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autophagy provides nutrients for nonassimilating fungal structures and is necessary for plant colonization but not for infection in the necrotrophic plant pathogen fusarium graminearum.the role of autophagy in necrotrophic fungal physiology and infection biology is poorly understood. we have studied autophagy in the necrotrophic plant pathogen fusarium graminearum in relation to development of nonassimilating structures and infection. we identified an atg8 homolog f. graminearum atg8 whose first 116 amino acids before the predicted atg4 cleavage site are 100% identical to podospora anserina atg8. we generated a δfgatg8 mutant by gene replacement and showed that this cannot for ...201222240663
Population structure of a novel putative mycovirus infecting the conifer root-rot fungus Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato.We describe a novel putative mycovirus infecting the conifer root-rot fungus Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato. This virus, designated as Heterobasidion RNA virus 6 (HetRV6), is taxonomically distant from all previously known viruses of Heterobasidion species, but somewhat related to the Curvularia thermal tolerance virus and the Fusarium graminearum virus 4. Based on a population analysis including 35 virus strains from Heterobasidion abietinum, Heterobasidion parviporum, Heterobasidion annosum ...201222138214
transgenic expression of lactoferrin imparts enhanced resistance to head blight of wheat caused by fusarium graminearum.the development of plant gene transfer systems has allowed for the introgression of alien genes into plant genomes for novel disease control strategies, thus providing a mechanism for broadening the genetic resources available to plant breeders. using the tools of plant genetic engineering, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial gene was tested for resistance against head blight caused by fusarium graminearum schwabe, a devastating disease of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and barley (hordeum vulgare l.) ...201222405032
effect of plant water deficit on the deoxynivalenol concentration in fusarium-infected maize kernels.in current climate change scenarios, mean air temperatures and summer droughts are expected to increase over the long-term average in large parts of europe. these changes will strongly affect the growth and health of cultivated plants. in a field experiment in 2009 and 2010 in rain-out shelters, the consequences of plant water availability under three water regimes on the severity of fusarium ear rot, deoxynivalenol (don) contamination and yield of maize were investigated. water was provided exc ...201223606194
complexation of copper(ii) with chitosan nanogels: toward control of microbial growth.pure chitosan nanogels were produced, used to adsorb copper(ii), and their antimicrobial activities were assessed. the complexation of copper(ii) with chitosan solutions and dispersions was studied using uv-vis spectrometry. the adsorption capacity of chitosan nanogels was comparable to that of chitosan solutions, but copper(ii)-loaded nanogels were more stable (i.e. no flocculation was observed while chitosan solutions showed macroscopic gelation at high copper concentration) and were easier to ...201223399164
effect of essential oil from fresh leaves of ocimum gratissimum l. on mycoflora during storage of peanuts in benin.the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of essential oil from fresh leaves of sweet fennel (ocimum gratissimum) on mycoflora and aspergillus section flavi populations in stored peanuts. aspergillus, fusarium and mucor spp. were the most common genera identified from peanuts at post-harvest in benin by using a taxonomic schemes primarily based on morphological characters of mycelium and conidia. the isolated fungi include aspergillus niger, a. parasiticus, a. flavus, a. ochraceus, fusari ...201223334722
in vitro study on the effect of saccharomyces cerevisiae strains on growth and mycotoxin production by aspergillus carbonarius and fusarium graminearum.the effect of saccharomyces cerevisiae rc008 and rc016 strains, previously selected based on their aflatoxin b₁ mycotoxin binding ability and beneficial properties, against aspergillus carbonarius and fusarium graminearum under different interacting environmental conditions was evaluated. in vitro studies on the lag phase, growth rate and ochratoxin a/zearalenone and don production were carried out under different regimens of a(w) (0.95 and 0.99); ph (4 and 6); temperature (25 and 37 °c) and oxy ...201223334096
cystathionine gamma-synthase is essential for methionine biosynthesis in fusarium graminearum.methionine (met) plays an important role in various cellular processes in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. cystathionine gamma-synthase encoded by str2 gene is a key enzyme in met biosynthesis in saccharomyces cerevisiae. in this study, we identified fgmetb, a homologue of s. cerevisiae str2, from fusarium graminearum using the protein basic local alignment search tool (blastp) program. the fgmetb deletion mutants were unable to grow on fructose gelatin agar (fga) medium containing so(4)(2-) as ...201223332829
production of fusarielins by fusarium.fusarielins constitute a relative unexplored group of secondary metabolites, which have been isolated mainly from unidentified aspergillus and fusarium strains. in the present study we show that the ability to produce fusarielins is restricted to a few fusarium species. among the 15 analyzed species fusarielins were identified only in extracts from fusarium graminearum and fusarium tricinctum. the influence of different carbon sources on fusarielin biosynthesis was examined and the results showe ...201223290226
multiplex real-time pcr method for detection and quantification of mycotoxigenic fungi belonging to three different genera.cereal crop plants are colonized by many fungal species such as aspergillus ochraceus and penicillium verrucosum, which produce ochratoxins, and fusarium graminearum, which produces trichothecene mycotoxins. a multiplex real-time pcr method using taqman probes was developed to simultaneously detect and quantify these mycotoxigenic fusarium, penicillium and aspergillus species in cereal grains. primers and probes used in this method were designed targeting the trichothecene synthase (tri5) gene i ...201223278665
in planta stage-specific fungal gene profiling elucidates the molecular strategies of fusarium graminearum growing inside wheat coleoptiles.the ascomycete fusarium graminearum is a destructive fungal pathogen of wheat (triticum aestivum). to better understand how this pathogen proliferates within the host plant, we tracked pathogen growth inside wheat coleoptiles and then examined pathogen gene expression inside wheat coleoptiles at 16, 40, and 64 h after inoculation (hai) using laser capture microdissection and microarray analysis. we identified 344 genes that were preferentially expressed during invasive growth in planta. gene exp ...201223266949
Chemotyping of Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum Isolates from Turkey by PCR Assay.Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum are the major causal agents of Fusarium head blight in Turkey. They produce trichothecenes such as deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV) and their several acetylated derivatives, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON). In this study, a total of thirty-three isolates of F. graminearum and F. culmorum were collected from various regions and three different hosts. They were identified by amplification of tri5 gene cluster. Totally ...201221847609
In vitro induction of infection-related hyphal structures in plant pathogenic fungi.In recent years, a voluminous amount of genomic data has been generated for several plant pathogenic fungi. Multiple studies have utilized these genomic data to advance our knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of plant pathogenesis. However, not all plant pathogenic fungi share the same infection strategies, and several genes have been identified that are crucial for plant pathogenesis in one fungus, but dispensable in others. In order for data on biological relevance to keep pace with accum ...201222183665
Targeted Gene Replacement in Fungal Pathogens via Agrobacterium tumefaciens- Mediated Transformation.Genome sequence data on fungal pathogens provide the opportunity to carry out a reverse genetics approach to uncover gene function. Efficient methods for targeted genome modifications such as knockout and in locus over-expression are in high demand. Here we describe two efficient single-step cloning strategies for construction of vectors for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT). Targeted genome modifications require integration by a homologous double crossover event, which is ...201222183645
mycoflora study in a wheat flour mill of argentina.wheat conditioning, milling and screening, and filling zone, as well as, raw material -wheat-, intermediate product -grits- and end product -flour- on day 1, and after cleaning improvements -days 45 and 90- were studied in an argentine wheat mill. samples were incubated at 28°c for 5-7 days on malt extract agar with chloramphenicol (100 mg l(-1)) and the results were expressed in colony forming units per cubic meter of air (cfu m(-3)) or per gram of sample (cfu g(-1)), respectively. fungal gener ...201224031975
gliotoxin effects on fungal growth: mechanisms and exploitation.although initially investigated for its antifungal properties, little is actually known about the effect of gliotoxin on aspergillus fumigatus and other fungi. we have observed that exposure of a. fumigatus to exogenous gliotoxin (14 μg/ml), under gliotoxin-limited growth conditions, results in significant alteration of the expression of 27 proteins (up- and down-regulated >1.9-fold; p<0.05) including de novo expression of cu, zn superoxide dismutase, up-regulated allergen asp f3 expression and ...201222405895
inhibitory effects of gossypol, gossypolone, and apogossypolone on a collection of economically important filamentous fungi.racemic gossypol and its related derivatives gossypolone and apogossypolone demonstrated significant growth inhibition against a diverse collection of filamentous fungi that included aspergillus flavus, aspergillus parasiticus, aspergillus alliaceus, aspergillus fumigatus, fusarium graminearum, fusarium moniliforme, penicillium chrysogenum, penicillium corylophilum, and stachybotrys atra. the compounds were tested in a czapek agar medium at a concentration of 100 μg/ml. racemic gossypol and apog ...201222324794
fgvelb is associated with vegetative differentiation, secondary metabolism and virulence in fusarium graminearum.the velvet complex containing vea, velb and laea has been showed to play critical roles in the regulation of secondary metabolism and diverse cellular processes in aspergillus spp. in this study, we identified fgvelb, a homolog of aspergillus nidulans velb, from fusarium graminearum using the blastp program. disruption of fgvelb gene led to several phenotypic defects, including suppression of aerial hyphae formation, reduced hyphal hydrophobicity and highly increased conidiation. the mutant show ...201222713714
morphogenetic and developmental functions of the aspergillus nidulans homologues of the yeast bud site selection proteins bud4 and axl2.the yeast bud site selection system represents a paradigm for understanding how fungal cells regulate the formation of a polarity axis. in saccharomyces cerevisiae, bud4 and axl2 are components of the axial bud site marker. to address the possibility that these proteins regulate cellular morphogenesis in filamentous fungi, we have characterized homologues of bud4 and axl2 in aspergillus nidulans. our results show that bud4 is involved in septum formation in both hyphae and developing conidiophor ...201222651396
synthesis and antifungal activity of novel pyrazolecarboxamide derivatives containing a hydrazone moiety.the plant pathogenic fungus (such as gibberella zeae, fusarium oxysporum and cytospora mandshurica) causes devastating disease in agriculture. the pathogenic fungus is responsible for billions of dollars in economic losses worldwide each year. in order to discover new fungicidal molecule with good fungicidal activity against g. zeae, f. oxysporum, and c. mandshurica, we sought to combine the active sub-structure of hydrazone and pyrazole amide derivatives together to design and synthesize novel ...201222647315
cocultivation of phytopathogenic fusarium and alternaria strains affects fungal growth and mycotoxin production.a laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the influence of cocultivation of toxigenic fusarium (f.) and alternaria (a.) fungi with respect to growth and mycotoxin production.201222776416
mycoflora and ochratoxin a control in wheat grain using natural extracts obtained from wine industry by-products.the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of some natural extracts obtained from grape pomace (gpe) and grape seeds (gse) as compared to a synthetic food, antioxidant-butylated hydroxytoluene (bht), in order to control fungal population and ochratoxin a (ota) production in naturally contaminated wheat. the results showed that the addition of these extracts was efficient with ota content decreasing. on treatment with these extracts the loss of ota content after 14 days was in the range 7.8 ...201222606022
[diversity and antimicrobial activities of actinomycetes from pesticide-contaminated spots in shandong peninsula].in order to study diversity and find antimicrobial activities of actinomycetes from pesticide-contaminated spots in shandong peninsula.201222799208
blue light (470 nm) effectively inhibits bacterial and fungal growth.blue light (470 nm) led antimicrobial properties were studied alone against bacteria and with or without the food grade photosensitizer, erythrosine (ery) against filamentous fungi. leuconostoc mesenteroides (lm), bacillus atrophaeus (ba) or pseudomonas aeruginosa (pa) aliquots were exposed on nutrient agar plates to array 1 (ar1, 0·2 mw cm(-2)) or array 2 (ar2, 80 mw cm(-2)), which emitted impure or pure blue light (0-300 j cm(-2)), respectively. inoculated control (room light only) plates were ...201223009190
the fghog1 pathway regulates hyphal growth, stress responses, and plant infection in fusarium graminearum.fusarium head blight (fhb) caused by fusarium graminearum is a destructive disease of wheat and barley worldwide. in a previous study of systematic characterization of protein kinase genes in f. graminearum, mutants of three putative components of the osmoregulation map kinase pathway were found to have distinct colony morphology and hyphal growth defects on pda plates. because the osmoregulation pathway is not known to regulate aerial hyphal growth and branching, in this study we further charac ...201223166686
identification of novel qtl for resistance to fusarium head blight in a tetraploid wheat population.most tetraploid durum wheat (triticum turgidum l var. durum) cultivars are susceptible to fusarium head blight (fhb). this study reports novel quantitative trait loci (qtl) associated with fhb resistance. a backcross recombinant inbred line (bcril) population was developed from the cross bgrc3487/2*dt735, and 160 lines were evaluated for resistance to fusarium graminearum schwabe (teleomorph gibberella zeae (schwein. petch) in field trials over 3 years (2008-2010) and to a f. graminearum 3-acety ...201223231604
factors influencing deoxynivalenol accumulation in small grain cereals.deoxynivalenol (don) is a mycotoxin produced by the plant pathogenic fungi fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum. these and other closely related fungi cause a disease known as fusarium head blight (fhb) in small grain cereals. other mycotoxins produced by fhb-causing fungi include nivalenol, t-2 toxin, and zearalenone. ingestion of mycotoxin-contaminated food and feed can lead to toxicosis in humans and animals, respectively. don is the predominant and most economically important of these mycoto ...201223202310
mitochondrial carnitine-dependent acetyl coenzyme a transport is required for normal sexual and asexual development of the ascomycete gibberella zeae.fungi have evolved efficient metabolic mechanisms for the exact temporal (developmental stages) and spatial (organelles) production of acetyl coenzyme a (acetyl-coa). we previously demonstrated mechanistic roles of several acetyl-coa synthetic enzymes, namely, atp citrate lyase and acetyl-coa synthetases (acss), in the plant-pathogenic fungus gibberella zeae. in this study, we characterized two carnitine acetyltransferases (cats; cat1 and cat2) to obtain a better understanding of the metabolic p ...201222798392
functional analyses of the nitrogen regulatory gene area in gibberella zeae.fusarium head blight caused by gibberella zeae is a prominent disease of cereal crops that poses serious human health concerns due to the contamination of grains with mycotoxins. in this study, we deleted an orthologue of area, which is a global nitrogen regulator in filamentous fungi, to characterize its functions in g. zeae. the area deletion resulted in an inability to use nitrate as a sole nitrogen source, whereas urea utilization was partially available. the virulence of δarea strains on wh ...201222702217
a putative transcription factor myt2 regulates perithecium size in the ascomycete gibberella zeae.the homothallic ascomycete fungus gibberella zeae is a plant pathogen that is found worldwide, causing fusarium head blight (fhb) in cereal crops and ear rot of maize. ascospores formed in fruiting bodies (i.e., perithecia) are hypothesized to be the primary inocula for fhb disease. perithecium development is a complex cellular differentiation process controlled by many developmentally regulated genes. in this study, we selected a previously reported putative transcription factor containing the ...201222649560
functional analyses of regulators of g protein signaling in gibberella zeae.regulators of g protein signaling (rgs) proteins make up a highly diverse and multifunctional protein family that plays a critical role in controlling heterotrimeric g protein signaling. in this study, seven rgs genes (fgflba, fgflbb, fgrgsa, fgrgsb, fgrgsb2, fgrgsc, and fggprk) were functionally characterized in the plant pathogenic fungus, gibberella zeae. mutant phenotypes were observed for deletion mutants of fgrgsa and fgrgsb in vegetative growth, fgflbb and fgrgsb in conidia morphology, fg ...201222634273
mannitol induces the conversion of conidia to chlamydospore-like structures that confer enhanced tolerance to heat, drought, and uv in gibberella zeae.fungi use mannitol to store carbon, balance redox, and mannitol serves as an antioxidant. several fungi also increase stress tolerance by accumulating mannitol. the results of this study showed that conidia of the cereal head blight fungus gibberella zeae were readily changed to chlamydospore-like structures (cls) in cultures supplemented with high amounts of mannitol. cls cellular features were atypical of chlamydospores, but accumulated high levels of glycogen, lipids, and chitin in the cytopl ...201222580127
β-tubulins in gibberella zeae: their characterization and contribution to carbendazim resistance.fusarium head blight caused by gibberella zeae is an important disease of wheat and barley because it reduces grain yield and quality and results in the contamination of grain with mycotoxins. recent studies have shown that carbendazim resistance in field strains of g. zeae is not caused by mutation of the β-tubulin gene (β₁ tub), which is the case with other filamentous fungi, but that fungicide resistance is greatly increased by deletion of β₁ tub. the aim of the present study was to clarify t ...201222522694
differential roles of pyruvate decarboxylase in aerial and embedded mycelia of the ascomycete gibberella zeae.the pyruvate-acetaldehyde-acetate (paa) pathway has diverse roles in eukaryotes. our previous study on acetyl-coenzyme a synthetase 1 (acs1) in gibberella zeae suggested that the paa pathway is important for lipid production, which is required for perithecia maturation. in this study, we deleted all three pyruvate decarboxylase (pdc) genes, which encode enzymes that function upstream of acs1 in the paa pathway. results suggest pdc1 is required for lipid accumulation in the aerial mycelia, and de ...201222276936
mycotoxins in the environment: ii. occurrence and origin in swiss river waters.thirty-three different mycotoxins were surveyed over nearly two years in a typical swiss wastewater treatment plant (wwtp), as well as in swiss midland rivers. out of these, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol (don), nivalenol (niv), and beauvericin (bea), were detected. don was quantified in all wwtp effluent grab samples with a maximum concentration of 73.4 ng/l, while the lowest concentration was observed for bea with 1.3 ng/l. niv was detected in about 37%, the other three compounds in 9 ...201223148526
the defense response in arabidopsis thaliana against fusarium sporotrichioides. 201223110430
chlorogenic acid and maize ear rot resistance: a dynamic study investigating fusarium graminearum development, deoxynivalenol production, and phenolic acid accumulation.fusarium graminearum is the causal agent of gibberella ear rot and produces trichothecene mycotoxins. basic questions remain unanswered regarding the kernel stages associated with trichothecene biosynthesis and the kernel metabolites potentially involved in the regulation of trichothecene production in planta. in a two-year field study, f. graminearum growth, trichothecene accumulation, and phenolic acid composition were monitored in developing maize kernels of a susceptible and a moderately res ...201223035912
functional analyses of individual mating-type transcripts at mat loci in fusarium graminearum and fusarium asiaticum.members of the fusarium graminearum species (fg) complex, which are homothallic ascomycetous species, carry two opposite mating-type (mat) loci in a single nucleus for controlling sexual development. we investigated the roles of three (mat1-1-1, mat1-1-2, and mat1-1-3) and two (mat1-2-1 and mat1-2-3) transcripts located at both loci in representative fg complex species (f. graminearum and fusarium asiaticum). in self-fertile f. graminearum strains, the transcript levels of mat1-1-1, mat1-2-1, an ...201222998651
peroxisome function is required for virulence and survival of fusarium graminearum.peroxisomes are organelles that are involved in a number of important cellular metabolic processes, including the β-oxidation of fatty acids, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ros). in this study, the role of peroxisomes was examined in fusarium graminearum by targeted deletion of three genes (pex5, pex6, and pex7) encoding peroxin (pex) proteins required for peroxisomal protein import. pex5 and pex7 deletion mutants were unable to localize the ...201222913493
integrated metabolo-proteomic approach to decipher the mechanisms by which wheat qtl (fhb1) contributes to resistance against fusarium graminearum.resistance in plants to pathogen attack can be qualitative or quantitative. for the latter, hundreds of quantitative trait loci (qtls) have been identified, but the mechanisms of resistance are largely unknown. integrated non-target metabolomics and proteomics, using high resolution hybrid mass spectrometry, were applied to identify the mechanisms of resistance governed by the fusarium head blight resistance locus, fhb1, in the near isogenic lines derived from wheat genotype nyubai.201222866179
overexpression of nrps4 leads to increased surface hydrophobicity in fusarium graminearum.the plant pathogen fusarium graminearum is the infamous cause of fusarium head blight worldwide resulting in significant losses of yield and reduced grain feed quality. it also has the potential to produce a range of small bioactive peptides produced by the non ribosomal peptide synthetases (nrpss). most of these are unknown as f. graminearum contains 19 nrps encoding genes, but only three have been assigned products. for the first time, we use deletion and overexpression mutants to investigate ...201222862913
fusarium graminearum tri12p influences virulence to wheat and trichothecene accumulation.the gene tri12 encodes a predicted major facilitator superfamily protein suggested to play a role in export of trichothecene mycotoxins produced by fusarium spp. it is unclear, however, how the tri12 protein (tri12p) may influence trichothecene sensitivity and virulence of the wheat pathogen fusarium graminearum. in this study, we establish a role for tri12 in toxin accumulation and sensitivity as well as in pathogenicity toward wheat. tri12 deletion mutants (tri12) are reduced in virulence and ...201222835271
isolactarane and sterpurane sesquiterpenoids from the basidiomycete phlebia uda.three new sesquiterpenoids, named udasterpurenol a, udalactarane a, and udalactarane b, as well as the known compounds hyphodontal and sterpuric acid have been isolated from the basidiomycete phlebia uda. these compounds represent the first natural products described from this species. the structures were elucidated by nmr spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. udalactaranes a and b were isolated as mixtures with their respective epimeric acetals. these mixtures inhibited the spore germination of t ...201222746380
modelling mycotoxin formation by fusarium graminearum in maize in the netherlands.the predominant species in maize in temperate climates is fusarium graminearum, which produces the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and zearalenone. projected climate change is expected to affect fusarium incidence and thus the occurrence of these mycotoxins. predictive models may be helpful in determining trends in the levels of these mycotoxins with expected changing climatic conditions. the aim of this study was to develop a model describing fungal infection and subsequent growth as well as the form ...201222725695
identification, characterization and mapping of differentially expressed genes in a winter wheat cultivar (centenaire) resistant to fusarium graminearum infection.fusarium head blight (fhb), predominantly caused by fusarium graminearum, is a destructive disease that poses a serious threat to wheat (triticum aestivum l.) production around the world. a suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh) cdna library was constructed from f. graminearum infected spikes of a resistant belgian winter wheat variety centenaire, exhibiting type ii resistance to fhb. forty-three differentially expressed transcripts were identified and classified in different categories acc ...201222718510
characterizing heterogeneity of disease incidence in a spatial hierarchy: a case study from a decade of observations of fusarium head blight of wheat.a multilevel analysis of heterogeneity of disease incidence was conducted based on observations of fusarium head blight (caused by fusarium graminearum) in ohio during the 2002-11 growing seasons. sampling consisted of counting the number of diseased and healthy wheat spikes per 0.3 m of row at 10 sites (about 30 m apart) in a total of 67 to 159 sampled fields in 12 to 32 sampled counties per year. incidence was then determined as the proportion of diseased spikes at each site. spatial heterogen ...201222713079
overexpression of wheat lipid transfer protein gene taltp5 increases resistances to cochliobolus sativus and fusarium graminearum in transgenic wheat.the fungus cochliobolus sativus is the main pathogen of common root rot, a serious soil-borne disease of wheat (triticum aestivum l.). the fungus fusarium graminearum is the primary pathogen of fusarium head blight, a devastating disease of wheat worldwide. in this study, the wheat lipid transfer protein gene, taltp5, was cloned and evaluated for its ability to suppress disease development in transgenic wheat. taltp5 expression was induced after c. sativus infection. the taltp5 expression vector ...201222689341
a method for making directed changes to the fusarium graminearum genome without leaving markers or other extraneous dna.a method is described which allows exact targeted changes to the fusarium graminearum genome, including changes of as little as one particular base pair to gene-size insertions, replacements or modifications. the technique leaves no other dna in the genome, such as marker genes, and can be used serially to effect multiple complex changes in any desired chromosomal locations. the method is based on our previous finding that after transformation, dna with homology to f. graminearum dna recombines ...201222664277
genome-wide expression profiling shows transcriptional reprogramming in fusarium graminearum by fusarium graminearum virus 1-dk21 infection.fusarium graminearum virus 1 strain-dk21 (fgv1-dk21) is a mycovirus that confers hypovirulence to f. graminearum, which is the primary phytopathogenic fungus that causes fusarium head blight (fhb) disease in many cereals. understanding the interaction between mycoviruses and plant pathogenic fungi is necessary for preventing damage caused by f. graminearum. therefore, we investigated important cellular regulatory processes in a host containing fgv1-dk21 as compared to an uninfected parent using ...201222559730
hyd5 gene-based detection of the major gushing-inducing fusarium spp. in a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay.fusarium graminearum and the closely related f. culmorum were found to be associated with over foaming of bottled beer (gushing) when contaminated brewing malt is used. the presence of highly surface active hydrophobins produced by these fungi upon growth on wheat or barley in the field or during malting may affect bubble formation and stability in gushing beers and other carbonated beverages. aiming for a method for the rapid and user friendly analysis of unmalted and malted cereals during qual ...201222554927
phosphoproteome profile of fusarium graminearum grown in vitro under nonlimiting conditions.this study presents a high-throughput proteomic analysis of phosphopeptides from fusarium graminearum strain daom 233423 grown in vitro without nutritional limitation. using a combination of strong cation exchange (scx) and immobilized metal affinity chromatography (imac) followed by lc-ms, we identified 2902 putative phosphopeptides with homologous matches to 1496 different proteins. functional classification of the annotated protein set revealed that phosphopeptides from nuclear proteins with ...201222522806
fgvelb globally regulates sexual reproduction, mycotoxin production and pathogenicity in the cereal pathogen fusarium graminearum.the velvet genes are conserved in ascomycetous fungi and function as global regulators of differentiation and secondary metabolism. here, we characterized one of the velvet genes, designated fgvelb, in the plant-pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum, which causes fusarium head blight in cereals and produces mycotoxins within plants. fgvelb-deleted (δfgvelb) strains produced fewer aerial mycelia with less pigmentation than those of the wild-type (wt) during vegetative growth. under sexual develo ...201222516221
relationship between environmental factors, dry matter loss and mycotoxin levels in stored wheat and maize infected with fusarium species.this study examined the relationship between storage environmental factors (water activity (a(w)) (0.89-0.97) and temperature (15°c-30°c)), colonisation of wheat and maize by fusarium graminearum and f. verticillioides respectively and the dry matter losses (dmls) caused and quantified by contamination with deoxynivalenol (don), zearalenone (zea) and fumonisins (fums) during storage. fungal growth was assessed by the amount of co(2) produced under different interacting conditions of a(w) and tem ...201222494580
the predicted secretome of the plant pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum: a refined comparative analysis.the fungus fusarium graminearum forms an intimate association with the host species wheat whilst infecting the floral tissues at anthesis. during the prolonged latent period of infection, extracellular communication between live pathogen and host cells must occur, implying a role for secreted fungal proteins. the wheat cells in contact with fungal hyphae subsequently die and intracellular hyphal colonisation results in the development of visible disease symptoms. since the original genome annota ...201222493673
sexual development and ascospore discharge in fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum has become a model system for studies in development and pathogenicity of filamentous fungi. f. graminearum most easily produces fruiting bodies, called perithecia, on carrot agar. perithecia contain numerous tissue types, produced at specific stages of perithecium development. these include (in order of appearance) formation of the perithecium initials (which give rise to the ascogenous hyphae), the outer wall, paraphyses (sterile mycelia which occupy the center of the peri ...201222491175
characterization of novel di-, tri-, and tetranucleotide microsatellite primers suitable for genotyping various plant pathogenic fungi with special emphasis on fusaria and mycospherella graminicola.the goals of this investigation were to identify and evaluate the use of polymorphic microsatellite marker (pmm) analysis for molecular typing of seventeen plant pathogenic fungi. primers for di-, tri-, and tetranucleotide loci were designed directly from the recently published genomic sequence of mycospherlla graminicola and fusarium graminearum. a total of 20 new microsatellite primers as easy-to-score markers were developed. microsatellite primer pcr (mp-pcr) yielded highly reproducible and c ...201222489135
the feruloyl esterase gene family of fusarium graminearum is differentially regulated by aromatic compounds and hosts.feruloyl esterases can liberate ferulic acid (fa) from plant cell wall polymers. they are expressed by plant pathogenic fungi and could play a role in pathogenicity, although this question has not been addressed yet. the fungus fusarium graminearum is the principal causal agent of fusarium head blight (fhb) and gibberella ear rot (ger), major diseases of wheat, barley, and maize in all temperate regions of the world. the f. graminearum genome contains seven genes with strong homology to feruloyl ...201222483046
quantitative trait loci responsible for fusarium head blight resistance in chinese landrace baishanyuehuang.fusarium head blight (fhb), mainly caused by fusarium graminearum, is a destructive disease that can significantly reduce grain yield and quality. deployment of quantitative trait loci (qtls) for fhb resistance in commercial cultivars has been the most effective approach for minimizing the disease losses. 'baishanyuehuang' is a highly fhb-resistant landrace from china. recombinant inbred lines (rils) developed from a cross of 'baishanyuehuang' and 'jagger' were evaluated for fhb resistance in th ...201222454145
association of single nucleotide polymorphic sites in candidate genes with aggressiveness and deoxynivalenol production in fusarium graminearum causing wheat head blight.fusarium graminearum sensu stricto (s.s.) is an ubiquitous pathogen of cereals. the economic impact of fusarium head blight (fhb) is characterized by crop losses and mycotoxin contamination. our objective was to associate snp diversity within candidate genes with phenotypic traits. a total of 77 f. graminearum s.s. isolates was tested for severity of fungal infection (= aggressiveness) and deoxynivalenol (don) production in an inoculated field experiment at two locations in each of two years. fo ...201222409447
effect of salicylic acid on fusarium graminearum, the major causal agent of fusarium head blight in wheat.salicylic acid (sa) is one of the key signal molecules in regulating plant resistance to diverse pathogens. in arabidopsis thaliana, it is predominantly associated with resistance against biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens, and triggering systemic acquired resistance. in contrast, the effect of sa on the defence efficiency of wheat against fusarium head blight (fhb) and its causal agent, fusarium graminearum, is still poorly understood. here we show that the f. graminearum mycelial growth a ...201222385623
quick guide to polyketide synthase and nonribosomal synthetase genes in fusarium.fusarium species produce a plethora of bioactive polyketides and nonribosomal peptides that give rise to health problems in animals and may have drug development potential. using the genome sequences for fusarium graminearum, f. oxysporum, f. solani and f. verticillioides we developed a framework for future polyketide synthases (pkss) and nonribosomal peptides synthetases (nrpss) nomenclature assignment and classification. sequence similarities of the adenylation and ketosynthase domain sequence ...201222377171
heat- and cold-shock responses in fusarium graminearum 3 acetyl- and 15 acetyl-deoxynivalenol chemotypes.fusarium graminearum schwabe is the primary cause of fusarium head blight (fhb) in north america. chemically distinct f. graminearum sub-populations can be identified based on the type or composition of deoxynivalenol (don) mycotoxin derivatives, including 3-acetyl (3-adon) and 15-acetyl (15-adon). the evaluation of randomly selected 3-adon and 15-adon isolates, collected from spring wheat throughout canada, was performed using thin layer chromatography (tlc), high-performance liquid chromatogra ...201222367943
population analysis of the fusarium graminearum species complex from wheat in china show a shift to more aggressive isolates.a large number of fusarium isolates was collected from blighted wheat spikes originating from 175 sampling sites, covering 15 provinces in china. species and trichothecene chemotype determination by multilocus genotyping (mlgt) indicated that f. graminearum s. str. with the 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol (15adon) chemotype and f. asiaticum with either the nivalenol (niv) or the 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol (3adon) chemotype were the dominant causal agents. bayesian model-based clustering with allele data o ...201222363714
specificity of pseudomonas isolates on healthy and fusarium head blight-infected spikelets of wheat heads.the specificity of culturable bacteria on healthy and fusarium head blight (fhb)-infected spikelets of wheat heads was investigated to find a candidate of biocontrol agents against fhb. the bacterial genus pseudomonas was commonly isolated from the tissues, and phylogenetic analysis using 16s ribosomal rna gene sequences of isolates of the genera revealed that particular phylogenetic groups in the genus specifically inhabited either healthy or infected spikelet tissues. the specificity of each g ...201222314388
isolation and characterization of two endoxylanases from fusarium graminearum.this paper reports the first isolation from cultures of two endoxylanases secreted by fusarium graminearum schwabe [teleomorph gibberella zeae (schweinitz) petch]. when f. graminearum is grown on wheat bran hydrated with a modified synthetic medium, high xylanase activity can be extracted. the two endoxylanases were identified by lc-ms/ms as the products of genes fgsg_6445 (genbank gene id 2788192 ) (xylanase 1) and fgsg_3624 (genbank accession no. aj863566 ) (xylanase 2) with 61 and 51% sequenc ...201222313372
population structure of and mycotoxin production by fusarium graminearum from maize in south korea.fusarium graminearum (gibberella zeae) is an important pathogen of wheat, maize, barley, and rice in south korea, and harvested grain often is contaminated with trichothecenes such as deoxynivalenol and nivalenol. in this study, we examined 568 isolates of f. graminearum collected from maize at eight locations in south korea. we used amplified fragment length polymorphisms (aflps) to identify four lineages (2, 3, 6, and 7); lineage 7 was the most common (75%), followed by lineage 6 (12%), lineag ...201222287004
functional characterization of rho family small gtpases in fusarium graminearum.rho gtpases have multiple cellular and metabolic functions, including vesicular trafficking and pathogenesis, as signaling molecules in fungi. wheat scab, caused by fusarium graminearum, is one of the most important wheat diseases worldwide, yet the mechanisms associated with making this fungus such a devastating pathogen remain largely ambiguous. in an effort to better understand f. graminearum virulence, we functionally characterized all six rho gtpases in f. graminearum. fgrho1 was determined ...201324055721
identification and characterization of an inhibitor of trichothecene 3-o-acetyltransferase, tri101, by the chemical array approach.trichothecene 3-o-acetyltransferase (tri101) is an indispensable enzyme for the biosynthesis of trichothecenes, a group of mycotoxins produced by fusarium graminearum. in this study, an inhibitor of tri101 was identified by chemical array analysis using compounds from the riken natural products depository (npdepo) library. although the addition of the identified enzyme inhibitor to the fungal culture did not inhibit trichothecene production, it can serve as a candidate lead compound in the devel ...201324018674
evaluation of fusarium head blight in barley infected by fusarium graminearum.fusarium head blight, which is primarily caused by fusarium graminearum, is a devastating disease in the barley field. a real-time pcr protocol was developed to evaluate the growth of this pathogen in the host plant tissues. all four strains harbored the gene encoding atp-binding cassette transporter (fgabc; fgsg_00541) as a single copy within their genomes. our southern blot result was identical with the genomic data for f. graminearum strain ph-1. based on the crossing point (cp) values obtain ...201323990309
proteomic insights into seed germination in response to environmental factors.seed germination is a critical process in the life cycle of higher plants. during germination, the imbibed mature seed is highly sensitive to different environmental factors.however, knowledge about the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying the environmental effects on germination has been lacking. recent proteomic work has provided invaluable insight into the molecular processes in germinating seeds of arabidopsis, rice (oryza sativa), soybean (glycine max), barley (hordeum vulgare) ...201323986916
an abc pleiotropic drug resistance transporter of fusarium graminearum with a role in crown and root diseases of wheat.fgabc1 (fgsg_04580) is predicted to encode a pleiotropic drug resistance class abc transporter in fusarium graminearum, a globally important pathogen of wheat. deletion mutants of fgabc1 showed reduced virulence towards wheat in crown and root infection assays but were unaltered in infectivity on barley. expression of fgabc1 during head blight and crown rot disease increases during the necrotrophic phases of infection suggestive of a role for fgabc1 in late infection stages in different tissue t ...201323965171
the atf/creb transcription factor atf1 is essential for full virulence, deoxynivalenol production, and stress tolerance in the cereal pathogen fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum is a necrotrophic plant pathogen of cereals that produces mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (don) and zearalenone (zea) in grains. the stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase fgos-2 is a central regulator in f. graminearum and controls, among others, virulence and don and zea production. here, we characterized the atf/creb-activating transcription factor fgatf1, a regulator that functions downstream of fgos-2. we created deletion and overexpression mutants of fgatf ...201323945004
constitutive expression of the xylanase inhibitor taxi-iii delays fusarium head blight symptoms in durum wheat transgenic plants.cereals contain xylanase inhibitor (xi) proteins which inhibit microbial xylanases and are considered part of the defense mechanisms to counteract microbial pathogens. nevertheless, in planta evidence for this role has not been reported yet. therefore, we produced a number of transgenic plants constitutively overexpressing taxi-iii, a member of the taxi type xi that is induced by pathogen infection. results showed that taxi-iii endows the transgenic wheat with new inhibition capacities. we also ...201323945000
cytological and molecular characterization of quantitative trait locus qrfg1, which confers resistance to gibberella stalk rot in maize.tremendous progress has been made recently in understanding plant response to fusarium graminearum infection. here, the cytological aspect and molecular mechanism of maize defense to f. graminearum infection were characterized using a pair of near-isogenic lines (nil), the resistant and the susceptible nil. f. graminearum primarily penetrated the maize root tip and no penetration structure was found. the fungal biomass within the root correlated well with root-disease severity. following inocula ...201323902264
simultaneous real-time pcr detection of fusarium asiaticum, f. ussurianum and f. vorosii, representing the asian clade of the f. graminearum species complex.due to the repeated discovery of new members of the fusarium graminearum species complex (fgsc), some of the f. graminearum sensu stricto (s.s.)-specific qpcr assays developed to date have since been shown to be non-specific. in this study, a probe-based qpcr method was developed, targeting a sterol 14-alpha demethylase (cyp51) paralogue, cyp51c unique to the genus fusarium, for the simultaneous detection of f. asiaticum, f. ussurianum and f. vorosii. specificity of the assay was demonstrated fo ...201323867363
the hex1 gene of fusarium graminearum is required for fungal asexual reproduction and pathogenesis and for efficient viral rna accumulation of fusarium graminearum virus 1.the accumulation of viral rna depends on many host cellular factors. the hexagonal peroxisome (hex1) protein is a fungal protein that is highly expressed when the dk21 strain of fusarium graminearum virus 1 (fgv1) infects its host, and hex1 affects the accumulation of fgv1 rna. the hex1 protein is the major constituent of the woronin body (wb), which is a peroxisome-derived electron-dense core organelle that seals the septal pore in response to hyphal wounding. to clarify the role of hex1 and th ...201323864619
network-based data integration for selecting candidate virulence associated proteins in the cereal infecting fungus fusarium graminearum.the identification of virulence genes in plant pathogenic fungi is important for understanding the infection process, host range and for developing control strategies. the analysis of already verified virulence genes in phytopathogenic fungi in the context of integrated functional networks can give clues about the underlying mechanisms and pathways directly or indirectly linked to fungal pathogenicity and can suggest new candidates for further experimental investigation, using a 'guilt by associ ...201323861834
regional differences in species composition and toxigenic potential among fusarium head blight isolates from uruguay indicate a risk of nivalenol contamination in new wheat production areas.members of the fusarium graminearum species complex (fgsc) are the primary cause of fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat, and frequently contaminate grain with trichothecene mycotoxins that pose a serious threat to food safety and animal health. the species identity and trichothecene toxin potential of 151 fgsc isolates collected from wheat in uruguay were determined via multilocus genotyping. although f. graminearum with the 15adon trichothecene type accounted for 86% of the isolates examined, f ...201323856007
the mat locus genes play different roles in sexual reproduction and pathogenesis in fusarium graminearum.sexual reproduction plays a critical role in the infection cycle of fusarium graminearum because ascospores are the primary inoculum. as a homothallic ascomycete, f. graminearum contains both the mat1-1 and mat1-2-1 loci in the genome. to better understand their functions and regulations in sexual reproduction and pathogenesis, in this study we assayed the expression, interactions, and mutant phenotypes of individual mat locus genes. whereas the expression of mat1-1-1 and mat12-1 rapidly increas ...201323826182
genomic clustering and co-regulation of transcriptional networks in the pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum.genes for the production of a broad range of fungal secondary metabolites are frequently colinear. the prevalence of such gene clusters was systematically examined across the genome of the cereal pathogen fusarium graminearum. the topological structure of transcriptional networks was also examined to investigate control mechanisms for mycotoxin biosynthesis and other processes.201323805903
efg: an electronic resource for fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum is a plant pathogen, which causes crop diseases and further leads to huge economic damage worldwide in past decades. recently, the accumulation of different types of molecular data provides insights into the pathogenic mechanism of f. graminearum, and might help develop efficient strategies to combat this destructive fungus. unfortunately, most available molecular data related to f. graminearum are distributed in various media, where each single source only provides limited ...201323798489
a novel one-pot synthesis and preliminary biological activity evaluation of cis-restricted polyhydroxy stilbenes incorporating protocatechuic acid and cinnamic acid fragments.a series of new stilbenes 4a-e, 5 were synthesized through a novel one-pot perkin-like reaction between 6,7-dimethoxyhomophthalic anhydride and aromatic aldehydes, followed by treatment with bbr3. this synthesis is straightforward and allows polyhydroxylated cis-stilbenes gathering two well-known pharmacophoric fragments to be obtained in good yields and for short reaction times. the structure of the newly synthesized compounds was established by spectroscopic methods ((1)h nmr, (13)c nmr, ir an ...201323796767
selection and identification of ssdna aptamers recognizing zearalenone.zearalenone (zen) is a nonsteroidal estrogenic mycotoxin produced by fusarium graminearum on maize and barley. because most current methods of zen detection rely on the use of low-stability antibodies or expensive equipment, we sought to develop a rapid, low-cost determination method using aptamers instead of antibodies as the specific recognition ligands. this work describes the isolation and identification of single-stranded dna (ssdna) aptamers recognizing zen using the modified systematic ev ...201323748593
deoxynivalenol-induced weight loss in the diet-induced obese mouse is reversible and pkr-independent.the trichothecene deoxynivalenol (don), a potent ribotoxic mycotoxin produced by the cereal blight fungus fusarium graminearum, commonly contaminates grain-based foods. oral exposure to don causes decreased food intake, reduced weight gain and body weight loss in experimental animals - effects that have been linked to dysregulation of hormones responsible for mediating satiety at the central nervous system level. when diet-induced obese (dio) mice are fed don, they consume less food, eventually ...201323707852
fusarium damage in cereal grains from western canada. 1. phylogenetic analysis of moniliformin-producing fusarium species and their natural occurrence in mycotoxin-contaminated wheat, oats, and rye.harvest samples of common wheat (triticum aestivum), oats (avena sativa), and rye (secale cereale) from producers in western canada were analyzed for fungal infection by toxigenic fusarium species and contamination by trichothecenes and moniliformin (mon). fusarium graminearum and f. avenaceum were the two most frequently isolated species from samples of rye and wheat collected in 2010. f. poae and f. sporotrichioides were more commonly detected in randomly selected oat seeds. other toxigenic fu ...201323683177
cellular development associated with induced mycotoxin synthesis in the filamentous fungus fusarium graminearum.several species of the filamentous fungus fusarium colonize plants and produce toxic small molecules that contaminate agricultural products, rendering them unsuitable for consumption. among the most destructive of these species is f. graminearum, which causes disease in wheat and barley and often infests the grain with harmful trichothecene mycotoxins. synthesis of these secondary metabolites is induced during plant infection or in culture in response to chemical signals. our results show that t ...201323667578
genetic characterization of fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum isolates from turkey by using random-amplified polymorphic dna.five fusarium graminearum and 12 f. culmorum isolates, primarily pathogenic species of fusarium head blight, were obtained from naturally infected wheat from various agro-ecological regions of turkey. genotyping of the isolates was carried out using random-amplified polymorphic dna (rapd). sixty-five 10-mer oligonucleotide primers were used to amplify the rapd markers. among them, 50 primers produced strong and reproducible dna amplicons. the remaining primers generated either insufficient or no ...201323661459
a novel gene, gea1, is required for ascus cell-wall development in the ascomycete fungus fusarium graminearum.the ascomycete fungus fusarium graminearum is a devastating plant pathogen for major cereal crops. ascospores are produced via sexual reproduction and forcibly discharged from mature perithecia, which function as the primary inocula. perithecium development involves complex cellular processes and is under polygenic control. in this study, a novel gene, gea1, was found to be required for ascus wall development in f. graminearum. gea1 deletion mutants produced normal-shaped perithecia and ascospor ...201323619001
comparative analysis of fungal genomes reveals different plant cell wall degrading capacity in fungi.fungi produce a variety of carbohydrate activity enzymes (cazymes) for the degradation of plant polysaccharide materials to facilitate infection and/or gain nutrition. identifying and comparing cazymes from fungi with different nutritional modes or infection mechanisms may provide information for better understanding of their life styles and infection models. to date, over hundreds of fungal genomes are publicly available. however, a systematic comparative analysis of fungal cazymes across the e ...201323617724
genomic predictability of interconnected biparental maize populations.intense structuring of plant breeding populations challenges the design of the training set (ts) in genomic selection (gs). an important open question is how the ts should be constructed from multiple related or unrelated small biparental families to predict progeny from individual crosses. here, we used a set of five interconnected maize (zea mays l.) populations of doubled-haploid (dh) lines derived from four parents to systematically investigate how the composition of the ts affects the predi ...201323535384
permanent genetic resources added to molecular ecology resources database 1 december 2012-31 january 2013.this article documents the addition of 268 microsatellite marker loci to the molecular ecology resources database. loci were developed for the following species: alburnoides bipunctatus, chamaerops humilis, chlidonias hybrida, cyperus papyrus, fusarium graminearum, loxigilla barbadensis, macrobrachium rosenbergii, odontesthes bonariensis, pelteobagrus vachelli, posidonia oceanica, potamotrygon motoro, rhamdia quelen, sarotherodon melanotheron heudelotii, sibiraea angustata, takifugu rubripes, ta ...201323521844
transcriptome-based discovery of pathways and genes related to resistance against fusarium head blight in wheat landrace wangshuibai.fusarium head blight (fhb), caused mainly by fusarium graminearum (fg) schwabe (teleomorph: gibberellazeae schwble), brings serious damage to wheat production. chinese wheat landrace wangshuibai is one of the most important resistance sources in the world. the knowledge of mechanism underlying its resistance to fhb is still limited.201323514540
aggressiveness of fusarium species and impact of root infection on growth and yield of soybeans.fusarium spp. are commonly isolated from soybean roots but the pathogenic activity of most species is poorly documented. aggressiveness and yield impact of nine species of fusarium were determined on soybean in greenhouse (50 isolates) and field microplot (19 isolates) experiments. root rot severity and shoot and root dry weights were compared at growth stages v3 or r1. root systems were scanned and digital image analysis was conducted; yield was measured in microplots. disease severity and root ...201323514263
comparative secretome analysis of fusarium graminearum and two of its non-pathogenic mutants upon deoxynivalenol induction in vitro.to understand early events in plant-pathogen interactions, it is necessary to explore the pathogen secretome to identify secreted proteins that help orchestrate pathology. the secretome can be obtained from pathogens grown in vitro, and then characterized using standard proteomic approaches based on protein extraction and subsequent identification of tryptic peptides by lc-ms. a subset of the secretome is composed of proteins whose presence is required to initiate infection and their removal fro ...201323512867
a novel virus in the family hypoviridae from the plant pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum.a double-stranded (ds) rna element, sized at approximately 13 kb pairs, was purified from a field isolate, hn10, of fusarium graminearum. the coding strand of the dsrna was 13,023 nucleotides (nt) long (excluding the 3' poly(a) tail) and was predicted to contain two discontiguous open reading frames (orf a and orf b). the 5' proximal orf a of 531 nt encoded a protein of 176 amino acids (aa), and a blast search showed it to be similar to the putative papain-like protease domains encoded by valsa ...201323499998
insight into mycoviruses infecting fusarium species.most of the major fungal families including plant-pathogenic fungi, yeasts, and mushrooms are infected by mycoviruses, and many double-stranded rna (dsrna) mycoviruses have been recently identified from diverse plant-pathogenic fusarium species. the frequency of occurrence of dsrnas is high in fusarium poae but low in other fusarium species. most fusarium mycoviruses do not cause any morphological changes in the host but some mycoviruses like fusarium graminearum virus 1 (fgv1) cause hypovirulen ...201323498910
extracellular β-fructofuranosidase from fusarium graminearum: stability of the spray-dried enzyme in the presence of different carbohydrates.microbial enzymes have been used for various biotechnological applications; however, enzyme stabilization remains a challenge for industries and needs to be considered. this study describes the effects of spray-drying conditions on the activity and stability of β-fructofuranosidase from fusarium graminearum. the extracellular enzyme β-fructofuranosidase was spray dried in the presence of stabilizers, including starch (capsul) (sc), microcrystalline cellulose (mc), trehalose (tr), lactose (lc) an ...201323489014
fusarium graminearum and its interactions with cereal heads: studies in the proteomics era.the ascomycete fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum (teleomorph stage: gibberella zeae) is the causal agent of fusarium head blight in wheat and barley. this disease leads to significant losses of crop yield, and especially quality through the contamination by diverse fungal mycotoxins, which constitute a significant threat to the health of humans and animals. in recent years, high-throughput proteomics, aiming at identifying a broad spectrum of proteins with a potential role in the pathogenicit ...201323450732
biological efficacy of streptomyces sp. strain bn1 against the cereal head blight pathogen fusarium graminearum.fusarium head blight (fhb) caused by the filamentous fungus fusarium graminearum is one of the most severe diseases threatening the production of small grains. infected grains are often contaminated with mycotoxins such as zearalenone and trichothecences. during survey of contamination by fhb in rice grains, we found a bacterial isolate, designated as bn1, antagonistic to f. graminearum. the strain bn1 had branching vegetative hyphae and spores, and its aerial hyphae often had long, straight fil ...201325288928
serum cation profile of broilers at various stages of exposure to deoxynivalenol.the present experiment was carried out to investigate if levels of serum cations in broilers are modulated differently at various stages of exposure to deoxynivalenol (don). male broiler chicks at 7 days of age were fed a basal diet (0.27 mg of don; 0.01 mg of zearalenone/kg), or either a low don diet (1.68 mg of don; 0.15 mg of zearalenone/kg) or a high don diet (12.21 mg of don; 1.09 mg of zearalenone/kg) produced using extracts from fusarium graminearum cultures. blood samples from the birds ...201323430398
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