Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| immunization with a tubulin-rich preparation from trypanosoma brucei confers broad protection against african trypanosomosis. | tubulin from trypanosoma brucei was purified to near homogeneity using a protocol which involved treatment with urea with subsequent renaturation and was then used to immunize mice. renatured tubulin further purified by sds-page (denatured), synthetic tubulin peptides (stp), and rat brain tubulin (rbtub) were also used. immunized mice were challenged with t. brucei, trypanosoma congolense or trypanosoma rhodesiense. renatured t. brucei tubulin (ntbtub) induced protection in all mice tested, of w ... | 2002 | 12615162 |
| selective pressure can influence the resistance of trypanosoma congolense to normal human serum. | resistance and sensitivity to normal human serum (nhs) of trypanosoma congolense, a parasite believed to cause disease in animals only, were investigated in vivo as well as in vitro. our results indicate that like trypanosoma brucei, t. congolense can be grouped into three different phenotypes according to its resistance to nhs. some strains are completely resistant to nhs, like trypanosoma brucei gambiense and the resistant form of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. other strains show a very low d ... | 2002 | 12706740 |
| fizz1 and ym as tools to discriminate between differentially activated macrophages. | although it is well-established that macrophages can occur in distinct activation states, the molecular characteristics of differentially activated macrophages, and particularly those of alternatively activated macrophages (aamphi), are still poorly unraveled. recently, we demonstrated that the expression of fizz1 and ym is induced in aamphi as compared with classically activated macrophages (camphi), elicited in vitro or developed in vivo during infection with trypanosoma brucei brucei. in the ... | 2002 | 12892049 |
| glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored surface molecules of trypanosoma congolense insect forms are developmentally regulated in the tsetse fly. | procyclic culture forms of trypanosoma congolense have been shown to express a glutamic acid/alanine-rich protein (garp) on their surface. by labelling t. congolense procyclic culture forms with glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi) precursors, we show that garp is bound to the membrane by a gpi anchor and demonstrate the presence of two additional gpi-anchored surface molecules of 24-34 and 58 kda that are abundantly expressed. the 24-34 kda molecule, which is recognised by monoclonal antibodies t ... | 2002 | 11755181 |
| the effects of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant trypanosoma congolense infections on the pharmacokinetics of homidium in boran cattle. | two groups of five boran (bos indicus) cattle were infected with one of two populations of trypanosoma congolense; one drug-sensitive (il1180), and one drug-resistant (il3330). the animals were then treated intramuscularly with homidium bromide at a dose rate of 1.0 mg kg(-1) bodyweight 7 days after trypanosomes were detected in the peripheral blood of all the five animals in each group. following treatment of cattle infected with drug-sensitive trypanosomes, parasites could no longer be detecte ... | 2002 | 11835895 |
| recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha does not inhibit the growth of african trypanosomes in axenic cultures. | mice whose tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) genes were disrupted developed higher levels of parasitemia than wild-type mice following infection with trypanosoma congolense il1180 or t. brucei brucei gutat3.1, confirming the results of earlier studies. to determine whether tnf-alpha directly affects the growth of these and other bloodstream forms of african trypanosomes, we studied the effects of recombinant mouse, human, and bovine tnf-alpha on the growth of two isolates of t. congolense, ... | 2002 | 11895989 |
| tetracycline-regulated rna interference in trypanosoma congolense. | 2002 | 11897138 | |
| comparative pathogenicity of three genetically distinct trypanosoma congolense-types in inbred balb/c mice. | inbred balb/c mice were infected with three clones of trypanosoma congolense (sam.28.1, dind.3.1 and k60.1a) corresponding, respectively, to the three genetically distinct types (savannah, forest and kilifi) defined within this species, for the purpose of comparing their pathogenicity for a better understanding of the epidemiology of african trypanosomosis. another clone of savannah type, il 3000, was also tested simultaneously to study a probable strain variation. both the clones of savannah ty ... | 2002 | 11900925 |
| trypanosoma congolense: expression of a heat shock protein 70 and initial evaluation as a diagnostic antigen for bovine trypanosomosis. | a 69-kda immunodominant protein of trypanosoma congolense was identified as a member of the hsp70 family that is homologous to mammalian bip. we report here the expression of the gene encoding the t. congolense bip in a bacterial system. dot blotting of the truncated recombinant proteins confirmed that bip antigenicity is mainly located in the c-terminal third of the molecule. a recombinant fragment corresponding to this region was used as an antigen in an indirect elisa and an initial evaluatio ... | 2002 | 11971648 |
| distribution of trypanosoma congolense in infected multimammate rats (mastomys coucha): light and electron microscopical studies. | in an attempt to determine whether trypanosoma congolense occurs both within and outside the blood vessels in an infected animal host, multimammate rats (mastomys coucha) were infected with t. congolense and samples from spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, liver, kidney, lungs, brain, heart, intestines, ovaries and testes were collected. the tissue samples were fixed and processed for light and electron microscopical examination. in all the tissues examined, trypanosomes were found only within the ... | 2002 | 11983307 |
| the african trypanosome cyclophilin a homologue contains unusual conserved central and n-terminal domains and is developmentally regulated. | we have cloned and characterized the homologue of cyclophilin a (cypa) from trypanosoma brucei brucei, trypanosoma congolense, trypanosoma evansi and trypanosoma vivax. the 1-kilobase african trypanosome cypa complementary dna contains an open reading frame of 531 base pairs, corresponding to 177 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 18,700. the cypa gene is present at one copy/haploid genome in t. brucei, t. congolense and t. vivax and is located on large chromosomes (>3 mb) in t. b ... | 2002 | 12062813 |
| congopain from trypanosoma congolense: drug target and vaccine candidate. | trypanosomes are the etiological agents of human sleeping sickness and livestock trypanosomosis (nagana), which are major diseases in africa. their cysteine proteases (cps), which are members of the papain family, are expressed during the infective stages of the parasites' life cycle. they are suspected to act as pathogenic factors in the mammalian host, where they also trigger prominent immune responses. trypanosoma congolense, a major pathogenic species in livestock, possesses at least two fam ... | 2002 | 12108538 |
| azaanthraquinone inhibits respiration and in vitro growth of long slender bloodstream forms of trypanosoma congolense. | an ethanolic extract of mitracarpus scaber was found to possess in vitro and in vivo trypanocidal activity against trypanosoma congolense. at a dosage of 50 mg kg(-1) day(-1) in normal saline for 5 days, the extract cured balbc mice infected with t. congolense without any relapse. the isolated active component benz(g)isoquinoline 5,10 dione (azaanthraquinone) (aq) purified from the extract was found to inhibit glucose-dependent cellular respiration and glycerol-3-phosphate-dependent mitochondria ... | 2002 | 12125096 |
| trypanosoma simiae and trypanosoma congolense: surface glycoconjugates of procyclic forms-the same coats on different hangers? | organic solvent extraction, reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with surface binding monoclonal antibodies were used to isolate membrane molecules of procyclic culture forms of trypanosoma simiae and trypanosoma congolense. gel electrophoresis of the purified molecules revealed two predominant molecular species from each parasite that were broadly similar yet showed different apparent molecular masses and staining characteristics. the molecu ... | 2002 | 12128053 |
| succinate secreted by trypanosoma brucei is produced by a novel and unique glycosomal enzyme, nadh-dependent fumarate reductase. | in all trypanosomatids, including trypanosoma brucei, glycolysis takes place in peroxisome-like organelles called glycosomes. these are closed compartments wherein the energy and redox (nad(+)/nadh) balances need to be maintained. we have characterized a t. brucei gene called frdg encoding a protein 35% identical to saccharomyces cerevisiae fumarate reductases. microsequencing of frdg purified from glycosome preparations, immunofluorescence, and western blot analyses clearly identified this enzy ... | 2002 | 12138089 |
| comparative evaluation of the antibody-detection elisa technique using microplates precoated with denatured crude antigens from trypanosoma congolense or trypanosoma vivax. | two fao/iaea indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa), which use microplates precoated with denatured crude trypanosoma congolense or trypanosoma vivax antigen for detecting anti-trypanosomal antibodies in bovine sera, were evaluated for their sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values, using 320 ugandan field samples (known negative sera, n = 80; known positive sera, n = 80; cattle herds where control of tsetse and trypanosomosis was practiced, n = 80; and c ... | 2002 | 12166331 |
| comparative pathogenicity of three genetically distinct types of trypanosoma congolense in cattle: clinical observations and haematological changes. | the pathology of african bovine trypanosomosis was compared in zebu cattle subcutaneously inoculated with three clones of trypanosomes corresponding to the three genetically distinct types of trypanosoma congolense; savannah-type, west african riverine/forest-type and kilifi-type. all inoculated animals became parasitaemic between 7 and 11 days post-infection (dpi). the savannah-type showed consistently higher levels of parasitaemia and lower packed red cell volume percentages and leukocyte coun ... | 2002 | 12191895 |
| susceptibility of trypanotolerant west african dwarf goats and f1 crosses with the susceptible sahelian breed to experimental trypanosoma congolense infection and interactions with helminth infections and different levels of diet. | forty pure west african dwarf (wad) goats and 35 of its f1 crosses with the sahelian breed were used in a multifactorial experimental design to evaluate the effects of an experimental trypanosoma congolense infection and interactions with natural helminth infections and different levels of diet on health and productivity of these two breeds. trypanosome infection caused a severe drop in packed cell volume (pcv), but this was not significantly affected by breed. neither deworming nor diet had any ... | 2002 | 12208040 |
| parasitological prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in kindo koisha district, wollaita zone, south ethiopia. | a cross sectional survey to determine the distribution and prevalence of trypanosomosis was conducted in kindo koisha district, in the wollaita zone in southern ethiopia. a total of 1 008 adult cattle was examined at eight different localities. dark field examination of the buffy coat, as well as stained thin blood film examination and packed cell volume (pcv) evaluation were the diagnostic techniques used. the overall prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was 15 %. among the positive animals, 108 ... | 2002 | 12233995 |
| non-immune control of trypanosomosis: in vitro oxidative burst of pma- and trypanosome-stimulated neutrophils of boran and n'dama cattle. | an in vitro assay that measures the generation of superoxide anions (o2-) was used to assess the level of oxidative burst of phorbol myristate acetate (pma)- and trypanosome-stimulated neutrophils isolated from healthy boran and n'dama cattle, and those infected with trypanosoma congolense. pma stimulation of healthy bovine neutrophils resulted in between 300-400 % increase in o2- generation. neutrophils of boran cattle exhibited slightly higher but insignificant o2- generation capacity than tho ... | 2002 | 12234002 |
| partial structure of glutamic acid and alanine-rich protein, a major surface glycoprotein of the insect stages of trypanosoma congolense. | the tsetse fly transmitted salivarian trypanosome, trypanosoma congolense of the subgenus nanomonas, is the most significant of the trypanosomes with respect to the pathology of livestock in sub-saharan africa. unlike the related trypanosome trypanosoma brucei of the subgenus trypanozoon, the major surface molecules of the insect stages of t. congolense are poorly characterized. here, we describe the purification and structural characterization of the glutamic acid and alanine-rich protein, one ... | 2002 | 12368279 |
| infection stage-dependent modulation of macrophage activation in trypanosoma congolense-resistant and -susceptible mice. | the contribution of cytokines and chemokines to resistance and susceptibility to african trypanosomiasis remains controversial. in the present study, the levels of type i and type ii cytokines and of the mcp-1 chemokine were compared during the early and late stages of trypanosoma congolense infection in susceptible balb/c and resistant c57bl/6 mice. moreover, the status of macrophage activation was compared in these animals by analyzing the inducible nitric oxide synthase-arginase balance, tumo ... | 2002 | 12379696 |
| identification of trypanosomes in wild animals from southern cameroon using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). | one possible explanation of the maintenance of many historical foci of sleeping sickness in central africa could be the existence of a wild animal reservoir. in this study, pcr was used to detect the different trypanosome species present in wild animal captured by hunters in the southern forest belt of cameroon (bipindi). trypanosomes were also detected by a parasitological method (quantitative buffy coat: qbc). parasite could not be isolated in culture medium (kit for in vitro isolation: kivi). ... | 2002 | 12514949 |
| transferrin coupled azanthraquinone enhances the killing effect on trypanosomes. the role of lysosomal mannosidase. | partially purified azanthraquinone (aq) extract from mitracarpus scaber was coupled to bovine transferrin (tf) using azidophenyl glyoxal (apg). the aq-apg-tf conjugate was found to possess an enhanced in vitro trypanocidal activity against trypanosoma congolense and t. brucei brucei. at low concentrations of 0.39-90 mg/ml, the conjugate diminished the growth of t. congolense and t. b. brucei dose dependently at the logarithmic phase. both parasites were more sensitive to aq-apg-tf than to the fr ... | 2002 | 12514955 |
| responses of bovine chimaeras combining trypanosomosis resistant and susceptible genotypes to experimental infection with trypanosoma congolense. | west african n'dama cattle have developed a genetic capacity to survive, reproduce and remain productive under trypanosomosis risk. the cellular and molecular bases of this so-called trypanotolerance are not known, but the trait is manifested by the n'dama's greater capacity to control parasitaemia and anaemia development during an infection. in order to examine the role of the haematopoietic system in trypanotolerance, we have exploited the tendency for the placentas of bovine twin embryos to f ... | 2003 | 12531289 |
| experimental african trypanosomiasis: ifn-gamma mediates early mortality. | in this study, we demonstrate that kupffer cells in the livers of highly susceptible balb/c mice infected with trypanosoma congolense were loaded with trypanosomal antigen and appeared highly activated. this was associated with an enlarged capillary bed in the livers and decreased blood pressure of these mice towards the terminal stage. blocking of murine il-10 receptor (il-10r)in vivo shortened the survival time of highly susceptible t. congolense-infected balb/c mice. anti-il-10r treatment dec ... | 2003 | 12594839 |
| serial analysis of gene expression (sage) in bovine trypanotolerance: preliminary results. | in africa, trypanosomosis is a tsetse-transmitted disease which represents the most important constraint to livestock production. several indigenous west african taurine bos taurus) breeds, such as the longhorn (n'dama) cattle are well known to control trypanosome infections. this genetic ability named "trypanotolerance" results from various biological mechanisms under multigenic control. the methodologies used so far have not succeeded in identifying the complete pool of genes involved in trypa ... | 2003 | 12927079 |
| cloning and sxpression of mitochondrial heat shock protein 70 of trypanosoma congolense and potential use as a diagnostic antigen. | the ability to use mitochondrial heat shock protein 70 (mtp) of trypanosoma congolense as a diagnostic antigen was examined. one cdna clone was obtained by immunoscreening of a t. congolense procyclic form (pcf) cdna library with monoclonal antibody (mab) 10f9. the cdna clone contained an open reading frame of 1,977 bp encoding a polypeptide consisting of 659 amino acids. southern blotting analysis indicated that there were at least three copies of the mtp gene in the haploid genome. interferenc ... | 2003 | 12965928 |
| trans-sialidase-like sequences from trypanosoma congolense conserve most of the critical active site residues found in other trans-sialidases. | trypanosoma congolense is the agent of nagana, the trypanosomiasis in african ruminants. trypanosomes express an enzyme called trans-sialidase, which is believed to play an important role in maintaining pathogenicity of the parasites. thus far, only two complete trans-sialidase sequences have been characterised, one from the american trypanosome t. cruzi and one from the african trypanosome t. brucei brucei. although the crystal structure of t. cruzi trans-sialidase has recently been published [ ... | 2003 | 12974389 |
| local skin reaction (chancre) induced following inoculation of metacyclic trypanosomes in cattle by tsetse flies is dependent on cd4 t lymphocytes. | the first visible response in livestock to the bite of a trypanosome-infected tsetse fly is the formation of a localized skin reaction, also known as a chancre. this is an inflammatory response in the skin associated with swelling and an influx of cells. it is thought to be associated with an acquired immune response to the injected metacyclic trypanosomes. in this study, we examined the role of t lymphocytes in the development of the inflammatory response, by depleting cattle of t cell subpopul ... | 2003 | 14651588 |
| mechanical transmission of trypanosoma congolense in cattle by the african tabanid atylotus agrestis. | the trypanosomes pathogenic to livestock in africa (trypanosoma congolense, trypanosoma vivax, and trypanosoma brucei) are mainly cyclically transmitted by tsetse (glossina). however, t. vivax, can also be mechanically transmitted by haematophagous insects. laboratory studies have demonstrated the mechanical transmission of t. congolense, but confirmation of this under natural conditions was necessary. an experiment was therefore carried out in lahirasso, burkina faso, in a corral completely cov ... | 2003 | 14990316 |
| performance of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of antibodies against t. congolense and t. vivax in goats. | indirect elisas using denatured antigen preparations of trypanosoma (t.) congolense (tcagd) and t. vivax (tvagd) for detection of anti-trypanosome antibodies in bovine serum (i-tab elisas), were adapted for serodiagnosis in goats. the diagnostic proficiency, the cross-reactivity with sera from heterologous trypanosome infections and the operational performance of the assays were evaluated on experimentally trypanosome-infected goats. the i-tab elisa (tcagd) detected antibodies in all t. congolen ... | 2003 | 14519314 |
| comparative genomics to uncover the secrets of tsetse and livestock-infective trypanosomes. | 2003 | 14519579 | |
| cleavage of trypanosome surface glycoproteins by alkaline trypsin-like enzyme(s) in the midgut of glossina morsitans. | ep and gpeet procyclin, the major surface glycoproteins of procyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei, are truncated by proteases in the midgut of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans. we show that soluble extracts from the midguts of teneral flies contain trypsin-like enzymes that cleave the n-terminal domains from living culture-derived parasites. the same extract shows little activity against a variant surface glycoprotein on living bloodstream form t. brucei (mitat 1.2) and none against gl ... | 2003 | 14527515 |
| a nonradioactive 96-well plate assay for screening of trans-sialidase activity. | trans-sialidase (e.c. 3.2.1.18) catalyzes the transfer of preferably alpha2,3-linked sialic acid to another glycan or glycoconjugate, forming a new alpha2,3 linkage to galactose or n-acetylgalactosamine. here, we describe a nonradioactive 96-well plate fluorescence test for monitoring trans-sialidase activity with high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility using sialyllactose and 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-d-galactoside as donor and acceptor substrates, respectively. the assay conditions ... | 2003 | 14596820 |
| a comparative study on the clinical, parasitological and molecular diagnosis of bovine trypanosomosis in uganda. | the clinical, parasitological and molecular diagnosis of bovine trypanosomosis were compared using samples from 250 zebu cattle exposed to natural trypanosome challenge in uganda. clinical examination, molecular and parasitological diagnoses detected 184 (73.6%), 96 (38.4%) and 36 (14.4%) as diseased, respectively. the sensitivity and specificity of clinical examination were 87.5% and 35%, and 78 % and 27 % based on molecular and parasitological diagnoses, as gold standards, respectively. of the ... | 2003 | 14621317 |
| pcr-rflp using ssu-rdna amplification: applicability for the diagnosis of mixed infections with different trypanosome species in cattle. | the use of a single restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp)-pcr assay which is able to characterise all important bovine trypanosome species was evaluated for the detection of mixed infections with trypanosoma brucei brucei, trypanosoma theileri, trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma vivax. results showed that mixed infections are detectable at a minimum ratio of 2%/98% of standardised dna solutions with a concentration of 10 ng ml(-1). all mixed infections gave clear profiles that coul ... | 2003 | 14630427 |
| susceptibility of heat shock protein 70.1-deficient c57bl/6 j, wild-type c57bl/6 j and a/j mice to trypanosoma congolense infection. | the heat shock protein (hsp) 70.1 gene lies on mouse chromosome 17 among the candidates for tir1, the major quantitative trait locus associated with response to trypanosoma congolense infection. to evaluate whether the hsp70.1 gene is involved in the response, we compared the susceptibility of hsp70.1-deficient c57bl/6 j, resistant wild-type c57bl/6 j and susceptible a/j mice. no differences were observed between hsp70.1-deficient and wild-type c57bl/6 j mice in survival time, levels of parasite ... | 2003 | 12756556 |
| probing cathepsin k activity with a selective substrate spanning its active site. | the limited availability of highly selective cathepsin substrates seriously impairs studies designed to monitor individual cathepsin activities in biological samples. among mammalian cysteine proteases, cathepsin k has a unique preference for a proline residue at p2, the primary determinant of its substrate specificity. interestingly, congopain from trypanosoma congolense also accommodates a proline residue in its s2 subsite. analysis of a congopain model showed that amino acids forming its s2 s ... | 2003 | 12837132 |
| a bloodstream trypanosoma congolense sialidase could be involved in anemia during experimental trypanosomiasis. | the release of sialic acid (sa) into the serum by trypanosoma congolense infected balbc mice was investigated. a progressive increase in the level of serum sa corresponding to anemia and parasitemia was observed. at maximum parasitemia, the level of total sa from the red blood cells (rbc) dropped by about 45%. solved polynomials revealed an association between free serum sa and rbc-sa. positive roots of quadratics were used to predict complete cleavage of rbc-sa on day 7.01 and maximum accumulat ... | 2003 | 12869528 |
| procongopain from trypanosoma congolense is processed at basic ph: an unusual feature among cathepsin l-like cysteine proteases. | congopain, the major cysteine protease from trypanosoma congolense, is synthesized as an inactive zymogen, and further converted into its active form after removal of the proregion, most probably via an autocatalytic mechanism. processing of recombinant procongopain occurs via an apparent one-step or a multistep mechanism depending on the ionic strength. the auto-activation is ph-dependent, with an optimum at ph 4.0, and no activation observed at ph 6.0. after addition of dextran sulfate (10 mic ... | 2003 | 12887059 |
| two trans-sialidase forms with different sialic acid transfer and sialidase activities from trypanosoma congolense. | trypanosomes express an enzyme called trans-sialidase (ts), which enables the parasites to transfer sialic acids from the environment onto trypanosomal surface molecules. here we describe the purification and characterization of two ts forms from the african trypanosome trypanosoma congolense. the purification of the two ts forms using a combination of anion exchange chromatography, isoelectric focusing, gel filtration, and subsequently, antibody affinity chromatography resulted, in both cases, ... | 2003 | 12649268 |
| effects of trypanosoma vivax and trypanosoma congolense infections on the reaction time and semen characteristics of zebu (bunaji) x friesian crossbred bulls. | the effect of trypanosomosis on reaction time and semen characteristics of 12 zebu (bunaji) x friesian crossbred bulls aged between 3 and 5 years was studied for a duration of 12 weeks. four of the bulls were infected with trypanosoma vivax, another four with trypanosoma congolense and the remaining four bulls served as controls. rectal temperatures and haematological parameters were monitored twice weekly. the pre-infection mean value of the rectal temperature was 38.3 degrees c, and this rose ... | 2004 | 14643861 |
| bovine trypanosomiasis in south-western uganda: packed-cell volumes and prevalences of infection in the cattle. | following confirmed cases of trypanosomiasis ('nagana') and reports of trypanosome-attributable deaths among local cattle, a cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of bovine infection with trypanosomes in south-western uganda. cattle from 10 different localities were checked by the microscopical examination of wet bloodsmears and thin, stained bloodsmears, and by blood centrifugation followed by the examination of the resultant buffy coats. of the 1309 cattle investigat ... | 2004 | 15000727 |
| monitoring the susceptibility of glossina palpalis gambiensis and g. morsitans morsitans to experimental infection with savannah-type trypanosoma congolense, using the polymerase chain reaction. | teneral glossina palpalis gambiensis and g. morsitans morsitans (diptera: glossinidae) were fed on mice infected with savannah-type trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense. the infection was monitored by checking the post-feeding diuresis fluid (midgut infection) and saliva (mature infection) of individual flies for parasites, at different times post-infection, using microscopical examination and a pcr-based assay. the results indicated that both tsetse species supported established midgut infection ... | 2004 | 15000728 |
| comparison of the infection rate of tsetse, glossina morsitans morsitans, fed in vitro or in vivo. | studies were made of infection rates of trypanosomes in the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae) when maintained in vivo (rabbits) or in vitro on high quality, gamma-irradiated, sterile defibrinated bovine blood, obtained from the entomology unit of the international atomic energy agency (iaea). for both trypanosoma congolense broden and t. b. brucei plimmer & bradford, in vitro maintenance significantly reduced the proportion of flies that developed mature met ... | 2004 | 15009448 |
| epidemiological factors that influence time-to-treatment of trypanosomosis in orma boran cattle raised at galana ranch, kenya. | four thousand nine hundred and seventy-one trypanosomosis-surveillance records from an open population of orma boran cattle raised under natural trypanosomosis challenge in galana ranch, kenya between the years 1990 and 2000 were analysed. the objective of the analysis was to identify epidemiological factors that influenced time-to-treatment of trypanosomosis cases. under the surveillance programme, blood was being examined fortnightly for trypanosomosis using buffy coat technique. infected anim ... | 2004 | 15019142 |
| identification of trypanosomes in glossina pallidipes and g. longipennis in kenya. | the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used to identify trypanosomes in glossina pallidipes and g. longipennis caught in kenya. of 3826 flies dissected, 188 (4.9%) were parasitologically positive overall. the infection rate in g. pallidipes was 5.7% (187 of 3301 flies), but only one of 525 g. longipennis was infected (infection rate 0.2%). there was a higher infection rate in female g. pallidipes flies than male flies (chi(2) = 18.5, p < 0.001) and odds ratio = 2.5 (95% 1.6, 3.7). the infected ... | 2004 | 15019587 |
| inhibition of the dna amplification of trypanosomes present in tsetse flies midguts: implications for the identification of trypanosome species in wild tsetse flies. | the present study was carried out in order to investigate if there was really a failure of pcr in identifying parasitologically positive tsetse flies in the field. tsetse flies (glossina palpalis gambiensis and glossina morsitans morsitans) were therefore experimentally infected with two different species of trypanosoma (trypanosoma brucei gambiense or trypanosoma congolense). a total of 152 tsetse flies were dissected, and organs of each fly (midgut, proboscis or salivary glands) were examined. ... | 2004 | 15071836 |
| recirculation of trypanosoma brucei brucei in cattle after t. congolense challenge by tsetse flies. | the effect of challenging cattle, chronically infected with trypanosoma brucei brucei, with t. congolense on the development of the t. b. brucei infection was investigated. for this purpose, nine experimental animals were first infected with t. b. brucei through the bites of infected tsetse flies. once the t. b. brucei had developed into a chronic infection, that was difficult to detect using routine parasitological diagnostic tools, seven of the experimental animals were challenged by tsetse fl ... | 2004 | 15110405 |
| trypanosoma congolense infections: antibody-mediated phagocytosis by kupffer cells. | immunohistochemical double-label technique was used to detect trypanosomal antigen in macrophages. immunoglobulin (ig)m as well as igg2a monoclonal antibodies (mab) specific for the variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) mediated phagocytosis of trypanosoma congolense variant antigenic type (vat) tc13 by macrophages [bone marrow-derived macrophage cell line from balb/c (balb.bm)] in vitro. administration of these igm or igg2a antibodies to balb/c mice 30 min after injection of 3 x 10(8) t. congolens ... | 2004 | 15136584 |
| continuing tsetse and trypanosoma genome sequencing projects. | 2004 | 15193559 | |
| trypanocidal drug resistance in eastern province of zambia. | a survey to investigate resistance to drugs used in the treatment of bovine trypanosomosis was conducted in the eastern province of zambia between 1996 and 1998. a cross-sectional study was conducted in three districts (petauke, katete, lundazi) at 34 village sampling sites selected at random from villages that had shown greater than 6% prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis during an earlier survey. a longitudinal study was conducted in same three districts over a 1-year period. the study sites we ... | 2004 | 14746972 |
| the transmission of mixed trypanosoma brucei brucei/t. congolense infections by tsetse (glossina morsitans morsitans). | laboratory experiments and field observations clearly show that tsetse flies can be carriers of mixed trypanosome infections. question remains how easy it is for the tsetse fly to acquire such a mixed infection during the first bloodmeal. this is of particular importance in the epidemiology of trypanosoma brucei s.l., often a cryptic infection and difficult to transmit to non-teneral tsetse flies. to determine the transmission rate of t. brucei as part of a mixed infection, teneral glossina mors ... | 2004 | 14746974 |
| the secretion of acute phase proteins and inflammatory cytokines during trypanosoma congolense infection is not affected by the absence of the tnf-alpha gene. | tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) plays a role in the host's defence against infections with african trypanosomes. it helps to control the blood stream form of the parasite and in trypanosoma congolense infections, it also prolongs survival. the mechanisms by which this cytokine can influence parasitemia and survival are unknown. therefore, the levels of acute phase proteins and other inflammatory cytokines were monitored in trypano-tolerant wild-type and tnf-alpha-deficient mice during a ... | 2004 | 15301973 |
| effects of an experimental trypanosoma congolense infection on the reproductive performance of west african dwarf goats. | thirty-six west african dwarf (wad) goats were used to assess the effects of an experimental trypanosoma congolense infection on their reproductive system. estrous cycles were synchronised and when confirmed pregnant (n = 31), the does were randomly allocated into control and trypanosome-infected groups. after infection, the animals were carefully observed till parturition. trypanosome infection caused an increase of rectal temperature, a significant drop in pcv (infected: 23.3 +/- 0.3%; control ... | 2004 | 15451252 |
| a large-scale trial to evaluate the efficacy of a 1% pour-on formulation of cyfluthrin (cylence, bayer) in controlling bovine trypanosomosis in eastern zambia. | a trial to evaluate the efficacy of a 1% cyfluthrin pour-on formulation (cylence, bayer) in reducing the incidence of bovine trypanosomosis was conducted in an area of ca. 2000 km2 of the eastern province of zambia. the trial area was cultivated and carried a cattle population of approximately 11 animals/km2. cattle were the main host of tsetse. following the free of charge treatment of the adult cattle at intervals of 7 weeks and at a dosage of 15 ml/100 kg body weight, there was an increase in ... | 2004 | 14979556 |
| the effects of trypanosomosis on sperm morphology in zebu x friesian crossbred bulls. | detailed studies of sperm morphological abnormalities were carried out on 12 zebu x friesian crossbred bulls used in a study of the effects of trypanosomosis. four bulls were infected with t. vivax, another four with t. congolense, while four served as controls. the infected bulls developed chronic trypanosomosis. all the bulls initially had very low sperm morphological abnormalities that were within acceptable limits for fertile animals. after infection there was a rapid and progressive increas ... | 2004 | 14979559 |
| seasonal prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in a tsetse-infested zone and a tsetse-free zone of the amhara region, north-west ethiopia. | during a period of four consecutive years, trypanosomosis surveys were conducted in a tsetse-infested and tsetse-free area of the amhara region of north-west ethiopia. in each study area randomly selected communal cattle were sampled and their blood was investigated using parasitological diagnostic methods. at the same time the population of biting flies was sampled. the monthly average prevalence of trypanosome infections in cattle did not differ significantly between study areas. in both study ... | 2004 | 15732457 |
| susceptibility of tnf-alpha-deficient mice to trypanosoma congolense is not due to a defective antibody response. | c57bl/6 mice deficient in one or two copies of the gene for tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) were more susceptible to trypanosoma congolense infection than their resistant, wild-type counterparts. the number of tnf-alpha genes was correlated with the capacity to control parasitaemia and with survival time. absence of tnf-alpha resulted in a diminished capacity to form germinal centres in lymph nodes and spleen. since germinal centres are involved in antibody production and affinity matura ... | 2004 | 15533287 |
| protective efficacy of isometamidium chloride and diminazene aceturate against natural trypanosoma brucei, trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma vivax infections in cattle under a suppressed tsetse population in uganda. | the protective efficacy of isometamidium chloride (ismm) and diminazene aceturate (dim) against trypanosoma brucei, trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma vivax infections in cattle under a suppressed tsetse population was assessed in southeast uganda. a total of 66 and 57 trypanosome-infected cattle were treated with ismm and dim, respectively together with 177 trypanosome-free animals not treated were followed for 12 months, checked every 4 weeks. there was no statistical difference in the mea ... | 2004 | 15580773 |
| use of the serial analysis of gene expression (sage) method in veterinary research: a concrete application in the study of the bovine trypanotolerance genetic control. | new postgenomic biotechnologies, such as transcriptome analyses, are now able to characterize the full complement of genes involved in the expression of specific biological functions. one of these is the serial analysis of gene expression (sage) technique, which consists of the construction of transcripts libraries for a quantitative analysis of the entire gene(s) expressed or inactivated at a particular step of cellular activation. bioinformatic comparisons in the bovine genomic databases allow ... | 2004 | 15604489 |
| identification of a genetic marker for isometamidium chloride resistance in trypanosoma congolense. | isometamidium chloride has remained a very important prophylactic and therapeutic drug against trypanosomosis in cattle since its introduction into the market in the 1950s with, unfortunately, a concomitant development of resistance in trypanosomosis endemic areas. amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) was used to compare two isogenic clones of trypanosoma congolense. the parent clone, sensitive to isometamidium, has a cd50 (the curative dose that gives complete cure in 50% of the animal ... | 2004 | 15710444 |
| implications of the re-invasion of southeast uganda by glossina pallidipes on the epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis. | a study to assess the influence of re-invasion of glossina pallidipes on the epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis was conducted in southeast uganda. a total of 1,992 cattle were screened in villages, with (949) and without g. pallidipes (1043) for trypanosomosis using a combination of the bct and hct methods. the prevalence of trypanosomosis (15.5%), trypanosoma brucei infection (1.4%), t. congolense infection (7.2%), t. vivax infection (5.3%) and mixed infection (1.6%) in cattle in villages wi ... | 2004 | 15725527 |
| tnf-alpha mediates the development of anaemia in a murine trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection, but not the anaemia associated with a murine trypanosoma congolense infection. | development of anaemia in inflammatory diseases is cytokine-mediated. specifically, the levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha), produced by activated macrophages, are correlated with severity of disease and anaemia in infections and chronic disease. in african trypanosomiasis, anaemia develops very early in infection around the time when parasites become detectable in the blood. since the anaemia persists after the first waves of parasitaemia when low numbers of trypanosomes are circ ... | 2005 | 15730385 |
| impaired kupffer cells in highly susceptible mice infected with trypanosoma congolense. | in highly susceptible balb/c mice infected with trypanosoma congolense, the total number of kupffer cells in the liver remains constant; however, their mean size increases fivefold towards the terminal stage. about 25% of kupffer cells undergo apoptosis. we suggest that development of an impairment of the macrophage system might be a major mechanism for inefficient elimination of trypanosomes. | 2005 | 16299337 |
| influence of an experimental trypanosoma congolense infection and plane of nutrition on milk production and some biochemical parameters in west african dwarf goats. | the interactions of trypanosomosis and plane of nutrition on health and productivity of multiparous and primiparous west african dwarf (wad) does were studied in a multi-factorial experiment including diet (supplementation or basal diet) and infection (infected or control). experimental does were infected with trypanosoma congolense at the beginning of the second week post-kidding and monitored for 16 weeks after infection. trypanosome infection significantly reduced packed cell volume (pcv) (co ... | 2005 | 15715994 |
| the susceptibility of trypanosoma congolense isolated in zambézia province, mozambique, to isometamidium chloride, diminazene aceturate and homidium chloride. | resistance to trypanocidal drugs has been detected in various african countries and is a serious impediment to the control of livestock trypanosomosis. to determine whether drug resistant trypanosome strains are present in the zambézia province of mozambique a study was initiated. to assess the effect of the farming system and the drug-use regimen on the development of drug resistance, trypanosome isolates were collected from cattle from subsistence and commercial livestock production systems. t ... | 2005 | 16562737 |
| expression of a gene encoding trypanosoma congolense putative abc1 family protein is developmentally regulated. | during the attempt to seek t. congolense species-specific diagnostic antigens, we discovered one cdna clone (p74) encoding 74 kda putative abc1 protein (p74) from t. congolense pcf cdna library. it has been suggested that members of the abc1 family are novel chaperonins and essential for both the mitochondrial electron transfer in the bc 1 complex and the coenzyme q biosynthesis. although abc1 protein in yeast has a nuclear or mitochondrial subcellular location, neither nuclear localization sign ... | 2005 | 15750311 |
| the detection of non-rotat 1.2 trypanosoma evansi. | the majority of trypanosoma evansi can be detected using diagnostic tests based on the variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) of trypanosoma evansi rode trypanozoon antigen type (rotat) 1.2. exceptions are a number of t. evansi isolated in kenya. to characterize t. evansi that are undetected by rotat 1.2, we cloned and sequenced the vsg cdna from t. evansi jn 2118hu, an isolate devoid of the rotat 1.2 vsg gene. a 273 bp dna segment of the vsg gene was targeted in pcr amplification for the detection ... | 2005 | 15804376 |
| understanding bovine trypanosomiasis and trypanotolerance: the promise of functional genomics. | african bovine trypanosomiasis, caused by the protozoan parasite trypanosoma congolense, is endemic throughout sub-saharan africa and is a major constraint on livestock production. a promising approach to disease control is to understand and exploit naturally evolved trypanotolerance. we describe the first attempt to investigate the transcriptional response of susceptible boran (bos indicus) cattle to trypanosome infection via a functional genomics approach using a bovine total leukocyte (botl) ... | 2005 | 15808304 |
| marker-assisted introgression of trypanotolerance qtl in mice. | a marker-assisted introgression (mai) experiment was conducted to use genetic markers to transfer each of the three trypanotolerance qtl from a donor mouse strain, c57bl/6, into a recipient mouse strain, a/j. we used a backcross strategy that consisted of selecting two lines, each carrying two of the donor qtl alleles through the backcross (bc) phase. at the fourth bc generation, single-carrier animals were selected for the production of homozygous animal in the intercross phase. the qtl regions ... | 2005 | 15859356 |
| susceptibility of west african dwarf goats and wad x saanen crosses to experimental infection with trypanosoma congolense. | west african dwarf goats (wads) and their saanen crosses were experimentally infected with trypanosoma congolense. no significant differences were found between trypanosome parasitaemia and antibody response of the crossbred and wad goats. neither the wad goats nor the saanen crosses were able to control the drop in pcv following trypanosome infection. the level of anaemia caused by the trypanosome infection was similar in the two breeds during the trial. based on these findings, no difference i ... | 2005 | 15893063 |
| sodalis glossinidius (enterobacteriaceae) and vectorial competence of glossina palpalis gambiensis and glossina morsitans morsitans for trypanosoma congolense savannah type. | sodalis glossinidius is an endosymbiont of glossina palpalis gambiensis and glossina morsitans morsitans, the vectors of trypanosoma congolense. the presence of the symbiont was investigated by pcr in trypanosoma congolense savannah type-infected and noninfected midguts of both fly species, and into the probosces of flies displaying either mature or immature infection, to investigate possible correlation with the vectorial competence of tsetse flies. sodalis glossinidius was detected in all midg ... | 2005 | 15942697 |
| alternative oxidase (aox) genes of african trypanosomes: phylogeny and evolution of aox and plastid terminal oxidase families. | to clarify evolution and phylogenetic relationships of trypanosome alternative oxidase (aox) molecules, aox genes (cdnas) of the african trypanosomes, trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma evansi, were cloned by pcr. both aoxs possess conserved consensus motifs (-e-, -exxh-). the putative amino acid sequence of the aox of t. evansi was exactly the same as that of t. brucei. a protein phylogeny of trypanosome aoxs revealed that three genetically and pathogenically distinct strains of t. congolen ... | 2005 | 16014016 |
| inhibition of a cathepsin l-like cysteine protease by a chimeric propeptide-derived inhibitor. | like other papain-related cathepsins, congopain from trypanosoma congolense is synthesized as a zymogen. we have previously identified a proregion-derived peptide (pcp27), acting as a weak and reversible inhibitor of congopain. pcp27 contains a 5-mer yhnga motif, which is essential for selectivity in the inhibition of its mature form [lalmanach, g., lecaille, f., chagas, j. r., authié, e., scharfstein, j., juliano, m. a., and gauthier, f. (1998) j. biol. chem. 273, 25112-25116]. in the work pres ... | 2005 | 16060657 |
| transmissibility of trypanosoma brucei during its development in cattle. | recent outbreaks of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense sleeping sickness in soroti district of eastern uganda have demonstrated the important role cattle can play as reservoirs of this parasite. to clarify the epidemiological importance of the cattle reservoir, experiments were conducted to determine the ease with which t. brucei is transmitted during the course of its development in friesian cattle. the development of t. brucei in cattle is characterized by an acute phase with high levels of parasi ... | 2005 | 16135189 |
| efficiency and limits of the serial analysis of gene expression (sage) method: discussions based on first results in bovine trypanotolerance. | post genomic biotechnologies, such as transcriptome analysis, are now efficient enough to characterize the full complement of genes involved in the expression of specific biological functions. one of them is the serial analysis of gene expression (sage) technique. sage involves the construction of transcript libraries for a quantitative analysis of the entire set of genes expressed or inactivated at particular stages of cellular activation. bioinformatic comparisons in hosts and pathogens genomi ... | 2005 | 16144719 |
| development of an adaptive tsetse population management scheme for the luke community, ethiopia. | since 1996, tsetse (glossina spp.) control operations, using odor-baited traps, have been carried out in the luke area of gurage zone, southwestern ethiopia. glossina morsitans submorsitans newstead was identified as the dominant species in the area, but the presence of glossina fuscipes newstead and glossina pallidipes austen also was recorded. here, we refer to the combined number of these three species and report the work undertaken from october 2002 to october 2004 to render the control syst ... | 2005 | 16465742 |
| ability of trypanosome-infected tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) to acquire an infection with a second trypanosome species. | the epidemiology of human and animal trypanosomiasis is determined to a large extent by the number of infected tsetse flies in a specific area. in the field, a substantial proportion of infected flies carry mixed trypanosome infections. the way in which these tsetse flies acquire a mixed infection is not fully understood. in particular, the susceptibility of tsetse flies to sequential infection with trypanosomes is not well understood. accordingly, laboratory studies were made of the effects of ... | 2005 | 16465745 |
| comparison of the virulence of trypanosoma congolense strains isolated from cattle in a trypanosomiasis endemic area of eastern zambia. | the virulence of 31 genetically different trypanosoma congolense strains belonging to the savannah subgroup and isolated from cattle at 11 sites in a trypanosomiasis endemic area of eastern zambia was compared. virulence testing, done in of1 mice, revealed three virulence categories. strains were considered extremely virulent when the median survival time ranged between 5 and 9 days. moderately virulent strains had a median survival time between 10 and 30 days and low virulence, more than 30 day ... | 2006 | 16516215 |
| a modified aflp for trypanosoma congolense isolate characterisation. | the amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) technique is a reliable and powerful dna fingerprint tool for genetic characterisation and analysis. in this paper, we described a modified aflp with high resolution for trypanosoma congolense using one enzyme and agarose or elchrom gel electrophoresis. eleven allopatric and fourteen sympatric isolates of t. congolense savannah were used to assess the resolution of the method and its ability to characterise t. congolense isolates. two enzymes (ec ... | 2006 | 16516323 |
| the transmissibility of trypanosoma congolense seems to be associated with its level of resistance to isometamidium chloride. | in large parts of africa the control of livestock trypanosomiasis relies on the use of trypanocidal drugs. resistance against the available compounds is developing rapidly in the trypanosome population. the effect of the development of drug resistance on the fitness of the trypanosome is not well known. to determine the effect of the development of resistance to isometamidium chloride on the trypanosome's transmissibility, transmission experiments were conducted. use was made of three isogenic c ... | 2006 | 16303254 |
| experimental african trypanosomiasis: a subset of pathogenic, ifn-gamma-producing, mhc class ii-restricted cd4+ t cells mediates early mortality in highly susceptible mice. | infections of highly susceptible balb/c mice with virulent strains of trypanosoma congolense or trypanosoma brucei result in rapid death (8 days). we have previously shown that this mortality is ifn-gamma dependent. in this study we show that ifn-gamma is produced predominantly by cd3+thy1.2+tcrbeta+cd4+ t cells shortly before the death of infected mice. mortality may therefore be dependent on ifn-gamma-producing cd4+ t cells. surprisingly, infected cd4+/+ and cd4-/- balb/c mice have similar par ... | 2006 | 16424202 |
| isometamidium sensitivity of trypanosoma congolense stocks from cattle in west africa tested in mice and the drug incubation infectivity test. | four trypanosoma (t.) congolense reference clones with known isometamidium sensitivity and 16 t. congolense stocks from cattle in kénédougou in south-western burkina faso, an area with known history of drug resistance, were characterised with the standard mouse test (smt) and the drug incubation infectivity test (diit). all field stocks from kénédougou were resistant to 1.0 mg/kg bw isometamidium in the smt. fourteen stocks (87.5%) also proved to be refractory to 10 mg/kg bw. testing with the di ... | 2006 | 16256933 |
| trypanosomosis prevalence in cattle on mafia island (tanzania). | during two consecutive surveys (february and august/sept 2002), a total of 970 cattle from the cattle population of mafia island (united republic of tanzania) were blood-sampled. all blood samples were microscopically screened for the presence of trypanosomes and a portion of these were checked for antibodies with an ab-elisa and for the presence of trypanosomal dna with pcr. microscopic evidence of trypanosomes of the congolense group (sub-genus nannomonas) was found in 0.8% of the animals (8/9 ... | 2006 | 16574325 |
| cr3 (cd11b/cd18) is the major macrophage receptor for igm antibody-mediated phagocytosis of african trypanosomes: diverse effect on subsequent synthesis of tumor necrosis factor alpha and nitric oxide. | immunoglobulin m (igm) antibodies to the variant surface glycoproteins (vsg) of african trypanosomes are the first and predominant class of anti-trypanosomal antibodies in the infected host. they are a major factor in controlling waves of parasitemia, but not in long-term survival. the macrophage receptor(s) that enables phagocytosis of igm anti-vsg-coated african trypanosomes is unknown. we assessed whether complement receptor cr3 (cd11b/cd18) might be involved in mediating phagocytosis of tryp ... | 2006 | 16616573 |
| interferon-gamma and nitric oxide in combination with antibodies are key protective host immune factors during trypanosoma congolense tc13 infections. | the control of chronic trypanosoma congolense trypanosomiasis was analyzed using several gene-deficient mouse strains. first, interferon (ifn)-gamma receptor (ifn-gamma-r)-deficient mice were used to show that ifn- gamma -mediated immune activation is crucial for parasitemia control. second, infections in major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class ii-deficient mice indicate that this molecule is needed for initiation of ifn- gamma and subsequent tumor necrosis factor (tnf) production. downstre ... | 2006 | 16652287 |
| a comparative longitudinal study of bovine trypanosomiasis in tsetse-free and tsetse-infested zones of the amhara region, northwest ethiopia. | a study was conducted to determine the incidence of trypanosome infections in cattle in tsetse-free and tsetse-infested zones of the amhara region of northwest ethiopia. a total of six sentinel herds were established and the cattle observed during a period of 8 consecutive months. the prevalence of seropositive cattle was high in both the tsetse-free and tsetse-infested zones. the average monthly incidence of trypanosome infection, determined using molecular diagnostic tools, was 20.9% and 25.7% ... | 2006 | 16675127 |
| bovine trypanotolerance: a natural ability to prevent severe anaemia and haemophagocytic syndrome? | trypanotolerance is the capacity of certain west-african, taurine breeds of cattle to remain productive and gain weight after trypanosome infection. laboratory studies, comparing trypanosoma congolense infections in trypanotolerant n'dama cattle (bos taurus) and in more susceptible boran cattle (bos indicus), confirmed the field observations. experiments using haemopoietic chimeric twins, composed of a tolerant and a susceptible co-twin, and t cell depletion studies suggested that trypanotoleran ... | 2006 | 16678182 |
| trypanosoma congolense: paraoxonase 1 prolongs survival of infected mice. | in vitro studies have suggested that a fraction of human high density lipoprotein (hdl), termed trypanosome lysis factor (tlf), can protect against trypanosome infection. we examined the involvement of two proteins located in the tlf fraction, apolipoprotein a-ii (apoa-ii) and paraoxonase 1 (pon1), against trypanosome infection. to test whether pon1 is involved in trypanosome resistance, we infected human pon1 transgenic mice, pon1 knockout mice, and wild-type mice with trypanosoma congolense. w ... | 2006 | 16682028 |
| an update of the bovine trypanosomosis situation at the edge of hluhiuwe-imfolozi park, kwazulu-natal province, south africa. | to obtain updated data on and assess the contribution of trypanosomosis to the disease burden of cattle kept at the edge of the hluhluwe-imfolozi park, a survey was conducted at mvutshini dip. use was made of a purposeful sampling strategy by restricting sampling to animals that the livestock owner considered to be in poor condition. of a total of 76 blood samples collected, 26 were parasitologically positive and 46 were positive on pcr/rflp. almost all infections were due to trypanosoma congole ... | 2006 | 16715881 |
| comparison of the transmissibility of trypanosoma congolense strains, isolated in a trypanosomiasis endemic area of eastern zambia, by glossina morsitans morsitans. | transmission experiments were conducted to compare the transmissibility of genetically different trypanosoma congolense (savannah subgroup) strains isolated from cattle in a trypanosomiasis endemic area of eastern zambia. a total of 17 strains were compared. three strains were extremely virulent with a short pre-patent period, high parasitaemia and a short median survival time (between 5 and 9 days) in mice. the remainder of the strains belonged to the moderate (6 strains) or low (8 strains) vir ... | 2006 | 16719960 |
| efficacy of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine liposome against african trypanosomes. | we demonstrate here that dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (dppc) liposome has an antitrypanosomal effect, especially against the bloodstream forms (bsfs) of african trypanosomes (trypanosoma congolense, t. brucei rhodesiense, and t. brucei brucei). the dppc liposome significantly decreased the in vitro percentage of viable and motile bsf african trypanosomes but only marginally reduced the percentage of viable and motile procyclic form (pcf) of trypanosomes. the dppc liposome absorption was much m ... | 2006 | 16729700 |
| effect of isometamidium chloride treatment on susceptibility of tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae) to trypanosome infections. | experiments were conducted to determine the effect of a single isometamidium chloride treatment of teneral tsetse flies, glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae), on the subsequent susceptibility to an infection with trypanosoma congolense or trypanosoma brucei brucei. flies were offered a first bloodmeal on sterile gamma-irradiated defibrinated bovine blood that contained either 10 or 100 microg ofisometamidium chloride/ml. treated flies were subsequently infected with t. co ... | 2006 | 16739416 |
| beneficial effect of erythropoietin administration on murine infection with trypanosoma congolense. | the effect of erythropoietin treatment on trypanosoma congolense infection in mice was studied. survival rates of mice were dramatically improved by treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin (r-hu-epo; 5,000 u/kg) when infected with 1,000 cells of t. congolense il3000 (p < 0.05). all the untreated mice infected with t. congolense il3000 died by day 9 of infection; however, 100%, 50%, and 25% of the mice treated with r-hu-epo for 8 days survived to day 20, day 40, and day 60 of the parasiti ... | 2006 | 16760514 |
| response of trypanosoma vivax and trypanosoma congolense in zebu cattle in north cameroon to prophylactic treatment with two formulations of isometamidium. | we tested the efficacy of two formulations of isometamidium in a tsetse-infested farm in north cameroon from 20 august 2000 to 5 january 2001. a total of 90 adult cattle were used in three groups of 30 each corresponding to two treated and one untreated control. drug efficacies were evaluated in terms of reduction of parasite incidence in the host's blood, maintenance of packed-cell volume (pcv) and weight gains. both drugs reduced the incidence of parasites even though re-infections 2 weeks aft ... | 2006 | 16777250 |
| equine trypanosomosis in the central river division of the gambia: a study of veterinary gate-clinic consultation records. | the objective of this study was to provide epidemiological information of equine trypanosomosis in the central river division (crd) of the gambia. therefore, 2285 consultations records of equines, admitted in a gate-clinic at sololo in crd, were studied retrospectively. the data were recorded in the period between september 1995 and july 2002 and comprised consultations of 2113 horses and 172 donkeys. 'trypanosome infection' was the most frequently diagnosed condition and accounted for 61% of th ... | 2006 | 16814418 |
| trypanosoma congolense procyclins: unmasking cryptic major surface glycoproteins in procyclic forms. | in the tsetse fly, the protozoan parasite trypanosoma congolense is covered by a dense layer of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi)-anchored molecules. these include a protease-resistant surface molecule (prs), which is expressed by procyclic forms early in infection, and a glutamic acid- and alanine-rich protein (garp), which appears at later stages. since neither of these surface antigens is expressed at intermediate stages, we investigated whether a gpi-anchored protein of 50 to 58 kda, previo ... | 2006 | 16896226 |
| in vitro growth inhibition of bloodstream forms of trypanosoma brucei and trypanosoma congolense by iron chelators. | african trypanosomes exert significant morbidity and mortality in man and livestock. only a few drugs are available for the treatment of trypanosome infections and therefore, the development of new anti-trypanosomal agents is required. previously it has been shown that bloodstream-form trypanosomes are sensitive to the iron chelator deferoxamine. in this study the effect of 13 iron chelators on the growth of trypanosoma brucei, t. congolense and human hl-60 cells was tested in vitro. with the ex ... | 2006 | 16914038 |