Publications

partial purification of gibberellin oxidases from spinach leaves.	four enzyme activities catalyzing the following oxidative steps in the gibberellin (ga) biosynthetic pathway have been extracted from spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) leaves after exposure to 8 long days: ga(12) --> ga(53) --> ga(44) --> ga(19) --> ga(20). two of these, ga(53) oxidase and ga(19) oxidase, were separable from the other two, ga(44) oxidase and ga(12) 13-hydroxylase, by anion exchange high performance liquid chromatography (hplc). apparent molecular weights of the four enzymes as dete ...	1987	16665690
induction of freezing tolerance in spinach is associated with the synthesis of cold acclimation induced proteins.	spinach (spinacia oleracea l. cv bloomsdale) seedlings cultured in vitro were used to study changes in protein synthesis during cold acclimation. seedlings grown for 3 weeks postsowing on an inorganic-nutrient-agar medium were able to increase their freezing tolerance when grown at 5 degrees c. during cold acclimation at 5 degrees c and deacclimation at 25 degrees c, the kinetics of freezing tolerance induction and loss were similar to that of soil-grown plants. freezing tolerance increased afte ...	1987	16665536
induction of freezing tolerance in spinach during cold acclimation.	spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) seedlings, grown in soil or on an agar medium in vitro, became cold acclimated when exposed to a constant 5 degrees c. plants subjected to cold acclimation, beginning 1 week postgermination, attained freezing tolerance levels similar to that achieved by seedlings that were cold acclimated beginning 3 weeks after sowing. seedlings at 1 week of age had only cotyledonary leaves, while 3-week-old seedlings had developed true leaves. plants grown in vitro were able to i ...	1987	16665535
inhibition of spinach leaf nadph(nadh)-glyoxylate reductase by acetohydroxamate, aminooxyacetate, and glycidate.	acetohydroxamate (aha) and aminooxyacetate (aoa) were found to be potent inhibitors of purified nadph(nadh)-dependent glyoxylate reductase from spinach (spinacia oleracea) leaves. aha was a noncompetitive (ro mixed) inhibitor of the nadph-dependent activity of the reductase with a k(i) of 0.33 millimolar. with nadh serving as a cofactor, aha preferentially bound to the same form of the enzyme as glyoxylate, exhibiting a k(i) of 0.31 millimolar. glycine hydroxamate and l-glutamic acid-gamma-hydro ...	1987	16665491
calcium binding by spinach stromal proteins.	calcium binding to spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) stromal proteins was examined by dual-wavelength spectrophotometry using the metallochromic indicator tetramethylmurexide. the data are consistent with the existence of at least two, probably independent, classes of binding sites. the total number of binding sites varied between 90-155 nmol·mg(-1) protein with "average" binding constants of 1.1-2.7·mm(-1). both mg(2+) and la(3+) inhibited calcium binding competitively, with "average" inhibitor co ...	1987	24227335
non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll a fluorescence in isolated chloroplasts under conditions of stressed photosynthesis.	non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll a fluorescence after short-time light, heat and osmotic stress was investigated with intact chloroplasts from spinacia oleracea l. the proportions of non-photochemical fluorescence quenching (q n ) which are related (q e ) and unrelated (q i ) to the transthylakoid proton gradient (δph) were determined. light stress resulted in an increasing contribution of q ito total q n.the linear dependence of q. eand δph, as seen in controls, was maintained. the me ...	1987	24227329
phospholipid and fatty acid composition in mitochondria from spinach (spinacia oleracea) leaves and petioles. a comparative study.	essentially chlorophyll-free mitochondria from photosynthetic (leaf) and non-photosynthetic tissue (petiole) were isolated from spinach (spinacia oleracea). leaf mitochondria were found to contain more phosphatidylcholine than phosphatidylethanolamine compared with petiole mitochondria. galactolipids were found in small and equal amounts (5 mol of galactolipids/100 mol of galactolipids and phospholipids) in both leaf and petiole mitochondria. fatty acid composition showed a significant differenc ...	1987	3632635
oxidation-reduction midpoint potentials of the molybdenum center in spinach nadh:nitrate reductase.	oxidation-reduction midpoint potentials for the molybdenum center in assimilatory nadh:nitrate reductase isolated from spinach (spinacia oleracea) have been determined at ph 7.0 in the presence of dye mediators using epr spectroscopy to monitor formation of mo(v). values for the mo(vi)/mo(v) and mo(v)/mo(iv) couples were determined to be -8 and -42 mv, respectively.	1987	3030817
membrane rupture is the common cause of damage to chloroplast membranes in leaves injured by freezing or excessive wilting.	the effects of freezing and desiccation of spinach leaves (spinacia oleracea l. cv yates) on the thylakoid membranes were assessed using antibodies specific for thylakoid membrane proteins. the peripheral part of the chloroplast coupling factor atpase (cf1) was used as a molecular marker for chemical membrane damage by chaotropic solutes. plastocyanin, a soluble protein localized inside the closed thylakoid membrane system, was a marker for damage by mechanical membrane rupture. after freezing a ...	1987	16665230
the relationship between the activities of the pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis during early stages of floral induction in spinach.	a quantitative cytochemical study was made of fructokinase, glucokinase, and fructokinase (both pfk-atp and pfk-pp + f-2:6-p) activities in shoot apices of 4-week old spinacia oleracea. the rates of activity of these enzymes in the central zone of the shoot apex of plants kept on a short day regime were compared with those from plants transferred from a range of timing up to 24 h to a continuous light regime when floral induction occurred. a mechanism is suggested explaining how no measurable ch ...	1987	3654278
effects of the sesquiterpene lactone tetraesters thapsigargicin and thapsigargin, from roots of thapsia garganica l., on isolated spinach chloroplasts.	the effect of thapsigargicin and thapsigargin, extracted from the roots of thapsia garganica l., on isolated photosynthetic membranes (thylakoids) and intact chloroplasts from spinach leaves (spinacia oleracea l.) was investigated. both sesquiterpene lactone tetraesters impair membranes and organelles in an identical, chlorophyll-dependent manner. in thylakoids these compounds primarily act as inhibitors of photophosphorylation. at lower sesquiterpene lactone tetraester/chlorophyll ratios, cycli ...	1987	3617076
isolation and purification of chloroplastic spinach (spinacia oleracea) sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase.	higher-plant sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase was isolated and purified over 200-fold from spinach (spinacia oleracea) chloroplast stromal extracts to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity by deae-fractogel, molecular sieving on sephadex g-200 and blue b dye-matrix affinity chromatography. it is a protein of mr 66,000, made up of two apparently identical subunits (mr 35,000). the enzyme is activated by reduced thioredoxin fb in the presence of dithiothreitol. its specificity towards sedoheptulose ...	1987	3032163
resolution of two molecular forms of sucrose-phosphate synthase from maize, soybean and spinach leaves.	two forms of sucrose-phosphate synthase (ec 2.4.1.14) were resolved from leaves of three species, maize (zea mays l. cv. pioneer 3184), soybean (glycine max (l.) merr., cv. ransom) and spinach (spinacia oleracea l. cv. resistoflay) by hydroxyapatite ultrogel chromatography, using a 75-mm (designated peak 1) and 250-mm (peak 2) k-phosphate discontinuous-gradient elution. rechromatography of the two forms showed that they were not readily interconvertible. the distribution of activity between the ...	1987	24233014
phosphoglycolate phosphatase: purification and preparation of antibodies.	phosphoglycolate phosphatase was partially purified from leaves of nicotiana rustica using ion exchange and chromatofocusing columns. the native molecular weight of the enzyme was determined to be about 58 kd from ferguson plots, with a subunit size of about 32 kd. the native enzyme is thus likely to be a dimer. a polyclonal antibody prepared against the lds denatured enzyme cross reacted with proteins from nicotiana tabacum, glycine max, spinacea oleracea and arabidopsis thaniana. there was lit ...	1987	24430563
phosphorylation of photosystem ii components, cp43 apoprotein, d1, d2, and 10 to 11 kilodalton protein in chloroplast thylakoids of higher plants.	phosphorylated thylakoid proteins of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) and pea (pisum sativum l.) were solubilized, fractionated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and analyzed by gel electrophoresis and crossed immunoelectrophoresis to identify the phosphoproteins. it was found that in addition to intense phosphorylation of light-harvesting chlorophyll complex ii, four photosystem ii components, cp43 apoprotein, d1, d2, and a 10 to 11 kilodalton protein, are substantially phosphorylated i ...	1987	16665752
partial purification and characterization of an insulin-like material from spinach and lemna gibba g3.	the existence in invertebrates, unicellular eukaryotes, and prokaryotes of materials that resemble several vertebrate peptide hormones led to the suggestion that these peptide messengers may have arisen earlier in evolution than had previously been thought. consistent with this hypothesis, we describe here material in two plants, spinach and lemma gibba g3, that is very similar to mammalian insulin, yet distinctive. in each of the early purification steps, which consisted of acidic methanol chlo ...	1987	3553187
enumeration and characterization of aeromonas hydrophila and aeromonas caviae isolated from grocery store produce.	starch-ampicillin agar was used to quantitatively isolate aeromonas sp. from retail grocery store produce. all produce sampled, including parsley, spinach, celery, alfalfa sprouts, broccoli, and lettuce, contained aeromonas sp. in most instances, the count of aeromonas sp. increased 10- to 1,000-fold during 2 weeks of storage at 5 degrees c. eleven (92%) of 12 kinds of produce yielded cytotoxic aeromonas sp. identification as aeromonas hydrophila was the strongest indicator of cytotoxicity, and ...	1987	3566266
the nature of l8 and l8s8 forms of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from chromatium vinosum.	l8 and l8s8 forms of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) have been prepared from chromatium vinosum by the extremely mild method of centrifugal fractionation. only the l8s8 form is detectable in crude extracts of this organism. both forms show immunological identify in double diffusion studies using antibody to l subunits of the l8s8 form. l subunits from both l8 and l8s8 enzymes are identical by the criteria of peptides observed after limited proteolysis and n-terminal sequenc ...	1987	3579306
rare-earth elements in the nbs standard reference materials spinach, orchard leaves, pine needles and bovine liver.	a highly sensitive radiochemical neutron activation method for the determination of all rare-earth elements (ree) in nbs biological reference materials is described. the materials are irradiated, dissolved in hf/hcl solutions, mixed with scandium and ree carriers (except la, pr, nd, dy, er), and the resulting solutions evaporated to dryness. the residues are dissolved in hcl and the ree precipitated as fluorides on addition of hf/nh4f solutions. the ree fluorides were collected, dissolved in a n ...	1987	3589659
simplified cleanup and gas chromatographic determination of organophosphorus pesticides in crops.	a simple and efficient cleanup method for gas chromatographic determination of 23 organophosphorus pesticides in crops including onion is described. the sample was extracted with acetone. the extract was purified with coagulating solution, which contained ammonium chloride and phosphoric acid, and then filtered by suction. the filtrate was diluted with nacl solution and reextracted with benzene. the organic layer was evaporated and injected into a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame photomet ...	1987	3610958
the determination of glutathione, cyst(e)ine, and other thiols and disulfides in biological samples using high-performance liquid chromatography with dual electrochemical detection.	a determination of glutathione, cysteine, and their disulfides using hplc and dual electrochemical detection (hplc-dec) was described previously but was not validated in biological tissues for these and other important thiols and disulfides (sh/ss). thus, our objectives were to develop this method to quantify simultaneously reduced and oxidized glutathione, cysteine, cystine, and other sh/ss in various tissues, including human blood and plasma, rat liver and hippocampus, mosquito, and spinach le ...	1987	3619033
oxalic acid decreases calcium absorption in rats.	calcium absorption from salts and foods intrinsically labeled with 45ca was determined in the rat model. calcium bioavailability was nearly 10 times greater for low oxalate kale, caco3 and cacl2 than from cac2o4 (calcium oxalate) and spinach (high in oxalates). extrinsic and intrinsic labeling techniques gave a similar assessment of calcium bioavailability from kale but not from spinach.	1987	3681480
immunological studies of the binding protein for chloroplast ferredoxin-nadp+ reductase.	monospecific rabbit antibodies against the ferredoxin-nadp+ reductase binding protein of spinach thylakoids were obtained and characterized. the immunoglobulin g (igg) fraction gave single precipitation arcs with the purified antigen or with triton x-100 extracts of thylakoids or the reductase binding protein complex. antibodies against the flavoprotein behave similarly. both antibodies agglutinated thylakoids and precipitated the diaphorase activity of a triton x-100 extract of these membranes. ...	1987	3813568
additives for immobilized ph gradient two-dimensional separation of particulate material: comparison between commercial and new synthetic detergents.	we describe the synthesis of two detergents, l and a15, whose performances as solubilizing agents and as additives in the first-dimension step of a two-dimensional separation are compared with those of some commercial compounds, i.e., nonidet p-40, 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]propanesulfonate(chaps), and sulfobetaine, on three membrane protein preparations: rat rbc ghosts, beef kidney microvilli, and spinach thylakoids. l is 3-]3-dodecylamidoprophylcbdimethylammonio propane-1-sulfonate ...	1987	3425894
hydrogen bonding of sulfur ligands in blue copper and iron-sulfur proteins: detection by resonance raman spectroscopy.	the resonance raman spectrum of the blue copper protein azurin from alcaligenes denitrificans exhibits nine vibrational modes between 330 and 460 cm-1, seven of which shift 0.4-3.0 cm-1 to lower energy after incubation of the protein in d2o. these deuterium-dependent shifts have been previously ascribed to exchangeable protons on imidazole ligands [nestor, l., larrabee, j. a., woolery, g., reinhammar, b., & spiro, t. g. (1984) biochemistry 23, 1084] or to exchangeable protons on amide groups whi ...	1987	3442645
genes encoding the beta and epsilon subunits of the proton-translocating atpase from anabaena sp. strain pcc 7120.	the genes encoding the beta (atpb) and epsilon (atpe) subunits of the atpase from the cyanobacterium anabaena sp. strain pcc 7120 were cloned, and their sequences were determined. atpb and atpe are each single-copy genes in the anabaena genome. the two genes are separated by a 96-base-pair intergenic spacer and transcribed as a single mrna of 2.3 kilobases that initiates approximately 200 base pairs upstream of the atpb coding region. the predicted translation product of atpb has 81 and 68% amin ...	1987	2878921
paps-reductase from escherichia coli: characterization of the enzyme as probe for thioredoxins.	paps-reductase from escherichia coli was employed to detect thioredoxins from pro- and eukaryotic organisms. a simple method for the isolation of this enzyme and properties of the enzymatic assay were described. a comparison between thioredoxins detected by the paps-reductase and the fructose-bisphosphatase or nadp malate dehydrogenase was used to assess the validity of the test. the high cross-reactivity of the bacterial enzyme was useful in the purification of heterologous thioredoxins from sp ...	1987	2953134
the halobacterial h+-translocating atp synthase relates to the eukaryotic anion-sensitive h+-atpase.	the h+-translocating atp synthase of halobacterium halobium (y. mukohata and m. yoshida (1987) j. biochem. 102, 797-802) includes a catalytic moiety of 320 kda which is isolated as an azide-insensitive atpase (t. nanba and y. mukohata (1987) j. biochem. 102, 591-598). the polyclonal antibody against this archaebacterial atpase cross-reacts with the anion-sensitive h+-atpase of red beet, beta vulgaris, tonoplast as well as with another archaebacterial atpase from sulfolobus acidocaldarius. the af ...	1987	2892466
abortive and productive elongation catalysed by purified spinach chloroplast rna polymerase.	experimental conditions are reported under which purified spinach chloroplast rna polymerase catalyses the abortive elongation reaction on a synthetic poly[d(a-t)] template. the reaction only occurs under very stringent conditions and absolutely requires mn2+ as the metal activator. no reaction can be detected in the presence of mg2+. furthermore, the rate of abortive elongation with the chloroplast enzyme is extremely sensitive to the presence of added salts, such as kcl or (nh4)2so4, in the re ...	1987	3297691
synthesis, cloning, and expression in escherichia coli of a spinach acyl carrier protein-i gene.	a synthetic gene of 268 bp encoding the 82 amino acid spinach acyl carrier protein (acp)-i was constructed based on the known amino acid sequence. two gene fragments, one encoding the amino-terminal portion and the other the carboxy-terminal portion of the protein, were assembled from synthetic oligonucleotides and inserted into the phage m13mp19. these partial gene constructions were joined and inserted into the plasmid ptz19r. dna sequencing confirmed the accuracy of the constructions. the syn ...	1987	3300555
the primary structure of rat ribosomal protein s12. the relationship of rat s12 to other ribosomal proteins and a correlation of the amino acid sequences of rat and yeast ribosomal proteins.	the covalent structure of the rat 40 s ribosomal subunit protein s12 was determined from the sequence of amino acids in tryptic, chymotryptic, thermolytic, and cyanogen bromide peptides and inferred from the sequence of nucleotides in a recombinant cdna. rat ribosomal protein s12 contains 129 amino acids and has a molecular weight of 14,120. the amino acid sequences of a number of ribosomal proteins appear to be related to rat s12. these include spinach chloroplast l7, escherichia coli s5, nicot ...	1987	3308890
the gene for the 9 kd polypeptide, a possible apoprotein for the iron-sulfur centers a and b of the photosystem i complex, in tobacco chloroplast dna.	the gene for the 9 kd polypeptide (a possible apoprotein for the iron-sulfur centers a and b) of photosystem i has been located in the small single-copy region of tobacco chloroplast dna. this gene (psac) was identified by comparing the n-terminal amino acid sequence of the spinach 9 kd polypeptide with the entire sequence of tobacco chloroplast genome. the gene organization is ndhe (101 codons)--263 bp spacer--psac (81 codons)--94 bp spacer--ndhd (509 codons). northern blot hybridization reveal ...	1987	3329576
ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase, an iron-sulfur enzyme linking light to enzyme regulation in oxygenic photosynthesis: purification and properties of the enzyme from c3, c4, and cyanobacterial species.	ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase (ftr), an enzyme involved in the light regulation of chloroplast enzymes, was purified to homogeneity from leaves of spinach (a c3 plant) and corn (a c4 plant) and from cells of a cyanobacterium (nostoc muscorum). the enzyme is a yellowish brown iron-sulfur protein, containing four nonheme iron and labile sulfide groups, that catalyzes the activation of nadp-malate dehydrogenase and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase in the presence of ferredoxin and of thioredoxin m an ...	1987	3028266
molecular cloning and sequencing of a cdna encoding the acyl carrier protein and its flanking domains in the mammalian fatty acid synthetase.	cloned cdnas containing coding sequences for domains proximal to the carboxy terminus of the rat fatty acid synthetase have been isolated using an expression vector and domain-specific antibodies. the coding regions were assigned to specific domains of the multifunctional complex by identification of sequences coding for characterized peptide fragments and by recognition of sequences homologous to other monofunctional enzymes. two clones contain the entire coding region for the acyl carrier prot ...	1987	3109907
purification and characterization of pyruvate:nadp+ oxidoreductase in euglena gracilis.	pyruvate:nadp+ oxidoreductase was homogeneously purified from crude extract of euglena gracilis. the mr of the enzyme was estimated to be 309,000 by gel filtration. the enzyme migrated as a single protein band with mr of 166,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, suggesting that the enzyme consists of two identical polypeptides. the absorption spectrum of the native enzyme exhibited maxima at 278, 380, and 430 nm, and a broad shoulder was observed around 480 nm; the ma ...	1987	3110154
comparative study of specific alpha-1,2-glucosidase activity toward glucosyl galactosyl hydroxylysine in various animal species.	1. assay of the activity of alpha-1,2-glucosidase was completed within 10 min using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography and purified dansylated glucosyl galactosyl hydroxylysine as the substrate. 2. a comparative study was made on the enzyme activity of liver homogenate from eight animal species, mouse, frog, chicken, rabbit, pig, rat, human, bovine and that of a spinach leaf homogenate. alpha-1,2-glucosidase activity in human and bovine liver was very low, and that of alpha-1, ...	1987	3119282
nucleotide sequence of the gene from the cyanobacterium anacystis nidulans r2 encoding the mn-stabilizing protein involved in photosystem ii water oxidation.	the gene for the mn-stabilizing protein (msp; the so-called extrinsic 33-kda protein) that is involved in photosystem ii water oxidation was cloned and sequenced from the genome of the cyanobacterium anacystis nidulans r2. the gene (here designated woxa) was shown to be present in a single copy. the deduced amino acid sequence indicated that the translation product consisted of 277 amino acid residues with a mr of 29,306. the comparison of the sequence with that of mature msp from spinach chloro ...	1987	3120187
reduction and spectroscopic properties of hemoglobins m.	reduction of five hemoglobins m (hbs m) was studied using three enzymatic reducing systems; namely nadph-flavin reductase from human erythrocytes, nadh-cytochrome b5 reductase from human erythrocytes and ferredoxin-nadp reductase from spinach. under anaerobic conditions, abnormal chains in hb m saskatoon were reduced by all three systems, whereas those in hb m milwaukee were reduced by the latter two enzyme systems only. the abnormal chains in hb m hyde park were reduced only by the ferredoxin-n ...	1987	3120482
a gene cluster in the spinach and pea chloroplast genomes encoding one cf1 and three cf0 subunits of the h+-atp synthase complex and the ribosomal protein s2.	the regions of the spinach and pea chloroplast genomes containing the atp synthase genes atpa, atpf and atph have been sequenced. the encoded proteins, cf1 alpha, cf0i and cf0iii, are well conserved between spinach and pea, and analogous to the alpha, b and c subunits of the escherichia coli atp synthase complex. the atpf gene is split by a single intron, and the exon/intron boundaries have been defined by isolating and sequencing a partial cdna clone. two other genes, designated atpi and rps2, ...	1987	2443718
nucleotide sequence and transcription analysis of the gene coding for subunit iii of soybean chloroplast proton-translocating atpase.	the gene coding for subunit iii of cf0-atpase complex (atph gene) has been localized on the soybean chloroplast genome by heterologous hybridization with the atph gene of wheat chloroplast. the gene, 243 bp in length, is located in a 7.5-kb bamhi fragment generated from the 14.8-kb pvuii fragment in the large single-copy region of the chloroplast genome. the nucleotide sequence of the gene has been determined. the deduced amino acid (aa) sequence shows 2 aa changes relative to its homologue from ...	1987	2449380
light-induced charge separation in photosystem i at low temperature is not influenced by vitamin k-1.	the photoreduction of iron-sulfur centers was studied at low temperature in photosystem i particles from spinach and the cyanobacterium synechocystis 6803, which contain various amounts of vitamin k-1 (recently tentatively identified as the acceptor a1). the irreversible charge separation that was progressively induced at low temperature between p-700 and fa (or fb) by successive laser flashes was studied at 15 k. its maximum amount after a large number of flashes was shown to be fairly independ ...	1987	2823891
nucleotide sequence and linkage map position of the secx gene in maize chloroplast and evidence that it encodes a protein belonging to the 50s ribosomal subunit.	the nucleotide sequence of the segment of maize chloroplast dna lying between the map coordinate positions 32.59 and 32.98 kb and containing the secx gene has been determined. the derived amino acid sequence of maize chloroplast secx is 95%, 87% and 62% identical to the corresponding derived amino acid sequences from two plant chloroplasts and escherichia coli, respectively. it is also 70% identical to the experimentally determined amino acid sequence of a protein isolated from bacillus stearoth ...	1987	2829909
ion-exchange chromatography separates activities synthesizing and degrading fructose 2,6-bisphosphate from c3 and c4 leaves but not from rat liver.	fructose-6-phosphate,2-kinase and fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase were separated on the basis of charge from leaves of c3 (spinach, lettuce, and pea) and c4 (sorghum and amaranthus) plants but not from rat liver--a tissue known to contain a bifunctional enzyme with both activities. [2-32p]fructose 2,6-bisphosphate binding experiments also suggest that the major forms of these activities reside on different proteins in leaves.	1987	11539704
function, structure and evolution of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase.	the hydrolysis of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate is a key reaction of carbohydrate metabolism. the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, appears to be present in all forms of living organisms. regulation of the enzyme activity, however, occurs by a variety of distinct mechanisms. these include amp inhibition (most sources), cyclic amp-dependent phosphorylation (yeast), and light-dependent activation (chloroplast). in this short review, we have analy ...	1987	8816077
purification and properties of nonproteolytic degraded adpglucose pyrophosphorylase from maize endosperm.	adpglucose pyrophosphorylase from developing endosperm tissue of starchy maize (zea mays) was purified 88-fold to a specific activity of 34 micromoles alpha-glucose-1-p produced per minute per milligram protein. rabbit antiserum to purified spinach leaf adpglucose pyrophosphorylase was able to inhibit pyrophosphorolysis activity of the purified enzyme by up to 90%. the final preparation yielded four major protein staining bands following sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. ...	1987	16665182
biochemical and developmental characterization of multiple forms of catalase in tobacco leaves.	leaf extracts of both nicotiana tabacum and nicotiana sylvestris contain multiple forms of catalase (h(2)o(2):h(2)o(2) oxidoreductase, ec 1.11.1.6) which are separable at different ph values by chromatofocusing columns. marked changes in distribution of these catalases occur during seedling development and leaf maturation. the form of catalase eluting first (peak 1) was predominant during early seedling growth and present at all stages of development. two more acidic forms (peaks 2 and 3) appear ...	1987	16665461
purification and species distribution of rubisco activase.	ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) activase, a soluble chloroplast protein which promotes light-dependent rubisco activation, was partially purified from spinach chloroplasts by ion-exchange and gel-filtration fast protein liquid chromatography. the protein could also be isolated using rate zonal centrifugation in sucrose gradients followed by conventional ion-exchange on deae-cellulose. the active enzyme was composed of 44 and 41 kilodalton subunits. antibodies to the act ...	1987	16665546
influence of internal sugar levels on apoplasmic retrieval of exogenous sucrose in source leaf tissue.	sugar levels in beta vulgaris leaves were increased by heat-girdling the petiole and returning the plant to the controlled-environment chamber for 10 and 34 hours. after 10 hours, sucrose influx into the treated leaves was similar to the controls, although sucrose levels increased from 2.1 to 5.3 micromoles per milligram chlorophyll. however, after a 34-hour treatment, sucrose levels increased from 2.1 to 11.5 micromoles per milligram chlorophyll. in this instance, sucrose influx decreased relat ...	1987	16665567
structure and transcription of the 5s rrna gene from spinach chloroplasts.	the nucleotide sequence of the spinach chloroplast 5s rrna gene and its flanking regions has been determined. a prokaryotic type promoter is to be found upstream of the 5s rrna gene. northern blot experiments with selected gene probes show that the 5s gene is co-transcribed with the other ribosomal genes of the operon. this result is confirmed by 5' s1 mapping of in vivo rnas synthesised in chloroplasts or in an e. coli strain harboring a multicopy plasmid containing the 5s rrna gene and its fla ...	1987	2835181
effect of photosynthetic photon flux density on carboxylation efficiency.	the effect of photosynthetic photon flux density (ppfd) on photosynthetic response (a) to co(2) partial pressures between 35 pascals and co(2) compensation point (gamma) was investigated, especially below ppfd saturation. spinacia oleracea cv ;atlanta,' glycine max cv ;clark,' and arbutus unedo were studied in detail. the initial slope of the photosynthetic response to co(2) ( partial differentiala/ partial differentialc[gamma]) was constant above a ppfd of about 500 to 600 micromoles per square ...	1987	16665640
a starch deficient mutant of arabidopsis thaliana with low adpglucose pyrophosphorylase activity lacks one of the two subunits of the enzyme.	a starch deficient mutant of arabidopsis thaliana (l.) heynh. has been isolated in which leaf extracts contain only about 5% as much activity of adpglucose pyrophosphorylase (ec 2.7.7.27) as the wild type. a single, nuclear mutation at a previously undescribed locus designated adg2 is responsible for the mutant phenotype. although the mutant contained only 5% as much adpglucose pyrophosphorylase activity as the wild type, it accumulated 40% as much starch when grown in a 12 hour photoperiod. the ...	1988	16666440
isolation and characterization of a starchless mutant of arabidopsis thaliana (l.) heynh lacking adpglucose pyrophosphorylase activity.	a mutant of arabidopsis thaliana lacking adpglucose pyrophosphorylase activity (ec 2.7.7.27) was isolated (from a mutagenized population of plants) by screening for the absence of leaf starch. the mutant grows as vigorously as the wild type in continuous light but more slowly than the wild type in a 12 hours light/12 hours dark photoperiod. genetic analysis showed that the deficiency of both starch and adpglucose pyrophosphorylase activity were attributable to a single, nuclear, recessive mutati ...	1988	16666044
protection of photosynthetic o2 evolution against heat inactivation: the role of chloride, ph and coupling status.	heat inactivation of photosynthetic o2 evolution was studied in isolated thylakoids from spinach (spinacia oleracea) and mangrove (avicennia marina) leaves. different temperatures, salt, ph and uncoupler effects were investigated. from these results and others in the literature it was concluced that chloride loss from the membrane and, more specifically, the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem ii, may be the cause of inhibition of oxygen evolution during heat inactivation.	1988	24430859
glutamine transport and the role of the glutamine translocator in chloroplasts.	the transport of l-[(14)c]glutamine in oat (avena sativa l.) and spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) chloroplasts was studied by a conventional single-layer and a newly developed stable double-layer silicone oil filtering system. [(14)c]glutamine was actively transported into oat chloroplasts against a concentration gradient. metabolite uptake was greatly affected by the endogenous dicarboxylate pools, which could be easily changed by preloading the chloroplast with specific exogenous substrate. glut ...	1988	16666419
recognition of prokaryotic transcription terminators by spinach chloroplast rna polymerase.	to determine whether chloroplast rna polymerase will accurately terminate transcription in vitro, we have fused the spinach chloroplast rbcl promoter to the 3' end of the rbcl gene as well as to various factor independent transcription terminators from e. coli. transcription of the rbcl minigene did not result in production of the expected 265 nucleotide rna. however, the spinach chloroplast rna polymerase did terminate transcription with varying efficiency at the thra, rrnb, rrnc and gene 32 te ...	1988	2843817
identification of an escherichia coli s1-like protein in the spinach chloroplast ribosome.	antibodies directed against e. coli ribosomal protein s1 were used in immunoblotting assays to search for an s1-like protein in the ribosome of spinach chloroplast. an immunological cross-reaction was reproducibly detected on the blots and inhibition experiments have demonstrated its specificity. the chloroplastic ribosomal protein which has epitopes common to antigenic determinants of the e. coli protein s1 was identified as being protein s2/s3.	1988	24277593
transcription study of the genes encoded in the region of the junction between the large single copy and the inverted repeat a of spinach chloroplast dna.	the expression of the psba, trnh-gug and rps19' genes from spinach chloroplasts, coding respectively for the 32 kda protein, the trna(his) (gug), and the putative ribosomal protein cs19', has been studied by cloning, northern hybridization and 3' and 5' s1 mapping experiments.it is demonstrated that the putative transcription termination signal of the psba gene does not function as a rho-independent terminator of transcription in e. coli, whatever its orientation.evidence is presented suggesting ...	1988	24277592
chlorella chloroplast dna sequence containing a gene for the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and a part of a possible gene for the β' subunit of rna polymerase.	the sequence of a 2782 bp fragment of the chloroplast genome of chlorella ellipsoidea has been determined. the region includes the entire gene (rbcl) for the large subunit (ls) of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and a sequence (rpoc-like) similar to part of the gene for the subunit of e. coli rna polymerase which is oriented in same direction as rbcl. the arrangement is rpoc-like - 446 bp - rbcl. the rbcl gene codes for a polypeptide of 475 amino acids whose sequence shows 88% ho ...	1988	24277518
dihydroxyacetone phosphate reductase in plants.	two forms of dihydroxyacetone phosphate reductase are present in spinach, soybean, pea, and mesophyll cells of corn leaves. an improved homogenizing medium was developed to measure this activity. the enzyme was detectable only after dialysis of the 35 to 70% saturated (nh(4))(2)so(4) fraction and the two forms were separated by chromatography on either deae cellulose or sephacryl s-200. about 80% of the reductase was one form in the chloroplast and the rest was a second form in the cytosol as de ...	1988	16665901
characterization of the rna required for biosynthesis of delta-aminolevulinic acid from glutamate : purification by anticodon-based affinity chromatography and determination that the uuc glutamate anticodon is a general requirement for function in ala biosynthesis.	the heme and chlorophyll precursor delta-aminolevulinic acid acid (ala) is formed in plants and algae from glutamate in a process that requires at least three enzyme components plus a low molecular weight rna which co-purifies with the trna fraction during deae-cellulose column chromatography. rna that is effective in the in vitro ala biosynthetic system was extracted from several plant and algal species that form ala via this route. in all cases, the effective rna contained the uuc glutamate an ...	1988	16665935
catalysis of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activation by the product of a rubisco activase cdna clone expressed in escherichia coli.	ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) activase activity was obtained from a partially purified extract of escherichia coli transformed with a 1.6-kilobase spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) cdna clone. this activity was atp-dependent. catalysis of rubisco activation by spinach and cloned rubisco activase was accompanied by the same extent of carboxyarabinitol bisphosphate-trapped (14)co(2) as occurred in spontaneous activation, indicating that rubisco carbamylation is one facet o ...	1988	16666245
isolation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate reductase from dunaliella chloroplasts and comparison with isozymes from spinach leaves.	a dihydroxyacetone phosphate (dhap) reductase has been isolated in 50% yield from dunaliella tertiolecta by rapid chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose. the activity was located in the chloroplasts. the enzyme was cold labile, but if stored with 2 molar glycerol, most of the activity was restored at 30 degrees c after 20 minutes. the spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) reductase isoforms were not activated by heat treatment. whereas the spinach chloroplast dhap reductase isoform was stimulate ...	1988	16666401
organization and structure of the genes for the cytochrome b/c1 complex in purple photosynthetic bacteria. a phylogenetic study describing the homology of the b/c1 subunits between prokaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.	the cytochrome b/c1 complex is an ubiquitous energy transducing enzyme, part of the electron transport chain of prokaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts (b6/f). in the ancient purple photosynthetic bacteria, the b/c1 complex occupies a central metabolic role, being part of their photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport chain. in rhodobacter the three subunits of the b/c1 complex are fes protein, cytochrome b, and cytochrome c1, and they are encoded by a constitutively expressed opero ...	1988	2831186
a functional five-enzyme complex of chloroplasts involved in the calvin cycle.	a complex of five different enzymes: ribose-phosphate isomerase, phosphoribulokinase, ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, phosphoglycerate kinase and glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase, has been purified from spinach chloroplasts. these enzymes catalyse five consecutive reactions of the calvin cycle, of which the two reactions catalysed by phosphoribulokinase and ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase are unique to this cycle. the five-enzyme complex has been purified by succes ...	1988	2834208
on the specificity of pig adrenal ferredoxin (adrenodoxin) and spinach ferredoxin in electron-transfer reactions.	spinach leaf ferredoxin and ferredoxin:nadp oxidoreductase as well as pig adrenodoxin and adrenodoxin reductase have been purified to homogeneity. ferredoxin-nadp reductase and adrenodoxin-nadp reductase can perform the same diaphorase reactions (dichloroindophenol, ferricyanide and cytochrome c reduction) albeit not with the same efficiency. despite the differences in their redox potentials, animal and plant ferredoxins can be used as heterologous substrates by the ferredoxin-nadp reductases fr ...	1988	2839337
comparative amino acid sequence of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatases: identification of a region unique to the light-regulated chloroplast enzyme.	chloroplast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (fru-p2-ase) is an essential enzyme in the photosynthetic pathway of carbon dioxide fixation into sugars. the properties of the chloroplast enzyme are clearly distinct from cytosolic gluconeogenic fru-p2-ases. light-dependent activation by way of a ferredoxin/thioredoxin system and insensitivity to amp inhibition are distinctive characteristics of the chloroplast enzyme. however, the chloroplast enzyme shows a high degree of amino acid sequence similarity ...	1988	2840657
characterization of a large inversion in the spinach chloroplast genome relative to marchantia: a possible transposon-mediated origin.	a 7,022 bp bamhi-ecori fragment, located in the inverted repeat of spinach chloroplast, has been sequenced. it contains a 2131 codon open reading frame (orf) homologous to both tobacco orfs 581 and 1708, and to marchantia orf 2136. relative to the marchantia chloroplast genome, spinach orf 2131 is located at the end of a large inversion; the other end point is close to trnl, the position of which is the same in marchantia, tobacco and spinach. in marchantia, two 8 bp direct repeats flanking two ...	1988	2841033
primary structure of cotranscribed genes encoding the rieske fe-s and cytochrome f proteins of the cyanobacterium nostoc pcc 7906.	the thylakoid membrane cytochrome b6-f complex (plastoquinol:oxidized-plastocyanin oxidoreductase, ec 1.10.99.1) catalyzes electron-transfer and proton-translocation reactions essential for oxygenic photosynthesis. we have isolated and determined the nucleotide sequences of the petc and peta genes encoding the rieske fe-s and cytochrome f polypeptides from the filamentous cyanobacterium nostoc pcc 7906. these genes occur as single genomic copies, are tightly linked, and, as indicated by hybridiz ...	1988	2842748
characterization of the manganese o2-evolving complex and the iron-quinone acceptor complex in photosystem ii from a thermophilic cyanobacterium by electron paramagnetic resonance and x-ray absorption spectroscopy.	the mn donor complex in the s1 and s2 states and the iron-quinone acceptor complex (fe2+-q) in o2-evolving photosystem ii (ps ii) preparations from a thermophilic cyanobacterium, synechococcus sp., have been studied with x-ray absorption spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance (epr). illumination of these preparations at 220-240 k results in formation of a multiline epr signal very similar to that assigned to a mn s2 species observed in spinach ps ii, together with g = 1.8 and 1.9 epr s ...	1988	2843222
cloning and sequencing of cdna encoding the mature form of phosphoribulokinase from spinach.	phosphoribulokinase (prk) is a key enzyme in the calvin cycle of autotrophic organisms. we have constructed a spinach leaf cdna library in the phage expression vector, lambda gt11, and used a rabbit polyclonal antibody raised against spinach prk to identify prk clones. analyses of the nucleotide sequences of two antibody-positive clones, 1.47 and 1.35 kb in length, showed that they encode a protein which contains the n-terminal amino acid (aa) sequence [porter et al., arch. biochem. biophys. 245 ...	1988	2843430
plant holo-(acyl carrier protein) synthase.	1. an improved method was developed for the assay of plant holo-(acyl carrier protein) synthase activity, using escherichia coli acyl-(acyl carrier protein) synthetase as a coupling enzyme. 2. holo-(acyl carrier protein) synthase was partially purified from spinach (spinacia oleracea) leaves by a combination of (nh4)2so4 fractionation and anion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography. 3. the partially purified enzyme had a ph optimum of 8.2 and km values of 2 microm, 72 microm and 3 mm for ap ...	1988	2844150
quantitative analyses of the uncoupling activity of substituted phenols with mitochondria from flight muscles of house flies.	uncoupling activity with flight-muscle mitochondria from house flies was measured for a series of weakly acidic uncouplers (substituted phenols) and compared with the protonophoric potency across lecithin liposomal membranes. the activity was linearly related to the protonophoric potency when such factors as the stability of anionic species in the membrane phase and the difference in the ph conditions of the extramembranous aqueous phase were taken into account. relationships of the flight-muscl ...	1988	2844258
mineral balances of men fed a diet containing fiber in fruits and vegetables and oxalic acid in spinach for six weeks.	in an investigation of the effects of fiber and oxalic acid on weekly mineral balances, 12 men consumed two diets consisting of natural foods for 6 wk each in a crossover design. one diet contained about 25 g neutral detergent fiber (ndf) in fruits and vegetables and included 100 g spinach, which is high in oxalic acid, every other day. the second diet was a low fiber diet that contained about 5 g ndf and the same amount of spinach as the first diet. on the basis of mean values for 6 wk, balance ...	1988	2846801
glutathione reductase: solvent equilibrium and kinetic isotope effects.	glutathione reductase catalyzes the nadph-dependent reduction of oxidized glutathione (gssg). the kinetic mechanism is ping-pong, and we have investigated the rate-limiting nature of proton-transfer steps in the reactions catalyzed by the spinach, yeast, and human erythrocyte glutathione reductases using a combination of alternate substrate and solvent kinetic isotope effects. with nadph or gssg as the variable substrate, at a fixed, saturating concentration of the other substrate, solvent kinet ...	1988	2848577
amino-terminal sequence of spinach chloroplast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase.	the sequence of the nh2-terminal 25-amino acid residues of purified spinach chloroplast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase was determined by automated edman degradation. the amino acid sequence is as follows: ala-ala-val-gly-glu-ala-ala-thr-gln-thr-lys-ala- arg-thr-arg-ser-lys-tyr-glu-ile-glu-thr-leu-thr-gly. a comparison of this sequence with the corresponding region of pig kidney and yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) fructose-1,6-bisphosphatases shows that the sequence of residues 1-19 of the chloropl ...	1988	2856482
affinity labeling of the allosteric activator site(s) of spinach leaf adp-glucose pyrophosphorylase.	pyridoxal-p has been shown to be an activator of the spinach leaf adp-glucose pyrophosphorylase. it has a higher apparent affinity than the physiological activator 3-phosphoglycerate but only activates the enzyme activity 6-fold whereas 3-phosphoglycerate gives a 25-fold activation. reductive phosphopyridoxylation of the spinach leaf enzyme results in enzyme having less dependence on the presence of activator for activity. labeled pyridoxal-p is incorporated into both the 54- and 51-kilodalton s ...	1988	2826457
purification and properties of ferredoxin-nadp+ oxidoreductase from the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria anabaena variabilis.	the isolation and characterization of ferredoxin-nadp+ -oxidoreductase from anabaena variabilis, a nitrogen-fixing, filamentous cyanobacterium, is described. purified enzyme was obtained in four steps with a 55% yield and 300-fold purification utilizing chromatographic separations on deae-cellulose and cibacron blue-sepharose columns. the enzyme is quite similar but not identical to the spinach enzyme as judged by isoelectric focusing, molecular weight determination, and amino acid composition. ...	1988	3124746
adenylate cyclase activity in a higher plant, alfalfa (medicago sativa).	an adenylate cyclase activity in medicago sativa l. (alfalfa) roots was partially characterized. the enzyme activity remains in the supernatant fluid after centrifugation at 105,000 g and shows in crude extracts an apparent mr of about 84,000. the enzyme is active with mg2+ and ca2+ as bivalent cations, and is inhibited by egta and by chlorpromazine. calmodulin from bovine brain or spinach leaves activates this adenylate cyclase.	1988	3128270
algal heme oxygenase from cyanidium caldarium. partial purification and fractionation into three required protein components.	enzymatic heme oxygenase activity has been partially purified from extracts of the unicellular red alga cyanidium caldarium, and the macromolecular components have been separated into three protein fractions, referred to as fractions i, ii, and iii, by serial column chromatography through deae-cellulose and reactive blue 2-sepharose. fraction i is retained by deae-cellulose at low salt concentration and eluted by 1 m nacl. fraction ii is retained by blue sepharose at low salt concentration and e ...	1988	3136167
catalysis by cyanobacterial ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase large subunits in the complete absence of small subunits.	an expression plasmid incorporating the structural gene for the large subunit of a cyanobacterial ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase, but not the gene for its complementary small subunit, directs the synthesis of large subunits in escherichia coli. this provides a means for obtaining a preparation of large subunits completely devoid of small subunits, which is not otherwise achievable. in extracts, these large subunits were found predominantly in the form of octamers, but intersubunit interaction ...	1988	3137223
low-potential iron-sulfur centers in photosystem i: an x-ray absorption spectroscopy study.	we have measured the x-ray absorption spectra of fe in photosystem i (ps i) preparations from spinach and a thermophilic cyanobacterium, synechococcus sp., to characterize structures of the fe complexes that function as electron acceptors in ps i. these acceptors include centers a and b, which are probably typical [4fe-4s] ferredoxins, and x. the structure of x is not known, but its electron paramagnetic resonance (epr) spectrum has generated the suggestions that it is either a [2fe-2s] or [4fe- ...	1988	3137969
nucleotide sequence and transcript analysis of three photosystem ii genes from the cyanobacterium synechococcus sp. pcc7942.	the genome of the cyanobacterium synechococcus sp. pcc7942 contains two genes encoding the d2 polypeptide of photosystem ii (psii), which are designated here as psbdi and psbdii. the psbdi gene, like the psbd gene of plant chloroplasts, is cotranscribed with and overlaps the open reading frame of the psbc gene, encoding the psii protein cp43. the psbdii gene is not linked to psbc, and appears to be transcribed as a monocistronic message. the two psbd genes encode identical polypeptides of 352 am ...	1988	3138165
cloning, nucleotide sequence and mutational analysis of the gene encoding the photosystem ii manganese-stabilizing polypeptide of synechocystis 6803.	affinity purified, polyclonal antibodies raised against the photosystem ii 33 kda manganese-stabilizing polypeptide of the spinach oxygen-evolving complex were used to isolate the gene encoding the homologous protein from synechocystis 6803. comparison of the amino acid sequence deduced from the synechocystis psb1 nucleotide sequence with recently published sequences of spinach and pea confirms the homology indicated by antigenic cross-reactivity and shows that the cyanobacterial and higher plan ...	1988	3138527
characterization of a cyanobacterial iron stress-induced gene similar to psbc.	recently we have reported that the flavodoxin gene from the cyanobacterium anacystis nidulans r2 is transcribed as part of an iron stress-induced operon containing multiple mrna species (d. e. laudenbach, m. e. reith, and n. a. straus, j. bacteriol. 170: 258-265, 1988). here we report that nucleotide sequence analyses of dna located immediately upstream of the flavodoxin gene revealed an open reading frame of 1,026 bases (designated isia; iron stress inducible) with a deduced amino acid sequence ...	1988	3141374
structural determination of the photosystem ii core complex from spinach.	a photosystem ii core complex was purified with high yield from spinach by solubilization with beta-dodecylmaltoside. the complex consisted of polypeptides with molecular mass 47, 43, 34, 31, 9 and 4 kda and some minor components, as detected by silver-staining of polyacrylamide gels. there was no indication for the chlorophyll-a/b-binding, light-harvesting complex polypeptides. the core complex revealed electron-transfer activity (1,5-diphenylcarbazide----2,6-dichloroindophenol) of about 30 mum ...	1988	3144451
xenobiotic oxidation by cytochrome p-450-enriched extracts of streptomyces griseus.	crude extracts of streptomyces griseus grown on soybean flour-enriched medium contain high levels of cytochrome p-450. the cytochrome p-450-enriched fractions, obtained by ammonium sulfate fractionation (30-50% saturation), catalyze the nadph-dependent oxidation of a variety of xenobiotics when complemented with both spinach ferredoxin:nadp+ oxidoreductase and spinach ferredoxin. reactions observed are aromatic, benzylic and alicyclic hydroxylations, o-dealkylation, non-aromatic double bond epox ...	1988	3144975
evidence for a translation-mediated attenuation of a spinach chloroplast rdna operon.	the presence of potential hairpin structures h1, h2, h3 in the leader region of a spinach rdna operon led us to postulate that this operon is regulated by premature termination. the mechanism would be controlled by the presence or absence of ribosomes translating a leader peptide. in vitro synchronized transcription by e. coli rna polymerase shows that pauses do occur in the leader region. by their sizes, the transient transcripts could correspond to pauses on h1 and h2 as predicted by the model ...	1988	3148321
nucleotide sequence of maize chloroplast rps11 with conserved amino acid sequence between eukaryotes, bacteria and plastids.	nucleotide sequence of a 721 base pair segment of maize chloroplast dna, encoding the putative chloroplast ribosomal protein s11 at physical map position 33.1-33.5 kbp, is described. a shine-dalgarno sequence and computer-derived stem-loop structures of dyad symmetry are present in the spacer region between rps11 and its 5' upstream gene rpl36. the deduced amino acid sequence of maize chloroplast s11 shows 69%, 66%, 62%, 57%, 48% and 45% sequence identity to the corresponding sequences of tobacc ...	1988	3149198
cariogenicity of traditional african foodstuffs (maize, beans, sorghum, brown bread) on rat caries.	the cariogenicity of the following traditional african foods was tested in a rat model system: cooked maize and beans, cooked maize and spinach, uncooked and cooked sorghum, both plus 20% sucrose and brown bread, as well as a control (wheat starch plus 50% sucrose). plaque extent was low in all the test groups and caries incidence was almost zero in all groups except for the cooked wheat starch and 50% sucrose group. comparison to earlier results suggests a possible cariostatic effect of sorghum ...	1988	3165717
the role of insertions/deletions in the evolution of the intergenic region between psba and trnh in the chloroplast genome.	trnh and the intergenic region between trnh and psba of the chloroplast genomes of alfalfa (medicago sativa), fabaceae, and petunia (petunia hybrida), solanaceae, were sequenced and compared to published sequences of that region from other members of those families. a striking feature of these comparisons is the occurrence of insertions/deletions between short, nearly perfect at-rich direct repeats. the directionality of these mutations in the petunia, tobacco and nicotiana debneyi lineages with ...	1988	3180272
the bioavailability of calcium in spinach and calcium-oxalate to calcium-deficient rats.	we estimated the utilization of calcium in spinach and calcium-oxalate to calcium-deficient rats, and the effect of oxalic acid on absorption of dietary calcium by using calcium-deficient rats. the body weight gain of the calcium-deficient rats for 8 days receiving a calcium-deficient diet supplemented with raw-powdered spinach (r-sp), boiled-powdered spinach (b-sp), or calcium-oxalate (ca-ox), and a control diet supplemented with oxalic acid (ox-c) were 4.8, 2.8, 4.9, and 5.1 g, respectively. t ...	1988	3183773
an nadp/thioredoxin system in leaves: purification and characterization of nadp-thioredoxin reductase and thioredoxin h from spinach.	an nadp/thioredoxin system, consisting of nadph, nadp-thioredoxin reductase (ntr), and its thioredoxin, thioredoxin h, has been previously described for heterotrophic plant tissues, i.e., wheat seeds and cultured carrot cells. until now there was no evidence for this system in green leaves. here, we report the identification of protein components of the nadp/thioredoxin system in leaves of several species. thioredoxin h and ntr, which were both recovered in the extrachloroplastic fraction, were ...	1988	3190242
limited proteolysis of the nitrate reductase from spinach leaves.	the functional structure of assimilatory nadh-nitrate reductase from spinach leaves was studied by limited proteolysis experiments. after incubation of purified nitrate reductase with trypsin, two stable products of 59 and 45 kda were observed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the fragment of 45 kda was purified by blue sepharose chromatography. nadh-ferricyanide reductase and nadh-cytochrome c reductase activities were associated with this 45-kda fragment which conta ...	1988	3198646
cu(i) analysis of blue copper proteins.	a simple colorimetric test for the cu(i) content in blue copper proteins is described. the procedure is based on the formation of a complex between cu(i) and 2,2'-biquinoline in an acetic acid medium. analyses of spinach plastocyanin, pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin and rhus vernicifera stellacyanin show that the cysteine residue in the type 1 site does not induce cu(ii) reduction under our conditions. there is evidence in laccase samples for the presence of an endogenous reductant that can reduce ...	1988	3223941
sequence analysis of the junction of the large single copy region and the large inverted repeat in the petunia chloroplast genome.	we have determined the nucleotide sequence at the junction of the large single copy (lsc) region and the right and left members of the large inverted repeat, ira and irb, respectively, of the petunia chloroplast (cp) genome. as in nicotiana debneyi and spinach (zurawski et al. 1984), coding sequences of rps19 of petunia overlap the junction of irb and lsc. immediately into the lsc region upstream of ira in the petunia cp genome are two small insertions relative to n. debneyi that occur at sites ...	1988	3224388
two quick methods for isolation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase.	methods are described which allow the isolation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) in a very short time. source of the material was highly impure commercial enzyme in the case of spinach rubisco or bacteria grown from a fermentor in the case of alcaligenes eutrophus rubisco. purity of the enzymes is demonstrated by gel electrophoreses. enzyme isolated from fresh cells gave crystals of excellent diffraction, suitable for x-ray structure analyisis.	1988	3237649
organization and nucleotide sequence of the broad bean chloroplast genes trnl-uag, ndhf and two unidentified open reading frames.	we have determined the nucleotide sequence of a 6.9 kbp bamhi-xbai fragment of broad bean chloroplasts. part of this fragment (subfragment bglii-clai) is known to contain three trna genes (trnl-caa, trnl-uaa and trnf). we have now further identified a gene coding for the third trna(leu) isoacceptor (trnl-uag) which is located close to trnf. the bamhi-xbai fragment also contains the gene for subunit 5 of nadh dehydrogenase (ndhf) and two unidentified open reading frames (orfx and orf48). orfx sha ...	1988	3242868
characterization and in vitro expression of the cytochrome b-559 genes of barley. i. localization and sequence of the genes.	the psbe and psbf genes encoding the 9.4 and 4.4 kd apoproteins of cytochrome b-559 have been located in the chloroplast genome of barley. as in other plant species they are found adjacent to each other in the large single copy region of the chloroplast dna. both the nucleotide sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence for the two polypeptides are identical to that of wheat and more than 95% similar to those of spinach, tobacco and oenothera. the region between the two genes spans 10 nucleoti ...	1988	3256307
structure and expression of spinach leaf cdna encoding ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activase.	ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activase is a recently discovered enzyme that catalyzes the activation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase ["rubisco"; ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase; 3-phospho-d-glycerate carboxy-lyase (dimerizing), ec 4.1.1.39] in vivo. clones of rubisco activase cdna were isolated immunologically from spinach (spinacea oleracea l.) and arabidopsis thaliana libraries. sequence analysis of the spinach and arabidopsis cdnas identified consensus nucleo ...	1988	3277181
purification and characterization of recombinant spinach acyl carrier protein i expressed in escherichia coli.	expression of plant acyl carrier protein (acp) in escherichia coli at levels above that of constitutive e. coli acp does not appear to substantially alter bacterial growth or fatty acid metabolism. the plant acp expressed in e. coli contains pantetheine and approximately 50% is present in vivo as acyl-acp. we have purified and characterized the recombinant spinach acp-i. nh2-terminal amino acid sequencing indicated identity to authentic spinach acp-i, and there was no evidence for terminal methi ...	1988	3279035