Publications

lyme disease and migrating birds in the saint croix river valley.	during a study of migrating land birds in 1987, we examined over 9,200 individual birds representing 99 species from the saint croix river valley, a lyme disease-endemic area of east central minnesota and northwestern wisconsin. we found that 250 deer tick (ixodes dammini) larvae and nymphs infested 58 birds from 15 migrant species; 56 ticks (22.4%) were positive for the lyme disease spirochete borrelia burgdorferi. five ground-foraging migrant bird species favoring mesic habitats, veery (cathar ...	1989	2782872
[lyme borreliosis and its significance for the ent physician].	lyme disease is a tick-borne multisystemic borrelia infection to which the following diseases belong: erythema migrans, lymphadenosis benigna cutis, lymphocytic meningoradiculitis (bannwarth's syndrome), lyme-arthritis and acrodermitis chronica atrophicans. the infection rate of ticks with borrelia burgdorferi in germany amounts to 13.6% compared to the infection with the european spring summer meningoencephalitis virus with 1.1%. recent investigations show that lipopolysaccharides and interleuk ...	1989	2784972
[incidence and clinical spectrum of borrelia burgdorferi infection in spain. study group for lyme disease in spain].		1989	2786124
comparing the relative potential of rodents as reservoirs of the lyme disease spirochete (borrelia burgdorferi).	the authors compared the contribution of white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus), chipmunks (tamias striatus), and meadow voles (microtus pennsylvanicus) to infection of vector ticks with the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgddorferi. at one massachusetts location where lyme disease is endemic, all three species of rodents were found to be infected. prevalence of infection, however, varied from 90% for mice, and 75% for chipmunks to just 5.5% for meadow voles. infectivity of these hosts for ...	1989	2787105
isolation of interleukin 1 from joint fluids of patients with lyme disease.	to investigate the role of interleukin 1 (il-1) in lyme arthritis we assayed synovial fluids (sf) for the presence of il-1 activity. crude sf from patients with lyme disease showed il-1-like activity. chromatography of joint fluids revealed activity at 15-20,000 daltons. two populations of cells were grown, which produced significant il-1 activity when stimulated with the lyme disease spirochete or its lipopolysaccharide. il-1 activity from sf or stimulated cells was neutralized with an antihuma ...	1989	2789287
lyme disease vector, ixodes dammini, identified in manitoba.		1989	2791076
meningoencephalomyeloradiculoneuritis in one case of borrelia burgdorferi infection (lyme disease).	we describe a patient having serologically confirmed borrelia burgdorferi infection manifesting meningoencephalomyeloradiculoneuritis. the clinical and mri features suggested a multifocal vascular nervous system involvement. emg-eng showed abnormalities consistent with axonal degeneration initially involving the more proximal segments of the lower limb nerves.	1989	2793421
testing for borrelia burgdorferi.		1989	2793554
rheumatoid arthritis subsequent to borrelia burgdorferi infection in two dogs.	two dogs with clinical signs of polyarthritis developed rheumatoid arthritis subsequent to borrelia burgdorferi infection. in both dogs, the diagnosis of b burgdorferi infection was based on clinical signs of disease and high serum b burgdorferi titer. after antibiotic administration, both dogs had decreased b burgdorferi titer, but clinical response was temporary or was lacking. the dogs subsequently were rheumatoid factor-positive (antinuclear antibody- and anti-globulin-negative) and responde ...	1989	2793577
concurrent positive serology for ehrlichiosis and lyme disease.		1989	2794568
lyme disease: tick vectors, distribution, and reservoir hosts.		1989	2794809
myositis during borrelia burgdorferi infection (lyme disease).	during the second stage of an illness caused by borrelia burgdorferi, a young woman developed a myopathic syndrome characterised by severe muscular pains, incapacitating weakness of the proximal limb and the neck, as well as the bulbar muscles and elevated serum ck levels. muscle biopsy revealed a non-inflammatory necrotising myopathy. b. burgdorferi infection was confirmed by a considerable rise of specific igg antibodies. a course of high dose steroids alleviated the myalgias, but paresis bega ...	1989	2795056
meningoradiculitis and encephalomyelitis due to borrelia burgdorferi: a follow-up study of 72 patients over 27 years.	in 1987, follow-up studies were conducted on 72 patients who had had meningoradiculitis and encephalomyelitis (8 patients) due to borrelia burgdorferi 5-27 years previously. these patients had not been treated with antibiotics, either during the acute disease or during the interval prior to follow-up studies. the patients had exhibited the typical symptoms of bannwarth's syndrome during the acute phase. at the follow-up studies, 33 patients showed no, and 23 only mild, clinical residual symptoms ...	1989	2795099
[borrelia burgdorferi infection with bilateral optic neuritis and intracerebral demyelinization lesions].	in september, 1987, the authors saw a 25-year-old female patient with retinal perivasculitis, cystoid macular edema and papilledema in her right eye. the left eye was normal. visual acuity was 0.2 (od), 1.2 (os). after conventional infections had been ruled out systemic methylprednisolone therapy was instituted, but the patient's condition deteriorated. in may 1988 she presented with papilledema and a "neuroretinitis"-like finding in her left eye; in her right eye advanced optic nerve atrophy; v ...	1989	2796241
[acute borrelia burgdorferi encephalitis (lyme disease) in an algerian child].	a case of acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis is described in an algerian child with renal insufficiency that had been diagnosed at the terminal stage. convulsions, hemiplegia and consciousness disorders pointed to a necrotizing viral or bacterial form of encephalitis, but the definitive diagnosis was based on the detection of igm and igg specific serum antibodies raised against borrelia burgdorferi.	1989	2798000
[lyme disease in belgium: presence of the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes ricinus ticks recovered from the meuse river region].		1989	2799146
enzootic transmission of the agent of lyme disease in rabbits.	to determine whether cottontail rabbits (sylvilagus floridanus) maintain an enzootic cycle of transmission of the lyme disease spirochete (borrelia burgdorferi), we examined the prevalence of infection in ticks and rabbits in a location in which rabbits were abundant. of 72 unfed nymphal ixodes dentatus swept from vegetation, 32% were infected by this spirochete, as determined by darkfield microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence using monoclonal antibody h5332. infected ticks were reared from ...	1989	2802026
antibody response in white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus) experimentally infected with the lyme disease spirochete (borrelia burgdorferi).	white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus), the primary reservoir for borrelia burgdorferi in the northern midwest and northeastern united states, were experimentally inoculated with an infectious strain or a noninfectious strain of the lyme disease spirochete and examined for their specific antibody response with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blot (immunoblot) analysis. immunoglobulin m (igm) anti-b. burgdorferi antibodies were detected in mice 1 to 2 days after inoculation wit ...	1989	2807530
biochemical and immunological characterization of the surface proteins of borrelia burgdorferi.	the immunodominant proteins and glycoproteins of borrelia burgdorferi were analyzed by one-dimensional (1d) and 2d gel electrophoresis. more than 100 polypeptide species could be detected on silver-stained 2d gels. separation of sonic extracts of the organism by differential centrifugation (100,000 x g) revealed several of the major proteins to reside predominantly within the pellet fraction. the antigenicity of the individual polypeptides was determined by western (immuno-) blot analysis with s ...	1989	2807540
the risk of borrelia burgdorferi infection is not increased in pet owners.		1989	2810640
dermatologic manifestations of lyme disease.	erythema migrams (em), the distinctive cutaneous lesion of lyme disease, has a variable clinical appearance, but at some point presents as a centrifugally expanding, usually erythematous, annular patch. of 237 patients with this condition, 201 (85%) were examined initially from may through september. thirty-four (14%) remembered having been bitten by a deer tick. the median interval from the bite to the appearance of em was 9 days (range, 1-36 days). forty-one (17%) of the patients had multiple ...	1989	2814169
clinical pathologic correlations of lyme disease.	the multisystem effects caused by borrelia burgdorferi in lyme disease are multiple, varied, and unpredictable. in some patients, the full extent of the infection consists of a stage i acute systemic viral-like illness. stage ii primarily involves the cardiovascular system (myocarditis) and/or the central nervous system (cns) (meningoencephalitis, polyradiculitis). more inflammatory cells are found in the heart and nervous system structures during this intermediate stage than are found in any ti ...	1989	2814170
potential for exposure to tick bites in recreational parks in a lyme disease endemic area.	eight recreational parks located in a lyme disease endemic area of southern new york state were surveyed for the presence of ticks during the summer of 1985 by drag sampling. ixodes dammini, the primary vector of lyme disease in the northeast, was found in all but one park and accounted for 580 (91.8 per cent) of the 632 ticks collected. of these, 18 per cent were larvae, 80 per cent were nymphs, and 2 per cent were adults. an i. dammini encounter distance, defined as the mean number of meters t ...	1989	2909174
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for lyme disease: reactivity of subunits of borrelia burgdorferi.	we prepared fractions of borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of lyme disease, from cultured spirochetes and used them as antigen in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for igg antibody. polystyrene plates coated with an extract containing major proteins with apparent molecular masses of 34, 39, 59, and 68 kilodaltons had comparable sensitivity but greater specificity than plates coated with whole cells. of the 33 serum specimens from individuals with lyme disease that reacted with ...	1989	2909642
spirochetes in the spleen of a patient with chronic lyme disease.	a 54-year-old man had intermittent evening fever, arthralgia, transient erythematous macular eruption on the skin, and splenomegaly of two year's duration. immunofluorescence tests for borrelia burgdorferi serum antibodies had positive results, but g-penicillin treatment was ineffective. splenectomy with lymph node biopsy was performed to rule out lymphoproliferative disorders. borrelia-like spirochetes were identified histologically in the spleen; this finding was consistent with persistence of ...	1989	2910019
rapid emergence of a focal epidemic of lyme disease in coastal massachusetts.	we describe a focal epidemic of lyme disease, which spread from a nature preserve and affected an adjacent community of permanent residents in coastal massachusetts. the attack rate from 1980 through 1987 was 35 percent among 190 residents living within 5 km of the nature preserve and was greatest (66 percent) among those living closest to the preserve. the risk of infection bore little relation to sex or age. late lyme disease, which clustered near the preserve, occurred mainly in residents inf ...	1989	2911294
increased risk of lyme disease for cat owners.		1989	2911299
lack of antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.		1989	2911315
antigenically variable borrelia burgdorferi isolated from cottontail rabbits and ixodes dentatus in rural and urban areas.	spirochetes were isolated from 71 subadult ixodes dentatus removed from cottontail rabbits captured in millbrook, n.y., and in new york, n.y. spirochetes were also cultured from kidney tissues of six rabbits. while all isolates reacted with monoclonal antibody h9724, which identifies the spirochetes as borreliae, more than half did not bind with antibody h5332 and even fewer reacted with h3ts, both of which were produced to outer surface protein a of borrelia burgdorferi. sodium dodecyl sulfate- ...	1989	2913024
detection of antigens in urine of mice and humans infected with borrelia burgdorferi, etiologic agent of lyme disease.	lyme disease is a seasonal tick-borne malady which has worldwide distribution. early and accurate diagnosis of lyme disease is essential for successful antibiotic therapy. symptoms are too vague to make an early diagnosis based on conventional criteria. we report the detection of antigens of borrelia burgdorferi, causative agent of lyme disease, in the urine of infected mice and humans. this technique may eventually provide a rapid diagnostic test for the early and accurate detection of this ill ...	1989	2913036
borrelia burgdorferi and localized scleroderma.		1989	2913967
adult ixodes dammini on rabbits: development of acute inflammation in the skin and immune responses to salivary gland, midgut, and spirochetal components.	rabbits exposed to female ixodes dammini (both uninfected and infected with borrelia burgdorferi) or injected with b. burgdorferi showed an acute inflammatory response in the skin. granulocytes and monocyte-histiocytes were the predominant infiltrating cells. spirochetes were detected in the tick feeding cavities in the deep dermis. the inflammatory process was accompanied by polyclonal antibody responses to tick salivary gland components. western blots showed that immune rabbit serum reacted wi ...	1989	2915155
an outbreak of ehrlichiosis in members of an army reserve unit exposed to ticks.	an outbreak of unexplained illness occurred in members of an army reserve unit after field training in an area of new jersey endemic for lyme disease. nine (12%) of the 74 who attended the exercise had serological evidence of ehrlichia infection, defined as a single rise in titer of antibody to ehrlichia canis greater than or equal to 1:160 four weeks after training. two reservists with early serum samples had documented seroconversion, defined by a four-fold or greater increase in titer of anti ...	1989	2915168
incompetence of catbirds as reservoirs for the lyme disease spirochete (borrelia burgdorferi).	we compared the relative infectivity to vector ticks of gray catbirds (dumetella carolinensis) and white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus) for the lyme disease spirochete (borrelia burgdorferi). of 28 catbirds captured in a site enzootic for this agent, 18 were infested by immature ixodes dammini, the tick vector. by comparison, each of 32 mice sampled concurrently from the same site was infested, and by about 10 times as many ticks as were found infesting the 3 most commonly netted bird species ...	1989	2918445
[intestinal spirochetes].	we report a case of intestinal spirochaetosis. the bacteria were seen by light microscopy and reacted in an indirect immunofluorescence test on the biopsy material with serum with high levels of igg antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi. the patient's own serum had no detectable antibody activity against the bacteria. no inflammatory response was observed. aspects of these findings are discussed.	1989	2919380
infants born to mothers with antibodies against borrelia burgdorferi at delivery.	a serological survey over a 1-year period of 1416 mothers at delivery and their 1434 offspring for the presence of anti-borrelia burgdorferi antibodies revealed a prevalence of 0.85%. clinically active lyme disease during pregnancy was found in 1 of these 12 women with elevated titres and the child was born with a ventricular septal defect. of six affected children, two had hyperbilirubinaemia, one muscular hypotonia, one was underweight for gestational age, one was macrocephalic, and one had su ...	1989	2920747
meningitis due to borrelia burgdorferi in the initial stage of lyme disease.	borrelia burgdorferi (b.b.) was isolated from cerebrospinal fluid from two children with aseptic meningitis. serology for b.b. was initially negative or borderline and became positive during the subsequent course. children with aseptic meningitis of unknown origin should be re-evaluated within 1 month to detect possible increasing antibody titres to b.b. aseptic meningitis may be a stage 1 manifestation of lyme disease.	1989	2920748
interaction of lyme disease spirochetes with cultured eucaryotic cells.	the association of the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi, with cultured human endothelial cells was investigated. attachment was time and temperature dependent, with optimal adherence occurring after 4 h of incubation at 37 degrees c. pretreatment of borreliae with heat, immune human serum, or monoclonal antibodies directed against outer surface protein b (ospb) reduced the attachment of organisms to host cell monolayers. these results suggest that the adherence of b. burgdorferi may ...	1989	2925254
borrelia burgdorferi attachment to mammalian cells.		1989	2926175
prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes ricinus ticks in berlin (west).	in 1986, 1711 nymphal and adult ixodes ricinus orginating from berlin (west) forests were examined individually or in pools of up to 10 ticks for the presence of borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of lyme borreliosis. detection of borreliae was carried out by means of a culture method using modified barbour-stoenner-kelly-medium (bsk ii). tick populations from 14 out of 15 locations contained positive specimens. the calculated minimal infection rate of pooled ticks was 2.5% in nymphs (n = ...	1989	2929194
lyme disease.		1989	18750537
[facial palsy in lyme disease].	this paper reports twenty four cases of facial palsy in lyme disease for the first time in the forest region. most cases had history of tick bite. two strains of spirochete were isolated from the blood of 7 patients with facial palsy. these spirochetes were immunologically closely related to b. burgdorferi. eighteen serum samples of facial palsy were tested by indirect fluorescence assay, using b. burgdorferi b-31 as antigen. in serum, igg antibody titers of 1:64 to 1:2048 were found in 50% of t ...	1989	2805978
autoreactive t cells in rheumatic disease (1). analysis of growth frequencies and autoreactivity of t cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and lyme disease.	a limiting dilution system was established in order to estimate frequencies of interleukin-2 (il-2)-responsive, autoreactive and alloreactive t cells in samples of peripheral blood (pbl) and synovial fluid lymphocytes (sfl), from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (ra) and lyme disease, as well as from healthy donors and a patient with osteoarthrosis. the frequencies of il-2-dependent t-cell colony formation were significantly higher in patients with ra and lyme disease (median: 1/287) as compar ...	1989	2787645
[cardiac manifestations of lyme disease. apropos of a case].	a new case of heart involvement in lyme's disease is reported. its originality lies in its strictly isolated nature, therefore revealing the disease; in its typical picture of myocardopericarditis combining, in various stages, infra-hissian conduction disorders, bouts of left ventricular insufficiency, pseudoischemic repolarisation disorders and finally a moderate pericardial shift; in the demonstration, during two successive heart explorations by nmr (nuclear magnetic resonance), of a diffuse m ...	1989	2650610
lyme disease, 1988: immunologic manifestations and possible immunopathogenetic mechanisms.		1989	2648575
lyme disease.		1989	2522487
the expanding ophthalmologic spectrum of lyme disease.		1989	2912121
lyme disease: a case report.		1989	2926030
is lyme disease a health threat for your students?		1989	2926029
the continuing saga of lyme disease.		1989	2909192
lyme myocarditis diagnosed by indium-111-antimyosin antibody scintigraphy.	we report a new case of lyme disease with cardiac manifestations, which has been possible to follow during the long period of 12 years. we have detected the usual ecg abnormalities, and concentric hypertrophic myocardiopathy, by echocardiography. the acute myocarditis was demonstrated by 111in-antimyosin scintigraphy, which showed global myocardial uptake of the tracer, constituting the first report, to our knowledge, of lyme myocarditis diagnosed by this method.	1989	2767084
neurological manifestations of lyme disease and treatments.	lyme disease is a multi-systemic infection due to b. burgdorferi, with neurological manifestations observed in its second and third stages. except for the suggestive triad meningitis--radiculoneuritis--facial palsies, the diagnosis is often difficult because of the pleiomorphism of neurological manifestations. these can be localized or diffuse, with central involvement, meningitis or peripheral manifestations. past history, cerebrospinal fluid (csf) examination, immuno-assays for specific antibo ...	1989	2686767
a connecticut housewife in francis bacon's court: polly murray and lyme disease.		1989	2682690
[lyme disease].		1989	2658717
lyme disease in children and adolescents.		1989	2650970
lyme disease in rhode island.		1989	2587914
lyme disease.	within the last decade, lyme borreliosis has emerged as a complex new infection whose distribution is worldwide. the disorder is caused by a recently recognized spirochete, b. burgdorferi, transmitted by ticks of the i. ricinus complex. certain species of mice are critical in the life cycle of the spirochete, and deer appear to be crucial to the tick. although the disorder's basic outlines are similar everywhere, there are regional variations in the causative spirochete, animal hosts, and clinic ...	1989	2668764
[limb and joint pain in lyme disease. an important differential neurologic diagnosis].	on the basis of 4 cases, attention is drawn to the problem of early detection of lyme disease. the occurrence of joint pain with fluctuating spread and unresponsive to the usual antiinflammatory therapy should prompt the physician to consider lyme disease, which can be confirmed or excluded only by lumbar puncture. the csf shows a cell count of between 300/3 and 2,000/3 cells (90% lymphocytes) and usually moderately elevated protein. a demonstration of elevated antibody titers confirms the diagn ...	1989	2767602
unusual neurological manifestations of lyme disease: a case report.	we describe a case of lyme disease with a prolonged relapsing-remitting course, in which peripheral facial palsy, optic neuritis and myopathy were associated. after high-dose penicillin therapy the patient completely recovered.	1989	2793420
lyme disease in northern california.		1989	2773475
lyme disease.		1989	2701557
[lyme disease in chile].		1989	2519461
lyme disease in canada--1989 update.		1989	2752449
lyme and other tick-borne diseases acquired in south carolina in 1988: a survey of 1,331 physicians.	2,346 primary care physicians were surveyed by mail to estimate the number of cases of tick-borne fever diagnosed by them during 1988. the results of the 57% response reveal 344 cases of rocky mountain spotted fever, 90 cases of lyme disease and 33 other tick-borne disease cases acquired in south carolina. the implications for a greater level of clinical awareness and a search for endemic vectors and animal hosts are emphasized.	1989	2788233
transient complete av block in lyme disease. electrophysiologic observations.	the findings in a patient with complete av block and intra-atrial conduction disturbances due to lyme disease are presented. the electrocardiographic follow-up and serial ep findings suggest that complete av block in lyme disease may signify a more extensive affection of the av conduction system (with eventually attendant intra-atrial conduction disturbances) than described in earlier reports. an almost complete resolution of the considerable damage to the conduction system occurred within two w ...	1989	2736985
seronegative lyme disease and transitory atrioventricular block.		1989	2735630
lyme disease: an annotated bibliography. national institute of arthritis and musculoskeletal and skin diseases.		1989	2667893
the expanding ophthalmologic spectrum of lyme disease.		1989	2729420
lyme disease in a young girl.	in brief: an 11 1/2-year-old girl had a seven-month history of bilateral knee pain and swelling; her x-rays and bone scan were normal. she had been treated unsuccessfully with rest and physical therapy before being referred to a sports medicine clinic. laboratory studies demonstrated a positive titer for lyme disease. she was treated with tetracycline and had an uneventful recovery.	1989	27447326
lyme disease and antibiotic prophylaxis.		1989	2758829
practicing in lyme disease territory.		1989	2758828
legal implications of uncertainty in lyme disease.		1989	2758826
sharing the task of lyme disease. public education.		1989	2758825
lyme disease and pregnancy.		1989	2758822
a prospective study of tick bites in an endemic area for lyme disease.		1989	2758821
national surveillance of lyme disease, 1987-1988.	in 1987 and 1988, 6876 lyme disease cases from 43 states were reported to the centers for disease control. the 4507 cases reported in 1988 was nearly double the case number reported in 1987, and ninefold the number reported in 1982, when a systematic system of national surveillance was established. the average annual incidence of reported lyme disease in the united states in 1987-1988 was 1.4/100,000. new york led the nation in reported cases in 1988 with 57% of the cases reported nationally. ei ...	1989	2758820
lyme disease.		1989	2758818
ticks, lyme disease, and spotted fever.		1989	2739954
late cutaneous lyme disease: acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans.		1989	2729343
catching the bug: how scientists found the cause of lyme disease and why we're not out of the woods yet.		1989	2667891
lyme disease prevention: personal protection and prospects for tick control.		1989	2667889
treatment of lyme disease.	lyme disease, a tick-transmitted spirochetal infection, can be divided into three stages that can overlap or occur alone. the goals of antibiotic therapy in stage one are to shorten the duration of early disease and to prevent the development of later stages of the illness. this can usually be accomplished with oral antibiotic therapy. later stages of the illness are frequently more difficult to treat, requiring prolonged oral or intravenous antibiotic therapy.	1989	2667887
clinical manifestations of lyme disease in the united states.		1989	2667885
selected tickborne infections. a review of lyme disease, rocky mountain spotted fever, and babesiosis.		1989	2662061
[clinical manifestations of lyme disease].	lyme disease can be divided into three phases; (1) a primary phase where the inconstant erythema migrans predominates; (2) a secondary phase, sometimes revealing the disease, with isolated or associated cutaneous and cardiac signs and articular or neurological manifestations responding to antibiotics, and (3) a tertiary phase with cutaneous, articular and above all neurological signs which are chronic and sometimes severe. a better knowledge of this infection has enabled some rheumatological or ...	1989	2740781
lyme disease: diagnosis by observation.		1989	2743543
lyme disease surveillance in new york state.		1989	2594266
lyme disease misdiagnosed as tmj syndrome. a case report.	due to the high incidence of lyme disease, the ease with which it can be misdiagnosed, and its potential for causing irreversible neurologic or cardiac complications and fatalities if left untreated, all patients living in known epidemic areas who manifest intractable facial pain, or what appears to be a case of temporomandibular joint syndrome that does not respond to therapy should be tested for lyme borelliosis. it should be remembered however, that not all patients with active lyme disease p ...	1989	2812630
lyme disease: musculoskeletal manifestations.	a previously unrecognized musculoskeletal syndrome led to the recognition of this "new" infectious disease. several distinct patterns of musculoskeletal involvement can be seen throughout the course of untreated lyme disease. diffuse, nonspecific muscle achiness and stiffness can be seen early to be followed by characteristically brief, recurrent episodes of limp and transient arthritis that help to differentiate ld from other arthropathies. chronic oligoarticular arthritis is seen in a few. lym ...	1989	2685923
[lyme disease in children].		1989	2589773
[neurological manifestations of lyme disease].		1989	2562305
lyme borreliosis in europe. neurologic disorders.	in europe the tick-transmitted neurologic disorders mpn-gbb or bannwarth's syndrome and aca-associated neuropathy have been identified as clinical entities long before their causative agent was discovered. when lyme disease and its neurologic manifestations were recognized in the united states, differences in the clinical pattern between north american and european cases with lyme borreliosis were described in the initial reports. in the same way with the availability of serodiagnostic tests as ...	1989	2555850
the pathogenesis of lyme disease.	lyme disease affects several major organ systems and leads to chronic illness. the pathogenesis of this disease appears to be centered around the long-term persistence of the organisms in tissues. in lyme disease, isolations of b. burgdorferi are rare. it is thought that few organisms actually invade the host and that host mediators amplify the inflammatory response. immune and nonimmune phagocytosis leading to bacterial killing occurs in lyme disease. this organism shows preference for cell sur ...	1989	2555848
nervous system manifestations of lyme disease.	neurologic involvement is commonplace in lyme borreliosis. neuropathies can be acute or chronic, focal or disseminated, but are predominantly axonal. cns infection can also be acute or indolent, focal or disseminated; meningitis, encephalitis, and cranial nerve palsies occur. a mild encephalopathy is also common, but only occasionally due to cns infection.	1989	2555847
from the centers for disease control. lyme disease--canada.		1989	2795797
lyme disease awareness.	greater awareness by clinicians and identification of risk groups is needed to ensure treatment of lyme disease.	1989	27223543
lyme disease facial palsy.		1989	2508957
lyme disease--canada.		1989	2506419
lyme disease--united states, 1987 and 1988.		1989	2506418
scintigraphic evaluation of lyme disease: gallium-67 imaging of lyme myositis.	a patient suffering from lyme disease had cardiac conduction abnormalities, symptoms of arthritis, and myalgia. a ga-67 image showed evidence of endomyocarditis, but intense skeletal muscle uptake pointed to lyme myositis. reference is made to two other case reports of lyme myositis.	1989	2805522