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selection and characteristics of a switchgrass-colonizing microbial community to produce extracellular cellulases and xylanases.a microbial community was selected for growth on dried and naoh-treated switchgrass. during a 14-day liquid cultivation, a 70% loss in dry weight was observed during the first 4 days and after 14 days, the hemicellulose and cellulose in the system were degraded by 73.5% and 67.3%, respectively. the carboxymethyl cellulase (cmcase) and xylanase levels reached 0.21 and 3.75 iu, respectively. the optimal ph for cmcase and xylanase activities was 5 and 6, respectively. the optimal reaction temperatu ...201020933405
etiology and antibacterial susceptibility pattern of community-acquired bacterial ocular infections in a tertiary eye care hospital in south india.to identify the etiology, incidence and prevalence of ocular bacterial infections, and to assess the in vitro susceptibility of these ocular bacterial isolates to commonly used antibiotics.201020952834
potential pathogenic bacteria in metalworking fluids and aerosols from a machining facility.the metalworking and machining industry utilizes recirculating metalworking fluids for integral aspects of the fabrication process. despite the use of biocides, these fluids sustain substantial biological growth. subsequently, the high-shear forces incurred during metalworking processing aerosolize bacterial cells and may cause dermatologic and respiratory effects in exposed workers. we quantified and identified the bacterial load for metalworking fluid and aerosol samples of a machining facilit ...201020955193
molecular probes for diagnosis of clinically relevant bacterial infections in blood cultures.broad-range real-time pcr and sequencing of the 16s rrna gene region is a widely known method for the detection and identification of bacteria in clinical samples. however, because of the need for sequencing, such identification of bacteria is time-consuming. the aim of our study was to develop a more rapid 16s real-time pcr-based identification assay using species- or genus-specific probes. the gram-negative bacteria were divided into pseudomonas species, pseudomonas aeruginosa, escherichia col ...201020962139
microbial biodegradation of aromatic alkanoic naphthenic acids is affected by the degree of alkyl side chain branching.naphthenic acids (nas) occur naturally in oil sands and enter the environment through natural and anthropogenic processes. nas comprise toxic carboxylic acids that are difficult to degrade. information on na biodegradation mechanisms is limited, and there are no studies on alkyl branched aromatic alkanoic acid biodegradation, despite their contribution to na toxicity and recalcitrance. increased alkyl side chain branching has been proposed to explain na recalcitrance. using soil enrichments, we ...201020962873
microbial biodegradation of aromatic alkanoic naphthenic acids is affected by the degree of alkyl side chain branching.naphthenic acids (nas) occur naturally in oil sands and enter the environment through natural and anthropogenic processes. nas comprise toxic carboxylic acids that are difficult to degrade. information on na biodegradation mechanisms is limited, and there are no studies on alkyl branched aromatic alkanoic acid biodegradation, despite their contribution to na toxicity and recalcitrance. increased alkyl side chain branching has been proposed to explain na recalcitrance. using soil enrichments, we ...201020962873
first case of invasive human infection caused by cupriavidus metallidurans.we describe the first case of invasive human infection (a nosocomial septicemia) caused by cupriavidus metallidurans. this metal-resistant bacterium has not been reported to be pathogenic in humans or animals.201021106795
interspecies dissemination of the bla gene encoding per-1 extended-spectrum β-lactamase.per-1 extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing gram-negative bacilli are resistant to oxyimino-cephalosporins. however, the bla(per-1) gene has never been reported in klebsiella pneumoniae. here, we studied interspecies dissemination of the bla(per-1) gene by horizontal transfer of tn1213 among acinetobacter baumannii, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and k. pneumoniae. in a k. pneumoniae clinical isolate, the bla(per-1) gene was located on a 150-kbp incompatibility group a/c plasmid.201021149630
interspecies dissemination of the bla gene encoding per-1 extended-spectrum β-lactamase.per-1 extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing gram-negative bacilli are resistant to oxyimino-cephalosporins. however, the bla(per-1) gene has never been reported in klebsiella pneumoniae. here, we studied interspecies dissemination of the bla(per-1) gene by horizontal transfer of tn1213 among acinetobacter baumannii, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and k. pneumoniae. in a k. pneumoniae clinical isolate, the bla(per-1) gene was located on a 150-kbp incompatibility group a/c plasmid.201021149630
optimization of nitrilase production from alcaligenes faecalis mtcc 10757 (iict-a3): effect of inducers on substrate specificity.microbial nitrilases are biocatalysts of interest and the enzyme produced using various inducers exhibits altered substrate specificity, which is of great interest in bioprocess development. the aim of the present study is to investigate the nitrilase-producing alcaligenes faecalis mtcc 10757 (iict-a3) for its ability to transform various nitriles in the presence of different inducers after optimization of various parameters for maximum enzyme production and activity. the production of a. faecal ...201021188422
advances in the field of high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation by bacteria.interest in understanding prokaryotic biotransformation of high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (hmw pahs) has continued to grow and the scientific literature shows that studies in this field are originating from research groups from many different locations throughout the world. in the last 10 years, research in regard to hmw pah biodegradation by bacteria has been further advanced through the documentation of new isolates that represent diverse bacterial types that have been ...201021255317
emerging agents to combat complicated and resistant infections: focus on ceftobiprole.antimicrobial resistance is a global concern. over the past few years, considerable efforts and resources have been expended to detect, monitor, and understand at the basic level the many different facets of emerging and increasing resistance. development of new antimicrobial agents has been matched by the development of new mechanisms of resistance by bacteria. current antibiotics act at a variety of sites within the target bacteria, including the cross-linking enzymes in the cell wall, various ...201021694889
nitrite biosensing via selective enzymes-a long but promising route.the last decades have witnessed a steady increase of the social and political awareness for the need of monitoring and controlling environmental and industrial processes. in the case of nitrite ion, due to its potential toxicity for human health, the european union has recently implemented a number of rules to restrict its level in drinking waters and food products. although several analytical protocols have been proposed for nitrite quantification, none of them enable a reliable and quick analy ...201022163541
a persistent and diverse airway microbiota present during chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations.acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) are a major source of morbidity and contribute significantly to healthcare costs. although bacterial infections are implicated in nearly 50% of exacerbations, only a handful of pathogens have been consistently identified in copd airways, primarily by culture-based methods, and the bacterial microbiota in acute exacerbations remains largely uncharacterized. the aim of this study was to comprehensively profile airway bacterial com ...201020141328
functional promiscuity of homologues of the bacterial arsa atpases.the arsa atpase of e. coli plays an essential role in arsenic detoxification. published evidence implicates arsa in the energization of as(iii) efflux via the formation of an oxyanion-translocating complex with arsb. in addition, eukaryotic arsa homologues have several recognized functions unrelated to arsenic resistance. by aligning arsa homologues, constructing phylogenetic trees, examining arsa encoding operons, and estimating the probable coevolution of these homologues with putative transpo ...201020981284
aminoglycoside modifying enzymes.aminoglycosides have been an essential component of the armamentarium in the treatment of life-threatening infections. unfortunately, their efficacy has been reduced by the surge and dissemination of resistance. in some cases the levels of resistance reached the point that rendered them virtually useless. among many known mechanisms of resistance to aminoglycosides, enzymatic modification is the most prevalent in the clinical setting. aminoglycoside modifying enzymes catalyze the modification at ...201020833577
microbial oxidation of arsenite in a subarctic environment: diversity of arsenite oxidase genes and identification of a psychrotolerant arsenite oxidiser.arsenic is toxic to most living cells. the two soluble inorganic forms of arsenic are arsenite (+3) and arsenate (+5), with arsenite the more toxic. prokaryotic metabolism of arsenic has been reported in both thermal and moderate environments and has been shown to be involved in the redox cycling of arsenic. no arsenic metabolism (either dissimilatory arsenate reduction or arsenite oxidation) has ever been reported in cold environments (i.e. < 10 degrees c).201020673331
biochemistry of microbial degradation of hexachlorocyclohexane and prospects for bioremediation.lindane, the gamma-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane (hch), is a potent insecticide. purified lindane or unpurified mixtures of this and alpha-, beta-, and delta-isomers of hch were widely used as commercial insecticides in the last half of the 20th century. large dumps of unused hch isomers now constitute a major hazard because of their long residence times in soil and high nontarget toxicities. the major pathway for the aerobic degradation of hch isomers in soil is the lin pathway, and variants ...201020197499
comparison of traditional phenotypic identification methods with partial 5' 16s rrna gene sequencing for species-level identification of nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli.correct identification of nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli (nfb) is crucial for patient management. we compared phenotypic identifications of 96 clinical nfb isolates with identifications obtained by 5' 16s rrna gene sequencing. sequencing identified 88 isolates (91.7%) with >99% similarity to a sequence from the assigned species; 61.5% of sequencing results were concordant with phenotypic results, indicating the usability of sequencing to identify nfb.201020164273
skew-laplace and cell-size distribution in microbial axenic cultures: statistical assessment and biological interpretation.we report a skew-laplace statistical analysis of both flow cytometry scatters and cell size from microbial strains primarily grown in batch cultures, others in chemostat cultures and bacterial aquatic populations. cytometry scatters best fit the skew-laplace distribution while cell size as assessed by an electronic particle analyzer exhibited a moderate fitting. unlike the cultures, the aquatic bacterial communities clearly do not fit to a skew-laplace distribution. due to its versatile nature, ...201020592754
synthesis, production, and biotechnological applications of exopolysaccharides and polyhydroxyalkanoates by archaea.extreme environments, generally characterized by atypical temperatures, ph, pressure, salinity, toxicity, and radiation levels, are inhabited by various microorganisms specifically adapted to these particular conditions, called extremophiles. among these, the microorganisms belonging to the archaea domain are of significant biotechnological importance as their biopolymers possess unique properties that offer insights into their biology and evolution. particular attention has been devoted to two ...201122007151
unsuspected diversity of arsenite-oxidizing bacteria as revealed by widespread distribution of the aoxb gene in prokaryotes.in this study, new strains were isolated from an environment with elevated arsenic levels, sainte-marie-aux-mines (france), and the diversity of aoxb genes encoding the arsenite oxidase large subunit was investigated. the distribution of bacterial aoxb genes is wider than what was previously thought. aoxb subfamilies characterized by specific signatures were identified. an exhaustive analysis of aoxb sequences from this study and from public databases shows that horizontal gene transfer has like ...201121571879
comparison of bruker biotyper matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometer to bd phoenix automated microbiology system for identification of gram-negative bacilli.we compared the bd phoenix automated microbiology system to the bruker biotyper (version 2.0) matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (maldi-tof) mass spectrometry (ms) system for identification of gram-negative bacilli, using biochemical testing and/or genetic sequencing to resolve discordant results. the bd phoenix correctly identified 363 (83%) and 330 (75%) isolates to the genus and species level, respectively. the bruker biotyper correctly identified 408 (93%) and 360 (82 ...201121209160
Cutinolytic esterase activity of bacteria isolated from mixed-plant compost and characterization of a cutinase gene from Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes.The objective of the current study was to examine cutinolytic esterase (i.e., cutinase) activity by pseudomonads and bacteria isolated from mixed-plant compost. Approximately 400 isolates representing 52 taxa recovered from mixed-plant compost using cuticle baits, along with 117 pseudomonad isolates obtained from a culture collection (i.e., non-compost habitats), were evaluated. The ability of isolates to degrade the synthetic cutin polycaprolactone (PCL) was initially measured. Isolates from 23 ...201122029433
identification and characterization of a novel class of extracellular poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase from bacillus sp. strain nrrl b-14911.the catalytic, linker, and denatured poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (dphb)-binding domains of bacterial extracellular phb depolymerases (phazs) are classified into several different types. we now report a novel class of extracellular phb depolymerase from bacillus sp. strain nrrl b-14911. its catalytic domain belongs to type 1, whereas its putative linker region neither possesses the sequence features of the three known types of linker domains nor exhibits significant amino acid sequence similarity to ...201121948827
gene cloning, expression, and characterization of a nitrilase from alcaligenes faecalis zjutb10.nitrilases are important industrial enzymes that convert nitriles directly into the corresponding carboxylic acids. in the current work, the fragment with a length of 1068 bp that encodes the a. faecalis zjutb10 nitrilase was obtained. moreover, a catalytic triad was proposed and verified by site-directed mutagenesis, and the detailed mechanism of this nitrilase was clarified. the substrate specificity study demonstrated that the a. faecalis zjutb10 nitrilase belongs to the family of arylacetoni ...201121913706
chemical characterization, crossfeeding and uptake studies on hydroxamate siderophore of alcaligenes faecalis.we report the production of two types of siderophores namely catecholate and hydroxamate in modified succinic acid medium (sm) from alcaligenes faecalis. two fractions of siderophores were purified on amberlite xad, major fraction was hydroxamate type having a λ(max) at 224 nm and minor fraction appeared as catecholate with a λ(max) of 264 nm. the recovery yield obtained from major and minor fractions was 297 and 50 mg ml(-1) respectively. the ief pattern of xad-4 purified siderophore suggested ...201122654161
protein improvement in gari by the use of pure cultures of microorganisms involved in the natural fermentation process.the ability of microorganisms involved in cassava mash fermentation to produce and improve protein value by these microorganisms during fermentation was studied. standard microbiological procedures were used to isolate, identify and determine the numbers of the organisms. alcaligenes faecalis, lactobacillus plantarum, bacillus subtilis, leuconostoc cremoris, aspergillus niger, a. tamari, geotrichum candidum and penicillium expansum were isolated and identified from cassava waste water while stan ...201122514894
complications of port-a-cath® in patients with sickle cell disease.red cell exchange/transfusion is frequently used in the management of patients with medical complications related to acute severe sickle cell disease (scd). however, peripheral venous access is often difficult without central venous catheters (cvcs) in adult patients with moderate or severe scd.201122341844
production of indole acetic acid by pseudomonas sp.: effect of coinoculation with mesorhizobium sp. cicer on nodulation and plant growth of chickpea (cicer arietinum).pseudomonas isolates obtained from the rhizosphere of chickpea (cicer arietinum l.) and green gram (vigna radiata) were found to produce significant amount of indole acetic acid (iaa) when grown in a lb medium broth supplemented with l-tryptophan. seed bacterization of chickpea cultivar c235 with different pseudomonas isolates showed stunting effect on the development of root and shoot at 5 and 10 days of seedling growth except the strains mps79 and mps90 that showed stimulation of root growth, ...201123572992
redox cycling and kinetic analysis of single molecules of solution-phase nitrite reductase.single-molecule measurements are a valuable tool for revealing details of enzyme mechanisms by enabling observation of unsynchronized behavior. however, this approach often requires immobilizing the enzyme on a substrate, a process which may alter enzyme behavior. we apply a microfluidic trapping device to allow, for the first time, prolonged solution-phase measurement of single enzymes in solution. individual redox events are observed for single molecules of a blue nitrite reductase and are use ...201121969548
Evolution of an Incompatibility Group IncA/C Plasmid Harboring blaCMY-16 and qnrA6 Genes and its transfer through three clones of Providencia stuartii during a 2-year Outbreak in a Tunisian Burn Unit.During a 2-year period in 2005-2006, 64 multidrug-resistant Providencia stuartii including 58 isolates from 58 patients and six strains obtained from the same tracheal aspirator were collected in a burn unit of a Tunisian Hospital. They divided in four antibiotypes (ATB) and three SmaI-pulsotypes, including 49 strains belonging to clone PsA (48 of ATB1 and, 1 of ATB4), 11 strains to clone PsB (7 of ATB2 and, 4 of ATB3), and 4 strains to clone PsC (ATB3). All strains, except for the PsA/ATB4 isol ...201122155825
The effects of solid media type on routine identification of bacterial isolates using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry.Background: Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis is a rapid method for the identification of bacteria based upon the comparison of protein profiles. Factors that may alter profiles include culture conditions and presence of exogenous substances and could hinder identification. Methods: Bacterial isolates identified using conventional methods were cultured on various media and identified using the MALDI Biotyper system (Bruker Dalton ...201122162546
Stimulatory Effect of ß-glucans on Immune Cells.ß-Glucans are naturally occurring polysaccharides that are produced by bacteria, yeast, fungi, and many plants. Although their pharmacological activities, such as immunomodulatory, anti-infective and anti-cancer effects, have been well studied, it is still unclear how ß-glucans exert their activities. However, recent studies on the ß-glucan receptors shed some light on their mechanism of action. Since ß-glucans have large molecular weights, they must bind surface receptors to activate immune cel ...201122039366
A New Diketopiperazine, Cyclo-(4-S-hydroxy-R-proline-R-isoleucine), from an Australian Specimen of the Sponge Stelletta sp.While investigating the cytotoxic activity of the methanol extract of an Australian marine sponge Stelletta sp. (Demospongiae), a new diketopiperazine, cyclo-(4-S-hydroxy-R-proline-R-isoleucine) (1), was isolated together with the known bengamides; A (2), F (3), N (4), Y (5), and bengazoles; Z (6), C(4) (7) and C(6) (8). The isolation and structure elucidation of the diketopiperazine (1), together with the activity of 1-8 against a panel of human and mammalian cell lines are discussed.201122163196
improved x-ray diffraction from bacillus megaterium penicillin g acylase crystals through long cryosoaking dehydration.penicillin g acylase from bacillus megaterium (bmpga) is currently used in the pharmaceutical industry as an alternative to pga from escherichia coli (ecpga) for the hydrolysis of penicillin g to produce 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-apa), a penam nucleus for semisynthetic penicillins. despite the significant differences in amino-acid sequence between pgas from gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, a representative pga structure of gram-positive origin has never been reported. in this study, c ...201122139169
spectroelectrochemical investigation of intramolecular and interfacial electron-transfer rates reveals differences between nitrite reductase at rest and during turnover.a combined fluorescence and electrochemical method is described that is used to simultaneously monitor the type-1 copper oxidation state and the nitrite turnover rate of a nitrite reductase (nir) from alcaligenes faecalis s-6. the catalytic activity of nir is measured electrochemically by exploiting a direct electron transfer to fluorescently labeled enzyme molecules immobilized on modified gold electrodes, whereas the redox state of the type-1 copper site is determined from fluorescence intensi ...201121863850
indigenous soil bacteria with the combined potential for hydrocarbon consumption and heavy metal resistance.introduction: transconjugant bacteria with combined potential for hydrocarbon utilization and heavy metal resistance were suggested by earlier investigators for bioremediation of soils co-contaminated with hydrocarbons and heavy metals. the purpose of this study was to offer evidence that such microorganisms are already part of the indigenous soil microflora. methods: microorganisms in pristine and oily soils wer ...201121948132
biodegradation and detoxification of melanoidin from distillery effluent using an aerobic bacterial strain sag5 of alcaligenes faecalis.distillery effluent retains very dark brown color even after anaerobic treatment due to presence of various water soluble, recalcitrant and coloring compounds mainly melanoidins. in laboratory conditions, melanoidin decolorizing bacteria was isolated and optimized the cultural conditions at various incubation temperatures, ph, carbon sources, nitrogen sources and combined effect of both carbon and nitrogen sources. the optimum decolorization (72.6 ± 0.56%) of melanoidins was achieved at ph 7.5 a ...201121880418
orientational control over nitrite reductase on modified gold electrode and its effects on the interfacial electron transfer.recently, studies have been reported in which fluorescently labeled redox proteins have been studied with a combination of spectroscopy and electrochemistry. in order to understand the effect of the dye on the protein-electrode interaction, voltammetry and surface analysis have been performed on protein films of dye-labeled and unlabeled forms of a cysteine-surface variant (l93c) and the wild type (wt) of the copper containing nitrite reductase (nir) from alcaligenes faecalis s6. the protein h ...201121939276
enrichment and characterization of an autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing archaeon of mesophilic crenarchaeal group i.1a from an agricultural soil.soil nitrification is an important process for agricultural productivity and environmental pollution. though one cultivated representative of ammonia-oxidizing archaea from soil has been described, additional representatives warrant characterization. we describe an ammonia-oxidizing archaeon (strain my1) in a highly enriched culture derived from agricultural soil. fluorescence in situ hybridization microscopy showed that, after 2 years of enrichment, the culture was composed of >90% archaeal cel ...201122003023
First Preliminary Report on Isolation and Characterization of Novel Acinetobacter spp. in Casing Soil Used for Cultivation of Button Mushroom, Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach.Despite evaluation of large number of agroindustrial wastes for their use as casing material for Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach cultivation, scant attention has been given to the importance of biological properties of casing materials. In the present study, an attempt was made to characterize the bacterial flora in casing layer, namely, Farm Yard Manure (FYM) and Spent Mushroom Substrate/spent compost (SMS/SC) (FYM+SC, 3?:?1) and FYM and Vermi Compost (VC) (FYM+VC, 3?:?1), employing partial 16 ...201122007222
Reaction of Vascular Adhesion Protein-1 (VAP-1) with Primary Amines: MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS FROM ISOTOPE EFFECTS AND QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS.Human vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) is an endothelial copper-dependent amine oxidase involved in the recruitment and extravasation of leukocytes at sites of inflammation. VAP-1 is an important therapeutic target for several pathological conditions. We expressed soluble VAP-1 in HEK293 EBNA1 cells at levels suitable for detailed mechanistic studies with model substrates. Using the model substrate benzylamine, we analyzed the steady-state kinetic parameters of VAP-1 as a function of solution ...201121737458
Effects of associated bacteria on the pathogenicity and reproduction of the insect-parasitic nematode Rhabditis blumi (Nematoda: Rhabditida).Three bacteria, Alcaligenes faecalis , Flavobacterium sp., and Providencia vermicola , were isolated from dauer juveniles of Rhabditis blumi . The pathogenic effects of the bacteria against 4th instar larvae of Galleria mellonella were investigated. Providencia vermicola and Flavobacterium sp. showed 100% mortality at 48 h after haemocoelic injection, whereas A. faecalis showed less than 30% mortality. Dauer juveniles showed 100% mortality against G. mellonella larvae, whereas axenic juveniles, ...201121867444
Novel One-Step Method for Detection and Isolation of Active-Toxin-Producing Clostridium difficile Strains Directly from Stool Samples.The alarming emergence of hypervirulent strains of Clostridium difficile with increased toxin production, severity of disease, morbidity, and mortality emphasizes the need for a culture method that permits simultaneous isolation and detection of virulent strains. The C. difficile toxins A and B are critical virulence factors, and strains can either be toxin-producing (virulent) or non-toxin-producing (nonvirulent). Strains that are isolated from human infections generally produce either toxin A ...201121976761
Purification and characterization of chitinase from Alcaligenes faecalis AU02 by utilizing marine wastes and its antioxidant activity.Marine waste is an abundant renewable source for the recovery of several value added metabolites with potential industrial applications. This study describes the production of chitinase on marine waste, with the subsequent use of the same marine waste for the extraction of antioxidants. A chitinase-producing bacterium isolated from seafood effluent was identified as Alcaligenes faecalis AU02. Optimal chitinase production was obtained in culture conditions of 37°C for 72 h in 100 ml medium contai ...201122131949
isolation, analysis and antimicrobial activity of the acidic fractions of mastic, kurdica, mutica and cabolica gums from genus pistacia.the chemical entities of mastic, kurdica, mutica and cabolica gums from genus pistacia have been isolated and characterised by gc-mass spectrometry, high performance liquid chromatography and column chromatography. these chemical entities were screened for anti-microbial activities against nine strains of helicobacter pylori and some other gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. the most bioactive components were structurally analysed. these components mimic steroid compounds, in particular, t ...201122980113
bio-activity of natural polymers from the genus pistacia: a validated model for their antimicrobial action.the polymers from mastic gum of pistacia lentiscose and subspecies of pistacia atlantica, (sp. kurdica, mutica and cabolica) have been isolated and characterised by gel permeation chromatography (gpc) and 13c nmr spectroscopy as cis-1,4-poly-?-myrcenes. they were screened against helicobacter pylori and other gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria to evaluate their antimicrobial action. in order to further test their hypothesised mode of action, two polymer types were synthesized: one from myr ...201122980106
relevant uses of surface proteins - display on self-organized biological structures.proteins are often found attached to surfaces of self-assembling biological units such as whole microbial cells or subcellular structures, e.g. intracellular inclusions. in the last two decades surface proteins were identified that could serve as anchors for the display of foreign protein functions. extensive protein engineering based on structure-function data enabled efficient display of technically and/or medically relevant protein functions. small size, diversity of the anchor protein as wel ...201121906264
proline 96 of the copper ligand loop of amicyanin regulates electron transfer from methylamine dehydrogenase by positioning other residues at the protein-protein interface.amicyanin is a type 1 copper protein that serves as an electron acceptor for methylamine dehydrogenase (madh). the site of interaction with madh is a "hydrophobic patch" of amino acid residues including those that comprise a "ligand loop" that provides three of the four copper ligands. three prolines are present in this region. pro94 of the ligand loop was previously shown to strongly influence the redox potential of amicyanin but not affinity for madh or mechanism of electron transfer (et). in ...201121268585
achromobacter xylosoxidans respiratory tract infection in cystic fibrosis patients.the aims of this study were to evaluate the frequency of achromobacter xylosoxidans infection in a cohort of cystic fibrosis patients, to investigate antimicrobial sensitivity, to establish possible clonal likeness among strains, and to address the clinical impact of this infection or colonization on the general outcome of these patients. the study was undertaken between january 2004 and december 2008 on 300 patients receiving care at the regional cystic fibrosis center of the naples university ...201121279730
rapid identification of gram-negative bacteria with and without ctx-m extended-spectrum ß-lactamase from positive blood culture bottles by pcr followed by microchip gel electrophoresis.we evaluated the usefulness of pcr analysis of the 16s-23s rrna gene internal transcribed spacer (its) and the ctx-m extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (esbl) followed by microchip gel electrophoresis (mge) for direct identification and ctx-m detection of gram-negative bacteria (gnb) from positive blood culture bottles. of 251 gnb isolated from blood cultures containing a single bacterium, 225 (90%) were correctly identified at the species level directly from positive blood culture bottles by compari ...201121289149
recognition of microbial molecular patterns and stimulation of prophenoloxidase activation by a ß-1,3-glucanase-related protein in manduca sexta larval plasma.detection of pathogenic invaders is the essential first step of a successful defense response in multicellular organisms. in this study, we have identified a new member of the ß-1,3-glucanase-related protein superfamily from the tobacco hornworm manduca sexta. this protein, designated microbe binding protein (mbp), is 61% identical in sequence to bombyx mori gram-negative bacteria binding protein, but only 34-36% identical to m. sexta ß-1,3-glucan recognition protein-1 and 2. its mrna levels wer ...201121296155
first report of performance of the versant ct/gc dna 1.0 assay (kpcr) for detection of chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoeae.we evaluated the analytical, work flow, and clinical performance of the versant ct/gc dna 1.0 assay (versant ct/gc assay, where "ct" represents chlamydia trachomatis and "gc" represents neisseria gonorrhoeae). the assay simultaneously detects chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoeae in swab and first-catch urine (fcu) specimens. the limit of detection (lod) was determined to be 342 copies/ml for c. trachomatis and 137 copies/ml for gc. the versant ct/gc assay detected 15 c. trachomatis se ...201121307209
immunostimulatory activities of a decapeptide derived from alcaligenes faecalis fy-3 to crucian carp.a strain was isolated from a soil sample collected from weihe river in shaanxi province (108°03'e 34°14'n), which was identified as alcaligenes faecalis by 16s rrna analysis. a compound m showing potent immune activity was isolated from secondary metabolites of the strain through bioassay-guided isolation techniques. the structure of the compound m was elucidated using ft-ir, ei-ms, 1h nmr and 13c nmr spectra and identified as cyclo-(l-pro-gly)5 which was first time reported as a natural product ...201121332568
bacterial community composition characterization of a lead-contaminated microcoleus sp. consortium.a microcoleus sp. consortium, obtained from the ebro delta microbial mat, was maintained under different conditions including uncontaminated, lead-contaminated, and acidic conditions.201121340467
molecular cloning and characterization of the srdbca operon, encoding the respiratory selenate reductase complex, from the selenate-reducing bacterium bacillus selenatarsenatis sf-1.previously, we isolated a selenate- and arsenate-reducing bacterium, designated strain sf-1, from selenium-contaminated sediment and identified it as a novel species, bacillus selenatarsenatis. b. selenatarsenatis strain sf-1 independently reduces selenate to selenite, arsenate to arsenite, and nitrate to nitrite by anaerobic respiration. to identify the genes involved in selenate reduction, 17 selenate reduction-defective mutant strains were isolated from a mutant library generated by random in ...201121357486
per-7, an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase with increased activity toward broad-spectrum cephalosporins in acinetobacter baumannii.acinetobacter baumannii isolate ap2 was recovered from a bronchial lavage sample of a patient hospitalized in paris, france. a. baumannii ap2 was resistant to all +¦-lactams, including carbapenems, and expressed the extended-spectrum +¦-lactamase (esbl) per-7, which differs from per-1 by 4 amino acid substitutions. compared to per-1, per-7 possessed higher-level hydrolytic activities against cephalosporins and aztreonam. the blaper-7 gene was chromosomally located and associated with a mosaic cl ...201121383087
notch- and transducin-like enhancer of split (tle)-dependent histone deacetylation explain interleukin 12 (il-12) p70 inhibition by zymosan.the fungal analog zymosan induces il-23 and low amounts of il-12 p70. this study addresses the molecular mechanisms underlying this cytokine pattern in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. the transcriptional regulation of il23a, one of the chains of il-23, depended on the activation of c-rel and histone h3 phosphorylation, as judged from the association of c-rel with the il23a promoter and the correlation between il-23 production and ser-10-histone h3 phosphorylation. consistent with its red ...201121402701
a case of polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type i with unusual presentation.eight years old girl presented with mucocutaneous candidiasis, nail dystrophy, twitching left half of face, progressively increasing generalized skin hyperpigmentation and hypopigmented patches over both shins. her investigations revealed low intact pth level, low serum cortisol, high acth, impaired glucose tolerance test and candidal onycomycosis. she was diagnosed as polyglandular autoimmune syndrome (pga) type i. she also developed idiopathic generalized epileptiform seizures and alcaligenes ...201121419032
dectin-1 and nod2 mediate cathepsin activation in zymosan-induced arthritis in mice.activation of pattern recognition receptors (prr) may contribute to arthritis. here, we elucidated the role of nod2, a genetic cause of inflammatory arthritis, and several other prr in a murine model of inflammatory arthritis.201121424514
unusual causes of peritonitis in a peritoneal dialysis patient: alcaligenes faecalis and pantoea agglomerans.an 87 -year-old female who was undergoing peritoneal dialysis presented with peritonitis caused by alcaligenes faecalis and pantoea agglomerans in consecutive years. with the following report we discuss the importance of these unusual microorganisms in peritoneal dialysis patients.201121477370
cell-based biosensor for measurement of phenol and nitrophenols toxicity.a cost-effective whole cell biosensor based on electrochemical technique to detect toxicities of phenol and nitrophenols has been developed. this method relied on the inhibition effect for respiratory chain activity of microorganism by toxicant, which was measured by chronoamperometry using mediator (ferricyanide). the current signals produced by suspended microorganisms and reoxidation of ferrocyanide were transformed to inhibiting efficiency directly, and 50% inhibiting concentration (ic(50)) ...201121482280
microbiology of animal bite wound infections.the microbiology of animal bite wound infections in humans is often polymicrobial, with a broad mixture of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. bacteria recovered from infected bite wounds are most often reflective of the oral flora of the biting animal, which can also be influenced by the microbiome of their ingested prey and other foods. bacteria may also originate from the victim's own skin or the physical environment at the time of injury. our review has focused on bite wound infections in ...201121482724
visualization and direct counting of individual denitrifying bacterial cells in soil by nirk-targeted direct in situ pcr.the abundance of denitrifying bacteria in soil has been determined primarily by the conventional most probable number (mpn) method. we have developed a single-cell identification technique that is culture-independent, direct in situ pcr, to enumerate denitrifying bacteria in soils. the specificity of this method was evaluated with six species of denitrifying bacteria using nirk as the target gene; escherichia coli was used as a negative control. almost all (97.3%-100%) of the nirk-type denitrify ...201121487206
a novel synthesis of iminodiacetic acid: biocatalysis by whole alcaligenes faecalis zjb-09133 cells from iminodiacetonitrile.iminodiacetic acid (ida) has been widely used as an important intermediate in the fine chemical industry. in this study, a novel synthesis route of ida from iminodiacetonitrile by whole microorganisms was investigated. a strain with the capability of producing nitrilase, zjb-09133, was isolated and identified, and later named alcaligenes faecalis zjb-09133. in addition, the detailed biocatalysis of iminodiacetonitrile to produce ida using zjb-09133 was investigated. the results showed that the c ...201121567989
comparative activities of tigecycline and other tetracyclines against non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli (excluding acinetobacter spp.).tigecycline, a glycylcycline, is a semisynthetic derivative of minocycline with a broad spectrum of activity against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria (2, 12, 16).…201121606223
an efficient strategy for broad-range detection of low abundance bacteria without dna decontamination of pcr reagents.bacterial dna contamination in pcr reagents has been a long standing problem that hampers the adoption of broad-range pcr in clinical and applied microbiology, particularly in detection of low abundance bacteria. although several dna decontamination protocols have been reported, they all suffer from compromised pcr efficiency or detection limits. to date, no satisfactory solution has been found.201121637859
pyrosequencing-based expression profiling and identification of differentially regulated genes from manduca sexta, a lepidopteran model insect.although manduca sexta has significantly contributed to our knowledge on a variety of insect physiological processes, the lack of its genome sequence hampers the large-scale gene discovery, transcript profiling, and proteomic analysis in this biochemical model species. here we report our implementation of the rna-seq cdna sequencing approach based on massively parallel pyrosequencing, which allows us to categorize transcripts based on their relative abundances and to discover process- or tissue- ...201121641996
effects of entrapment on nucleic acid content, cell morphology, cell surface property, and stress of pure cultures commonly found in biological wastewater treatment.the effects of cell entrapment on nucleic acid content, cell morphology, cell surface property, and stress of major groups of bacteria (betaproteobacteria and gammaproteobacteria) in biological municipal wastewater treatment were investigated. three different entrapment media (alginate, carrageenan, and polyvinyl alcohol) were examined. results indicated that the entrapment and type of entrapment media affected nucleic acid content, cell morphology, cell surface property, and stress of the three ...201121660542
a preliminary study of the microbial resources and their biological activities of the east china sea.east china sea is one of the four sea areas in china, which possesses peculiar ecological environment and many kinds of living creatures, especially the microorganisms. we established the east china sea microorganism library (during 2006-2010) for the first time, which stored about 30000 strains that covered most kinds of the species. in this paper, 395 pure strains of east china sea microorganism library which belong to 33 different genera were mainly introduced. sulfitobacter, halomonas, bacil ...201121789045
real-time detection and identification of chlamydophila species in veterinary specimens using sybr green based pcr assays.infections caused by members of the chlamydiaceae family have long been underestimated due to the requirement of special laboratory facilities for the detection of this group of intracellular pathogens. furthermore, new studies of this group of intracellular pathogens have revealed that host specificity of different species is not as clear as recently believed. as most members of the genus chlamydophila (cp.) have shown to be transmissible from animals to humans, sensitive and fast detection met ...201121764961
microbial diversity in anaerobic sediments at rio tinto, a naturally acidic environment with a high heavy metal content.the tinto river is an extreme environment located at the core of the iberian pyritic belt (ipb). it is an unusual ecosystem due to its size (100 km long), constant acidic ph (mean ph, 2.3), and high concentration of heavy metals, iron, and sulfate in its waters, characteristics that make the tinto river basin comparable to acidic mine drainage (amd) systems. in this paper we present an extensive survey of the tinto river sediment microbiota using two culture-independent approaches: denaturing gr ...201121724883
evaluations of bacterial contaminated full thickness burn wound healing in sprague dawley rats treated with tualang honey.the effect of tualang honey on wound healing in bacterial contaminated full-thickness burn wounds was evaluated in 36 male sprague dawley rats.201121713196
genetic diversity and phylogeny of antagonistic bacteria against phytophthora nicotianae isolated from tobacco rhizosphere.the genetic diversity of antagonistic bacteria from the tobacco rhizosphere was examined by boxair-pcr, 16s-rflp, 16s rrna sequence homology and phylogenetic analysis methods. these studies revealed that 4.01% of the 6652 tested had some inhibitory activity against phytophthora nicotianae. boxair-pcr analysis revealed 35 distinct amplimers aligning at a 91% similarity level, reflecting a high degree of genotypic diversity among the antagonistic bacteria. a total of 25 16s-rflp patterns were iden ...201121686169
fungal recognition enhances mannose receptor shedding through dectin-1 engagement.the mannose receptor (mr) is an endocytic type i membrane molecule with a broad ligand specificity that is involved in both hemostasis and pathogen recognition. membrane-anchored mr is cleaved by a metalloproteinase into functional soluble mr (smr) composed of the extracellular domains of intact mr. although smr production was initially considered a constitutive process, enhanced mr shedding has been observed in response to the fungal pathogen pneumocystis carinii. in this work, we have investig ...201121205820
rapid stool-based diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection by real-time pcr in a children's hospital.clostridium difficile is a major cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated infectious diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. detection of c. difficile by anaerobic bacterial culture and/or cytotoxicity assays has been largely replaced by rapid enzyme immunoassays (eia). however, due to the lack of sensitivity of stool eia, we developed a multiplex real-time pcr assay targeting the c. difficile toxin genes tcda and tcdb. stool samples from hospitalized pediatric patients suspected of having c. di ...201121209161
dddy, a periplasmic dimethylsulfoniopropionate lyase found in taxonomically diverse species of proteobacteria.the abundant compatible solute dimethylsulfoniopropionate (dmsp) is made by many marine algae. different marine bacteria catabolise dmsp by various mechanisms, some of which liberate the environmentally important gas dimethyl sulfide (dms). we describe an enzyme, dddy, which cleaves dmsp into dms plus acrylate and is located in the bacterial periplasm, unlike other dmsp lyases that catalyse this reaction. there are dddy-like genes in strains of alcaligenes, arcobacter and shewanella, in the β-, ...201121248856
the crystal structure of cobalt-substituted pseudoazurin from alcaligenes faecalis.the cu(ii) center at the active site of the blue copper protein pseudoazurin from alcaligenes faecalis has been substituted by co(ii) via denaturing of the protein, chelation and removal of copper by edta and refolding of the apo-protein, followed by addition of an aqueous solution of cocl(2). sitting drop vapour diffusion experiments produced green hexagonal crystals, which belong to space group p6(5), with unit cell dimensions a = b = 50.03, c = 98.80 å. diffraction data, collected at 291 k on ...201120945335
enantioselective biocatalytic hydrolysis of (r,s)-mandelonitrile for production of (r)-(-)-mandelic acid by a newly isolated mutant strain.(r)-(-)-mandelic acid (r-ma) is an important intermediate with broad uses. recently, r-ma production using nitrilase has been gaining more and more attention due to its higher productivity and enantioselectivity. in this work, a new bacterium wt10, which exhibited favorable nitrilase activity and excellent enantioselectivity for production of r-ma by enantioselective biocatalytic hydrolysis of (r,s)-mandelonitrile, was isolated and identified as a strain of alcaligenes faecalis. in order to impr ...201120640871
denitrification likely catalyzed by endobionts in an allogromiid foraminifer.nitrogen can be a limiting macronutrient for carbon uptake by the marine biosphere. the process of denitrification (conversion of nitrate to gaseous compounds, including n(2) (nitrogen gas)) removes bioavailable nitrogen, particularly in marine sediments, making it a key factor in the marine nitrogen budget. benthic foraminifera reportedly perform complete denitrification, a process previously considered nearly exclusively performed by bacteria and archaea. if the ability to denitrify is widespr ...201122134648
denitrification likely catalyzed by endobionts in an allogromiid foraminifer.nitrogen can be a limiting macronutrient for carbon uptake by the marine biosphere. the process of denitrification (conversion of nitrate to gaseous compounds, including n(2) (nitrogen gas)) removes bioavailable nitrogen, particularly in marine sediments, making it a key factor in the marine nitrogen budget. benthic foraminifera reportedly perform complete denitrification, a process previously considered nearly exclusively performed by bacteria and archaea. if the ability to denitrify is widespr ...201122134648
shifts in bacterial communities of two caribbean reef-building coral species affected by white plague disease.coral reefs are deteriorating at an alarming rate mainly as a consequence of the emergence of coral diseases. the white plague disease (wpd) is the most prevalent coral disease in the southwestern caribbean, affecting dozens of coral species. however, the identification of a single causal agent has proved problematic. this suggests more complex etiological scenarios involving alterations in the dynamic interaction between environmental factors, the coral immune system and the symbiotic microbial ...201121955993
shifts in bacterial communities of two caribbean reef-building coral species affected by white plague disease.coral reefs are deteriorating at an alarming rate mainly as a consequence of the emergence of coral diseases. the white plague disease (wpd) is the most prevalent coral disease in the southwestern caribbean, affecting dozens of coral species. however, the identification of a single causal agent has proved problematic. this suggests more complex etiological scenarios involving alterations in the dynamic interaction between environmental factors, the coral immune system and the symbiotic microbial ...201121955993
a retrospective study of bacterial infections in cirrhosis.to evaluate the incidence of bacterial infections (bi) in hepatic cirrhosis (hc), the pathogen agents involved, to define the risk factors and impact on prognosis.201122368695
bacterial catabolism of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (dmsp).dimethylsulfoniopropionate (dmsp) is a metabolite produced primarily by marine phytoplankton and is the main precursor to the climatically important gas dimethylsulfide (dms). dms is released upon bacterial catabolism of dmsp, but it is not the only possible fate of dmsp sulfur. an alternative demethylation/demethiolation pathway results in the eventual release of methanethiol, a highly reactive volatile sulfur compound that contributes little to the atmospheric sulfur flux. the activity of thes ...201121886640
strategies for discovery and improvement of enzyme function: state of the art and opportunities.developments in biocatalysis have been largely fuelled by consumer demands for new products, industrial attempts to improving existing process and minimizing waste, coupled with governmental measures to regulate consumer safety along with scientific advancements. one of the major hurdles to application of biocatalysis to chemical synthesis is unavailability of the desired enzyme to catalyse the reaction to allow for a viable process development. even when the desired enzyme is available it often ...201121883976
strategies for discovery and improvement of enzyme function: state of the art and opportunities.developments in biocatalysis have been largely fuelled by consumer demands for new products, industrial attempts to improving existing process and minimizing waste, coupled with governmental measures to regulate consumer safety along with scientific advancements. one of the major hurdles to application of biocatalysis to chemical synthesis is unavailability of the desired enzyme to catalyse the reaction to allow for a viable process development. even when the desired enzyme is available it often ...201121883976
in vitro and in vivo reactivity to fungal cell wall agents in sarcoidosis.sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease. epidemiological and treatment studies suggest that fungi play a part in the pathogenesis. the aim of this work was to study the effect of fungal cell wall agents (fcwa) on the in vitro secretion of cytokines from peripheral blood monocytes from subjects with sarcoidosis and relate the results to fungal exposure at home and clinical findings. subjects with sarcoidosis (n=22) and controls (n=20) participated. peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulate ...201121910725
linkage specificity and role of properdin in activation of the alternative complement pathway by fungal glycans.fungal cell walls are predominantly composed of glucans, mannans, and chitin. recognition of these glycans by the innate immune system is a critical component of host defenses against the mycoses. complement, an important arm of innate immunity, plays a significant role in fungal pathogenesis, especially the alternative pathway (ap). here we determine that the glycan monosaccharide composition and glycosidic linkages affect ap activation and c3 deposition. furthermore, properdin, a positive regu ...201121878570
serum 1,3-βd-glucan assay in the diagnosis of invasive fungal disease in neonates.invasive fungal disease is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the neonate. the current study aims to assess the 1, 3-βd-glucan (bg) assay in a prospective analysis in neonates with suspected fungaemia. a multicentre, prospective cohort study was conducted in johannesburg, south africa. the study included 72 neonates with clinically suspected late onset sepsis who were at high risk of fungaemia. a bg assay was performed on each patient and correlated with a sepsis classification ba ...201121772951
marked changes in electron transport through the blue copper protein azurin in the solid state upon deuteration.measuring solid-state electron transport (etp) across proteins allows studying electron transfer (et) mechanism(s), while minimizing solvation effects on the process. etp is, however, sensitive to any static (conformational) or dynamic (vibrational) changes in the protein. our macroscopic measurements allow extending etp studies to low temperatures, with the concomitant resolution of lower current densities, because of the larger electrode contact areas. thus, earlier we reported temperature-ind ...201223267087
marked changes in electron transport through the blue copper protein azurin in the solid state upon deuteration.measuring solid-state electron transport (etp) across proteins allows studying electron transfer (et) mechanism(s), while minimizing solvation effects on the process. etp is, however, sensitive to any static (conformational) or dynamic (vibrational) changes in the protein. our macroscopic measurements allow extending etp studies to low temperatures, with the concomitant resolution of lower current densities, because of the larger electrode contact areas. thus, earlier we reported temperature-ind ...201223267087
isolation and identification of the microbiota of danish farmhouse and industrially produced surface-ripened cheeses.for studying the microbiota of four danish surface-ripened cheeses produced at three farmhouses and one industrial dairy, both a culture-dependent and culture-independent approach were used. after dereplication of the initial set of 433 isolates by (gtg)5-pcr fingerprinting, 217 bacterial and 25 yeast isolates were identified by sequencing of the 16s rrna gene or the d1/d2 domain of the 26s rrna gene, respectively. at the end of ripening, the cheese core microbiota of the farmhouse cheeses consi ...201223224222
isolation and identification of the microbiota of danish farmhouse and industrially produced surface-ripened cheeses.for studying the microbiota of four danish surface-ripened cheeses produced at three farmhouses and one industrial dairy, both a culture-dependent and culture-independent approach were used. after dereplication of the initial set of 433 isolates by (gtg)5-pcr fingerprinting, 217 bacterial and 25 yeast isolates were identified by sequencing of the 16s rrna gene or the d1/d2 domain of the 26s rrna gene, respectively. at the end of ripening, the cheese core microbiota of the farmhouse cheeses consi ...201223224222
evaluation of serological diagnostic tests for typhoid fever in papua new guinea using a composite reference standard.typhoid fever remains a major global health problem. a major impediment to improving outcomes is the lack of appropriate diagnostic tools, which have not significantly improved in low-income settings for 100 years. we evaluated two commercially available rapid diagnostic tests (tubex and typhidot), a prototype (typhirapid tr-02), and the commonly used single-serum widal test in a previously reported high-burden area of papua new guinea. samples were collected from 530 outpatients with axillary t ...201222993409
draft genome sequence of achromobacter piechaudii strain hle.achromobacter piechaudii strain hle is a betaproteobacterium (previously known as alcaligenes faecalis) that was an early isolate with arsenite oxidase activity. this draft genome of 6.89 mb is the second available genome for this species in the opportunistic pathogen alcaligenaceae family.201223105084
draft genome sequence of alcaligenes faecalis subsp. faecalis ncib 8687 (ccug 2071).alcaligenes faecalis subsp. faecalis ncib 8687, the betaproteobacterium from which arsenite oxidase had its structure solved and the first "arsenate gene island" identified, provided a draft genome of 3.9 mb in 186 contigs (with the largest 15 comprising 90% of the total) for this opportunistic pathogen species.201222933773
characterization of contaminants from a sanitized milk processing plant.milk processing lines offer a wide variety of microenvironments where a diversity of microorganisms can proliferate. we sampled crevices and junctions where, due to deficient reach by typical sanitizing procedures, bacteria can survive and establish biofilms. the sampling sites were the holding cell, cold storage tank, pasteurizer and storage tank--transfer pump junction. the culturable bacteria that were isolated after the sanitation procedure were predominantly pseudomonas spp., serratia spp, ...201222761957
comparative study of bacterial status from conjunctival sac of the elder qiang minority and han people with dry eye in sichuan, china.to compare the status of bacteria in the conjunctival sac from the elder qiang minority and han people with dry eyes in sichuan, china.201222773985
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