Publications

reduced virulence of a bordetella bronchiseptica siderophore mutant in neonatal swine.	one means by which bordetella bronchiseptica scavenges iron is through production of the siderophore alcaligin. a nonrevertible alcaligin mutant derived from the virulent strain 4609, designated dbb25, was constructed by insertion of a kanamycin resistance gene into alca, one of the genes essential for alcaligin biosynthesis. the virulence of the alca mutant in colostrum-deprived, caesarean-delivered piglets was compared with that of the parent strain in two experiments. at 1 week of age, piglet ...	2001	11254568
proinflammatory and proapoptotic activities associated with bordetella pertussis filamentous hemagglutinin.	filamentous hemagglutinin (fha) is a dominant cell surface-associated bordetella pertussis adhesin. recognition that this protein is secreted in significant amounts and that bacterial adhesins may have other activities, prompted an assessment of fha effects on human macrophages. incubation of human macrophage-like u937 cells with preparations of fha resulted in dose-dependent cytotoxicity, with death of 95% of treated cells after 24 h. based on the use of four independent methods, death of these ...	2001	11254631
genetic organization of the region encoding regulation, biosynthesis, and transport of rhizobactin 1021, a siderophore produced by sinorhizobium meliloti.	eight genes have been identified that function in the regulation, biosynthesis, and transport of rhizobactin 1021, a hydroxamate siderophore produced under iron stress by sinorhizobium meliloti. the genes were sequenced, and transposon insertion mutants were constructed for phenotypic analysis. six of the genes, named rhbabcdef, function in the biosynthesis of the siderophore and were shown to constitute an operon that is repressed under iron-replete conditions. another gene in the cluster, name ...	2001	11274118
comparison of nucleic acid amplification, serology, and microbiologic culture for diagnosis of rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals.	recently, a technique was described for amplification of rhodococcus equi-specific chromosomal and vapa dna from blood and tracheal wash fluids. it was hypothesized that this technique would be more sensitive than standard culture techniques or serology for diagnosis of r. equi pneumonia in foals. tracheal wash fluid, nasal swabs, whole blood samples, and serum samples from 56 foals with pneumonia were analyzed. final clinical diagnosis was determined by the attending clinician on the basis of f ...	2001	11283043
expression of the putative siderophore receptor gene bfrz is controlled by the extracytoplasmic-function sigma factor bupi in bordetella bronchiseptica.	a new gene from bordetella bronchiseptica, bfrz encoding a putative siderophore receptor, was identified in a fur-repressor titration assay. a bfrz null mutant was constructed by allelic exchange. the protein profile of this mutant is similar to that of the wild-type parent strain. the bfrz(-)-bfrz(+) isogenic pair was tested for utilization of 132 different siderophores as iron sources. none of these iron sources acted as a ligand for bfrz. translational bfrz::phoa and transcriptional bfrz::lac ...	2001	11292812
isolation and characterization of four bactericidal domains in the bovine beta-lactoglobulin.	proteolytic digestion of bovine beta-lactoglobulin by trypsin yielded four peptide fragments with bactericidal activity. the peptides were isolated and their sequences were found as follows: vagtwy (residues 15-20), aasdislldaqsaplr (residues 25-40), ipavfk (residues 78-83) and vlvldtdyk (residues 92-100). the four peptides were synthesized and found to exert bactericidal effects against the gram-positive bacteria only. in order to understand the structural requirements for antibacterial activit ...	2001	11325534
effects of intranasal inoculation with bordetella bronchiseptica, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, or a combination of both organisms on subsequent infection with pasteurella multocida in pigs.	to determine effects of intranasal inoculation with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) or bordetella bronchiseptica on challenge with nontoxigenic pasteurella multocida in pigs.	2001	11327458
the adenylate cyclase toxin of bordetella pertussis binds to target cells via the alpha(m)beta(2) integrin (cd11b/cd18).	the adenylate cyclase toxin (cyaa) of bordetella pertussis is a major virulence factor required for the early phases of lung colonization. it can invade eukaryotic cells where, upon activation by endogenous calmodulin, it catalyzes the formation of unregulated camp levels. cyaa intoxication leads to evident toxic effects on macrophages and neutrophils. here, we demonstrate that cyaa uses the alpha(m)beta(2) integrin (cd11b/cd18) as a cell receptor. indeed, the saturable binding of cyaa to the su ...	2001	11342588
identification and functional characterization of arylamine n-acetyltransferases in eubacteria: evidence for highly selective acetylation of 5-aminosalicylic acid.	arylamine n-acetyltransferase activity has been described in various bacterial species. bacterial n-acetyltransferases, including those from bacteria of the gut flora, may be involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics, thereby exerting physiopathological effects. we characterized these enzymes further by steady-state kinetics, time-dependent inhibition, and dna hybridization in 40 species, mostly from the human intestinal microflora. we report for the first time n-acetyltransferase activity in 11 ...	2001	11344150
a case-control study of respiratory disease in thoroughbred racehorses in sydney, australia.	in order to investigate the role of infectious agents in the aetiology of lower respiratory tract disease in thoroughbred racehorses, a matched case-control study was conducted. cases were identified by the presence of coughing, and were compared to a control population matched on time of sample collection and location within the same training establishment. tracheal wash samples were collected from 100 cases and 148 controls. case horses were more likely than controls to have endoscopic and cyt ...	2001	11352347
activity and postantibiotic effect of marbofloxacin, enrofloxacin, difloxacin and ciprofloxacin against feline bordetella bronchiseptica isolates.	the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) and postantibiotic effect (pae) of marbofloxacin, enrofloxacin, difloxacin and ciprofloxacin were evaluated in vitro against 43 feline-source bordetella bronchiseptica strains. all strains tested were susceptible to marbofloxacin and enrofloxacin (mic90 0.5mg/l), while 93 and 84% of the strains were susceptible, respectively, to ciprofloxacin and difloxacin with mic(90) values of, respectively, 1 and 8mg/l. the pae was studied in 10 strains by exposure ...	2001	11356321
diversity in the bordetella virulence regulon: transcriptional control of a bvg-intermediate phase gene.	the bvgas signal transduction system controls the expression of at least three distinct phenotypic phases that lie along a continuum of gene expression states. the bvg+ phase is characterized by the expression of adhesins and toxins, whereas the bvg- phase is characterized by motility in bordetella bronchiseptica and the expression of vrg loci in bordetella pertussis. the bvg-intermediate (bvgi) phase is characterized by the absence of bvg-repressed phenotypes, the expression of some, but not al ...	2001	11359572
ralstonia solanacearum needs motility for invasive virulence on tomato.	ralstonia solanacearum, a widely distributed and economically important plant pathogen, invades the roots of diverse plant hosts from the soil and aggressively colonizes the xylem vessels, causing a lethal wilting known as bacterial wilt disease. by examining bacteria from the xylem vessels of infected plants, we found that r. solanacearum is essentially nonmotile in planta, although it can be highly motile in culture. to determine the role of pathogen motility in this disease, we cloned, charac ...	2001	11371523
polysaccharide biosynthesis locus required for virulence of bacteroides fragilis.	bacteroides fragilis, though only a minor component of the human intestinal commensal flora, is the anaerobe most frequently isolated from intra-abdominal abscesses. b. fragilis 9343 expresses at least three capsular polysaccharides-polysaccharide a (ps a), ps b, and ps c. purified ps a and ps b have been tested in animal models and are both able to induce the formation of intra-abdominal abscesses. mutants unable to synthesize ps b or ps c still facilitate abscess formation at levels comparable ...	2001	11401972
brucella abortus cyclic beta-1,2-glucan mutants have reduced virulence in mice and are defective in intracellular replication in hela cells.	null cyclic beta-1,2-glucan synthetase mutants (cgs mutants) were obtained from brucella abortus virulent strain 2308 and from b. abortus attenuated vaccinal strain s19. both mutants show greater sensitivity to surfactants like deoxycholic acid, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and zwittergent than the parental strains, suggesting cell surface alterations. although not to the same extent, both mutants display reduced virulence in mice and defective intracellular multiplication in hela cells. the b. abort ...	2001	11401996
characterization of intermediate phenotypes induced by chemically undefined laboratory media in virulent bordetella bronchiseptica strains.	the expression of many virulence factors of bordetella bronchiseptica is regulated by the bvgas locus and reduced in response to environmental signals called modulators. virulent strains can alternate between virulent (bvg(+)), intermediate (bvg(i)), and modulated (bvg(+)mod) phenotypes. potential vaccine antigens can be expressed by bvg1 strains grown only in the absence of modulators. in the present study we evaluated filamentous hemagglutinin (fha) and outer membrane protein (omp) expression ...	2001	12483567
type ii secretion and pathogenesis.		2001	11349009
virulence functions of autotransporter proteins.		2001	11179284
bioterrorism: implications for the clinical microbiologist.	the specter of bioterrorism has captured the attention of government and military officials, scientists, and the general public. compared to other sectors of the population, clinical microbiologists are more directly impacted by concerns about bioterrorism. this review focuses on the role envisioned for clinical laboratories in response to a bioterrorist event. the microbiology and clinical aspects of the biological agents thought to be the most likely tools of bioterrorists are presented. the h ...	2001	11292643
dendritic cells: immune saviors or achilles' heel?		2001	11447141
in vitro activities of ertapenem (mk-0826) against clinical bacterial isolates from 11 north american medical centers.	this study compared the in vitro activities of the new long-half-life carbapenem ertapenem (also known as mk-0826 and l-749,345) with those of imipenem, amoxicillin-clavulanate, and ciprofloxacin against 5,558 recent clinical isolates from 11 north american medical centers. we confirmed the greater activity of ertapenem than of imipenem against the enterobacteriaceae and the greater activity of imipenem against pseudomonads and gram-positive bacteria.	2001	11353653
tmrdb (tmrna database).	the tmrna database (tmrdb) is maintained at the university of texas health science center at tyler, texas, and accessible on the world wide web at the url http://psyche.uthct.edu/dbs/tmrdb/tmrdb.++ +html. mirror sites are located at auburn university, auburn, alabama (http://www.ag.auburn.edu/mirror/tmrdb/) and the institute of biological sciences, aarhus, denmark (http://www.bioinf.au. dk/tmrdb/). the tmrdb provides information and citation links about tmrna, a molecule that combines functions ...	2001	11125081
in vitro activities of bal9141, a novel broad-spectrum pyrrolidinone cephalosporin, against gram-negative nonfermenters.	the activities of bal9141 (formerly ro 63-9141), a novel pyrrolidinone-3-ylidenemethyl cephalosporin, against 244 strains of gram-negative nonfermenters were evaluated. the overall mic at which 50% of isolates are inhibited (mic50) and the overall mic90 were 2 and 64 microg/ml, respectively, which are similar to those of imipenem, lower than those of the other cephalosporins tested, amoxicillin, and the ticarcillin-clavulanic acid combination, and much higher than those of ciprofloxacin. bal9141 ...	2002	11850276
biochemical and susceptibility tests useful for identification of nonfermenting gram-negative rods.	six hundred nineteen strains of nonfermenting gram-negative rods were tested for alkaline phosphatase, benzyl-arginine arylamidase, pyrrolidonyl arylamidase, ethylene glycol acidification, and susceptibility to desferrioxamine and colistin. the results were highly discriminant. therefore, the proposed tests may be helpful for the identification of this group of organisms.	2002	11880447
ability of the microscan rapid gram-negative id type 3 panel to identify nonenteric glucose-fermenting and nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli.	the microscan rapid neg id3 panel is designed for the identification of enterobacteriaceae and nonenteric glucose-fermenting and nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli. we evaluated this panel for its ability to identify gram-negative non-enterobacteriaceae bacteria. a total of 134 strains, representing 26 genera and 42 species, were taken from storage at -70(o)c, passaged three times before testing, and inoculated into the panels according to the manufacturer's directions before being inserted int ...	2002	12354875
in vitro and in vivo pharmacodynamic properties of the fluoroquinolone ibafloxacin.	the pharmacodynamic properties of a new veterinary fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent, ibafloxacin, were evaluated. minimal inhibitory concentrations (mic), time-kill kinetics, postantibiotic effect (pae) and postantibiotic subminimal inhibitory concentration effects (pa-sme) were determined against pathogenic canine gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial isolates from dermal, respiratory and urinary tract infections. the synergistic interactions between ibafloxacin and its main metabolite, ...	2002	12485346
comparative efficacy of an injectable vaccine and an intranasal vaccine in stimulating bordetella bronchiseptica-reactive antibody responses in seropositive dogs.	to compare antibody responses to intranasal and sc bordetella bronchiseptica vaccines in seropositive dogs.	2002	12680446
multiplex lightcycler pcr assay for detection and differentiation of bordetella pertussis and bordetella parapertussis in nasopharyngeal specimens.	a rapid real-time multiplex pcr assay for detecting and differentiating bordetella pertussis and bordetella parapertussis in nasopharyngeal swabs was developed. this assay (lc-pcr-is) targets the insertion sequences is481 and is1001 of b. pertussis and b. parapertussis, respectively, and is performed using the lightcycler (roche molecular biochemicals, indianapolis, ind.). the analytical sensitivity is less than one organism per reaction. results for bordetella culture and/or direct fluorescent ...	2002	11773099
role of the dermonecrotic toxin of bordetella bronchiseptica in the pathogenesis of respiratory disease in swine.	bordetella bronchiseptica is one of the etiologic agents causing atrophic rhinitis and pneumonia in swine. it produces several purported virulence factors, including the dermonecrotic toxin (dnt), which has been implicated in the turbinate atrophy seen in cases of atrophic rhinitis. the purpose of these experiments was to clarify the role of this toxin in respiratory disease by comparing the pathogenicity in swine of two isogenic dnt mutants to their virulent dnt(+) parent strains. two separate ...	2002	11796573
adherence of burkholderia pseudomallei cells to cultured human epithelial cell lines is regulated by growth temperature.	we have investigated the adherence of burkholderia pseudomallei, cultured under a number of different conditions, to six human epithelial cell lines. while several complex medium compositions had relatively little effect on adherence, growth at 30 degrees c was found to significantly increase adherence to all cell lines relative to that of cultures grown at 37 degrees c (p < 0.001).	2002	11796634
transcriptional and proteomic analysis of a ferric uptake regulator (fur) mutant of shewanella oneidensis: possible involvement of fur in energy metabolism, transcriptional regulation, and oxidative stress.	the iron-directed, coordinate regulation of genes depends on the fur (ferric uptake regulator) gene product, which acts as an iron-responsive, transcriptional repressor protein. to investigate the biological function of a fur homolog in the dissimilatory metal-reducing bacterium shewanella oneidensis mr-1, a fur knockout strain (fur1) was generated by suicide plasmid integration into this gene and characterized using phenotype assays, dna microarrays containing 691 arrayed genes, and two-dimensi ...	2002	11823232
contribution of fibronectin-binding protein to pathogenesis of streptococcus suis serotype 2.	in the present study we investigated the role of the fibronectin (fn)- and fibrinogen (fgn)-binding protein (fbps) in the pathogenesis of streptococcus suis serotype 2 in piglets. the complete gene encoding fbps from s. suis serotype 2 was cloned in escherichia coli and sequenced. the occurrence of the gene in various serotypes was analyzed by hybridization studies. the fbps protein was expressed in e. coli and purified, and binding to human fn and fgn was demonstrated. the induction of antibodi ...	2002	11854216
genetic differentiation between sympatric populations of bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis.	little is known about genetic exchanges in natural populations of bacteria of the spore-forming bacillus cereus group, because no population genetics studies have been performed with local sympatric populations. we isolated strains of bacillus thuringiensis and b. cereus from small samples of soil collected at the same time from two separate geographical sites, one within the forest and the other at the edge of the forest. a total of 100 b. cereus and 98 b. thuringiensis strains were isolated an ...	2002	11872495
mutational analysis of the tonb1 energy coupler of pseudomonas aeruginosa.	siderophore-mediated iron transport in pseudomonas aeruginosa is dependent upon the cytoplasmic membrane-associated tonb1 energy coupling protein for activity. to assess the functional significance of the various regions of this molecule and to identify functionally important residues, the tonb1 gene was subjected to site-directed mutagenesis, and the influence on iron acquisition was determined. the novel n-terminal extension of tonb1, which is absent in all other examples of tonb, was required ...	2002	11872700
bordetella interspecies allelic variation in alcr inducer requirements: identification of a critical determinant of alcr inducer responsiveness and construction of an alcr(con) mutant allele.	previous studies established the critical roles of alcr and alcaligin inducer in positive regulation of alcaligin siderophore biosynthesis and transport genes in bordetella pertussis and bordetella bronchiseptica. transcriptional analyses using plasmid-borne alcr genes of b. pertussis ut25 and b. bronchiseptica b013n to complement the alcr defect of b. bronchiseptica strain brm13 (delta alcr1 alca::mini-tn5 lacz1) revealed interspecies differences in alcr inducer requirements for activation of a ...	2002	11872703
transfer rna-dependent amino acid biosynthesis: an essential route to asparagine formation.	biochemical experiments and genomic sequence analysis showed that deinococcus radiodurans and thermus thermophilus do not possess asparagine synthetase (encoded by asna or asnb), the enzyme forming asparagine from aspartate. instead these organisms derive asparagine from asparaginyl-trna, which is made from aspartate in the trna-dependent transamidation pathway [becker, h. d. & kern, d. (1998) proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 95, 12832-12837; and curnow, a. w., tumbula, d. l., pelaschier, j. t., min, ...	2002	11880622
relaxed acyl chain specificity of bordetella udp-n-acetylglucosamine acyltransferases.	lipid a (endotoxin) is a major structural component of gram-negative outer membranes. it also serves as the hydrophobic anchor of lipopolysaccharide and is a potent activator of the innate immune response. lipid a molecules from the genus bordetella are reported to exhibit unusual structural asymmetry with respect to the acyl chains at the 3- and 3'-positions. these acyl chains are attached by udp-n-acetylglucosamine acyltransferase (lpxa). to determine the origin of the acyl variability, the si ...	2002	11889134
in vitro and in vivo characterization of a bordetella bronchiseptica mutant strain with a deep rough lipopolysaccharide structure.	bordetella bronchiseptica is closely related to bordetella pertussis, which produces respiratory disease primarily in mammals other than humans. however, its importance as a human pathogen is being increasingly recognized. although a large amount of research on bordetella has been generated regarding protein virulence factors, the participation of the surface lipopolysaccharide (lps) during b. bronchiseptica infection is less understood. to get a better insight into this matter, we constructed a ...	2002	11895940
helicobacter pylori uses motility for initial colonization and to attain robust infection.	helicobacter pylori has been shown to require flagella for infection of the stomach. to analyze whether flagella themselves or motility is needed by these pathogens, we constructed flagellated nonmotile mutants. this was accomplished by using both an insertion mutant and an in-frame deletion of the motb gene. in vitro, these mutants retain flagella (fla(+)) but are nonmotile (mot(-)). by using fvb/n mice, we found that these mutants had reduced ability to infect mice in comparison to that of the ...	2002	11895962
evaluation of vaccines for atrophic rhinitis--a comparison of three challenge models.	we compared three challenge models for the assessment of atrophic rhinitis (ar) vaccines: combined infection with bordetella bronchiseptica (bb) and pasteurella multocida (pm); application of acetic acid (aa) to the nasal mucosa followed by pm infection; and bb infection alone. two vaccines were tested using standardized criteria, notably nasal lesion scores. the vaccines provided different levels of protection in the bb and the aa/pm challenges, but were similar in the combined (bb/pm) challeng ...	2002	11906767
ribosomal dna-directed pcr for identification of achromobacter (alcaligenes) xylosoxidans recovered from sputum samples from cystic fibrosis patients.	the opportunistic human pathogen achromobacter (alcaligenes) xylosoxidans has been recovered with increasing frequency from respiratory tract culture of persons with cystic fibrosis (cf). however, confusion of this species with other closely related respiratory pathogens has limited studies to better elucidate its epidemiology, natural history, and pathogenic role in cf. misidentification of a. xylosoxidans as burkholderia cepacia complex is especially problematic and presents a challenge to eff ...	2002	11923333
dsba and dsbc are required for secretion of pertussis toxin by bordetella pertussis.	the dsb family of enzymes catalyzes disulfide bond formation in the gram-negative periplasm, which is required for folding and assembly of many secreted proteins. pertussis toxin is arguably the most complex toxin known: it is assembled from six subunits encoded by five genes (for subunits s1 to s5), with 11 intramolecular disulfide bonds. to examine the role of the dsb enzymes in assembly and secretion of pertussis toxin, we identified and mutated the bordetella pertussis dsba, dsbb, and dsbc h ...	2002	11953363
comparative and genetic analyses of the putative vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccharide core oligosaccharide biosynthesis (wav) gene cluster.	we identified five different putative wav gene cluster types, which are responsible for the synthesis of the core oligosaccharide (os) region of vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccharide. preliminary evidence that the genes encoded by this cluster are involved in core os biosynthesis came from analysis of the recently released o1 el tor v. cholerae genome sequence and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of o1 el tor mutant strains defective in three genes (waaf, waal, and ...	2002	11953379
cloning of escherichia coli lacz and lacy genes and their expression in gluconobacter oxydans and acetobacter liquefaciens.	an efficient transformation protocol for gluconobacter oxydans and acetobacter liquefaciens strains was developed by preparation of electrocompetent cells grown on yeast extract-ethanol medium. plasmid pbbr122 was used as broad-host-range vector to clone the escherichia coli laczy genes in g. oxydans and a. liquefaciens. although both lac genes were functionally expressed in both acetic acid bacteria, only a few transformants were able to grow on lactose. however, this ability strictly depended ...	2002	11976147
evaluation of non-cyanobacterial genome sequences for occurrence of genes encoding proteins homologous to cyanophycin synthetase and cloning of an active cyanophycin synthetase from acinetobacter sp. strain dsm 587.	all publicly accessible microbial genome databases were searched for the occurrence of genes encoding proteins homologous to the cyanophycin synthetase (cpha) of synechocystis sp. strain pcc 6803 in order to reveal the capability of microorganisms not belonging to the cyanobacteria to synthesize cyanophycin. among 65 genome sequences, genes homologous to cpha were found in acinetobacter sp. strain adp1 (encoding a protein homologous to cpha with 40% amino acid identity), bordetella bronchiseptic ...	2002	11976746
real-time lightcycler pcr for detection and discrimination of bordetella pertussis and bordetella parapertussis.	real-time pcr assays based on the lightcycler technology were developed for individual (simplex pcr) and simultaneous (duplex pcr) detection and discrimination of bordetella pertussis and bordetella parapertussis in clinical samples. the assays were evaluated with 113 specimens from patients with and without symptoms of pertussis. results were compared to those from conventional culture and taqman real-time pcr. the analytical sensitivity ranged from 0.1 to 10 cfu for b. pertussis and b. paraper ...	2002	11980949
comparative evaluation of the bd phoenix and vitek 2 automated instruments for identification of isolates of the burkholderia cepacia complex.	we evaluated two new automated identification systems, the bd phoenix (becton dickinson) and the vitek 2 (biomérieux), for identification of isolates of the burkholderia cepacia complex (bcc). the test sample included 42 isolates of the highly virulent and epidemic genomovar iii, 45 isolates of b. multivorans, and 47 isolates of other members of the bcc. rates of correct identification by the bd phoenix and vitek 2 were similar when all bcc isolates were considered (50 and 53%, respectively) but ...	2002	11980954
base-specific fragmentation of amplified 16s rrna genes analyzed by mass spectrometry: a tool for rapid bacterial identification.	a rapid approach to the 16s rrna gene (16s rdna)-based bacterial identification has been developed that combines uracil-dna-glycosylase (udg)-mediated base-specific fragmentation of pcr products with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms). 16s rdna signature sequences were pcr-amplified from both cultured and as-yet-uncultured bacteria in the presence of dutp instead of dttp. these pcr products then were immobilized onto a streptavidin-coated ...	2002	11983869
studies of the efficacy of a novel intranasal vaccine against feline bordetellosis.	a novel intranasal vaccine against disease caused by bordetella bronchiseptica in cats was tested in a series of three experiments. in the first experiment a vaccinated group and an unvaccinated control group of kittens were challenged by the aerosol route with virulent b bronchiseptica three weeks after they had been vaccinated. the control kittens developed upper respiratory tract signs typical of feline b bronchiseptica infection, including rhinitis, a serous ocular and nasal discharge, fever ...	2002	11993973
use of a rationally attenuated bordetella bronchiseptica as a live mucosal vaccine and vector for heterologous antigens.	inactivation of the aroa gene of bordetella bronchiseptica severely impaired its ability to colonise the respiratory tract of mice. the b. bronchiseptica aroa mutant was investigated as a live vaccine and vector for heterologous antigens. the b. bronchiseptica aroa mutant expressing the non-toxic fragment c (frgc) of tetanus toxin (strain gvb120) was used to immunise mice intranasally. immunised mice produced a strong serum and mucosal antibody response to b. bronchiseptica and serum anti-frgc a ...	2002	12009288
protection of piglets against atrophic rhinitis by vaccinating the sow with a vaccine against pasteurella multocida and bordetella bronchiseptica.	the efficacy of a new vaccine against atrophic rhinitis in pigs was tested in the netherlands and denmark. the vaccine contained protein do (a truncated pasteurella multocida toxin which is immunogenic and non-toxic), inactivated bordetella bronchiseptica whole cells, and an adjuvant. the sows were either vaccinated intramuscularly with 2 ml of the vaccine at six to eight and two to four weeks before expected farrowing or left unvaccinated as controls. all the piglets were challenged intranasall ...	2002	12019649
low-volume jet injection for intradermal immunization in rabbits.	this study tested a low-volume (20-30 microl/20-30 microg dna) jet injection method for intradermal delivery of a dna vaccine. jet injection offers the advantages of a needle-less system, low-cost, rapid preparation of the injected dna solution, and a simple delivery system. more than one construct can be injected simultaneously and the method may be combined with adjuvants.	2002	12028591
pneumonia due to bordetella bronchiseptica in a cystic fibrosis patient: 16s rrna sequencing for diagnosis confirmation.	bordetella bronchiseptica was identified as an unusual etiologic agent of pulmonary recurrent exacerbations and pneumonia in a cystic fibrosis (cf) patient by utilizing a 16s rrna molecular kit in our hospital's clinical laboratory. this method appears to be a useful approach for identifying new emerging cf pathogens when discrepancies exist between phenotypical tests.	2002	12037116
lipopolysaccharide endotoxins.	bacterial lipopolysaccharides (lps) typically consist of a hydrophobic domain known as lipid a (or endotoxin), a nonrepeating "core" oligosaccharide, and a distal polysaccharide (or o-antigen). recent genomic data have facilitated study of lps assembly in diverse gram-negative bacteria, many of which are human or plant pathogens, and have established the importance of lateral gene transfer in generating structural diversity of o-antigens. many enzymes of lipid a biosynthesis like lpxc have been ...	2002	12045108
lipopolysaccharide endotoxins.	bacterial lipopolysaccharides (lps) typically consist of a hydrophobic domain known as lipid a (or endotoxin), a nonrepeating "core" oligosaccharide, and a distal polysaccharide (or o-antigen). recent genomic data have facilitated study of lps assembly in diverse gram-negative bacteria, many of which are human or plant pathogens, and have established the importance of lateral gene transfer in generating structural diversity of o-antigens. many enzymes of lipid a biosynthesis like lpxc have been ...	2002	12045108
functional interaction of region 4 of the extracytoplasmic function sigma factor feci with the cytoplasmic portion of the fecr transmembrane protein of the escherichia coli ferric citrate transport system.	transcriptional regulation of the ferric citrate transport genes of escherichia coli is initiated by the binding of ferric citrate to the outer membrane protein feca. this binding elicits a signal that is transmitted by fecr across the cytoplasmic membrane into the cytoplasm, where the sigma factor feci directs the rna polymerase to the promoter upstream of the fecabcde genes. an in vivo deletion analysis using a bacterial two-hybrid system assigned the interaction of the fecr and feci proteins ...	2002	12057967
antimicrobial studies on three species of hypericum from the canary islands.	the antimicrobial activity of several extracts and fractions of the aerial parts of hypericum canariense, hypericum glandulosum and hypericum grandifolium was investigated using the disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods against twelve reference microorganisms (eight bacterial and four fungal strains). the methanol extract and chloroform fraction of h. canariense, as well as the methanol extracts, butanol and chloroform fractions of both h. glandulosum and h. grandifolium exhibited a goo ...	2002	12065165
identification of a receptor-binding domain of bordetella dermonecrotic toxin.	bordetella dermonecrotic toxin (dnt) stimulates the assembly of actin stress fibers and focal adhesions by deamidating or polyaminating gln63 of the small gtpase rho. dnt is an a-b toxin which is composed of an n-terminal receptor-binding (b) domain and a c-terminal enzymatically active (a) domain. in this study, to analyze the functional and structural organization of dnt, we prepared 10 clones of hybridoma producing anti-dnt monoclonal antibodies. one of these antibodies, 2b3, neutralized the ...	2002	12065482
molecular epidemiology of feline bordetellosis in two animal shelters in california, usa.	"kennel cough" in dogs in animal shelters is readily transmissible, reduces adoption rates, and commonly leads to the euthanasia of affected dogs. in cats, tracheobronchitis, conjunctivitis, and pneumonia have been associated with bordetella bronchiseptica infection-but most cases of upper-respiratory infection (uri) probably are caused by herpesvirus and calicivirus, and many b. bronchiseptica culture-positive cats are clinically normal. our prospective observational study was undertaken to doc ...	2002	12069777
mucosal immunoadjuvant activity of the low toxic recombinant escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin produced by bacillus brevis for the bacterial subunit or component vaccine in pigs and cattle.	a gene encoding the mature escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (lt) lacking the nick site in the a subunit by deleting tripeptides was introduced in a vector pnh301 and expressed extracellularly as mutant molecule of holotoxin at high levels in bacilus brevis hpd31-s5 of the host bacterium. the mucosal adjuvant activities of the produced mutant lt (mlt) preparation were studied in pigs and cattle. intranasal immunization of pigs with the recombinant subunit vaccine of erysipelothrix rhusiop ...	2002	12072249
a repressor protein, phar, regulates polyhydroxyalkanoate (pha) synthesis via its direct interaction with pha.	phasins (phap) are predominantly polyhydroxyalkanoate (pha) granule-associated proteins that positively affect pha synthesis. recently, we reported that the phar gene, which is located downstream of phap in paracoccus denitrificans, codes for a negative regulator involved in phap expression. in this study, dnase i footprinting revealed that phar specifically binds to two regions located upstream of phap and phar, suggesting that phar plays a role in the regulation of phap expression as well as a ...	2002	12081972
identification and genomic organization of gene loci negatively controlled by the virulence regulatory bvgas two-component system in bordetella bronchiseptica.	the two-component system bvgas positively controls transcription of the virulence genes of bordetella pertussis and b. bronchiseptica, which include several genes for toxins and adhesins. on the other hand, the bvgas system negatively controls the expression of a poorly characterized set of genes, the so-called virulence repressed ( vrg) genes. to investigate the function of this group of genes and their relationship to virulence, we identified several novel vrg genes of b. bronchiseptica via th ...	2002	12111560
molecular cloning and characterization of genes for shigella sonnei form i o polysaccharide: proposed biosynthetic pathway and stable expression in a live salmonella vaccine vector.	the gene region for biosynthesis of shigella sonnei form i o polysaccharide (o-ps) and flanking sequences, totaling >18 kb, was characterized by deletion analysis to define a minimal construct for development of salmonella-based live vaccine vector strains. lipopolysaccharide (lps) expression and dna sequence studies of plasmid deletion derivatives indicated form i o-ps expression from a 12.3-kb region containing a putative promoter and 10 contiguous open reading frames (orfs), one of which is t ...	2002	12117952
distribution of fim3 and flaa ttge sequence types amongst isolates of bordetella bronchiseptica from different host animals.	isolates of bordetella bronchiseptica associated with different animal hosts were analysed by fim3 and flaa genotyping by temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (ttge). all the isolates from cats (n = 138), dogs (n = 42) and pigs (n = 13) could be assigned to one of two fim3 and one of three flaa ttge sequence types, respectively. two avian isolates and a marmoset isolate exhibited novel fim3 sequence types. dominant but different ttge sequence types were apparent in isolates from dog ...	2002	12132771
regulation of riboflavin biosynthesis and transport genes in bacteria by transcriptional and translational attenuation.	the riboflavin biosynthesis in bacteria was analyzed using comparative analysis of genes, operons and regulatory elements. a model for regulation based on formation of alternative rna structures involving the rfn elements is suggested. in gram-positive bacteria including actinomycetes, thermotoga, thermus and deinococcus, the riboflavin metabolism and transport genes are predicted to be regulated by transcriptional attenuation, whereas in most gram-negative bacteria, the riboflavin biosynthesis ...	2002	12136096
diagnosis of community-acquired pertussis infection: comparison of both culture and fluorescent-antibody assays with pcr detection using electrophoresis or dot blot hybridization.	diagnosis of bordetella pertussis infection has been difficult due to the low sensitivity of culture. pcr tests have been shown to be more sensitive than culture, but the reported sensitivity of pcr is variable. we evaluated pcr product detection by using either agarose gel electrophoresis (pcr-gel) or dot blot hybridization with (32)p-labeled oligonucleotide probes, and we compared these methods to both culture and direct fluorescent-antibody (dfa) assays with microscopy for the detection of pe ...	2002	12149350
dna fingerprinting of pasteurella multocida recovered from avian sources.	repetitive sequence-based pcr (rep-pcr) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) were used to characterize a sample of 43 field isolates and 4 attenuated vaccine strains of pasteurella multocida recovered from multiple avian species. both rep-pcr and aflp assays were rapid and reproducible, with high indices of discrimination. concordance analyses of rep-pcr and aflp with somatic serotyping indicate that, in general, somatic serotyping is a poor indicator of genetic relatedness among is ...	2002	12149370
cavitary pneumonia in an aids patient caused by an unusual bordetella bronchiseptica variant producing reduced amounts of pertactin and other major antigens.	although bordetella bronchiseptica can infect and colonize immunocompromised humans, its role as a primary pathogen in pneumonia and other respiratory processes affecting those patients remains controversial. a case of cavitary pneumonia caused by b. bronchiseptica in an aids patient is presented, and the basis of the seemingly enhanced pathogenic potential of this isolate (designated 814) is investigated. b. bronchiseptica was the only microorganism recovered from sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage ...	2002	12202545
distribution of environmentally regulated genes of streptococcus suis serotype 2 among s. suis serotypes and other organisms.	the occurrence of 36 environmentally regulated genes of streptococcus suis strain 10 among all 35 s. suis serotypes was determined by using hybridization with the amplified genes as probes. in addition, the distribution of these genes among the virulence phenotypes of serotypes 1 and 2 was assessed. hybridization was also performed with various other streptococcal species and nonstreptococcal bacterial species which may be present in pigs. interestingly, probe ivs-25/iri-1, similar to agra and s ...	2002	12202563
type iii secretion systems and the evolution of mutualistic endosymbiosis.	the view that parasites can develop cooperative symbiotic relationships with their hosts is both appealing and widely held; however, there is no molecular genetic evidence of such a transition. here we demonstrate that a mutualistic bacterial endosymbiont of grain weevils maintains and expresses inv/spa genes encoding a type iii secretion system homologous to that used for invasion by bacterial pathogens. phylogenetic analyses indicate that inv/spa genes were present in presymbiotic ancestors of ...	2002	12213957
dynamic diversity of the tryptophan pathway in chlamydiae: reductive evolution and a novel operon for tryptophan recapture.	complete genomic sequences of closely related organisms, such as the chlamydiae, afford the opportunity to assess significant strain differences against a background of many shared characteristics. the chlamydiae are ubiquitous intracellular parasites that are important pathogens of humans and other organisms. tryptophan limitation caused by production of interferon-gamma by the host and subsequent induction of indoleamine dioxygenase is a key aspect of the host-parasite interaction. it appears ...	2002	12225590
bhur, a virulence-associated outer membrane protein of bordetella avium, is required for the acquisition of iron from heme and hemoproteins.	iron (fe) is an essential element for most organisms which must be obtained from the local environment. in the case of pathogenic bacteria, this fundamental element must be acquired from the fluids and tissues of the infected host. a variety of systems have evolved in bacteria for efficient acquisition of host-bound fe. the gram-negative bacterium bordetella avium, upon colonization of the avian upper respiratory tract, produces a disease in birds that has striking similarity to whooping cough, ...	2002	12228263
nonpeptide antagonists of at1 receptor for angiotensin ii delay the onset of acute respiratory distress syndrome.	we have previously reported that losartan, a selective antagonist of at1 receptors for angiotensin ii (aii), strongly suppresses the activation of neutrophils by n-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fmlp) through a mechanism that does not involve inhibition of at1 receptors. herein, we analyze whether losartan would prevent the development of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards) triggered by lung bacterial infection. we found that losartan (0.2-200 microg/kg/min) delays the onset of ...	2002	12235231
bordetella bronchiseptica pleural infection in a patient with aids.	bordetella bronchiseptica is an important veterinary pathogen but a rare cause of opportunistic respiratory tract infection in humans. we describe a case of pleural effusion caused by b. bronchiseptica in a patient with aids who was coinfected with mycobacterium tuberculosis. to the best of our knowledge this is the first case in the medical literature in which the microorganism has been isolated from pleural fluid.	2002	12238585
development of a multilocus sequence typing scheme for the pig pathogen streptococcus suis: identification of virulent clones and potential capsular serotype exchange.	streptococcus suis is an important pathogen of pigs and occasionally causes serious human disease. however, little is known about the s. suis population structure, the clonal relationships between strains, the potential of particular clones to cause disease, and the relevance of serotype as a marker for epidemiology. here we describe a multilocus sequence typing (mlst) scheme for s. suis developed in order to begin to address these issues. seven housekeeping gene fragments from each of 294 s. su ...	2002	12354864
primary dendritic cells phagocytose cryptococcus neoformans via mannose receptors and fcgamma receptor ii for presentation to t lymphocytes.	different "professional" antigen-presenting cells (apc) have unique characteristics that favor or restrict presentation of microbial antigens to t cells, depending on the organism. cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogenic yeast that presents unique challenges to apc, including its large size, its rigid cell wall, and its ability to stimulate t cells as a mitogen. t-cell proliferation in response to the c. neoformans mitogen (cnm) requires phagocytosis and processing of the organisms by accessory ...	2002	12379672
experimental airborne transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and bordetella bronchiseptica.	experiments were designed to determine if porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) or bordetella bronchiseptica could be transmitted through indirect airborne contact. three principal pigs were infected with prrsv, b. bronchiseptica or both. five days after the principal pigs were challenged, the three principal pigs and one direct-contact pig were placed into one isolation tent together, and three indirect-contact pigs were placed into another isolation tent which received it ...	2002	12383636
differential regulation of the bordetella bipa gene: distinct roles for different bvga binding sites.	the bvgas signal transduction system of bordetella controls an entire spectrum of gene expression states in response to differences in environmental conditions. in particular, the bordetella bvg-intermediate-phase gene bipa displays a complex regulatory pattern in response to various concentrations of modulators. expression of bipa is low in the absence of modulating signals, maximal at intermediate concentrations of modulators, and near background levels at high concentrations of modulators. bi ...	2002	12446644
alcaligin siderophore production by bordetella bronchiseptica strain rb50 is not repressed by the bvgas virulence control system.	a previous study found that alcaligin siderophore production by bordetella bronchiseptica strain rb50 is bvg repressed. in contrast, we report that alcaligin production by rb50 does not require bvg phenotypic phase modulation and that isogenic bvg(con) and bvg(-) phase-locked mutants both produce alcaligin in response to iron starvation.	2002	12446655
construction and evaluation of plasmid vectors optimized for constitutive and regulated gene expression in burkholderia cepacia complex isolates.	genetic studies with burkholderia cepacia complex isolates are hampered by the limited availability of cloning vectors and by the inherent resistance of these isolates to the most common antibiotics used for genetic selection. also, some of the promoters widely employed for gene expression in escherichia coli are inefficient in b. cepacia. in this study, we have utilized the backbone of the vector pme6000, a derivative of the pbbr1 plasmid that was originally isolated from bordetella bronchisept ...	2002	12450816
detection of human respiratory syncytial virus in respiratory samples by lightcycler reverse transcriptase pcr.	laboratory diagnosis of human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) infections has traditionally been performed by virus isolation in cell culture and the direct fluorescent-antibody assay (dfa). reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr) is now recognized as a sensitive and specific alternative for detection of hrsv in respiratory samples. using the lightcycler instrument, we developed a rapid rt-pcr assay for the detection of hrsv (the lc-rt-pcr) with a pair of hybridization probes that target the hrsv l ...	2002	12454129
biochemistry and comparative genomics of sxxk superfamily acyltransferases offer a clue to the mycobacterial paradox: presence of penicillin-susceptible target proteins versus lack of efficiency of penicillin as therapeutic agent.	the bacterial acyltransferases of the sxxk superfamily vary enormously in sequence and function, with conservation of particular amino acid groups and all-alpha and alpha/beta folds. they occur as independent entities (free-standing polypeptides) and as modules linked to other polypeptides (protein fusions). they can be classified into three groups. the group i sxxk d,d-acyltransferases are ubiquitous in the bacterial world. they invariably bear the motifs sxxk, sxn(d), and kt(s)g. anchored in t ...	2002	12456788
effective methods for the production of immunoglobulin y using immunogens of bordetella bronchiseptica, pasteurella multocida and actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.	swine respiratory diseases induce severe economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. several methods have been developed and applied to control these diseases. however, there are still problems of disease control in the swine industry. recently, egg yolk antibodies have been found to offer several advantages for disease control in animals and humans. in a previous study (24), antibodies to several causative pathogens of swine respiratory diseases were developed. however, several problems re ...	2002	14614272
analysis of bvgr expression in bordetella pertussis.	bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, produces a wide array of factors that are associated with its ability to cause disease. the expression and regulation of these virulence factors are dependent upon the bvg locus, which encodes three proteins: bvga, a 23-kda cytoplasmic protein; bvgs, a 135-kda transmembrane protein; and bvgr, a 32-kda protein. it is hypothesized that bvgs responds to environmental signals and interacts with bvga, a transcriptional regulator, which upon ...	2003	14617654
serum acute phase proteins and swine health status.	the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between swine health status and the concentration of the serum acute phase proteins, haptoglobin (hp), and c-reactive protein (crp). a total of 378 clinically healthy pigs from farms a and b, plus 20 pigs culled from farm a due to poor growth, were used in this experiment. each pig was examined and blood samples were collected during slaughter. the hp concentration was measured by using an hp-hemoglobin binding assay. the crp concentr ...	2003	14620865
functional bvgas virulence control system in bordetella bronchiseptica is necessary for induction of ca2+ transients in ciliated tracheal epithelial cells.	to study initial bordetella bronchiseptica-tracheal epithelial cell interactions, we coincubated b. bronchiseptica with rabbit tracheal explant cultures and assayed bacterial adherence and host cell ca(2+) signaling. wild-type b. bronchiseptica (rb50) preferentially adhered to cilia and induced ciliated host cell ca(2+) transients within 2 min of coincubation, whereas coincubation with an avirulent strain (rb57) resulted in limited binding and ca(2+) signaling. the described cell system allows f ...	2003	14638818
bopb is a type iii secreted protein in bordetella bronchiseptica and is required for cytotoxicity against cultured mammalian cells.	the cytotoxicity of bordetella bronchiseptica to infected cells is known to be dependent on a b. bronchiseptica type iii secretion system. although the precise mechanism of the type iii secretion system is unknown, bopn, bopd and bsp22 have been identified as type iii secreted proteins. in order to identify other proteins secreted via the type iii secretion machinery in bordetella, a type iii mutant was generated, and its secretion profile was compared with that of the wild-type strain. the resu ...	2003	14641181
molecular and antigenic characterization of bordetella bronchiseptica isolated from a wild southern sea otter (enhydra lutris nereis) with severe suppurative bronchopneumonia.	bordetella bronchiseptica was isolated in pure culture from the lung, abdomen, and intestine of a wild free-ranging southern sea otter (enhydra lutris nereis) with severe, suppurative bronchopneumonia. immunohistochemistry, using antiserum raised to b. bronchiseptica, revealed strong positive staining of bacteria attached to bronchial ciliated epithelia as well as scattered positive staining in affected alveoli. western blot analysis demonstrated that virulence factors, filamentous hemagglutinin ...	2003	14667021
retrospective analysis of etiologic agents associated with respiratory diseases in pigs.	twenty-eight hundred and seventy-two cases of respiratory disease in pigs were analyzed for their etiologic agents. two or more pathogens were detected from 88.2% of the cases, indicating that porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) or swine influenza virus (siv) combined with other bacterial agents was a common cause for porcine respiratory diseases in the mid-western usa.	2003	14524628
real-time pcr assay targets the 23s-5s spacer for direct detection and differentiation of legionella spp. and legionella pneumophila.	a real-time pcr for the abi prism 7000 system targeting the 23s-5s spacer of legionella spp. was developed. simultaneous detection and differentiation of legionella spp. and legionella pneumophila within 90 min and without post-pcr melting-curve analysis was achieved using two taqman probes. in sputum samples from 23 controls and 17 patients with legionellosis, defined by positive culture, urinary antigen testing, or seroconversion, 94% sensitivity and 100% specificity were observed.	2003	14532229
identification of quorum-sensing-regulated genes of burkholderia cepacia.	quorum sensing is a regulatory mechanism (operating in response to cell density) which in gram-negative bacteria usually involves the production of n-acyl homoserine lactones (hsl). quorum sensing in burkholderia cepacia has been associated with the regulation of expression of extracellular proteins and siderophores and also with the regulation of swarming and biofilm formation. in the present study, several quorum-sensing-controlled gene promoters of b. cepacia atcc 25416 were identified and ch ...	2003	14563881
pertussis toxin plays an early role in respiratory tract colonization by bordetella pertussis.	in this study, we sought to determine whether pertussis toxin (pt), an exotoxin virulence factor produced exclusively by bordetella pertussis, is important for colonization of the respiratory tract by this pathogen by using a mouse intranasal infection model. by comparing a wild-type tohama i strain to a mutant strain with an in-frame deletion of the ptx genes encoding pt (deltapt), we found that the lack of pt confers a significant peak (day 7) colonization defect (1 to 2 log(10) units) over a ...	2003	14573656
humoral immunity against bordetella pertussis: antibodies or b cells?		2003	14573698
[biotyping and molecular phenotypic characterization of bordetella bronchiseptica].	in the present study biochemical tests and outer membrane protein profile (omp) capacity for typing bordetella bronchiseptica field isolates were evaluated. the biochemical tests were performed by api 20ne system. omp enriched fractions were obtained from cultures under virulent and modulated conditions and were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). we have identified five patterns by differences in the bands in the 85-95 kda region (alpha, beta, gamma ...	2003	14587371
identification and characterization of a unique adenosine kinase from mycobacterium tuberculosis.	adenosine kinase (ak) is a purine salvage enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of adenosine to amp. in mycobacterium tuberculosis, ak can also catalyze the phosphorylation of the adenosine analog 2-methyladenosine (methyl-ado), the first step in the metabolism of this compound to an active form. purification of ak from m. tuberculosis yielded a 35-kda protein that existed as a dimer in its native form. adenosine (ado) was preferred as a substrate at least 30-fold (km = 0.8 +/- 0.08 microm) ...	2003	14594827
pfge and pertactin gene sequencing suggest limited genetic variability within the finnish bordetella parapertussis population.	the outer-membrane protein pertactin (prn) of bordetella pertussis, bordetella parapertussis and bordetella bronchiseptica is believed to function as an adhesin and is an important immunogen. the emergence of b. pertussis and b. bronchiseptica prn variants has been reported. the aim of this study was to determine whether similar variation is found in b. parapertussis prn and to characterize finnish clinical b. parapertussis isolates that were collected in 1982-2000. of 76 b. parapertussis isolat ...	2003	14614063
comparison of ribotyping and restriction enzyme analysis for inter- and intraspecies discrimination of bordetella avium and bordetella hinzii.	bordetella avium is an avian respiratory disease pathogen responsible for substantial economic losses to the turkey industry. the inability to distinguish isolates has hampered outbreak investigations and prevents a complete understanding of transmission mechanisms. isolates of bordetella hinzii, often referred to as b. avium-like or as alcaligenes faecalis type ii prior to 1995, have also been acquired from the respiratory tracts of diseased poultry but are not believed to be pathogenic for bir ...	2003	12682138
bordetella bronchiseptica pagp is a bvg-regulated lipid a palmitoyl transferase that is required for persistent colonization of the mouse respiratory tract.	bordetella bronchiseptica lipopolysaccharide (lps) expression varies depending on growth conditions, regulated by the bvg system. a b. bronchiseptica pagp homologue was identified that is required for bvg-mediated modification of the lipid a core region of lps that occurs on switching from the bvg- to the bvg+ phase. structural analysis demonstrated that the lipid a of a b. bronchiseptica pagp mutant differed from wild-type lipid a by the absence of a palmitate group in secondary acylation at th ...	2003	12694617
an aromatic amino acid auxotrophic mutant of bordetella bronchiseptica is attenuated and immunogenic in a mouse model of infection.	we have constructed an aromatic amino acid auxotrophic mutant of bordetella bronchiseptica, harbouring mutations in aroa and trpe to investigate the use of such a strain as a live-attenuated vaccine. b. bronchiseptica aroa trpe was unable to grow in minimal medium without aromatic supplementation. compared to the parental wild-type strain, the mutant displayed significantly reduced abilities to invade and survive within the mouse macrophage-like cell line j774a.1 in vitro and in the murine respi ...	2003	12694904
species-wide variation in the escherichia coli flagellin (h-antigen) gene.	escherichia coli is a clonal species. the best-understood components of its clonal variation are the flagellar (h) and polysaccharide (o) antigens, both well documented since the mid-1930s because of their use in serotyping. flagellin is the protein subunit of the flagellum that carries h-antigen specificity. we show that 43 of the 54 h-antigen specificities of e. coli map to the flagellin gene at flic and sequenced all 43 forms and confirmed specificity of each by cloning and expression. this i ...	2003	12700273