Publications

cellulase in the kidney bean seedling.	several parts of the 12-d-old seedling of phaseolus vulgaris l. cv. red kidney were surveyed for cellulase activity. the laminar abscission zone and the cotyledon were highest in total cellulase while the petiole, stem, leaf and root had lesser activity. a portion of the cellulase from each tissue was associated with a membrane fraction which equilibrated on a sucrose density gradient at a density of 1.16 g/cm(3). fortification of the buffer with 1 m nacl was necessary for complete extraction of ...	1979	24317939
the effect of caffeine, different fixation regimes and low temperature on microtubules in the cells of higher plants : evidence for diversity in their response to chemical and physical treatments.	caffeine, (1:3:7-tri-methyl-xanthine), either as a prefixation treatment or included with glutaralde-hyde as the primary fixative, destroys or disorganises the microtubules associated with the formation of secondary walls in fibres from the flowering stem of the grass lolium temulentum l. there is no observable effect of caffeine treatment on the microtubules associated with primary wall formation in collenchyma and young fibres from l. temulentum or in root cap cells of zea mays l. and phaseolu ...	1979	24317856
gibberellic-acid-promoted transport of assimilates in stems of phaseolus vulgaris l. : localized versus remote site(s) of action.	gibberellic acid (ga3), applied as a dispersion in aqueous lanolin to the stumps of decapitated stems of p. vulgaris plants, was found to promote the transfer of (14)c-and (32)p-labelled assimilates to the site of hormone application. measurements of the component transfer processes, operating between source and sink (site of hormone application), showed that ga3 was not acting to promote assimilate transfer by increasing the photosynthetic rate of, or the assimilate export rate from the source, ...	1979	24317728
effect of some pesticides on micro-organisms in the rhizosphere of maize, common bean, or cotton.	pot experiments were run to investigate the influence of temik (insecticide and nematocide) and of orthocide (fungicide) on the soil micro-organisms with maize, common bean, and cotton. the counts showed that in some cases there was no influence on the micro-organisms compared with the control, in some cases their numbers increased. on the other hand, depressive effects were recorded for varying periods. this supports the evidence that the pesticides are attacked by several types and groups of r ...	1979	539994
purification of the proteinaceous alpha-amylase inhibitor from phaseolus vulgaris by affinity chromatography with immobilized enzyme or antibody.		1979	471944
the action of pepsin on the reserve proteins of some leguminous seeds.	the action of pepsin on the 11-s and 7-s proteins of vetch, 11-s protein of soybean and 7-s protein of phaseolus vulgaris was investigated. the first three proteins are hydrolyzed almost completely, the rate of hydrolysis being close to that of hemoglobin, while the hydrolysis of ph. vulgaris 7-s protein stops after the cleavage of only 2,4% of peptide bonds. the nonhydrolyzable high molecular weight core makes up to 87% of the initial protein and differs from the latter in its electrophoretic m ...	1979	381930
an unusual pattern of genome organization in two phaseolus plant species.	the modes of dna sequence organization in the nuclear genomes of french bean and green gram are studied. the reassociation kinetics of dnas of increasing fragment lengths have revealed that approximately 60% of the genomes of french bean and green gram consist of interspersed repeated and single copy sequences. the hyperchromicity and s1-nuclease-resistance of the reassociated long dna fragments have further confirmed the occurrence of interspersion and have shown the actual proportion of repeti ...	1980	7213627
reduction of plastocyanin with o2- and superoxide dismutase-dependent oxidation of plastocyanin by h2o2.	type i copper proteins, plastocyanin and rice blue protein, were reduced with o2 (-). the reduction rate constants of plastocyanins from several sources with o2 (-) are about 10(6) m(-1) sec(-1) (1.0 × 10(6) m(-1) sec(-1) for spinach and kidney bean plastocyanins and 6.7 × 10(5) m(-1)sec(-1) for japanese radish plastocyanin) at ph 7.8 at 25°c and not significantly different from that observed for rice blue protein (7.3 × 10(5) m(-1)sec(-1)). reduced plastocyanin was oxidized by h2o2 through the ...	1980	25385959
modulation of l-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase by pathway intermediates in cell suspension cultures of dwarf french bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.).	the increase in extractable phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (pal;ec 4.3.1.5.) activity induced in french bean cell suspension cultures in response to treatment with autoclaved ribonuclease a was inhibited by addition of the phenylpropanoid pathway intermediates cinnamic acid, 4-coumaric acid or ferulic acid. the effectiveness of inhibition was in the order cinnamic acid>4-coumaric acid>ferulic acid. cinnamic acid also inhibited the pal activity increase induced by dilution of the suspensions into an ...	1980	24306799
peptide mapping reveals considerable sequence homology among the three polypeptide subunits of g1 storage protein from french bean seed.	the major storage protein, g1 globulin, of bean (cv. tendergreen) seeds was subjected to limited proteolysis with trypsin, chymotrypsin, papain, proteinase k, and protease v8 and to cleavage with cyanogen bromide and 2-(2-nitrophenylsulfanyl)-3-methyl-3'bromoindolenine. mapping of peptides separated from each of the three g1 subunits by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that many proteolytic cleavage sites were present at similar positions on the subunits. evidence was adduced that the ...	1980	16661548
microheterogeneity of globulin-1 storage protein from french bean with isoelectrofocusing.	the major storage protein fraction, globulin-1 protein, of french bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.) was analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis. the protein pattern suggested a more complex system for globulin-1 protein than the model of three polypeptides, alpha, beta, and gamma, differing in molecular weight. isoelectrofocusing analyses of the individual proteins showed that each exhibited charge microheterogeneity over a similar ph range. isoelectrofocusing banding patterns may help to underst ...	1980	16661537
effect of temperature on haemagglutinating activity and on the conformation of leucoagglutinin, a lectin from phaseolus vulgaris (red kidney bean).		1980	7439382
on the gaseous exchange of ammonia between leaves and the environment: determination of the ammonia compensation point.	whole shoots of phaseolus vulgaris l. and other species were exposed to a range of partial pressures of gaseous ammonia in air and the resulting fluxes were measured. net uptake is linear with partial pressure in the range 5 to 50 nanobars and is zero at a finite partial pressure, termed the ammonia compensation point. below the compensation point, ammonia (or possibly other volatile amines) is evolved by the leaves. the compensation points in several species are near the low partial pressures f ...	1980	16661507
effect of glyphosate on intact bean plants (phaseolus vulgaris l.) and isolated cells.	whole bean (var. "eastern butterwax") plants and isolated cells were used to investigate possible mechanisms of action of glyphosate [n-(phosphonomethyl)glycine]. results showed that glyphosate was quickly absorbed by the whole plant but not by individual cells and that it caused a rapid reduction in leaf dry matter accumulation, leaf expansion, leaf angle, and stomatal aperture without affecting the water status of the plant. glyphosate also caused a rapid reduction in cellular uptake of (86)rb ...	1980	16661497
zinc mediated effects on leaf co2 diffusion conductances and net photosynthesis in phaseolus vulgaris l.	supra-optimal levels of zinc in primary leaves of phaseolus vulgaris increased the co2 compensation point and inhibited net photosynthesis. leaf morphology was modified: mesophyll intercellular area, stomatal slit length and interstomatal distance were reduced, but stomatal density increased. internal and stomatal conductances to co2 diffusion decreased. these changes are discussed in relation to the observed effects on leaf gas exchange and to the previously reported inhibition of different pho ...	1980	24470081
changing cell-wall compositions in hypocotyls of dark-grown bean seedlings.	hypocotyls of dark-grown 6-day-old seedlings of phaseolus vulgaris l. proved to be sufficiently homogeneous to permit studies relating the rate of cell elongation to the composition of the primary cell walls. whereas the levels of cellulose and uronic acids remained practically constant during and after cell extension, all other components showed major or minor changes. cell-wall protein, as such, decreased by more than 50%, but indications are that hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein increased wit ...	1980	24306288
effect of temperature on electron transport activities of isolated chloroplasts.	temperature-induced changes in electron transport activities of chloroplasts isolated from chilling-sensitive and chilling-resistant plants have been examined. using methylviologen as electron acceptor, temperature-induced changes occurred in the photosystem ii plus photosystem i activities of chloroplasts isolated from chilling-resistant spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) and pea (pisum sativum l. cv. alaska) plants. the changes occurred at approximately 17 c for spinach and 15 c for pea. a tempera ...	1980	16661411
food poisoning from raw red kidney beans.	the consumption of raw red kidney beans may lead to acute gastroenteritis, which may be severe. the toxic factor is most probably a haemagglutinin that is destroyed by adequate cooking.	1980	7407532
activation of glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase (nadp) and phosphoribulokinase in phaseolus vulgaris leaf extracts involves the dissociation of oligomers.	phosphoribulokinase (ec 2.7.1.19, atp: d-ribulose-5-phosphate-1-phosphotransferase) resembles the nadph-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (ec 1.2.1.13, d-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate: nadph(+) oxidoreductase [phosphorylating]) of chloroplasts in that the activation of both of these enzymes involves the dissociation of oligomers (apparently tetrameric forms) with low catalytic activity to give protomers which possess higher catalytic activity. gel filtration on sepharose 6b has sho ...	1980	16661389
isolation and characterization of some proteinase inhibitors from phaseolus vulgaris var. nanus.	six proteinase inhibitors have been isolated from a crude inhibitor preparation from phaseolus vulgaris var. nanus (bush bean: borlotto) by gel chromatography and ion exchange chromatography. the isoelectric points of the inhibitors are between 4.35 and 5.65. the molecular weights of the inhibitors pvi-2, -3(1), -3(2), and -4 and between 8000 and 9500. the c-terminal and n-terminal amino acid residues and the amino acid compositions of these four inhibitors are given. the inhibitors pvi-1, -2, - ...	1980	7415532
denaturation and reassociation properties of the genome of phaseolus vulgaris.	phaseolus vulgaris genome was characterized by its thermal denaturation behaviour and reassociation kinetics. the melting pattern of the native dna was biphasic revealing a minor high-melting and a major low-melting dna component with tm values of 93.5 degrees c and 38.7 degrees c, respectively. approximately 40% of the total sonicated dna (550 nucleotide pairs) formed duplexes under cot 50 conditions and was considered to be repetitive. the cot 50 dna had an average tm value of 79 degrees c. th ...	1980	7409743
molecular size, subunit structure and microheterogeneity of glycoprotein ii from the seeds of kidney bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.).	the isolation of glycoprotein ii from the seeds of kidney bean (phaseolus vulgaris) cv. 'processor' is described. this glycoprotein was shown by sds-gel electrophoresis to dissociate into four subunits, 53 000, 50 000, 47 000 and 43 000 (alpha : beta : gamma : delta), in an approximate ratio of 2 : 0.2 : 2 : 1. at neutral and slightly alkaline ph values its molecular weight was about 142 000 (protomer) while at ph 5 it was mainly in the form of a tetramer with a molecular weight value of about 5 ...	1980	7397224
circular dichroism study on structural reorganization of lectins by sodium dodecyl sulfate.	the circular dichroism (cd) spectra of lectins from dolichos biflorus, helix pomatia, lotus tetragonolobus, phaseolus vulgaris (erythroagglutinin), pisum sativum, sophora japonica, and ulex europaeus i were analyzed, before and after the conformational transitions which were effected by sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds) and change of ph. it was found that the pleated sheet conformation dominated in these lectins and that the best estimates of the amounts of the sheets can be made from the positive cd ...	1980	7378474
uptake of no2 by plants grown at different salinity levels.	it is demonstrated that the uptake of nitrogen dioxide (no2) by phaseolus vulgaris l. is decreased by the addition of sodium chloride (nacl) to the root medium, as a result of increased diffusive resistance of the leaves. the no2-uptake rate constant measured kinetically was in agreement with the nitrite content of the leaves after the fumigation.	1980	7379911
studies on ethylene binding by cell free preparations from cotyledons of phaseolus vulgaris l. : ii. effects of structural analogues of ethylene and of inhibitors.	various protein reactive agents such as dithioerythritol, dithiothreitol, mercaptoethanol and p-chloromercuribenzoate inhibit binding of ethylene to cell free preparations of phaseolus vulgaris l. the effect of the thiols is partially reversed by treatment with diamide; occupation of the binding site by ligand diminishes the inhibition caused by p-chloromercuribenzoate but not that caused by thiols. growth regulators other than ethylene do not affect binding. physiologically active structural an ...	1980	24310145
studies on ethylene binding by cell-free preparations from cotyledons of phaseolus vulgaris l. : i. separation and characterisation.	the preparation is described of a cell-free system from developing cotyledons of phaseolus vulgaris cv. canadian wonder which is capable of binding ethylene. the binding is saturable and the apparent dissociation constant for ethylene is 6.4·10(-10) m in solution. the binding site is associated with subcellular particles and treatment with triton x-100 results in substantial solubilisation of the activity. the kinetics of association and dissociation of the ligand and the binding site are descri ...	1980	24310144
effects of combined nitrogen on anapleurotic carbon assimilation and bleeding sap composition in phaseolus vulgaris l.	dwarf french beans, phaseolus vulgaris l., were grown with or without inoculation with rhizobia (strain 3644), and with or without a combined nitrogen source (nitrate or ammonium ions). the distribution of radioactivity into products of dark (14)co2 assimilation was studied in roots or nodules from these plants. a detailed study was also made of the distribution and rates of excretion of nitrogen in xylem bleeding sap in 28 day old plants grown on the various sources of nitrogen. whereas detache ...	1980	24310136
proton excretion and cell expansion in bean leaves.	light-induced expansion of phaseolus vulgaris l. leaf cells is accompanied by increased cell-wall plasticity. the possibility that leaf-cell walls are loosened by excreted protons has been investigated. first, light causes acidification, detected at the leaf surface, within 5-15 min. growth starts 10-20 min after exposure to light. second, exogenous acid induces loosening of isolated leaf cell walls. third, infiltration of the tissue with a neutral buffer inhibits light-induced growth. fourth, f ...	1980	24309830
variation in the accumulation of seed storage protein among genotypes of phaseolus vulgaris (l.).	differences in the accumulation of total seed protein and globulin-1 (g1) protein were detected among three inbred lines of common bean. total protein accumulation ranged from 2.3 to 3.7 milligrams per cotyledon pair per day among lines. in all lines the dry weight and protein accumulation ceased and a loss of chlorophyll in the cotyledons occurred when the moisture content had fallen to 50% of fresh weight. g1 was first detected and rapid accumulation began 14 days after flowering in two lines, ...	1980	16661252
vein loading in seedlings of phaseolus vulgaris exposed to excess cobalt, nickel, and zinc.	vein loading in unifoliate leaves of white bean seedlings exposed to excess co(2+), ni(2+), or zn(2+) for 1 to 4 days was studied by incubating leaf discs in [(14)c]sucrose. the discs from plants exposed to metal exhibited an increased total uptake of radiosucrose but reduced vein loading. differences between treatments due to infiltration of disc margins were eliminated by analyzing 7-millimeter discs cut from the center of incubated 14-millimeter discs. uptake of radiosucrose was greater parti ...	1980	16661241
the nucleotide sequences of the initiator transfer rnas from bean cytoplasm and chloroplasts.	the initiator trnasmet from the cytoplasm and chloroplasts of phaseolus vulgaris have been purified and sequenced. the sequence of bean cytoplasmic initiator trnaimet is : pa-u-c-a-g-a-g-u-m1g-m2g-c-g-c-a-g-c-g-g-a-a-g-c-g-u-m2g-g-u-g-g-g2-c-c-c-a-u-t6a-a-c-c-c-a-c-a-g-m7g-d-m5c-c-c-a-g-g-a-psi-c-g-m1a-a-a-c-c-u-gm-g-c-u-c-u-g-a-u-a-c-c-aoh. the sequence of bean cytoplasmic trnaimet is almost identical to that of wheat germ and shows a high degree of homology with other cytoplasmic initiator trn ...	1980	6927842
meiosis and fertility of interspecific hybrids between phaseolus vulgaris l. and p. acutifolius a. gray.	meiosis and fertility of interspecific hybrids obtained from reciprocal crosses between phaseolus vulgaris and p. acutifolius were examined. bivalents as well as univalents were found at metaphase i. the majority of the microsporocytes had four or more univalents and the average was 6.3 univalents per cell. the average number of lagging chromosomes at anaphase i was 2.3 per cell and the most frequent chromosome distribution at late anaphase i was 10-12. the lower than expected number of lagging ...	1980	24302451
cytokinin autonomy in tissue cultures of phaseolus: a genotype-specific and heritable trait.	intra- and interspecific differences in cytokinin requirement were detected in callus cultures of phaseolus vulgaris l. and p. lunatus l. of the ten genotypes of p. vulgaris tested in the present study, one required cytokinin for callus growth, six exhibited some to moderate growth on cytokinin-free medium, and the remaining three grew uniformly in the absence of cytokinin. in contrast, six of the p. lunatus genotypes were strictly cytokinin-dependent, while four genotypes displayed irregular am ...	1980	17249014
carotenoid transformations underlying the blue absorbance change in flashed leaves during the induction of oxygen evolution.	the blue absorbance change occurring in flashed bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.) leaves when exposed to continuous light (first observed by strasser; strasser, r.j. (1973) arch. int. physiol. biochem. 81, 935--955) is caused by the conversion of the following xanthophylls: violaxanthine leads to antheraxanthine leads to zeaxanthine. this conclusion is derived from the simultaneous occurrence of both reactions: (a) in flashed leaves, blue absorbance change and xanthophyll conversion take place under ...	1980	7356988
heterosis for chiasma frequency and quantitative traits in common beans (phaseolus vulgaris l.).	ten genotypes, including inbreds, hybrids, and advanced populations, were examined in order to elucidate the relationship between position and frequency distribution of chiasmata and quantitative traits, including yield heterosis in common beans. the hybrid and advanced population groups were determined to possess 83% and 54% increased chiasma frequency, respectively in contrast to inbred lines. the increase in chiasma frequency of these populations was further manifested in a high number of int ...	1980	24305668
[effect of nitrogen fertilization and time of the harvest on the production and content of nitrates in fresh bean pods (phaseolus vulgaris l. var. coco nain)].	french beans were cultivated under different nitrogen fertilizer levels for fresh pods production. pods were collected after different time intervals. fresh weight of pods, number and nitrate nitrogen content were determined. results are presented and discussed. they bring some informations about better cultivation methods to avoid a too high nitrates content in pods.	1980	6266324
correlation between loss of turgor and accumulation of abscisic acid in detached leaves.	mature leaves of phaseolus vulgaris l. (red kidney bean), xanthium strumarium l. (cocklebur), and gossypium hirsutum l. (cotton) were used to study accumulation of abscisic acid (aba) during water stress. the water status of individual, detached leaves was monitored while the leaves slowly wilted, and samples were cut from the leaves as they lost water. the leaf sections were incubated at their respecitive water contents to allow aba to build up or not. at least 8 h were required for a new stead ...	1980	24309706
circular dichroism tests on the effect of alkali on conformation of lectins.	the structural properties of eight lectins (agglutinins) were studied by the circular dichroism (cd) probe. the lectin from maclura pomifera (osage orange seed) exhibited in the far-ultraviolet spectral zone a positive cd band centered at 201 nm, whereas the other lectins had positive bands at 195--198 nm. structural transitions were effected by alkali, ph 9.6--11.9. native m. pomifera lectin had a positive cd band also at 236 nm which shifted to the red and enhanced by alkali. significant indiv ...	1980	7192161
the amino acid sequence of pea (pisum sativum) leghemoglobin.	the amino acid sequence has been determined for leghemoglobin component i from root nodules of pea, pisum sativum. pea leghemoglobin is one polypeptide chain composed of 147 amino acids, it contains one methionine residue at position 144, and three histidines, which are at positions 60, 92 and 101. the sequence has at least seven polymorphic residues, but it was not possible to separate the polymorphic protein forms which had identical electric charge. the approximate molecular weight of pea leg ...	1980	7378476
ia requirement in t cell response to various mitogenic lectins.	various lectins, mainly t cell mitogens, were examined to determine the relationship between anti-ia antiserum-treated t cell responses and the sugar specificities of these lectins. anti-ia antiserum and complement treatment diminished nylon wook column-purified t cell responses to most lectins such as concanavalin a, lens culinaris hemagglutinin, pisum sativum agglutinin, witaria floribunda mitogen, limulus polyphemus agglutinin and pokeweed mitogen, and the diminished response to these lectins ...	1980	6965926
oxygen exchange in leaves in the light.	photosynthetic o(2) production and photorespiratory o(2) uptake were measured using isotopic techniques, in the c(3) species hirschfeldia incana lowe., helianthus annuus l., and phaseolus vulgaris l. at high co(2) and normal o(2), o(2) production increased linearly with light intensity. at low o(2) or low co(2), o(2) production was suppressed, indicating that increased concentrations of both o(2) and co(2) can stimulate o(2) production. at the co(2) compensation point, o(2) uptake equaled o(2) p ...	1980	16661426
effect of rapid changes in sink-source ratio on export and distribution of products of photosynthesis in leaves of beta vulgaris l. and phaseolus vulgaris l.	effects of increasing sink-source ratio on rate of translocation and net carbon exchange were studied by darkening all but one source leaf of beta vulgaris l. or one primary leaf of phaseolus vulgaris l. rates of export of labeled material and patterns of its distribution among sinks were studied by means of gm detectors. changes in export and import rates were compared with adjustments in starch, sucrose, and glucose levels in sugar beet source leaves before and during treatment.sugar beet sour ...	1980	16661558
an apparent anomaly in peanut leaf conductance.	conductance to gaseous transfer is normally considered to be greater from the abaxial than from the adaxial side of a leaf. measurements of the conductance to water vapor of peanut leaves (arachis hypogaea l.) under well watered and stress conditions in a controlled environment, however, indicated a 2-fold higher conductance from the adaxial side of the leaf than from the abaxial. studies of conductance as light level was varied showed an increase in conductance from either surface with increasi ...	1980	16661294
nmr study of the interaction of plastocyanin with chromium(ii) analogues of inorganic electron transfer reagents.	high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to examine the interaction of plastocyanins from french bean (phaseolus vulgaris) and cucumber (cucumis sativus) with three complexes--potassium hexacyano-chromate(iii), hexamminechromium(iii) nitrate and tris(1,10-phenanthroline)-chromium(iii) perchlorate--which are analogues of inorganic electron transfer reagents. the results indicate a high degree of specificity in the binding of these complexes and two binding sites on th ...	1980	7388013
opening of the hypocotyl hook in seedlings as influenced by light and adjacent tissues.	the influence of the cotyledons and apical bud and the root system on the light-induced opening of the hypocotyl hook of etiolated seedlings of gossypium hirsutum l., phaseolus vulgaris l., helianthus annuus l., ipomoea alla l., ipomoea sp., cucumis sativus l., linum usitatissimum l., hibiscus esculentus l., and raphanus sativus l. was studied. light stimulated the opening of hypocotyl hook in all cases, but the cotyledons and roots had different effects in different plants. generally, the prese ...	1980	24309708
immunocytochemical localization of reserve protein in the endoplasmic reticulum of developing bean (phaseolus vulgaris) cotyledons.	the ultrastructure of the storage parenchyma cells of the cotyledons of developing bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.) seeds was examined in ultrathin frozen sections of specimens fixed in a mixture of glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde and acrolein, infused with 1 m sucrose, and sectioned at-80° c. ultrastructural preservation was excellent and the various subcellular organelles could readily be identified in sections which had been stained with uranyl acetate and embedded in carbowax and methylcellulose. t ...	1980	24306893
interaction of uromyces phaseoli and meloidogyne incognita on bean.	uromyces phaseoli, the causal agent of bean rust, suppressed shoot and root growth of three bean cultivars, reducing root weight more than shoot weight. the greatest suppression of root weight was on the cultivar that appeared most susceptible by visual ratings of shoot symptoms. meloidogyne incognita suppressed shoot and root growth of all test cultivars; root weight reductions differed among cultivars identical in susceptibility to this pathogen in root-gall rating tests. infection of plants w ...	1980	19300692
[effectiveness of symbiotic n2-fixation in leguminous plants, as affected by inoculation with rhizobia, by substrate, n-fertilizing, and 14c-sucrose application (author's transl)].	cultivation experiments (mitscherlich-vessels, quartz sand, 15n-labelled soil, 15n-fertilizer) showed, that various strains of rhizobium lupini (white and yellow lupines) and of rhizobium leguminosarum (field beans and peas) induced a different n2-fixation of the inoculated plants, the most effective rhizobium strains being 367a, cz, t3, 271 (rh. lupini), and azotogen (rh, leguminosarum). yellow lupines and field bean plants were supplied with n2 from the air considerably better than white lupin ...	1980	6252716
purification and characterization of tora-bean (phaseolus vulgaris) lectin.	a lectin purified from the tora-bean (phaseolus vulgaris) by affinity chromatography with con-a sepharose was shown to be a glycoprotein containing 7.8% neutral sugars (d-mannose, n-acetyl-d-glucosamine, l-fucose, and d-xylose, in a molar ratio of 9.6 : 2.0 : 0.6 : 0.7). its molecular weight was 130,000, as estimated by exclusion gel chromatography, and sds gel electrophoresis showed that it consists of four subunits of molecular weight 32,000. the lectin reacts with various glycoproteins, i.e., ...	1980	6153649
impairment by covalent modification of the ability of phaseolus vulgaris phytohemagglutinin to stimulate cultured human lymphocytes: a comparison of different forms of covalent modification.	phytohemagglutinin (pha) isolated from phaseolus vulgaris has been modified by treatment with various chemical reagents and the modified proteins have been tested for their ability to stimulate peripheral lymphocytes from two healthy human donors, in vitro. reaction of pha with citraconic anhydride, s-methyl isothiourea, or 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide produced derivatives which retained the ability to stimulate lymphocytes, at low concentrations. acylation of the lectin with acetic anhydride ...	1980	6155985
the effect of diets containing field beans of high or low polyphenolic content on the activity of digestive enzymes in the intestines of rats.		1980	6966014
lectin receptors as markers for trypanosoma cruzi. developmental stages and a study of the interaction of wheat germ agglutinin with sialic acid residues on epimastigote cells.	trypanosoma cruzi at various stages of maturation and differentiation have been isolated by conventional cellular fractionation procedures and characterized by cell surface markers using 30 highly purified lectins encompassing all known sugar specificities. cell surface carbohydrates of the various t. cruzi stages were analyzed by agglutination and lectin-binding assays. specific receptors for wheat germ agglutinin (wga), helix pomatia, sophora japonica, and bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin ii we ...	1980	7000967
cook/chill foodservice system with a microwave oven: aerobic plate counts from beef loaf, potatoes and frozen green beans.	the purpose was to evaluate microbiological quality and end temperature (et) of portioned food after heating in a microwave oven as used in a hospital cook/chill foodservice system. beef loaf (15 kg), potatoes (6 kg), and green beans (5 kg) were prepared in a laboratory. after initial cooking to 60 degrees c, and storage (7 degrees c for 24 h), beef loaf (100 g) was microwave heated: 20, 50, 80 or 110 s. potatoes were reconstituted, stored (7 degrees c for 24 h), portioned (100 g/portion), and m ...	1980	7003155
immunocytochemical localization of ingested kidney bean (phaseolus vulgaris) lectins in rat gut.	the binding of ingested kidney bean (phaseolus vulgaris) lectins to the luminal surface of the rat gut was investigated by an indirect immunofluorescence method in which the primary antiserum was monospecific for kidney bean globulin lectins. the major lectin-positive sites were found to be the non-crypt regions of villi in the proximal region of the small intestine; exactly the same regions displayed extensive disruption of microvilli. lectins were not localized in the brush border regions of i ...	1980	7005194
kidney bean (phaseolus vulgaris) lectin-induced lesions in rat small intestine: 2. microbiological studies.		1980	7024332
a case-control study of large bowel cancer in japan.	this investigation of diet and other environmental factors reports on 588 patients with colorectal cancer and 1,176 hospitalized controls in three prefectures of japan. weak (not statistically significant) positive effects were found for social class and urbanization. the significant association of colorectal cancer with consumption of beef, string beans, or starches previously described for hawaiian japanese were not reproduced here. an association with hakusal (cabbage) agreed with other repor ...	1980	6928043
effect of raw legume diets on disaccharidase activity in the small intestine of chicks.	the effect of four raw legume diets: field beans (vicia faba) (rfb), navy beans (phaseolus vulgaris) (rnb), soybeans (glycine soja) (rsb) and bitter vetch (vicia ervilia) (rbv), on disaccharidase activities in chick small intestine have been studied. maltase and sucrase activities, which vary with age, were determined in 1 to 60 day old animals, rfb and rbv diets had no effect on maltase activity and only increased sucrase activity in 60 day old chicks. both maltase and sucrase activities decrea ...	1980	7192009
on characterization of phaseolus vulgaris lectin (pha) & separation of homogeneous leucoagglutinin (l-pha).		1980	7203549
kidney bean (phaseolus vulgaris) lectin-induced lesions in the small intestine: 1. light microscope studies.		1980	7276267
an inhibitor of lymphocyte proliferation produced by a human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line in culture.	the culture fluid taken from a human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line, skco-1, inhibited mitogenic stimulation of mouse lymphocytes measured by reductions in blast information or [3h]thymidine uptake. the inhibitor was not cytotoxic to lymphocytes nor did it alter the growth rates of 21 other cell lines examined. however, the in vitro growth rates of two murine lymphoid tumor lines were also markedly reduced by the skco-1 medium. the tumor cell culture media could be added up to 40 hr after conc ...	1980	7349901
effect of raw legume diets on intestinal absorption of d-galactose by chick.	the effect of four raw legume diets on the intestinal absorption of d-galactose and oxygen consumption were studied in chick. field beans (vicia faba), soybeans (glycine soja), bitter vetch (vicia ervilia), and navy beans (phaseolus vulgaris), were used. the intestinal absorption was determined by both in vivo and in vitro techniques. in vivo, only navy beans and soybeans inhibit intestinal transport of d-galactose, while in vitro all the diets do. oxygen consumption by intestinal rings increase ...	1980	7394275
a new human erythrocyte variant (ph) containing an abnormal membrane sialoglycoprotein.	1. a new human erythrocyte variant (ph) is described. the variant contains an unusual sialic acid-rich glycoprotein in addition to the blood-group-mn([unk])- and blood-group-ss(delta)-active sialoglycoproteins found in normal erythrocytes. 2. the unusual component ph has an apparent mol.wt. of 32000 on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. the ph component is not degraded during trypsin treatment of intact erythrocytes. 3. the ph component was labelled by lacto-peroxidase-m ...	1980	7396858
binding of chemical derivatives of phaseolus vulgaris phytohemagglutinin to pig spleen lymphocytes.	the mitogenic activity of phaseolus vulgaris phytohemagglutinin (pha) and its acetyl, citraconyl, glycinyl, homoarginyl, n-bromosuccinimide, and nitro derivatives has been assayed using pig spleen lymphocytes. nitrated and n-bromosuccinimide-treated pha were not mitogenic. whereas the mitogenicity of acetyl pha was impaired, the other derivatives were as active as untreated lectin. binding studies of [125i]pha and derivatives to purified pig spleen lymphocytes were performed at 37 degrees c. res ...	1980	7407677
elicitor modulation of the turnover of l-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in french bean cell suspension cultures.	(1) the mechanisms underlying the transient increase in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity during phaseollin accumulation in cell suspension cultures of dwarf french bean (phaseolus volgaris) have been investigated using density labelling with 3h from 2h2o coupled with residual analysis of the equilibrium distribution of enzyme activity in high-resolution kbr density gradients. (2) the resolution achieved in this system is sufficient to allow quantitative analysis of the relative proportions o ...	1980	7459387
effect of heat treatment on the toxicity and nutritive value of dry bean (phaseolus vulgaris var. rosinha g2) proteins.		1980	7462520
lectin receptors on human blood and bone marrow cells and their use in cell separation.	a series of fluorescein-conjugated lectins (sophora japonica agglutinin, helix pomatia agglutinin, peanut agglutinin, the erythroagglutinin from phaseolus vulgaris, pokeweed mitogen, wheat germ agglutinin and the fucose-binding lectin from lotus tetragonolobus) were analyzed for their binding to human peripheral blood cells with a fluorescence-activated cell sorter. most of the lectins showed increasing cell binding in the order erythrocytes less than lymphocytes less than monocytes less than ne ...	1980	7470630
differences in the biochemical compositions and elicitor activity of extracellular components produced by three races of a fungal plant pathogen, colletotrichum lindemuthianum.	high molecular weight products from the alpha, beta, and gamma races of colletotrichum lin- differed in their carbohydrate and protein compositions and in their abilities to elicit symptoms of a hypersensitive response in dark red kidney bean. the neutral sugar composition of the products varied in their proportions of rhamnose, mannose, galactose, and glucose. polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed the protein components to be more numerous in the beta race products than in the alpha or gamm ...	1980	7237271
evidence suggesting protozoan predation on rhizobium associated with germinating seeds and in the rhizosphere of beans (phaseolus vulgaris l.).	changes in populations of microorganisms around germinating bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.) seeds, in the rhizosphere of bean, and in a model rhizosphere were studied. strains of rhizobium phaseoli that were resistant to streptomycin and thiram were used, and as few as 300 r. phaseoli cells per g of soil could be enumerated with a selective medium that was devised. a direct role was not evident for bacterial competitors, lytic bacteria, antibiotic-producing microorganisms, bacteriophages, and bdell ...	1980	16345628
cytokinin inhibition of respiration in mitochondria from six plant species.	the influence of 6-benzylaminopurine (bap) on the respiration by mitochondria from bush bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.), mung bean (p. aureus roxburgh), soybean [glycine max (l.) merrill], maize (zea mays l.), pea (pisum sativum l.), and wheat (triticum aestivum l.) was examined. bap, a synthetic cytokinin, consistently inhibited oxygen uptake by mitochondria from all species when malate was used as the substrate. the decrease in respiration was especially evident in the presence of adp or an uncou ...	1980	16592862
isolation and characterization of virus-specific double-stranded dna from tissues infected by bean golden mosaic virus.	a double-stranded (ds) dna which may be a replication intermediate was isolated from bean (phaseolus vulgaris l. "top crop") leaves systemically infected with bean golden mosaic virus, a whitefly-transmitted plant virus with a genome of circular single-stranded (ss) dna. the isolation method used phenol/chloroform extraction, hydroxyapatite column chromatography, and rate-zonal centrifugation. the dsdna had sequences complementary to those of viral dna. the guanine-plus-cytosine content was 35%, ...	1981	16593050
fungicide enhancement of nitrogen fixation and colonization of phaseolus vulgaris by rhizobium phaseoli.	the number and weight of pods and the weight and nitrogen content of the tops of beans (phaseolus vulgaris) derived from seeds inoculated with a thiram-resistant strain of rhizobium phaseoli were increased if the seeds were treated with thiram before sowing in soil. a greater percentage of the nodules on 21-day-old plants were derived from the resistant strain, more nodules were formed, and these nodules were more effective in the presence of the fungicide than in its absence. these differences ...	1981	16345715
abscisic acid and photosynthesis in isolated leaf mesophyll cell.	abscisic acid (aba) treatments of concentrations of up to 135 micromolar did not inhibit photosynthesis in enzymatically isolated leaf mesophyll cells of phaseolus vulgaris, nicotiana tabacum, and lycopersicum esculentum over periods of up to 5 hours. thin slices of leaves preincubated in hypertonic solutions identical to those used to isolate cells were shown to synthesize aba rapidly, although accumulation of aba in the cells was low due to extensive release of the newly synthesized aba into t ...	1981	16661653
cytokinin-active ribonucleosides in phaseolus rna: ii. distribution in trna species from etiolated p. vulgaris l. seedlings.	the distribution of cytokinin-active ribonucleosides in trna species from etiolated phaseolus vulgaris l. seedlings has been examined. phaseolus trna was fractionated by benzoylated diethylaminoethyl-cellulose and rpc-5 chromatography, and the distribution of cytokinin activity was compared with the distribution of trna species expected to correspond to codons beginning with u. phaseolus trna(cys), trna(trp), trna(tyr), a major peak of trna(phe), and a large fraction of trna(leu) were devoid of ...	1981	16661833
guanidinoacetate methyltransferase activity in growing male rats fed on a raw field bean (vicia faba l.) diet.	a significant reduction (p less than 0.01) in both the rate of growth and liver protein was found in growing male rats fed ad libitum over a 5-week period on a diet containing raw field bean (vicia faba l.) as the sole source of protein, as compared to casein-fed rats. the activity of the hepatic enzyme guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (ec 2.1.1.2) as well as the urinary output of total nitrogen and creatinine were also significantly increased (p less than 0.01) in the legume-fed rats. the add ...	1981	7238472
comparison of phaseolus vulgaris cultivars on the basis of isolectin differences.		1981	7238987
protein quality in seed meals of phaseolus vulgaris and heat-stable factors affecting the utilisation of protein.		1981	7253585
anabolic action of dianabol (17 alpha-methyl-17beta-hydroxyandrosta-1, 4-dien-3-one) on the nitrogen balance and skeletal muscle composition of rats fed on field bean (vicia faba l.).	the addition of dianabol (17alpha-methyl-17beta-hydroxyandrosta-1,4-dien-3-one) (1 mg/100 g of diet) to a diet containing raw field bean (vicia faba l.) as the sole source of protein has been studied in young male rats, fed for two weeks on the legume diet, as compared to casein-fed animals. a significant improvement (p less than 0.02) in the biological value and net protein utilization was found in the rats fed the legume diet with dianabol added. furthermore, a significant reduction (p less th ...	1981	7274996
protein digestibility and protein quality of common beans (phaseolus vulgaris) fed alone and with maize, in adult humans using a short-term nitrogen balance assay.	various experiments using young human adults were carried out to measure the protein digestibility of common beans, fed alone and in different forms and fed together with maize as tortillas. in all, 36 young men were used. common bean protein digestibility was significantly lower than that observed from meat, and similar to the digestibility of a textured vegetable protein soy protein product. it was also observed that forms of consumption may affect protein digestibility of beans. using a short ...	1981	7282614
separation and localization on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels of pig spleen lymphocyte plasma membrane proteins which bind 125i-labelled phytohemagglutinin.	the protein constituents of splenic pig lymphocytes derived from the plasma membranes, the endoplasmic reticulum or from a non-ionic (nonidet p-40) detergent of whole cells have been separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, under reducing and non-reducing conditions. the binding of phaseolus vulgaris (red kidney bean) phytohemagglutinin to these constituents has been studied by incubation of the labelled lectin with the undried electrophoretograms. results show cha ...	1981	7284434
the toxicity of phaseolus vulgaris lectins. nitrogen balance and immunochemical studies.		1981	7300257
intestinal absorption of d-galactose and l-leucine and intestinal disaccharidase activities in growing chickens fed different raw legume diets.	a significant (p less than .01) impairment in the rate of growth, along with a significant (p less than .01) inhibition in the rate of in vivo intestinal absorption of d-galactose and l-leucine, and in the in vitro intestinal absorption of d-galactose, was found in growing chickens fed ad libitum over a 60-day period, diets containing the raw legumes vicia faba, glycine soja, vicia ervilia, and phaseolus vulgaris as the main source of protein. furthermore, a significant (p less than .01) reducti ...	1981	7301750
phytomitogen-induced stimulation of syntheses de novo of phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol in rat and human lymphocytes.	the biosynthetic route of phosphatidylinositol in lymphocytes stimulated with either concanavalin a or phaseolus vulgaris hemagglutinin is examined by the determination of the [2-3h]glycerol and 32po4 incorporations into glycerolipids of rat and human lymphocytes. in rat lymph-node cells, the [2-3h]glycerol incorporation into phosphatidylinositol was accelerated 23-fold by 50 microgram concanavalin a/ml culture; the same cells exhibited a 37-fold concanavalin a-induced stimulation in 32po4 incor ...	1981	7306564
comparison of yeast and mold counts by spiral, pour, and streak plate methods.	foods with naturally occurring yeast and mold were used in a comparative study of 4 plating techniques. oats, green beans, and cheese were incubated for 3 and 5 days at 25 degrees c. although 3 days of incubation would be sufficient for yeast, 5 days were necessary for the mold count. the percent recovery of yeast and molds by the spiral and streak methods ranged from 200 to 357% compared with the pour plating method described in the bacteriological analytical manual (bam). the spiral method had ...	1981	7309670
intestinal absorption of d-glucose, d-galactose and l-leucine in male growing rats fed a raw field bean (vicia faba l.) diet.	male growing rats were fed diets containing either raw field bean (vicia faba l.) or casein as the only source of protein. diets were fed ad libitum for 5 weeks. body weight gain was significantly impaired, and rates of both in vivo and in vitro intestinal absorption of d-glucose, d-galactose and l-leucine were reduced, in rats fed the legume diet. the addition of methionine to the bean diet did not alter either growth or intestinal absorption rates. no significant differences in intestinal oxyg ...	1981	7319945
[possible relationship of physical, chemical and nutritional measurements of the common bean (phaseolus vulgaris)].		1981	7344644
[digestion of field bean cytoplasmic carbohydrates by the preruminant calf].		1981	7349548
structure of a complex-type sugar chain of human glycophorin a.	tryptic glycopeptide t1 of human glycophorin a [tomita, m., & marchesi, v. t. (1975) proc. natl. acad. sci. u.s.a. 72, 2964-2968] was subjected to hydrazinolysis. after n-acetylation, the complex-type oligosaccharides were isolated by gel filtration. the major neutral oligosaccharide (2000 molecular weight) was purified by a combination of ion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography. treatments with endo- and exo-glycosidases, periodate oxidation, and methylation analysis indicated that the m ...	1981	7213594
immunochemical detection of ds-rna in healthy and virus-infected plants and specific detection of viral ds-rna by hybridization to labelled complementary dna.	double-stranded (ds) rna was detected in nucleic acid preparations from virus-free leaf tissues of several plant species by radial double-diffusion tests with antiserum raised against polyinosinic : polycytidylic acid [poly(i) : poly(c)]. no significant differences in the concentrations of ds-rna were detected by such tests in virus-free french bean leaves and those infected with tobacco mosaic virus or tobacco ringspot virus. however, virus-specific ds-rnas as well as genomic rnas of both virus ...	1981	7228978
synergistic effects of lectins in the interaction of thrombin with human platelets.	several lectins have been studied for their effects on the interaction of thrombin with human platelets. wheat germ agglutinin, concanavalin a and ricinus communis lectin increased the number of high affinity sites for diisopropylphosphothrombin on washed platelets from 3000 to about 12 000 but the binding affinities were unchanged (kd approx 4 nm). two other lectins, lens culinaris and bandieria simplicifolia, were without effect. (2) using formalinized platelets to avoid possible complications ...	1981	6894391
fungal contamination and mycotoxin-producing potential of dried beans.	a total of 604 samples of about 7 different types of beans was examined to determine their mycological profiles, and suitability for use as solid substrates for mycotoxin production. all of the samples were collected from bean jam makers in tokyo by the official food examiners. genera penicillium and aspergillus were predominant, and genus wallemia was also found commonly in all types of beans. mycotoxin-producing aspergillus strains were isolated from 52 samples of beans, approximately 9% of th ...	1981	6783913
developmental stage-specific changes in lectin binding to mouse cerebellar cells in vitro.	eleven fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated (fitc) lectins, each with distinct carbohydrate-binding properties, were used to assess cell surface glycoconjugates of embryonic and early postnatal cerebellar cells in vitro. fluorescence staining of embryonic day 13 (e13) cerebellar cells with fitc ricinus communis agglutinin diminished markedly between 24 and 72 hr in vitro. no staining of postnatal day 0 (p0) or postnatal day 7 (p7) cells was observed with fitc ricinus communis agglutinin. a simi ...	1981	6793697
the effect of type and level of protein, fibre and starch on nitrogen excretion patterns in rats.	1. three series of nitrogen balance experiments were performed with growing rats to test the effect of type and level of protein, fibre and starch on n excretion patterns. the design involved eighteen treatments in a 3 x 3 x 2 factorial experiment with five rats per dietary treatment. the eighteen treatments resulted from a combination of three protein treatments, three fibre treatments and two starch treatments. protein treatments consisted of one level (15 g n/kg dm) of casein fortified with m ...	1981	6269574
[catalytic concentration, multiple forms, and lectin affinity of microsomal enzymes from human tissues: lectins as reagents, ii (author's transl)].	we estimated the concentrations, multiple forms, and lectin binding of five microsomal enzymes in particle free extracts from human kidney, pancreas, jejunal mucosa, and normal and cancerous liver. while arylesterase markedly reacted only with concanavalin a, arylamidase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and cholinesterase were intensely precipitated by lectins from ricinus communis 120, canavalia ensiformis, triticum vulgare and phaseolus vulgaris s. agglutinins from glycine max ...	1981	6120206
purification and properties of phaseolus vulgaris leghemoglobin (phlb).		1981	1146455
reduction of postprandial plasma glucose by bengal gram dal (cicer arietinum) and rajmah (phaseolus vulgaris).	postprandial plasma glucose levels were measured in six healthy subjects at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after taking 50 g of carbohydrate in the form of wheat, rice, bengal gram dal (channa dal), and rajmah (red kidney beans) and compared with the plasma glucose values obtained after taking 50 g dextrose. bangal gram dal and rajmah, when compared with dextrose, were found to be more effective in reducing postprandial plasma glucose levels than wheat and rice. moreover, the mean peak rise ...	1981	7304486
covalent labelling of the nadph: protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase from etioplast membranes with [3h]n-phenylmaleimide.	[3h]n-phenylmaleimide has been used to covalently label in a specific manner the substrate-protected thiol groups of the enzyme protochlorophyllide reductase. in membrane preparations from oat (avena sativa) and runner-bean (phaseolus vulgaris) seedlings, two related peptides of mol.wts. 35000/37000 and 34000/35000 respectively and showing properties expected of the reductase have been identified, whereas the same technique with barley (hordeum vulgare) extracts resulted in labelling a single pe ...	1981	7306063
dose responses for colletotrichum lindemuthianum elicitor-mediated enzyme induction in french bean cell suspension cultures.	the induction of l-phenylalanine ammonialyase (pal, ec 4.3.1.5) and flavanone synthase in french bean cell suspension cultures in response to heat-released elicitor from cell walls of the phytopathogenic fungus colletotrichum lindemuthianum is highly dependent upon elicitor concentration. the elicitor dose-response curve for pal induction shows two maxima at around 17.5 and 50 μg elicitor carbohydrate per ml culture, whereas the flavanone synthase response shows one maximum at around 100 μg ml(- ...	1981	24301854
intracellular distribution of enzymes associated with nitrogen assimilation in roots.	the cellular distribution of enzymes involved in nitrogen assimilation: nitrate reductase (ec 1.6.6.2), nitrite reductase (ec 1.6.6.4), glutamine synthetase (ec 6.3.1.2), glutamate synthase (ec 2.6.1.53), and glutamate dehydrogenase (ec 1.4.1.3) has been studied in the roots of five plants: maize (zea mays l. hybrid w 64a x w 182e), rice (oryza sativa l. cv. delta), bean (phaseolus vulgaris l. cv. contender), pea (pisum sativum l. cv. demi-nain), and barley (hordeum vulgare l.). initially, cell ...	1981	24302111
a circadian rhythm in the rate of light-induced electron flow in three leguminous species.	three legume species, pisum sativum l., glycine max (l.), and phaseolus vulgaris l., were grown in light-dark cycles and then maintained in constant dim light. during the constant conditions, chloroplasts were isolated throughout the day and assayed for various light-reaction activities. similar results were found for all three species. the rate of whole-chain, light-induced electron flow (h(2)o to methyl viologen) was rhythmic over a 24-hour period provided an uncoupler of photophosphorylation ...	1981	16662048
subculture-induced protein synthesis in tissue cultures of glycine max and phaseolus vulgaris.	the effects of subculture of tissue cultures on the levels of certain mrnas have been investigated, and the action of cytokinins on the disposition of certain mrnas between possible non-translating and translating pools has been determined. mrna preparations were assayed by cell free translation with message-dependent reticulocyte lysate and the in vitro products resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. subculture of the cells caused a rapid stimulation of polysome formation. it also incr ...	1981	24302314