. in thailand, most of the limited numbers of cases reported so far were from areas near neighbouring countries, including myanmar.201222313518
hexaplex pcr detection system for identification of five human plasmodium species with an internal control.malaria remains one of the major killers of humankind and persists to threaten the lives of more than one-third of the world's population. given that human malaria can now be caused by five species of plasmodium, i.e., plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium vivax, plasmodium malariae, plasmodium ovale, and the recently included plasmodium knowlesi, there is a critical need not only to augment global health efforts in malaria control but also, more importantly, to develop a rapid, accurate, species-se ...201223035191
management of imported malaria in europe.in this position paper, the european society for clinical microbiology and infectious diseases, study group on clinical parasitology, summarizes main issues regarding the management of imported malaria cases. malaria is a rare diagnosis in europe, but it is a medical emergency. a travel history is the key to suspecting malaria and is mandatory in patients with fever. there are no specific clinical signs or symptoms of malaria although fever is seen in almost all non-immune patients. migrants fro ...201222985344
mass blood survey for malaria: pooling and real-time pcr combined with expert microscopy in north-west thailand.asymptomatic carriage of plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax is common in both low-and high-transmission settings and represents an important reservoir of infection that needs to be targeted if malaria elimination is to succeed.201222909399
plasmodium malariae-infected erythrocytes in the peripheral blood, liver, stomach and duodenum: an ultrastructural study.we examined the ultrastructure of plasmodium malariae-infected erythrocytes in peripheral blood and tissue biopsies of the liver, stomach, and duodenum from three patients infected with p. malariae. ultrastructural features of p. malariae-infected erythrocytes in peripheral blood appear similar to those described previously. the surface membranes of p. malariae-infected erythrocytes had numerous knobs, as seen in p. falciparum-infected erythrocytes. there was no evidence of p. malariae-infected ...201223431813
deaths due to plasmodium knowlesi malaria in sabah, malaysia: association with reporting as plasmodium malariae and delayed parenteral artesunate.the simian parasite plasmodium knowlesi is recognized as a common cause of severe and fatal human malaria in sabah, malaysia, but is morphologically indistinguishable from and still commonly reported as plasmodium malariae, despite the paucity of this species in sabah. since december 2008 sabah department of health has recommended intravenous artesunate and referral to a general hospital for all severe malaria cases of any species. this paper reviews all malaria deaths in sabah subsequent to the ...201222905799
the genetic diversity of plasmodium malariae and plasmodium brasilianum from human, simian and mosquito hosts in brazil.plasmodium malariae is a protozoan parasite that causes malaria in humans and is genetically indistinguishable from plasmodium brasilianum, a parasite infecting new world monkeys in central and south america. p. malariae has a wide and patchy global distribution in tropical and subtropical regions, being found in south america, asia, and africa. however, little is known regarding the genetics of these parasites and the similarity between them could be because until now there are only a very few ...201222705349
epidemiology of plasmodium knowlesi malaria in north-east sabah, malaysia: family clusters and wide age distribution.the simian parasite plasmodium knowlesi is a common cause of human malaria in malaysian borneo, with a particularly high incidence in kudat, sabah. little is known however about the epidemiology in this substantially deforested region.201223216947
is a plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pldh) enzyme-linked immunosorbent (elisa)-based assay a valid tool for detecting risky malaria blood donations in africa?malaria is a leading cause of mortality in southern benin. the main causative agent, plasmodium falciparum, poses a threat on critical transfusions in pregnant women and children. this study's objective was to compare the performance of different malaria screening methods in blood donors in southern benin, a malaria-endemic country.201323927596
malarial parasite diversity in chimpanzees: the value of comparative approaches to ascertain the evolution of plasmodium falciparum antigens.plasmodium falciparum shares its most recent common ancestor with parasites found in african apes; these species constitute the so-called laverania clade. in this investigation, the evolutionary history of plasmodium lineages found in chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) was explored.201324044371
nightly biting cycles of malaria vectors in a heterogeneous transmission area of eastern amazonian brazil.the biting cycle of anopheline mosquitoes is an important component in the transmission of malaria. inter- and intraspecific biting patterns of anophelines have been investigated using the number of mosquitoes caught over time to compare general tendencies in host-seeking activity and cumulative catch. in this study, all-night biting catch data from 32 consecutive months of collections in three riverine villages were used to compare biting cycles of the five most abundant vector species using co ...201323890413
increased detection of plasmodium knowlesi in sandakan division, sabah as revealed by plasmonex™.plasmodium knowlesi is a simian malaria parasite that is widespread in humans in malaysian borneo. however, little is known about the incidence and distribution of this parasite in the sandakan division, malaysian borneo. therefore, the aim of the present epidemiological study was to investigate the incidence and distribution of p. knowlesi as well as other plasmodium species in this division based on a most recent developed hexaplex pcr system (plasmonex™).201323902626
plasmodium knowlesi infection: a diagnostic challenge.plasmodium knowlesi malaria is an uncommon, but highly prevalent parasitic infection in parts of malaysia. this is the case of a 14-year-old singaporean boy presenting to our emergency department with an 11-day history of fever following a school trip to malaysia. hepatosplenomegaly was the only clinical finding; laboratory tests showed thrombocytopaenia, lymphopaenia, mild anaemia and liver transaminitis. specific malaria antigen tests were negative, but the peripheral blood film showed plasmod ...201323608876
persistent detection of plasmodium falciparum, p. malariae, p. ovale curtisi and p. ovale wallikeri after act treatment of asymptomatic ghanaian school-children.two hundred and seventy four asymptomatic ghanaian school-children aged 5 to 17 years were screened for malaria parasites by examination of blood films. one hundred and fifty five microscopically-positive individuals were treated with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine and followed for 3 weeks. retrospective species-specific pcr of all 274 screened samples identified an additional 60 children with sub-patent parasitaemia, and a substantial proportion of co-infections with plasmodium malariae, plasmo ...201324533292
plasmodium species occurrence, temporal distribution and interaction in a child-aged population in rural burkina faso.malaria can be caused by five plasmodium species. due to their higher prevalence, much of the research concentrates on plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax. in burkina faso, where p. falciparum co-exists with plasmodium malariae and plasmodium ovale, there is not much data about the prevalence of the latter two species across human population. moreover, interactions between co-infecting plasmodium species are not documented. the aim of the current research is to determine species-specific ...201323421809
prevalence and distribution of human plasmodium infection in pakistan.both plasmodium vivax and plasmodium falciparum are prevalent in pakistan, yet up-to-date data on the epidemiology of malaria in pakistan are not available. this study was undertaken to determine the current prevalence and distribution of plasmodium species across the country.201323984968
natural plasmodium infection in monkeys in the state of rondônia (brazilian western amazon).simian malaria is still an open question concerning the species of plasmodium parasites and species of new world monkeys susceptible to the parasites. in addition, the lingering question as to whether these animals are reservoirs for human malaria might become important especially in a scenario of eradication of the disease. to aid in the answers to these questions, monkeys were surveyed for malaria parasite natural infection in the amazonian state of rondônia, brazil, a state with intense envir ...201323731624
plasmodium vivax aldolase-specific monoclonal antibodies and its application in clinical diagnosis of malaria infections in china.most rapid diagnostic tests (rdts) currently used for malaria diagnosis cannot distinguish the various plasmodium infections. the development of a plasmodium vivax specific rdts with high sensitivity to sufficiently differentiate the two most common plasmodium infections would be very crucial for disease treatment and control.201323758950
persistent foci of falciparum malaria among tribes over two decades in koraput district of odisha state, india.koraput, a predominantly tribe-inhabited and one of the highly endemic districts of odisha state that contributes a substantial number of malaria cases to the india's total. control of malaria in such districts would contribute to change the national scenario on malaria situation. hence, a study was carried out to measure the magnitude of malaria prevalence in the district to strengthen the malaria control activities.201323433186
an unusual case of plasmodium vivax malaria monoinfection associated with crescentic glomerulonephritis: a need for vigilance.plasmodium vivax infection is increasingly a major public health burden and the second most frequent human malaria. higher levels of clinical severity and chloroquine resistance are major factors responsible for such increases. malarial glomerular injury is uncommon and mainly observed in plasmodium malariae-infected patients. occasionally, transient immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis is associated with plasmodium falciparum infection. coexistent crescentic glomerulonephritis and vivax m ...201322806325
an innovative tool for moving malaria pcr detection of parasite reservoir into the field.to achieve the goal of malaria elimination in low transmission areas such as in cambodia, new, inexpensive, high-throughput diagnostic tools for identifying very low parasite densities in asymptomatic carriers are required. this will enable a switch from passive to active malaria case detection in the field.201324206649
plasmodium ovale curtisi and plasmodium ovale wallikeri in north-west ethiopia.in ethiopia plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax are the dominant species accounting for roughly 60 and 40% of malaria cases, respectively. recently a major shift from p. falciparum to p. vivax has been observed in various parts of the country but the epidemiology of the other human malaria species, plasmodium ovale spp. and plasmodium malariae remains poorly understood. the aim of this study was to assess p. ovale curtisi and wallikeri infection in north-west ethiopia by using microscopy ...201324073668
characterization of a malaria outbreak in colombia in 2010.although malaria has presented a significant reduction in morbidity and mortality worldwide during the last decade, it remains a serious global public health problem. in colombia, during this period, many factors have contributed to sustained disease transmission, with significant fluctuations in an overall downward trend in the number of reported malaria cases. despite its epidemiological importance, few studies have used surveillance data to describe the malaria situation in colombia. this stu ...201324044437
epidemiological pattern of imported malaria in jordan from 2007 to 2011.imported malaria is of major health concern to countries considered as free from this infection and jordan is no exception. the aim of this study was to highlight various epidemiological aspects of imported malaria into jordan over a period of five years. information pertinent to all malaria cases registered in the ministry of health (jordan) from january 2007 to november 2011 was retrieved from the database of the department of parasitic and zoonotic diseases. data was grouped according to age, ...201324522127
accurate identification of the six human plasmodium spp. causing imported malaria, including plasmodium ovale wallikeri and plasmodium knowlesi.accurate identification of plasmodium infections in non-endemic countries is of critical importance with regard to the administration of a targeted therapy having a positive impact on patient health and management and allowing the prevention of the risk of re-introduction of endemic malaria in such countries. malaria is no longer endemic in italy where it is the most commonly imported disease, with one of the highest rates of imported malaria among european non-endemic countries including france ...201324034175
cloning, expression, and immunocharacterization of surface protein containing an altered thrombospondin repeat domain (spatr) from plasmodium knowlesi.plasmodium knowlesi is the fifth species identified to cause malaria in humans and is often misdiagnosed as plasmodium malariae due to morphological similarities. the development of an inexpensive, serological detection method utilizing antibodies specific to p. knowlesi would be a valuable tool for diagnosis. however, the identification of specific antigens for these parasites remains a major challenge for generating such assays. in this study, surface protein containing an altered thrombospond ...201323734702
first case of plasmodium knowlesi infection in a japanese traveller returning from malaysia.this is the first case of plasmodium knowlesi infection in a japanese traveller returning from malaysia. in september 2012, a previously healthy 35-year-old japanese man presented to national center for global health and medicine in tokyo with a two-day history of daily fever, mild headaches and mild arthralgia. malaria parasites were found in the giemsa-stained thin blood smear, which showed band forms similar to plasmodium malariae. although a nested pcr showed the amplification of the primer ...201323587117
acalculous cholecystitis occurring in the context of plasmodium malariae infection: a case report.acalculous cholecystitis has been shown to occur in the context of malarial infection with plasmodium vivax and plasmodium falciparum and requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent complications. to the best of our knowledge this is the first reported case of the disease occurring in a patient infected with plasmodium malariae.201323889828
blackwater fever in congolese children: a report of clinical, laboratory features and risk factors.blackwater fever (bwf) is one of the severe forms of malaria. this complication was first described among non-immune european expatriates in the malaria endemic areas. recently, resurgence of this form of malaria has been reported among the indigenous populations. the objective of this study was to investigate the risk factors among bwf patients.201323767699
epidemiology of plasmodium infections in flores island, indonesia using real-time pcr.dna-based diagnostic methods have been shown to be highly sensitive and specific for the detection of malaria. an 18s-rrna-based, real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used to determine the prevalence and intensity of plasmodium infections on flores island, indonesia.201323706132
routine parallel diagnosis of malaria using microscopy and the malaria rapid diagnostic test sd 05fk60: the experience of médecins sans frontières in myanmar.malaria rapid diagnostic tests (rdts) are commonly used in médecins sans frontières (msf) programmes to detect acute malaria infection. programmes in regions with both plasmodium falciparum and non-falciparum malaria (i.e. plasmodium ovale, plasmodium malariae and plasmodium vivax) use a three-band p. falciparum/pan test such as the sd bioline malaria ag p.f/pan 05fk60 (standard diagnostics, kyonggi, republic of korea), hereafter referred to as sd 05fk60, as used by the msf-holland clinics in ra ...201323692957
comparative evaluation of microscopy, optimal(®) and 18s rrna gene based multiplex pcr for detection of plasmodium falciparum & plasmodium vivax from field isolates of bikaner, india.to evaluate microscopy, optimal(®) and multiplex pcr for the identification of plasmodium falciparumm (p. falciparum) and plasmodium vivax (p. vivax) from the field isolates of bikaner, rajasthan (northwest india).201323608372
plasmodium falciparum-like parasites infecting wild apes in southern cameroon do not represent a recurrent source of human malaria.wild-living chimpanzees and gorillas harbor a multitude of plasmodium species, including six of the subgenus laverania, one of which served as the progenitor of plasmodium falciparum. despite the magnitude of this reservoir, it is unknown whether apes represent a source of human infections. here, we used plasmodium species-specific pcr, single-genome amplification, and 454 sequencing to screen humans from remote areas of southern cameroon for ape laverania infections. among 1,402 blood samples, ...201323569255
misclassification of plasmodium infections by conventional microscopy and the impact of remedial training on the proficiency of laboratory technicians in species identification.malaria diagnosis is largely dependent on the demonstration of parasites in stained blood films by conventional microscopy. accurate identification of the infecting plasmodium species relies on detailed examination of parasite morphological characteristics, such as size, shape, pigment granules, besides the size and shape of the parasitized red blood cells and presence of cell inclusions. this work explores misclassifications of four plasmodium species by conventional microscopy relative to the ...201323537145
malaria rapid diagnostic tests in endemic settings.malaria rapid diagnostic tests (rdts) are instrument-free tests that provide results within 20 min and can be used by community health workers. rdts detect antigens produced by the plasmodium parasite such as plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein-2 (pfhpr2) and plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pldh). the accuracy of rdts for the diagnosis of uncomplicated p. falciparum infection is equal or superior to routine microscopy (but inferior to expert microscopy). sensitivity for plasmodium viv ...201323438048
malaria rapid diagnostic tests in travel medicine.malaria is a serious condition in the non-immune traveller, and prognosis depends on timely diagnosis. although microscopy remains the cornerstone of diagnosis, malaria rapid diagnostic tests (rdts) are increasingly used in non-endemic settings. they are easy to use, provide results rapidly and require no specific training and equipment. reported sensitivities vary between different rdt products but are generally good for plasmodium falciparum, with rdts detecting the p. falciparum antigen histi ...201323373854
high frequency of the erythroid silent duffy antigen genotype and lack of plasmodium vivax infections in haiti.malaria is a significant public health concern in haiti where approximately 30,000 cases are reported annually with cdc estimates as high as 200,000. malaria infections in haiti are caused almost exclusively by plasmodium falciparum, while a small number of plasmodium malariae and an even smaller number of putative plasmodium vivax infections have been reported. the lack of confirmed p. vivax infections in haiti could be due to the genetic background of native haitians. having descended from wes ...201323347639
declining malaria parasite prevalence and trends of asymptomatic parasitaemia in a seasonal transmission setting in north-western burkina faso between 2000 and 2009-2012.malaria transmission was reported to have declined in some east african countries. however, a comparable trend has not been confirmed for west africa. this study aims to assess the dynamics of parasite prevalence and malaria species distribution over time in an area of highly seasonal transmission in burkina faso. the aim was also to compare frequency of asymptomatic parasitaemia between wet and dry season by parasite density status and age group.201323339523
a novel, single-amplification pcr targeting mitochondrial genome highly sensitive and specific in diagnosing malaria among returned travellers in bergen, norway.nested pcr is a commonly used technique in diagnosis of malaria owing to its high sensitivity and specificity. however, it is time-consuming, open to considerable risk of contamination and has low cost-efficiency. using amplification targets presented in multiple copies, such as rrna 18s, or mitochondrial targets with an even higher copy number, might increase sensitivity.201323336125
hyperparasitaemia during bouts of malaria in french guiana.high circulating parasite load is one of the who criteria for severe falciparum malaria. during a period of 11 years (2000-2010), the frequency of hyperparasitaemia (hp) (≥4% infected erythrocytes) during bouts of malaria due to plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium vivax and plasmodium malariae in patients referred to cayenne general hospital (cgh) in french guiana and the frequency of their admission to the intensive care unit (icu) were evaluated.201323324618
self-diagnosis of malaria by travelers and expatriates: assessment of malaria rapid diagnostic tests available on the internet.in the past malaria rapid diagnostic tests (rdts) for self-diagnosis by travelers were considered suboptimal due to poor performance. nowadays rdts for self-diagnosis are marketed and available through the internet. the present study assessed rdt products marketed for self-diagnosis for diagnostic accuracy and quality of labeling, content and instructions for use (ifu).201323301027
limitations of microscopy to differentiate plasmodium species in a region co-endemic for plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium vivax and plasmodium knowlesi.in areas co-endemic for multiple plasmodium species, correct diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment and surveillance. species misidentification by microscopy has been reported in areas co-endemic for vivax and falciparum malaria, and may be more frequent in regions where plasmodium knowlesi also commonly occurs.201323294844
discordance in drug resistance-associated mutation patterns in marker genes of plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium knowlesi during coinfections.human plasmodium knowlesi infections have been reported from several south-east asian countries, excluding india, but its drug susceptibility profile in mixed-infection cases remains unknown.201323292346
prevalence of pcr detectable malaria infection among febrile patients with a negative plasmodium falciparum specific rapid diagnostic test in zanzibar.we screened for malaria in 594 blood samples from febrile patients who tested negative by a plasmodium falciparum-specific histidine-rich protein-2-based rapid diagnostic test at 12 health facilities in zanzibar districts north a and micheweni, from may to august 2010. screening was with microscopy, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) targeting the cytochrome b gene (cytbpcr) of the four major human malaria species, and quantitative pcr (qpcr). the prevalence of cytbpcr-detectable malaria infection ...201323249688
emergence of a new focus of plasmodium malariae in forest villages of district balaghat, central india: implications for the diagnosis of malaria and its control.during an epidemiological study (january-july 2012) on malaria in forest villages of central india, plasmodium malariae-like malaria parasites were observed in blood smears of fever cases. we aimed to confirm the presence of p. malariae using molecular tools i.e. species-specific nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and dna sequencing.201323107370
a case report of transfusion-transmitted plasmodium malariae from an asymptomatic non-immune traveller.the incidence of transfusion-transmitted malaria is very low in non-endemic countries due to strict donor selection. the optimal strategy to mitigate the risk of transfusion-transmitted malaria in non-endemic countries without unnecessary exclusion of blood donations is, however, still debated and asymptomatic carriers of plasmodium species may still be qualified to donate blood for transfusion purposes.201324304475
nested pcr detection of plasmodium malariae from microscopy confirmed p. falciparum samples in endemic area of ne india.the present study evaluates the performance of optimal-it test and nested pcr assay in detection of malaria parasites. a total of 76 randomly selected blood samples collected from two malaria endemic areas were tested for malaria parasites using microscopy and optimal-it test in the field. pcr assays were performed in the laboratory using dna extracted from blood spots of the same samples collected on the fta classic cards. of the total of 61 field confirmed malaria positive samples, only 58 (95 ...201324471280
[plasmodium malariae malaria with more than a 4-month incubation period: difficult to distinguish from a relapse of plasmodium vivax malaria].we report herein on a case of plasmodium malariae malaria with more than a 4-month incubation period. a 35-year-old japanese man who first presented to our clinic with fever and history of travel to papua new guinea was suspected of having plasmodium vivax malaria based on peripheral smear results. we admitted him and initiated treatment with mefloquine. after two days of therapy, he became afebrile. we discharged him, and p. vivax was later confirmed with pcr. we started mefloquine prophylaxis ...201323984595
are artemisinin-based combination therapies effective against plasmodium malariae? 201323341126
malaria outside the amazon region: natural plasmodium infection in anophelines collected near an indigenous village in the vale do rio branco, itanhaém, sp, brazil.a few cases of plasmodium vivax malaria in which anophelines of subgenus kerteszia were incriminated as vectors have been reported outside the amazon region, in the atlantic forest. this study was carried out near an indigenous guarani village in the curucutu reserve, an environmental protection area in the municipality of itanhaém in the state of são paulo, brazil, on november 30, 2009, february 18, 2010, april 29, 2010 and may 26, 2010. mosquitoes were collected along the route to the guarani ...201322989665
plasmodium knowlesi and hiv co-infection in a german traveller to thailand.a case of plasmodium knowlesi and hiv co-infection is reported in a german traveller returning from thailand. the 54 year-old patient presented to the institute of tropical medicine in tübingen with a 11-day history of daily fever and chills. initial microscopic evaluation of giemsa-stained thin blood smears was suggestive of a mixed infection with plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium malariae. however, pcr amplification of small subunit ribosomal rna gene revealed a p. knowlesi infection. paras ...201323941258
hyposplenism revealed by plasmodium malariae infection.hyposplenism, due to splenectomy, inherited red blood cell disorders or acquired conditions such as celiac disease, has an important impact on the severity of malaria, especially in non-immune patients. conversely, that malaria may reveal functional hyposplenism has not been described previously.201323914838
plasmodium knowlesi malaria an emerging public health problem in hulu selangor, selangor, malaysia (2009-2013): epidemiologic and entomologic analysis.while transmission of the human plasmodium species has declined, a significant increase in plasmodium knowlesi/plasmodium malariae cases was reported in hulu selangor, selangor, malaysia. thus, a study was undertaken to determine the epidemiology and the vectors involved in the transmission of knowlesi malaria.201425223878
challenges in diagnosis of plasmodium knowlesi infections.plasmodium knowlesi is the fifth species of plasmodium recently identified to cause human malaria. infections with p. knowlesi are currently being reported from south-east asian countries and the incidence is on the rise with a possibility of spread to the geographically contiguous countries. p. knowlesi infections can result in a high degree of parasitemia causing severe malaria in a larger proportion of infected individuals. if detected early and treated with appropriate antimicrobials, these ...201424754023
[one transfusion-transmitted plasmodium malariae infection case in shanghai]. 201425902679
sequence-based optimization of a quantitative real-time pcr assay for detection of plasmodium ovale and plasmodium malariae.although microscopic examination of giemsa-stained blood smears remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of malaria, molecular detection using pcr is becoming increasingly popular. due to discrepant pcr and microscopy results, we aimed to optimize our detection assays for plasmodium malariae and plasmodium ovale by sequencing the 18s rrna region and developing a new primer and probe set for real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr). clinical specimens positive for p. malariae (n = 15) or p. ovale (n ...201424430459
severe plasmodium knowlesi infection with multiorgan involvement in north east peninsular malaysia.plasmodium knowlesi has been recently identified as the "fifth human malaria species" following the discovery in malaysian borneo of a large focus of this simian malaria parasite in humans. even though it shares microscopic similarities with plasmodium malariae, it may cause severe illness with risk of fatality. we describe a case of p. knowlesi infection causing multi-organ failure in a patient who was successfully managed due to early recognition of the infection. clinicians in this region sho ...201424862042
plasmodium knowlesi in travellers, update 2014.since the initial discovery of plasmodium knowlesi in malaysia, cases have been reported from several neighbouring countries. tourism has also resulted in an increasing number of cases diagnosed in europe, america, and oceania. in this review we focus on the risk of the travel-associated acquisition of p. knowlesi malaria.201424631521
high prevalence and genetic diversity of plasmodium malariae and no evidence of plasmodium knowlesi in bangladesh.although the prevalence of malaria remains high in parts of bangladesh, there continues to be a substantial shortage of information regarding the less common malaria parasites such as plasmodium malariae or plasmodium knowlesi. recent studies indicate that p. malariae may be extremely rare, and so far, there are no data on the presence (or absence) of p. knowlesi in southeastern bangladesh. genus- and species-specific nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis of the small subunit ribosomal ...201424578257
evaluation of three rapid diagnostic tests for the detection of human infections with plasmodium knowlesi.plasmodium knowlesi, a malaria parasite of southeast asian macaques, infects humans and can cause fatal malaria. it is difficult to diagnose by microscopy because of morphological similarity to plasmodium malariae. nested pcr assay is the most accurate method to distinguish p. knowlesi from other plasmodium species but is not cost effective in resource-poor settings. rapid diagnostic tests (rdts) are recommended for settings where malaria is prevalent. in this study, the effectiveness of three r ...201424548805
a nephrotic syndrome of tropical origin: case report and short review of the aetiology.we present a case of nephrotic syndrome in a 38-year-old man of ivorian origin. in the search of the cause of his illness an infection with plasmodium malariae (p. malariae) was diagnosed by serology and by microscopy of a giemsa thin blood smear which revealed rare gametocytes of p. malariae. proteinuria significantly diminished within three months after antimalarial treatment. antibodies against schistosoma were detected as well. examination of kidney biopsy revealed a discrete mesangioprolife ...201425103593
[two cases of african imported plasmodium malariae malaria].the process of diagnosis, epidemiological survey and treatment of two cases of african imported quartan malaria is reported in this paper.201425051852
plasmodium malariae infection: a case of missed diagnosis. 201424947226
[diagnosis and treatment for three imported plasmodium malariae malaria cases in henan province].giemsa-stained blood film microscopy, carestart rapid detection and pcr were used to detect the three cases who returned from angola and equatorial guinea to henan province. onset of malaria symptoms for two patients occurred 15 d and 27 d after their return from angola, respectively. two months after returning home, another case relapsed who had suffered from malaria in equatorial guinea. all three patients had the symptoms such as irregular fever, headache, chills and so on. two cases had elev ...201424822369
recrudescence of plasmodium malariae after quinine.plasmodium malariae causes uncommon benign malaria found in the malaria endemic regions mostly of sub-saharan africa. as plasmodium malariae does not have a continued liver stage in humans the only way to have reinfection without reexposure is through recrudescence. however, reports of its recrudescence after antimalarials are rare with only a handful of case reports in the literature. research in this field to date has not been able to establish definitively an emergence of resistance in plasmo ...201424711818
genetic variability of plasmodium malariae dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) in four asian countries.the dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) genes of 44 p. malariae strains from four asian countries were isolated. only a limited number of polymorphisms were observed. comparison with homologous mutations in other plasmodium species showed that these polymorphisms are unlikely to be associated with sulfadoxine resistance.201424699454
the challenges of caring for children with nephrotic syndrome in a tertiary institution in the democratic republic of congo.the care of children with resistant nephrotic syndrome (ns) in the democratic republic of congo is compromised by resource deficiencies that range from inadequate healthcare budgets, to scarce laboratory facilities and inconsistent drug supplies. the aim of this study was to describe the clinical profile and management of children with nephrotic syndrome in kinshasa, the country's capital and its largest city.201424673208
a morphology-based method for the diagnosis of red blood cells parasitized by plasmodium malariae and plasmodium ovale.the morphology of red blood cells (rbcs) is altered significantly during the maturation stages of malaria parasites, which include ring, trophozoite, and schizont. there is dissimilarity in terms of the morphological characteristics of parasitized rbcs infected by the 4 species of plasmodium, including falciparum, vivax, malariae, and ovale. this makes the process of diagnosis very difficult, which may lead to a wrong treatment method and substantial damage to the health of the patient. an innov ...201424568595
a 20-year longitudinal study of plasmodium ovale and plasmodium malariae prevalence and morbidity in a west african population.plasmodium ovale and plasmodium malariae have long been reported to be widely distributed in tropical africa and in other major malaria-endemic areas of the world. however, little is known about the burden caused by these two malaria species.201424520325
malaria in pregnant women living in areas of low transmission on the southeast brazilian coast: molecular diagnosis and humoural immunity profile.studies on autochthonous malaria in low-transmission areas in brazil have acquired epidemiological relevance because they suggest continued transmission in what remains of the atlantic forest. in the southeastern portion of the state of são paulo, outbreaks in the municipality of juquitiba have been the focus of studies on the prevalence of plasmodium, including asymptomatic cases. data on the occurrence of the disease or the presence of antiplasmodial antibodies in pregnant women from this regi ...201425494466
immunochromatographic antigen testing alone is sufficient to identify asymptomatic refugees at risk of severe malaria presenting to a single health service in victoria.current screening guidelines for malaria in new refugees include a combination of thick and thin film examination and immunochromatographic antigen test (ict). however, as the prevalence of malaria in our population has decreased due to changing refugee demographics, we sought to determine if an ict alone can reliably exclude malaria in our asymptomatic refugee population.a retrospective analysis was conducted of all investigations for malaria performed from 1 august 2011 to 31 july 2013, includ ...201425158813
malaria: an update on current chemotherapy.chemotherapy of malaria has become a rapidly changing field. less than two decades ago, treatment regimens were increasingly bound to fail due to emerging drug resistance against 4-aminoquinolines and sulfa compounds. by now, artemisinin-based combination therapies (acts) constitute the standard of care for uncomplicated falciparum malaria and are increasingly also taken into consideration for the treatment of non-falciparum malaria.201425110058
malaria baseline survey in four special regions of northern myanmar near china: a cross-sectional study.epidemiological data in the border area of the northern myanmar near china are either of little accuracy or sparse of information, due to the poor public health system in these areas, and malaria cases may be severely underestimated. this study aimed to investigate malaria prevalence and health facilities for malaria services, and to provide the baseline information for malaria control in these areas.201425098412
the ears of the african elephant: unexpected high seroprevalence of plasmodium ovale and plasmodium malariae in healthy populations in western africa.malaria is a life-threatening pathology in africa. plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax attract the most focus because of their high prevalence and mortality. knowledge about the prevalence of the cryptic pathogens plasmodium ovale and plasmodium malariae is limited. thanks to recombinant tools, their seroprevalence was measured for the first time, as well as the prevalence of mixed infections in a malaria-asymptomatic population in benin, a malaria-endemic country.201424946685
acute kidney injury associated with plasmodium malariae infection.according to current estimates, plasmodium malariae is not very common in senegal, as more than 98% of malaria cases are suspected to be due to plasmodium falciparum. however, it is possible that other malarial species are being under-reported or misdiagnosed. this is a report of a case of p. malariae in a 30-year-old man previously hospitalized with acute kidney injury after treatment with quinine and re-hospitalized three months later. he was diagnosed with renal cortical necrosis post malaria ...201424906879
defining the malaria burden in nchelenge district, northern zambia using the world health organization malaria indicators survey.malaria is considered as one of the major public health problems and among the diseases of poverty. in areas of stable and relatively high transmission, pregnant women and their newborn babies are among the higher risk groups. a multicentre trial on the safety and efficacy of several formulations of artemisinin-based combination therapy (act) during pregnancy is currently on-going in four african countries, including zambia, whose study site is in nchelenge district. as the study outcomes may be ...201424902708
detection of persistent plasmodium spp. infections in ugandan children after artemether-lumefantrine treatment.during a longitudinal study investigating the dynamics of malaria in ugandan lakeshore communities, a consistently high malaria prevalence was observed in young children despite regular treatment. to explore the short-term performance of artemether-lumefantrine (al), a pilot investigation into parasite carriage after treatment(s) was conducted in bukoba village. a total of 163 children (aged 2-7 years) with a positive blood film and rapid antigen test were treated with al; only 8.7% of these had ...201424837880
the rise and fall of malaria in a west african rural community, dielmo, senegal, from 1990 to 2012: a 22 year longitudinal study.a better understanding of the effect of malaria control interventions on vector and parasite populations, acquired immunity, and burden of the disease is needed to guide strategies to eliminate malaria from highly endemic areas. we monitored and analysed the changes in malaria epidemiology in a village community in senegal, west africa, over 22 years.201424813159
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