Publications

xpse oligomerization triggered by atp binding, not hydrolysis, leads to its association with xpsl.	gspe belongs to a secretion ntpase superfamily, members of which are involved in type ii/iv secretion, type iv pilus biogenesis and dna transport in conjugation or natural transformation. predicted to be a cytoplasmic protein, gspe has nonetheless been shown to be membrane-associated by interacting with the n-terminal cytoplasmic domain of gspl. by taking biochemical and genetic approaches, we observed that atp binding triggers oligomerization of xanthomonas campestris xpse (a gspe homolog) as w ...	2006	16525507
identification of the substrate interaction region of the chitin-binding domain of streptomyces griseus chitinase c.	chitinase c from streptomyces griseus hut6037 was discovered as the first bacterial chitinase in family 19 other than chitinases found in higher plants. chitinase c comprises two domains: a chitin-binding domain (chbd(chic)) for attachment to chitin and a chitin-catalytic domain for digesting chitin. the structure of chbd(chic) was determined by means of 13c-, 15n-, and 1h-resonance nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectroscopy. the conformation of its backbone comprised two beta-sheets composed ...	2006	16567413
protein splicing of sufb is crucial for the functionality of the mycobacterium tuberculosis suf machinery.	the sufbcd complex is an essential component of the suf machinery of [fe-s] cluster biogenesis in many organisms. we show here that in mycobacterium tuberculosis the formation of this complex is dependent on the protein splicing of sufb, suggesting that this process is a potential new target for antituberculous drugs.	2006	16621837
transcriptional analysis of the bglp gene from streptococcus mutans.	an open reading frame encoding a putative antiterminator protein, lict, was identified in the genomic sequence of streptococcus mutans. a potential ribonucleic antitermination (rat) site to which the lict protein would potentially bind has been identified immediately adjacent to this open reading frame. the lict gene and rat site are both located 5' to a beta-glucoside pts regulon previously described in s. mutans that is responsible for esculin utilization in the presence of glucose. it was hyp ...	2006	16630357
the effect of polysaccharide-degrading wine yeast transformants on the efficiency of wine processing and wine flavour.	commercial polysaccharase preparations are applied to winemaking to improve wine processing and quality. expression of polysaccharase-encoding genes in saccharomyces cerevisiae allows for the recombinant strains to degrade polysaccharides that traditional commercial yeast strains cannot. in this study, we constructed recombinant wine yeast strains that were able to degrade the problem-causing grape polysaccharides, glucan and xylan, by separately integrating the trichoderma reesei xyn2 xylanase ...	2006	16644051
harpin mediates cell aggregation in erwinia chrysanthemi 3937.	the hypersensitive response elicitor harpin (hrpn) of soft rot pathogen erwinia chrysanthemi strains 3937 and ec16 is secreted via the type iii secretion system and remains cell surface bound. strain 3937 hrpn is essential for cell aggregation, but the c-terminal one-third of the protein is not required for aggregative activity.	2006	16513758
the phytopathogen dickeya dadantii (erwinia chrysanthemi 3937) is a pathogen of the pea aphid.	dickeya dadantii (erwinia chrysanthemi) is a phytopathogenic bacterium causing soft rot diseases on many crops. the sequencing of its genome identified four genes encoding homologues of the cyt family of insecticidal toxins from bacillus thuringiensis, which are not present in the close relative pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. atrosepticum. the pathogenicity of d. dadantii was tested on the pea aphid acyrthosiphon pisum, and the bacterium was shown to be highly virulent for this insect, either ...	2006	16517643
conserved role of the linker alpha-helix of the bacterial disulfide isomerase dsbc in the avoidance of misoxidation by dsbb.	in the bacterial periplasm the co-existence of a catalyst of disulfide bond formation (dsba) that is maintained in an oxidized state and of a reduced enzyme that catalyzes the rearrangement of mispaired cysteine residues (dsbc) is important for the folding of proteins containing multiple disulfide bonds. the kinetic partitioning of the dsba/dsbb and dsbc/dsbd pathways partly depends on the ability of dsbb to oxidize dsba at rates >1000 times greater than dsbc. we show that the resistance of dsbc ...	2006	16280324
characterization of the biosynthetic pathway of glucosylglycerate in the archaeon methanococcoides burtonii.	the pathway for the synthesis of the organic solute glucosylglycerate (gg) is proposed based on the activities of the recombinant glucosyl-3-phosphoglycerate synthase (gpgs) and glucosyl-3-phosphoglycerate phosphatase (gpgp) from methanococcoides burtonii. a mannosyl-3-phosphoglycerate phosphatase gene homologue (mpgp) was found in the genome of m. burtonii (http://www.jgi.doe.gov), but an mpgs gene coding for mannosyl-3-phosphoglycerate synthase (mpgs) was absent. the gene upstream of the mpgp ...	2006	16428406
calcium-regulated type iii secretion of yop proteins by an escherichia coli hha mutant carrying a yersinia pestis pcd1 virulence plasmid.	a series of four large deletions that removed a total of ca. 36 kb of dna from the ca. 70-kb yersinia pestis pcd1 virulence plasmid were constructed using lambda red-mediated recombination. escherichia coli hha deletion mutants carrying the virulence plasmid with the deletions expressed a functional calcium-regulated type iii secretion system. the e. coli hha/pcd1 system should facilitate molecular studies of the type iii secretion process.	2006	16428789
lbta and lbtb are required for production of the legionella pneumophila siderophore legiobactin.	under iron stress, legionella pneumophila secretes legiobactin, a nonclassical siderophore that is reactive in the chrome azurol s (cas) assay. here, we have optimized conditions for legiobactin expression, shown its biological activity, and identified two genes, lbta and lbtb, which are involved in legiobactin production. lbta appears to be iron repressed and encodes a protein that has significant homology with siderophore synthetases, and frga, a previously described iron-regulated protein of ...	2006	16452417
identification of genes associated with survival of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in chicken egg albumen.	salmonella enterica consists of over 2,000 serovars that are major causes of morbidity and mortality associated with contaminated food. despite similarities among serovars of salmonella enterica, many demonstrate unique host specificities, epidemiological characteristics, and clinical manifestations. one of the unique epidemiological characteristics of the serovar enteritidis is that it is the only bacterium routinely transmitted to humans through intact chicken eggs. therefore, salmonella enter ...	2006	16461649
biocontrol of the food-borne pathogens listeria monocytogenes and salmonella enterica serovar poona on fresh-cut apples with naturally occurring bacterial and yeast antagonists.	fresh-cut apples contaminated with either listeria monocytogenes or salmonella enterica serovar poona, using strains implicated in outbreaks, were treated with one of 17 antagonists originally selected for their ability to inhibit fungal postharvest decay on fruit. while most of the antagonists increased the growth of the food-borne pathogens, four of them, including gluconobacter asaii (t1-d1), a candida sp. (t4-e4), discosphaerina fagi (st1-c9), and metschnikowia pulcherrima (t1-e2), proved ef ...	2006	16461659
comparative and functional genomic analysis of prokaryotic nickel and cobalt uptake transporters: evidence for a novel group of atp-binding cassette transporters.	the transition metals nickel and cobalt, essential components of many enzymes, are taken up by specific transport systems of several different types. we integrated in silico and in vivo methods for the analysis of various protein families containing both nickel and cobalt transport systems in prokaryotes. for functional annotation of genes, we used two comparative genomic approaches: identification of regulatory signals and analysis of the genomic positions of genes encoding candidate nickel/cob ...	2006	16352848
cytochrome p450 alkane hydroxylases of the cyp153 family are common in alkane-degrading eubacteria lacking integral membrane alkane hydroxylases.	several strains that grow on medium-chain-length alkanes and catalyze interesting hydroxylation and epoxidation reactions do not possess integral membrane nonheme iron alkane hydroxylases. using pcr, we show that most of these strains possess enzymes related to cyp153a1 and cyp153a6, cytochrome p450 enzymes that were characterized as alkane hydroxylases. a vector for the polycistronic coexpression of individual cyp153 genes with a ferredoxin gene and a ferredoxin reductase gene was constructed. ...	2006	16391025
the role of several multidrug resistance systems in erwinia chrysanthemi pathogenesis.	the role of several multidrug resistance (mdr) systems in the pathogenicity of erwinia chrysanthemi 3937 was analyzed. using the blast algorithm, we have identified several mdr systems in the e. chrysanthemi genome and selected two acridine resistance (acr)-like systems, two emr-like systems, and one member of the major facilitator super-family family to characterize. we generated mutants in genes encoding for these systems and analyzed the virulence of the mutant strains in different hosts and ...	2006	16776294
the brucella abortus cyclic beta-1,2-glucan virulence factor is substituted with o-ester-linked succinyl residues.	brucella periplasmic cyclic beta-1,2-glucan plays an important role during bacterium-host interaction. nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry analysis, thin-layer chromatography, and deae-sephadex chromatography were used to characterize brucella abortus cyclic glucan. in the present study, we report that a fraction of b. abortus cyclic beta-1,2-glucan is substituted with succinyl residues, which confer anionic character on the cyclic beta-1,2-glucan. the oligosaccharide backbone is substituted ...	2006	16816173
direct evidence for the modulation of the activity of the erwinia chrysanthemi quorum-sensing regulator expr by acylhomoserine lactone pheromone.	in erwinia chrysanthemi production of pectic enzymes is controlled by a complex network involving several regulators. among them is expr, the quorum-sensing regulatory protein. expr is a member of the luxr family of transcriptional regulators, the activity of which is modulated by the binding of diffusible n-acylhomoserine lactone pheromones to the n-terminal receptor site of the proteins. previous in vitro dna-expr binding studies suggested that expr might activate pectic enzyme production and ...	2006	16831870
the single transmembrane segment drives self-assembly of outc and the formation of a functional type ii secretion system in erwinia chrysanthemi.	many pathogenic gram-negative bacteria secrete toxins and lytic enzymes via a multiprotein complex called the type ii secretion system. this system, named out in erwinia chrysanthemi, consists of 14 proteins integrated or associated with the two bacterial membranes. outc, a key player in this process, is probably implicated in the recognition of secreted proteins and signal transduction. outc possesses a short cytoplasmic sequence, a single transmembrane segment (tms), and a large periplasmic re ...	2006	16956883
within-species flagellin polymorphism in xanthomonas campestris pv campestris and its impact on elicitation of arabidopsis flagellin sensing2-dependent defenses.	bacterial flagellins have been portrayed as a relatively invariant pathogen-associated molecular pattern. we have found within-species, within-pathovar variation for defense-eliciting activity of flagellins among xanthomonas campestris pv campestris (xcc) strains. arabidopsis thaliana flagellin sensing2 (fls2), a transmembrane leucine-rich repeat kinase, confers flagellin responsiveness. the flg22 region was the only xcc flagellin region responsible for detectable elicitation of arabidopsis defe ...	2006	16461584
population behavior analysis of dspe and peld regulation in erwinia chrysanthemi 3937.	erwinia chrysanthemi 3937 (ech3937) is a phytopathogenic bacterium with a wide host range. the pectinolytic enzymes secreted by the bacterium and the type iii secretion system (t3ss) are essential for full virulence. we used the green fluorescent protein gene as a reporter to investigate the expression of dspe (a putative t3ss effector) and peld (a major pectin-degrading enzyme) in populations of ech3937 under different conditions. gene expression was analyzed by measuring the fluorescence inten ...	2006	16610748
secrets of soil survival revealed by the genome sequence of arthrobacter aurescens tc1.	arthrobacter sp. strains are among the most frequently isolated, indigenous, aerobic bacterial genera found in soils. member of the genus are metabolically and ecologically diverse and have the ability to survive in environmentally harsh conditions for extended periods of time. the genome of arthrobacter aurescens strain tc1, which was originally isolated from soil at an atrazine spill site, is composed of a single 4,597,686 basepair (bp) circular chromosome and two circular plasmids, ptc1 and p ...	2006	17194220
lrha regulates rpos translation in response to the rcs phosphorelay system in escherichia coli.	regulation of the escherichia coli stationary-phase sigma factor rpos is complex and occurs at multiple levels in response to different environmental stresses. one protein that reduces rpos levels is the transcription factor lrha, a global regulator of flagellar synthesis. here we clarify the mechanism of this repression and provide insight into the signaling pathways that feed into this regulation. we show that lrha represses rpos at the level of translation in a manner that is dependent on the ...	2006	16621809
regulatory roles for isca and sufa in iron homeostasis and redox stress responses in the cyanobacterium synechococcus sp. strain pcc 7002.	sufa, isca, and nfu have been proposed to function as scaffolds in the assembly of fe/s clusters in bacteria. to investigate the roles of these proteins further, single and double null-mutant strains of synechococcus sp. strain pcc 7002 were constructed by insertional inactivation of genes homologous to sufa, isca, and nfu. demonstrating the nonessential nature of their products, the sufa, isca, and sufa isca mutants grew photoautotrophically with doubling times that were similar to the wild typ ...	2006	16621810
thin aggregative fimbriae and cellulose enhance long-term survival and persistence of salmonella.	salmonella spp. are environmentally persistent pathogens that have served as one of the important models for understanding how bacteria adapt to stressful conditions. however, it remains poorly understood how they survive extreme conditions encountered outside their hosts. here we show that the rdar morphotype, a multicellular phenotype characterized by fimbria- and cellulose-mediated colony pattern formation, enhances the resistance of salmonella to desiccation. when colonies were stored on pla ...	2006	16621814
pleiotropic role of quorum-sensing autoinducer 2 in photorhabdus luminescens.	bacterial virulence is an integrative process that may involve quorum sensing. in this work, we compared by global expression profiling the wild-type entomopathogenic photorhabdus luminescens subsp. laumondii tt01 to a luxs-deficient mutant unable to synthesize the type 2 quorum-sensing inducer ai-2. ai-2 was shown to regulate more than 300 targets involved in most compartments and metabolic pathways of the cell. ai-2 is located high in the hierarchy, as it controls the expression of several tra ...	2006	17021191
[molecular identification and genetic diversity in konnyaku's soft rot bacteria].	the soft rot bacteria erwinia are an important pathogens of konnyaku and other ornamental plants. thirty-three strains were isolated from soft-rotted konnyaku and other ornamental plants. according to the characteristics of pathogenicity and culture character on semi selective medium (crystal violet pectate, cvp), most of strains tested caused rotten symptom in tubers and stems of konnyaku, and characteristic deep cavities were formed on cvp. to amplify 16s-23s rdna intergenic transcribed spacer ...	2006	17037047
bacterial outer membrane secretin puld assembles and inserts into the inner membrane in the absence of its pilotin.	dodecamerization and insertion of the outer membrane secretin puld is entirely determined by the c-terminal half of the polypeptide (puld-cs). in the absence of its cognate chaperone puls, puld-cs and puld mislocalize to the inner membrane, from which they are extractable with detergents but not urea. electron microscopy of puld-cs purified from the inner membrane revealed apparently normal dodecameric complexes. electron microscopy of puld-cs and puld in inner membrane vesicles revealed inserte ...	2006	17082772
the symbiosis regulator rscs controls the syp gene locus, biofilm formation and symbiotic aggregation by vibrio fischeri.	successful colonization of a eukaryotic host by a microbe involves complex microbe-microbe and microbe-host interactions. previously, we identified in vibrio fischeri a putative sensor kinase, rscs, required for initiating symbiotic colonization of its squid host euprymna scolopes. here, we analysed the role of rscs by isolating an allele, rscs1, with increased activity. multicopy rscs1 activated transcription of genes within the recently identified symbiosis polysaccharide (syp) cluster. wild-t ...	2006	17087775
anthrax pathogen evades the mammalian immune system through stealth siderophore production.	systemic anthrax, caused by inhalation or ingestion of bacillus anthracis spores, is characterized by rapid microbial growth stages that require iron. tightly bound and highly regulated in a mammalian host, iron is scarce during an infection. to scavenge iron from its environment, b. anthracis synthesizes by independent pathways two small molecules, the siderophores bacillibactin (bb) and petrobactin (pb). despite the great efficiency of bb at chelating iron, pb may be the only siderophore neces ...	2006	17132740
asparaginase (native asnase or pegylated asnase) in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia.	the discovery of the tumor-inhibitory properties of asparaginase (asnase) began in the early 1950s with the observation that guinea pig serum-treated lymphoma-bearing mice underwent rapid and often complete regression. about 4000 cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (all) are diagnosed very year in the us and many more through out the world. the majority of these cases are in children and young adults, making all the most common form of malignancy in these age groups. the treatment protocols of ...	2006	17717965
asap: a resource for annotating, curating, comparing, and disseminating genomic data.	asap is a comprehensive web-based system for community genome annotation and analysis. asap is being used for a large-scale effort to augment and curate annotations for genomes of enterobacterial pathogens and for additional genome sequences. new tools, such as the genome alignment program mauve, have been incorporated into asap in order to improve display and analysis of related genomes. recent improvements to the database and challenges for future development of the system are discussed. asap ...	2006	16381899
asap: a resource for annotating, curating, comparing, and disseminating genomic data.	asap is a comprehensive web-based system for community genome annotation and analysis. asap is being used for a large-scale effort to augment and curate annotations for genomes of enterobacterial pathogens and for additional genome sequences. new tools, such as the genome alignment program mauve, have been incorporated into asap in order to improve display and analysis of related genomes. recent improvements to the database and challenges for future development of the system are discussed. asap ...	2006	16381899
how phosphotransferase system-related protein phosphorylation regulates carbohydrate metabolism in bacteria.	the phosphoenolpyruvate(pep):carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (pts) is found only in bacteria, where it catalyzes the transport and phosphorylation of numerous monosaccharides, disaccharides, amino sugars, polyols, and other sugar derivatives. to carry out its catalytic function in sugar transport and phosphorylation, the pts uses pep as an energy source and phosphoryl donor. the phosphoryl group of pep is usually transferred via four distinct proteins (domains) to the transported sugar bo ...	2006	17158705
psychrophilic microorganisms: challenges for life.	the ability of psychrophiles to survive and proliferate at low temperatures implies that they have overcome key barriers inherent to permanently cold environments. these challenges include: reduced enzyme activity; decreased membrane fluidity; altered transport of nutrients and waste products; decreased rates of transcription, translation and cell division; protein cold-denaturation; inappropriate protein folding; and intracellular ice formation. cold-adapted organisms have successfully evolved ...	2006	16585939
domain-based small molecule binding site annotation.	accurate small molecule binding site information for a protein can facilitate studies in drug docking, drug discovery and function prediction, but small molecule binding site protein sequence annotation is sparse. the small molecule interaction database (smid), a database of protein domain-small molecule interactions, was created using structural data from the protein data bank (pdb). more importantly it provides a means to predict small molecule binding sites on proteins with a known or unknown ...	2006	16545112
keeping their options open: acute versus persistent infections.		2006	16452401
integration of curated databases to identify genotype-phenotype associations.	the ability to rapidly characterize an unknown microorganism is critical in both responding to infectious disease and biodefense. to do this, we need some way of anticipating an organism's phenotype based on the molecules encoded by its genome. however, the link between molecular composition (i.e. genotype) and phenotype for microbes is not obvious. while there have been several studies that address this challenge, none have yet proposed a large-scale method integrating curated biological inform ...	2006	17038185
the iron-responsive element (ire)/iron-regulatory protein 1 (irp1)-cytosolic aconitase iron-regulatory switch does not operate in plants.	animal cytosolic aco (aconitase) and bacteria aco are able to switch to rna-binding proteins [irps (iron-regulatory proteins)], thereby playing a key role in the regulation of iron homoeostasis. in the model plant arabidopsis thaliana, we have identified three irp1 homologues, named aco1-3. to determine whether or not they may encode functional irp proteins and regulate iron homoeostasis in plants, we have isolated loss-of-function mutants in the three genes. the aco1-1 and aco3-1 mutants show a ...	2007	17437406
sequence and structural features of carbohydrate binding in proteins and assessment of predictability using a neural network.	protein-carbohydrate interactions are crucial in many biological processes with implications to drug targeting and gene expression. nature of protein-carbohydrate interactions may be studied at individual residue level by analyzing local sequence and structure environments in binding regions in comparison to non-binding regions, which provide an inherent control for such analyses. with an ultimate aim of predicting binding sites from sequence and structure, overall statistics of binding regions ...	2007	17201922
protein crystallography for non-crystallographers, or how to get the best (but not more) from published macromolecular structures.	the number of macromolecular structures deposited in the protein data bank now exceeds 45,000, with the vast majority determined using crystallographic methods. thousands of studies describing such structures have been published in the scientific literature, and 14 nobel prizes in chemistry or medicine have been awarded to protein crystallographers. as important as these structures are for understanding the processes that take place in living organisms and also for practical applications such as ...	2007	18034855
protein crystallography for non-crystallographers, or how to get the best (but not more) from published macromolecular structures.	the number of macromolecular structures deposited in the protein data bank now exceeds 45,000, with the vast majority determined using crystallographic methods. thousands of studies describing such structures have been published in the scientific literature, and 14 nobel prizes in chemistry or medicine have been awarded to protein crystallographers. as important as these structures are for understanding the processes that take place in living organisms and also for practical applications such as ...	2007	18034855
comparative genomic reconstruction of transcriptional regulatory networks in bacteria.		2007	17636889
characterization of a novel two-partner secretion system in escherichia coli o157:h7.	gram-negative bacteria contain multiple secretion pathways that facilitate the translocation of proteins across the outer membrane. the two-partner secretion (tps) system is composed of two essential components, a secreted exoprotein and a pore-forming beta barrel protein that is thought to transport the exoprotein across the outer membrane. a putative tps system was previously described in the annotation of the genome of escherichia coli o157:h7 strain edl933. we found that the two components o ...	2007	17322314
virulence and prodigiosin antibiotic biosynthesis in serratia are regulated pleiotropically by the ggdef/eal domain protein, pigx.	gram-negative bacteria of the genus serratia are opportunistic human, plant, and insect pathogens. serratia sp. strain atcc 39006 secretes pectinases and cellulases and produces the secondary metabolites carbapenem and prodigiosin. mutation of a gene (pigx) resulted in an extremely pleiotropic phenotype: prodigiosin antibiotic biosynthesis, plant virulence, and pectinase production were all elevated. pigx controlled secondary metabolism by repressing the transcription of the target prodigiosin b ...	2007	17766413
the serine 31 residue of the b subunit of shiga toxin 2 is essential for secretion in enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli.	shiga toxins produced by enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) include shiga toxin 1 (stx1) as well as shiga toxin 2 (stx2). stx1 is cell associated, whereas stx2 is localized to the culture supernatant. we have analyzed the secretion of stx2 by generating histidine-tagged stxb (stxb-h). although neither stxb1-h nor stxb2-h was secreted in stxb-h-overexpressed ehec, stxb2-h-overexpressed ehec showed inhibited stx2 secretion. on the other hand, stxb1-h-overexpressed ehec showed no alteration ...	2007	17325057
siderophore-based iron acquisition and pathogen control.	high-affinity iron acquisition is mediated by siderophore-dependent pathways in the majority of pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria and fungi. considerable progress has been made in characterizing and understanding mechanisms of siderophore synthesis, secretion, iron scavenging, and siderophore-delivered iron uptake and its release. the regulation of siderophore pathways reveals multilayer networks at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. due to the key role of many siderophores ...	2007	17804665
evaluation of reference genes for real-time rt-pcr expression studies in the plant pathogen pectobacterium atrosepticum.	real-time rt-pcr has become a powerful technique to monitor low-abundance mrna expression and is a useful tool when examining bacterial gene expression inside infected host tissues. however, correct evaluation of data requires accurate and reliable normalisation against internal standards. thus, the identification of reference genes whose expression does not change during the course of the experiment is of paramount importance. here, we present a study where manipulation of cultural growth condi ...	2007	17888160
xpha/xqha, a novel gspcd subunit for type ii secretion in pseudomonas aeruginosa.	the opportunistic human pathogen bacterium pseudomonas aeruginosa secretes various exoproteins in its surrounding environment. protein secretion involves different secretory systems, including the type ii secretion system, or t2ss, that is one of the most efficient secretory pathways of p. aeruginosa. there are two t2ss in this bacterium, the quorum-sensing-regulated xcp system and the hxc system, which is only present under phosphate-limiting conditions. like t2ss of other bacteria, the xcp t2s ...	2007	17351035
single-step pathway for synthesis of glucosylglycerate in persephonella marina.	a single-step pathway for the synthesis of the compatible solute glucosylglycerate (gg) is proposed based on the activity of a recombinant glucosylglycerate synthase (ggs) from persephonella marina. the corresponding gene encoded a putative glycosyltransferase that was part of an operon-like structure which also contained the genes for glucosyl-3-phosphoglycerate synthase (gpgs) and glucosyl-3-phosphoglycerate phosphatase (gpgp), the enzymes that lead to the synthesis of gg through the formation ...	2007	17369297
efflux pump gene expression in erwinia chrysanthemi is induced by exposure to phenolic acids.	salicylic acid (sa) is an important signaling molecule in local and systemic plant resistance. following infection by microbial pathogens and the initial oxidative burst in plants, sa accumulation functions in the amplification of defense gene expression. production of pathogenesis-related proteins and toxic antimicrobial chemicals serves to protect the plant from infection. successful microbial pathogens utilize a variety of mechanisms to rid themselves of toxic antimicrobial compounds. importa ...	2007	17378434
mode of action of glycoside hydrolase family 5 glucuronoxylan xylanohydrolase from erwinia chrysanthemi.	the mode of action of xylanase a from a phytopathogenic bacterium, erwinia chrysanthemi, classified in glycoside hydrolase family 5, was investigated on xylooligosaccharides and polysaccharides using tlc, maldi-tof ms and enzyme treatment with exoglycosidases. the hydrolytic action of xylanase a was found to be absolutely dependent on the presence of 4-o-methyl-d-glucuronosyl (meglca) side residues in both oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. neutral linear beta-1,4-xylooligosaccharides and est ...	2007	17381510
increased production of xylanase by expression of a truncated version of the xyn11a gene from nonomuraea flexuosa in trichoderma reesei.	we have previously shown that the nonomuraea flexuosa xyn11a polypeptides devoid of the carbohydrate binding module (cbm) have better thermostability than the full-length xylanase and are effective in bleaching of pulp. to produce an enzyme preparation useful for industrial applications requiring high temperature, the region encoding the cbm was deleted from the n. flexuosa xyn11a gene and the truncated gene was expressed in trichoderma reesei. the xylanase sequence was fused to the t. reesei ma ...	2007	17384308
identification of a novel two-partner secretion locus in moraxella catarrhalis.	although moraxella catarrhalis continues to be a significant cause of disease in both children and adults, the steps involved in pathogenesis remain poorly understood. we have identified three open reading frames in the m. catarrhalis genome that encode homologues of the two-partner secretion system (tps). the sequenced m. catarrhalis hemagglutinin-like locus of strain 7169 has a unique gene organization composed in the order of mcha1, mchb, and mcha2, where mcha1 is divergent. mcha1 and mcha2 a ...	2007	17420235
erwinia carotovora elicitors and botrytis cinerea activate defense responses in physcomitrella patens.	vascular plants respond to pathogens by activating a diverse array of defense mechanisms. studies with these plants have provided a wealth of information on pathogen recognition, signal transduction and the activation of defense responses. however, very little is known about the infection and defense responses of the bryophyte, physcomitrella patens, to well-studied phytopathogens. the purpose of this study was to determine: i) whether two representative broad host range pathogens, erwinia carot ...	2007	17922917
membrane association and multimerization of tcpt, the cognate atpase ortholog of the vibrio cholerae toxin-coregulated-pilus biogenesis apparatus.	the toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp) is one of the major virulence factors of vibrio cholerae. biogenesis of this type 4 pilus (tfp) requires a number of structural components encoded by the tcp operon. tcpt, the cognate putative atpase, is required for tcp biogenesis and all tcp-mediated functions. we studied the stability and localization of tcpt in cells containing in-frame deletions in each of the tcp genes. tcpt was detectable in each of the biogenesis mutants except the deltatcpt strain. tcpt ...	2007	17434972
transport capabilities of eleven gram-positive bacteria: comparative genomic analyses.	the genomes of eleven gram-positive bacteria that are important for human health and the food industry, nine low g+c lactic acid bacteria and two high g+c gram-positive organisms, were analyzed for their complement of genes encoding transport proteins. thirteen to 18% of their genes encode transport proteins, larger percentages than observed for most other bacteria. all of these bacteria possess channel proteins, some of which probably function to relieve osmotic stress. amino acid uptake system ...	2007	17490609
human body temperature (37degrees c) increases the expression of iron, carbohydrate, and amino acid utilization genes in escherichia coli k-12.	using dna microarrays, we identified 126 genes in escherichia coli k-12 whose expression is increased at human body temperature (37 degrees c) compared to growth at 23 degrees c. genes involved in the uptake and utilization of amino acids, carbohydrates, and iron dominated the list, supporting a model in which temperature serves as a host cue to increase expression of bacterial genes needed for growth. using quantitative real-time pcr, we investigated the thermoregulatory response for representa ...	2007	17526711
restricted cell elongation in arabidopsis hypocotyls is associated with a reduced average pectin esterification level.	cell elongation is mainly limited by the extensibility of the cell wall. dicotyledonous primary (growing) cell walls contain cellulose, xyloglucan, pectin and proteins, but little is known about how each polymer class contributes to the cell wall mechanical properties that control extensibility.	2007	17572910
differential regulation of two oligogalacturonate outer membrane channels, kdgn and kdgm, of dickeya dadantii (erwinia chrysanthemi).	the entry of oligogalacturonates into dickeya dadantii occurs through the specific channel kdgm. the genome of the bacterium encodes a second member of this family of outer membrane proteins, kdgn. we showed that this protein is also involved in the uptake of oligogalacturonates. when kdgn was reconstituted in proteoliposomes, it formed channels with a conductance of about 450 ps at a positive potential. these channels had weak anionic selectivity. the regulation of kdgn is complex, and five gen ...	2007	17573480
resistance to botrytis cinerea in sitiens, an abscisic acid-deficient tomato mutant, involves timely production of hydrogen peroxide and cell wall modifications in the epidermis.	plant defense mechanisms against necrotrophic pathogens, such as botrytis cinerea, are considered to be complex and to differ from those that are effective against biotrophs. in the abscisic acid-deficient sitiens tomato (solanum lycopersicum) mutant, which is highly resistant to b. cinerea, accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)) was earlier and stronger than in the susceptible wild type at the site of infection. in sitiens, h(2)o(2) accumulation was observed from 4 h postinoculation (hpi) ...	2007	17573540
a cyclic amp receptor protein-regulated cell-cell communication system mediates expression of a feca homologue in stenotrophomonas maltophilia.	stenotrophomonas maltophilia wr-c possesses an rpf/diffusible signal factor (dsf) cell-cell communication system. it produces cis-delta2-11-methyl-dodecenoic acid, a dsf, and seven structural derivatives, which require rpff and rpfb for synthesis. acquisition of iron from the environment is important for bacterial growth as well as the expression of virulence genes. we identified a gene homologous to feca, which encodes a ferric citrate receptor that transports exogenous siderophore ferric citra ...	2007	17574998
dual role of ohrr as a repressor and an activator in response to organic hydroperoxides in streptomyces coelicolor.	organic hydroperoxide resistance in bacteria is achieved primarily through reducing oxidized membrane lipids. the soil-inhabiting aerobic bacterium streptomyces coelicolor contains three paralogous genes for organic hydroperoxide resistance: ohra, ohrb, and ohrc. the ohra gene is transcribed divergently from ohrr, which encodes a putative regulator of marr family. both the ohra and ohrr genes were induced highly by various organic hydroperoxides. the ohra gene was induced through removal of repr ...	2007	17586628
the heterologous expression of polysaccharidase-encoding genes with oenological relevance in saccharomyces cerevisiae.	the main objective of this study was to develop polysaccharide-degrading wine strains of saccharomyces cerevisiae, which are able to improve aspects of wine processing and clarification, as well as colour extraction and stabilization during winemaking.	2007	18045408
estb-mediated hydrolysis of the siderophore triacetylfusarinine c optimizes iron uptake of aspergillus fumigatus.	aspergillus fumigatus excretes the fusarinine-type siderophore desferri-triacetylfusarinine c (df-tafc) to mobilize iron. df-tafc is a cyclic peptide consisting of three n(5)-cis-anhydromevalonyl-n(5)-hydroxy-n(2)-acetyl-l-ornithine residues linked by ester bonds; these linkages are in contrast to peptide linkages found for ferrichrome-type siderophores. subsequent to the binding of iron and uptake, triacetylfusarinine c (tafc) is hydrolyzed, the cleavage products are excreted, and the iron is t ...	2007	17586718
the role of horizontal transfer in the evolution of a highly variable lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis locus in xanthomonads that infect rice, citrus and crucifers.	lipopolysaccharide (lps) is a pathogen associated molecular pattern (pamp) of animal and plant pathogenic bacteria. variation at the interstrain level is common in lps biosynthetic gene clusters of animal pathogenic bacteria. this variation has been proposed to play a role in evading the host immune system. even though lps is a modulator of plant defense responses, reports of interstrain variation in lps gene clusters of plant pathogenic bacteria are rare.	2007	18053269
purification and three-dimensional electron microscopy structure of the neisseria meningitidis type iv pilus biogenesis protein pilg.	type iv pili are surface-exposed retractable fibers which play a key role in the pathogenesis of neisseria meningitidis and other gram-negative pathogens. pilg is an integral inner membrane protein and a component of the type iv pilus biogenesis system. it is related by sequence to the extensive gspf family of secretory proteins, which are involved in type ii secretion processes. pilg was overexpressed and purified from escherichia coli membranes by detergent extraction and metal ion affinity ch ...	2007	17616599
the linker region plays a key role in the adaptation to cold of the cellulase from an antarctic bacterium.	the psychrophilic cellulase, cel5g, from the antarctic bacterium pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis is composed of a catalytic module (cm) joined to a carbohydrate-binding module (cbm) by an unusually long, extended and flexible linker region (lr) containing three loops closed by three disulfide bridges. to evaluate the possible role of this region in cold adaptation, the lr was sequentially shortened by protein engineering, successively deleting one and two loops of this module, whereas the last di ...	2007	17635108
characterization of the erwinia chrysanthemi gan locus, involved in galactan catabolism.	beta-1,4-galactan is a major component of the ramified regions of pectin. analysis of the genome of the plant pathogenic bacteria erwinia chrysanthemi revealed the presence of a cluster of eight genes encoding proteins potentially involved in galactan utilization. the predicted transport system would comprise a specific porin ganl and an abc transporter made of four proteins, ganfgk(2). degradation of galactans would be catalyzed by the periplasmic 1,4-beta-endogalactanase gana, which released o ...	2007	17644603
gliding arc discharge in the potato pathogen erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica: mechanism of lethal action and effect on membrane-associated molecules.	gliding arc (glidarc) discharge is a physicochemical technique for decontamination at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature. it leads to the destruction of bacterial phytopathogens responsible for important losses in industrial agriculture, namely, erwinia spp., without the formation of resistant forms. we investigated the effect of a novel optimized prototype allowing bacterial killing without lag time. this prototype also decreases the required duration of treatment by 50%. the study of ...	2007	17644644
cochlin in the eye: functional implications.	aqueous humor is actively produced in the ciliary epithelium of the anterior chamber and has important functions for the eye. under normal physiological conditions, the inflow and outflow of the aqueous humor are tightly regulated, but in the pathologic state this balance is lost. aqueous outflow involves structures of the anterior chamber and experiences most resistance at the level of the trabecular meshwork (tm) that acts as a filter. the modulation of the tm structure regulates the filter an ...	2007	17662637
a stress-induced rice (oryza sativa l.) beta-glucosidase represents a new subfamily of glycosyl hydrolase family 5 containing a fascin-like domain.	gh5bg, the cdna for a stress-induced gh5 (glycosyl hydrolase family 5) beta-glucosidase, was cloned from rice (oryza sativa l.) seedlings. the gh5bg cdna encodes a 510-amino-acid precursor protein that comprises 19 amino acids of prepeptide and 491 amino acids of mature protein. the protein was predicted to be extracellular. the mature protein is a member of a plant-specific subgroup of the gh5 exoglucanase subfamily that contains two major domains, a beta-1,3-exoglucanase-like domain and a fasc ...	2007	17705786
molecular basis of the activity of the phytopathogen pectin methylesterase.	we provide a mechanism for the activity of pectin methylesterase (pme), the enzyme that catalyses the essential first step in bacterial invasion of plant tissues. the complexes formed in the crystal using specifically methylated pectins, together with kinetic measurements of directed mutants, provide clear insights at atomic resolution into the specificity and the processive action of the erwinia chrysanthemi enzyme. product complexes provide additional snapshots along the reaction coordinate. w ...	2007	17717531
comparative genomic analysis of the tribolium immune system.	tribolium castaneum is a species of coleoptera, the largest and most diverse order of all eukaryotes. components of the innate immune system are hardly known in this insect, which is in a key phylogenetic position to inform us about genetic innovations accompanying the evolution of holometabolous insects. we have annotated immunity-related genes and compared them with homologous molecules from other species.	2007	17727709
the complete genome sequence of yersinia pseudotuberculosis ip31758, the causative agent of far east scarlet-like fever.	the first reported far east scarlet-like fever (feslf) epidemic swept the pacific coastal region of russia in the late 1950s. symptoms of the severe infection included erythematous skin rash and desquamation, exanthema, hyperhemic tongue, and a toxic shock syndrome. the term feslf was coined for the infection because it shares clinical presentations with scarlet fever caused by group a streptococci. the causative agent was later identified as yersinia pseudotuberculosis, although the range of mo ...	2007	17784789
compromised outer membrane integrity in vibrio cholerae type ii secretion mutants.	the type ii secretion (t2s) system of vibrio cholerae is a multiprotein complex that spans the cell envelope and secretes proteins important for pathogenesis as well as survival in different environments. here we report that, in addition to the loss of extracellular secretion, removal or inhibition of expression of the t2s genes, epsc-n, results in growth defects and a broad range of alterations in the outer membrane that interfere with its barrier function. specifically, the sensitivity to memb ...	2007	17890307
the complete genome sequence and analysis of the epsilonproteobacterium arcobacter butzleri.	arcobacter butzleri is a member of the epsilon subdivision of the proteobacteria and a close taxonomic relative of established pathogens, such as campylobacter jejuni and helicobacter pylori. here we present the complete genome sequence of the human clinical isolate, a. butzleri strain rm4018.	2007	18159241
alternate slya and h-ns nucleoprotein complexes control hlye expression in escherichia coli k-12.	haemolysin e is a cytolytic pore-forming toxin found in several escherichia coli and salmonella enterica strains. expression of hlye is repressed by the global regulator h-ns (histone-like nucleoid structuring protein), but can be activated by the regulator slya. expression of a chromosomal hlye-lacz fusion in an e. coli slya mutant was reduced to 60% of the wild-type level confirming a positive role for slya. dnase i footprint analysis revealed the presence of two separate slya binding sites, o ...	2007	17892462
metal ion-dependent, reversible, protein filament formation by designed beta-roll polypeptides.	a right-handed, calcium-dependent beta-roll structure found in secreted proteases and repeat-in-toxin proteins was used as a template for the design of minimal, soluble, monomeric polypeptides that would fold in the presence of ca2+. two polypeptides were synthesised to contain two and four metal-binding sites, respectively, and exploit stacked tryptophan pairs to stabilise the fold and report on the conformational state of the polypeptide.	2007	17908326
projection maps of three members of the kdgm outer membrane protein family.	we present the projection structures of the three outer membrane porins kdgm and kdgn from erwinia chrysanthemi and nanc from escherichia coli, based on 2d electron crystallography. a wide screening of 2d crystallization conditions yielded tubular crystals of a suitable size and quality to perform high-resolution electron microscopy. data processing of untilted samples allowed us to separate the information of the two crystalline layers and resulted in projection maps to a resolution of up to 7a ...	2007	17919922
multiple superoxide dismutases in agrobacterium tumefaciens: functional analysis, gene regulation, and influence on tumorigenesis.	agrobacterium tumefaciens possesses three iron-containing superoxide dismutases (fesods) encoded by distinct genes with differential expression patterns. sodbi and sodbii are cytoplasmic isozymes, while sodbiii is a periplasmic isozyme. sodbi is expressed at a high levels throughout all growth phases. sodbii expression is highly induced upon exposure to superoxide anions in a soxr-dependent manner. sodbiii is expressed only during stationary phase. analysis of the physiological function of sods ...	2007	17921294
mapping critical interactive sites within the periplasmic domain of the vibrio cholerae type ii secretion protein epsm.	the type ii secretion (t2s) system is present in many gram-negative species, both pathogenic and nonpathogenic, where it supports the delivery of a variety of toxins, proteases, and lipases into the extracellular environment. in vibrio cholerae, the t2s apparatus is composed of 12 eps proteins that assemble into a multiprotein complex that spans the entire cell envelope. two of these proteins, epsm and epsl, are key components of the secretion machinery present in the inner membrane. in addition ...	2007	17921296
comparative and functional genomics reveals genetic diversity and determinants of host specificity among reference strains and a large collection of chinese isolates of the phytopathogen xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.	xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris (xcc) is the causal agent of black rot disease of crucifers worldwide. the molecular genetic diversity and host specificity of xcc are poorly understood.	2007	17927820
increased catalytic efficiency following gene fusion of bifunctional methionine sulfoxide reductase enzymes from shewanella oneidensis.	methionine sulfoxide reductase enzymes msra and msrb have complementary stereospecificities that reduce the s and r stereoisomers of methionine sulfoxide (metso), respectively, and together function as critical antioxidant enzymes. in some pathogenic and metal-reducing bacteria, these genes are fused to form a bifunctional methionine sulfoxide reductase (i.e., msrba) enzyme. to investigate how gene fusion affects the substrate specificity and catalytic activities of msr, we have cloned and expre ...	2007	17997579
interactions between the lipoprotein pilp and the secretin pilq in neisseria meningitidis.	neisseria meningitidis can be the causative agent of meningitis or septicemia. this bacterium expresses type iv pili, which mediate a variety of functions, including autoagglutination, twitching motility, biofilm formation, adherence, and dna uptake during transformation. the secretin pilq supports type iv pilus extrusion and retraction, but it also requires auxiliary proteins for its assembly and localization in the outer membrane. here we have studied the physical properties of the lipoprotein ...	2007	17526700
hpar, a putative marr family transcriptional regulator, is positively controlled by hrpg and hrpx and involved in the pathogenesis, hypersensitive response, and extracellular protease production of xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris.	the marr family of transcriptional regulators of bacteria are involved in the regulation of many cellular processes, including pathogenesis. in this work, we have demonstrated genetically that hpar (hpa, hrp associated), which encodes a putative marr family regulator, is involved in the hypersensitive response (hr), pathogenicity, and extracellular protease production of the phytopathogenic bacterium xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris. a mutation in hpar resulted in complete loss of viru ...	2007	17158655
agrobacterium tumefaciens fur has important physiological roles in iron and manganese homeostasis, the oxidative stress response, and full virulence.	in agrobacterium tumefaciens, the balance between acquiring enough iron and avoiding iron-induced toxicity is regulated in part by fur (ferric uptake regulator). a fur mutant was constructed to address the physiological role of the regulator. atypically, the mutant did not show alterations in the levels of siderophore biosynthesis and the expression of iron transport genes. however, the fur mutant was more sensitive than the wild type to an iron chelator, 2,2'-dipyridyl, and was also more resist ...	2007	17545320
hpar, a putative marr family transcriptional regulator, is positively controlled by hrpg and hrpx and involved in the pathogenesis, hypersensitive response, and extracellular protease production of xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris.	the marr family of transcriptional regulators of bacteria are involved in the regulation of many cellular processes, including pathogenesis. in this work, we have demonstrated genetically that hpar (hpa, hrp associated), which encodes a putative marr family regulator, is involved in the hypersensitive response (hr), pathogenicity, and extracellular protease production of the phytopathogenic bacterium xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris. a mutation in hpar resulted in complete loss of viru ...	2007	17158655
identification of genes in xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria induced during its interaction with tomato.	xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria is the causal agent of bacterial spot disease of tomato and pepper. the disease process is interactive and very intricate and involves a plethora of genes in the pathogen and in the host. in the pathogen, different genes are activated in response to the changing environment to enable it to survive, adapt, evade host defenses, propagate, and damage the host. to understand the disease process, it is imperative to broaden our understanding of the gene machiner ...	2007	17573477
effects of the magnesium and chloride ions and shikimate on the structure of shikimate kinase from mycobacterium tuberculosis.	bacteria, fungi and plants can convert carbohydrate and phosphoenolpyruvate into chorismate, which is the precursor of various aromatic compounds. the seven enzymes of the shikimate pathway are responsible for this conversion. shikimate kinase (sk) is the fifth enzyme in this pathway and converts shikimate to shikimate-3-phosphate. in this work, the conformational changes that occur on binding of shikimate, magnesium and chloride ions to sk from mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtsk) are described. i ...	2007	17183161
effects of the magnesium and chloride ions and shikimate on the structure of shikimate kinase from mycobacterium tuberculosis.	bacteria, fungi and plants can convert carbohydrate and phosphoenolpyruvate into chorismate, which is the precursor of various aromatic compounds. the seven enzymes of the shikimate pathway are responsible for this conversion. shikimate kinase (sk) is the fifth enzyme in this pathway and converts shikimate to shikimate-3-phosphate. in this work, the conformational changes that occur on binding of shikimate, magnesium and chloride ions to sk from mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtsk) are described. i ...	2007	17183161
global effect of indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis on multiple virulence factors of erwinia chrysanthemi 3937.	production of the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) is widespread among plant-associated microorganisms. the non-gall-forming phytopathogen erwinia chrysanthemi 3937 (strain ech3937) possesses iaam (asap16562) and iaah (asap16563) gene homologues. in this work, the null knockout iaam mutant strain ech138 was constructed. the iaa production by ech138 was reduced in m9 minimal medium supplemented with l-tryptophan. compared with wild-type ech3937, ech138 exhibited reduced ability to produce ...	2007	17189441
global effect of indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis on multiple virulence factors of erwinia chrysanthemi 3937.	production of the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) is widespread among plant-associated microorganisms. the non-gall-forming phytopathogen erwinia chrysanthemi 3937 (strain ech3937) possesses iaam (asap16562) and iaah (asap16563) gene homologues. in this work, the null knockout iaam mutant strain ech138 was constructed. the iaa production by ech138 was reduced in m9 minimal medium supplemented with l-tryptophan. compared with wild-type ech3937, ech138 exhibited reduced ability to produce ...	2007	17189441
plant cell wall degradation by saprophytic bacillus subtilis strains: gene clusters responsible for rhamnogalacturonan depolymerization.	plant cell wall degradation is a premier event when bacillus subtilis, a typical saprophytic bacterium, invades plants. here we show the degradation system of rhamnogalacturonan type i (rg-i), a component of pectin from the plant cell wall, in b. subtilis strain 168. strain 168 cells showed a significant growth on plant cell wall polysaccharides such as pectin, polygalacturonan, and rg-i as a carbon source. dna microarray analysis indicated that three gene clusters (yesopqrstuvwxyz, ytepqrst, an ...	2007	17449691
crystal structure and allosteric regulation of the cytoplasmic escherichia coli l-asparaginase i.	ansa is the cytoplasmic asparaginase from escherichia coli involved in intracellular asparagine utilization. analytical ultracentifugation and x-ray crystallography reveal that ansa forms a tetrameric structure as a dimer of two intimate dimers. kinetic analysis of the enzyme reveals that ansa is positively cooperative, displaying a sigmoidal substrate dependence curve with an [s](0.5) of 1 mm l-asparagine and a hill coefficient (n(h)) of 2.6. binding of l-asparagine to an allosteric site was ob ...	2007	17451745
transcriptional profiling of bacillus anthracis during infection of host macrophages.	the interaction between bacillus anthracis and the mammalian phagocyte is one of the central stages in the progression of inhalational anthrax, and it is commonly believed that the host cell plays a key role in facilitating germination and dissemination of inhaled b. anthracis spores. given this, a detailed definition of the survival strategies used by b. anthracis within the phagocyte is critical for our understanding of anthrax. in this study, we report the first genome-wide analysis of b. ant ...	2007	17470545
high levels of expression of the iron-sulfur proteins phthalate dioxygenase and phthalate dioxygenase reductase in escherichia coli.	phthalate dioxygenase (pdo), a hexamer with one rieske-type [2fe-2s] and one fe (ii)-mononuclear center per monomer, and its reductase (pdr), which contains flavin mononucleotide and a plant-type ferredoxin [2fe-2s] center, are expressed by burkholderia cepacia at approximately 30mg of crude pdo and approximately 1mg of crude pdr per liter of cell culture when grown with phthalate as the main carbon source. a high level expression system in escherichia coli was developed for pdo and pdr. optimiz ...	2007	17049880
high levels of expression of the iron-sulfur proteins phthalate dioxygenase and phthalate dioxygenase reductase in escherichia coli.	phthalate dioxygenase (pdo), a hexamer with one rieske-type [2fe-2s] and one fe (ii)-mononuclear center per monomer, and its reductase (pdr), which contains flavin mononucleotide and a plant-type ferredoxin [2fe-2s] center, are expressed by burkholderia cepacia at approximately 30mg of crude pdo and approximately 1mg of crude pdr per liter of cell culture when grown with phthalate as the main carbon source. a high level expression system in escherichia coli was developed for pdo and pdr. optimiz ...	2007	17049880
the tolc homologue of brucella suis is involved in resistance to antimicrobial compounds and virulence.	brucella spp., like other pathogens, must cope with the environment of diverse host niches during the infection process. in doing this, pathogens evolved different type of transport systems to help them survive and disseminate within the host. members of the tolc family have been shown to be involved in the export of chemically diverse molecules ranging from large protein toxins to small toxic compounds. the role of proteins from the tolc family in brucella and other alpha-2-proteobacteria has b ...	2007	17088356
the tolc homologue of brucella suis is involved in resistance to antimicrobial compounds and virulence.	brucella spp., like other pathogens, must cope with the environment of diverse host niches during the infection process. in doing this, pathogens evolved different type of transport systems to help them survive and disseminate within the host. members of the tolc family have been shown to be involved in the export of chemically diverse molecules ranging from large protein toxins to small toxic compounds. the role of proteins from the tolc family in brucella and other alpha-2-proteobacteria has b ...	2007	17088356