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correlated biofilm imaging, transport and metabolism measurements via combined nuclear magnetic resonance and confocal microscopy.bacterial biofilms are complex, three-dimensional communities found nearly everywhere in nature and are also associated with many human diseases. detailed metabolic information is critical to understand and exploit beneficial biofilms as well as combat antibiotic-resistant, disease-associated forms. however, most current techniques used to measure temporal and spatial metabolite profiles in these delicate structures are invasive or destructive. here, we describe imaging, transport and metabolite ...200818253132
efficient site-specific labeling of proteins via cysteines.methods for chemical modifications of proteins have been crucial for the advancement of proteomics. in particular, site-specific covalent labeling of proteins with fluorophores and other moieties has permitted the development of a multitude of assays for proteome analysis. a common approach for such a modification is solvent-accessible cysteine labeling using thiol-reactive dyes. cysteine is very attractive for site-specific conjugation due to its relative rarity throughout the proteome and the ...200818275130
the use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (eis) in the evaluation of the electrochemical properties of a microbial fuel cell.electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (eis) has been used to determine several electrochemical properties of the anode and cathode of a mediator-less microbial fuel cell (mfc) under different operational conditions. these operational conditions included a system with and without the bacterial catalyst and eis measurements at the open-circuit potential of the anode and the cathode or at an applied cell voltage. in all cases the impedance spectra followed a simple one-time-constant model (otcm) i ...200818294928
biodegradation of pyridine by the new bacterial isolates s. putrefaciens and b. sphaericus.in this study, two bacterial strains capable of utilizing pyridine as a sole carbon source were isolated from biofilters. based on the biochemical test, the organisms were identified as shewanella putrefaciens and bacillus sphaericus. in liquid cultures, s. putrefaciens and b. sphaericus degraded pyridine quite effectively up to 500 mg l(-1). s. putrefaciens degrades 500 mg l(-1) of pyridine completely within 140 h, whereas the b. sphaericus degrades 500 mg l(-1) of pyridine only nearly 75% and ...200818295401
construction and use of new cloning vectors for the rapid isolation of recombinant proteins from escherichia coli.we describe the construction and use of two sets of vectors for the over-expression and purification of protein from escherichia coli. the set of ptev plasmids (ptev3, 4, 5) directs the synthesis of a recombinant protein with a n-terminal hexahistidine (his(6)) tag that is removable by the tobacco etch virus (tev) protease. the set of pkld plasmids (pkld66, 116) directs the synthesis of a recombinant protein that contains a n-terminal his(6) and maltose-binding protein tag in tandem, which can a ...200818295882
in vivo identification of the outer membrane protein omca-mtrc interaction network in shewanella oneidensis mr-1 cells using novel hydrophobic chemical cross-linkers.outer membrane (om) cytochromes omca (so1779) and mtrc (so1778) are the integral components of electron transfer used by shewanella oneidensis for anaerobic respiration of metal (hydr)oxides. here the omca-mtrc interaction was identified in vivo using a novel hydrophobic chemical cross-linker (mrn) combined with immunoprecipitation techniques. in addition, identification of other om proteins from the cross-linked complexes allows first visualization of the omca-mtrc interaction network. further ...200818303833
microarray-based whole-genome hybridization as a tool for determining procaryotic species relatedness.the definition and delineation of microbial species are of great importance and challenge due to the extent of evolution and diversity. whole-genome dna-dna hybridization is the cornerstone for defining procaryotic species relatedness, but obtaining pairwise dna-dna reassociation values for a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of procaryotes is tedious and time consuming. a previously described microarray format containing whole-genomic dna (the community genome array or cga) was rigorously eva ...200818309358
shewanella secretes flavins that mediate extracellular electron transfer.bacteria able to transfer electrons to metals are key agents in biogeochemical metal cycling, subsurface bioremediation, and corrosion processes. more recently, these bacteria have gained attention as the transfer of electrons from the cell surface to conductive materials can be used in multiple applications. in this work, we adapted electrochemical techniques to probe intact biofilms of shewanella oneidensis mr-1 and shewanella sp. mr-4 grown by using a poised electrode as an electron acceptor. ...200818316736
is vanadium a more versatile target in the activity of primordial life forms than hitherto anticipated?the two predominant forms of vanadium occurring in the geo-, aqua- and biosphere, soluble vanadate(v) and insoluble oxovanadium(iv) (vanadyl), are subject to bacterial activity and transformation. bacteria belonging to genera such as shewanella, pseudomonas and geobacter can use vanadate as a primary electron acceptor in dissimilation or respiration, an important issue in the context of biomineralisation and soil detoxification. azotobacter, which can employ vanadium as an essential element in n ...200818327316
empirical evaluation of a new method for calculating signal-to-noise ratio for microarray data analysis.signal-to-noise-ratio (snr) thresholds for microarray data analysis were experimentally determined with an oligonucleotide array that contained perfect-match (pm) and mismatch (mm) probes based upon four genes from shewanella oneidensis mr-1. a new snr calculation, called the signal-to-both-standard-deviations ratio (ssdr), was developed and evaluated, along with other two methods, the signal-to-standard-deviation ratio (ssr) and the signal-to-background ratio (sbr). at a low stringency, the thr ...200818344333
identification of bacteria from the normal flora of perch, perca fluviatilis l., and evaluation of their inhibitory potential towards aeromonas species.pathogenic aeromonas sobria has been identified as a causative agent of ulcerative disease in farmed european perch, perca fluviatilis l. to study the effect of the normal intestinal bacterial flora of perch against a. sobria, we sampled 193 bacterial isolates from the perch digestive tract. the isolates were identified by sequence analysis of the 16s rrna gene and their inhibitory potential against a. sobria was evaluated in vitro. nineteen of the strains isolated showed inhibition and were als ...200818355180
effect of packaging atmosphere on the microbial attributes of pearlspot (etroplus suratensis bloch) stored at 0-2 degrees c.effect of packaging atmosphere (air and under different modified atmospheres (mas), 40% co2/60% o2, 50%/50% o2, 60% co2/40% o2, 70% co2/30% o2 and 40% co2/30% o2/30% n2) on the microbial and biochemical attributes of fresh pearlspot (etroplus suratensis bloch) stored at 0-2 degrees c was investigated. trimethylamine nitrogen (tma-n) and thiobarbituric acid (tba) values remained lower than the proposed acceptability limits throughout the storage period. results demonstrated that storage of pearls ...200818355677
characterization of the shewanella oneidensis fur gene: roles in iron and acid tolerance response.iron homeostasis is a key metabolism for most organisms. in many bacterial species, coordinate regulation of iron homeostasis depends on the protein product of a fur gene. fur also plays roles in virulence, acid tolerance, redox-stress responses, flagella chemotaxis and metabolic pathways.200818366600
phylogenetic and enzymatic diversity of deep subseafloor aerobic microorganisms in organics- and methane-rich sediments off shimokita peninsula."a meta-enzyme approach" is proposed as an ecological enzymatic method to explore the potential functions of microbial communities in extreme environments such as the deep marine subsurface. we evaluated a variety of extra-cellular enzyme activities of sediment slurries and isolates from a deep subseafloor sediment core. using the new deep-sea drilling vessel "chikyu", we obtained 365 m of core sediments that contained approximately 2% organic matter and considerable amounts of methane from offs ...200818368287
bacteria flora and heavy metals in cultivated oysters crassostrea iredalei of setiu wetland, east coast peninsular malaysia.slipper oyster crassostrea iredalei is a species of good demand for its sweet flavor and white coloured flesh. the filter feeding nature predisposes oysters to accumulation of pathogenic and heavy metals in waters impacted by sewage pollutions and may thus render the oysters unfit for human consumption. a study was undertaken to investigate the presence of bacteria flora and heavy metal concentrations in cultivated oysters crassostrea iredalei at setiu wetland, terengganu, the only source of cul ...200818369732
regulation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (rdx) metabolism in shewanella halifaxensis haw-eb4 by terminal electron acceptor and involvement of c-type cytochrome.shewanella halifaxensis haw-eb4 was previously isolated for its potential to mineralize hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (rdx) from a uxo (unexploded ordnance)-contaminated marine sediment site near halifax harbor. the present study was undertaken to determine the effect of terminal electron acceptors (tea) on the growth of strain haw-eb4 and on the enzymic processes involved in rdx metabolism. the results showed that aerobic conditions were optimal for bacterial growth, but that anaerobi ...200818375796
shewanella and photobacterium spp. in oysters and seawater from the delaware bay.shewanella algae, s. putrefaciens, and photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae are indigenous marine bacteria and human pathogens causing cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, abscesses, septicemia, and death. infections are rare and are most often associated with the immunocompromised host. a study was performed on the microbiological flora of oysters and seawater from commercial oyster harvesting sites in the delaware bay, new jersey. from 276 water and shellfish samples tested, 1,421 bacterial i ...200818378645
identification of mobile elements and pseudogenes in the shewanella oneidensis mr-1 genome.shewanella oneidensis mr-1 is the first of 22 different shewanella spp. whose genomes have been or are being sequenced and thus serves as the model organism for studying the functional repertoire of the shewanella genus. the original mr-1 genome annotation revealed a large number of transposase genes and pseudogenes, indicating that many of the genome's functions may be decaying. comparative analyses of the sequenced shewanella strains suggest that 209 genes in mr-1 have in-frame stop codons, fr ...200818378659
pyomelanin is produced by shewanella algae bry and affected by exogenous iron.melanin production by shewanella algae bry occurred during late- and (or) post-exponential growth in lactate basal salts liquid medium supplemented with tyrosine or phenylalanine. the antioxidant ascorbate inhibited melanin production but not production of the melanin precursor homogentisic acid. in the absence of ascorbate, melanin production was inhibited by the 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase inhibitor sulcotrione and by concentrations of fe >or= 0.38 mmol l(-1). these data support the hy ...200818389008
extracellular electron transfer: wires, capacitors, iron lungs, and more. 200818393985
dissimilatory iron reduction in escherichia coli: identification of cyma of shewanella oneidensis and napc of e. coli as ferric reductases.over geological time scales, microbial reduction of chelated fe(iii) or fe(iii) minerals has profoundly affected today's composition of our bio- and geosphere. however, the electron transfer reactions that are specific and defining for dissimilatory iron(iii)-reducing (dir) bacteria are not well understood. using a synthetic biology approach involving the reconstruction of the putative electron transport chain of the dir bacterium shewanella oneidensis mr-1 in escherichia coli, we showed that ex ...200818394146
environmental adaptation: genomic analysis of the piezotolerant and psychrotolerant deep-sea iron reducing bacterium shewanella piezotolerans wp3.shewanella species are widespread in various environments. here, the genome sequence of shewanella piezotolerans wp3, a piezotolerant and psychrotolerant iron reducing bacterium from deep-sea sediment was determined with related functional analysis to study its environmental adaptation mechanisms. the genome of wp3 consists of 5,396,476 base pairs (bp) with 4,944 open reading frames (orfs). it possesses numerous genes or gene clusters which help it to cope with extreme living conditions such as ...200818398463
accelerated decolorization of structurally different azo dyes by newly isolated bacterial strains.wastewater effluents from the textile and other dye-stuff industries contain significant amounts of synthetic dyes that require treatment to prevent groundwater contamination. in research aimed at biotechnology for treatment of azo dyes, this study examined 288 strains of azo-dye degrading bacteria to identify efficient strains and determine incubation times required for decolorization. initial enrichment cultures were carried out using a mixture of four structurally different dyes (acid red 88, ...200818084755
utilization of dna as a sole source of phosphorus, carbon, and energy by shewanella spp.: ecological and physiological implications for dissimilatory metal reduction.the solubility of orthophosphate (po4(3-)) in iron-rich sediments can be exceedingly low, limiting the bioavailability of this essential nutrient to microbial populations that catalyze critical biogeochemical reactions. here we demonstrate that dissolved extracellular dna can serve as a sole source of phosphorus, as well as carbon and energy, for metal-reducing bacteria of the genus shewanella. shewanella oneidensis mr-1, shewanella putrefaciens cn32, and shewanella sp. strain w3-18-1 all grew w ...200818156329
structure of the molybdenum site of escherichia coli trimethylamine n-oxide reductase.we report a structural characterization of the molybdenum site of recombinant escherichia coli trimethylamine n-oxide (tmao) reductase using x-ray absorption spectroscopy. the enzyme active site shows considerable similarity to that of dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) reductase, in that, like dmso reductase, the tmao reductase active site can exist in multiple forms. examination of the published crystal structure of tmao oxidase from shewanella massilia indicates that the postulated mo coordination str ...200818163615
secretion of flavins by shewanella species and their role in extracellular electron transfer.fe(iii)-respiring bacteria such as shewanella species play an important role in the global cycle of iron, manganese, and trace metals and are useful for many biotechnological applications, including microbial fuel cells and the bioremediation of waters and sediments contaminated with organics, metals, and radionuclides. several alternative electron transfer pathways have been postulated for the reduction of insoluble extracellular subsurface minerals, such as fe(iii) oxides, by shewanella specie ...200818065612
significance of antioxidative functions of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in marine microorganisms. 200818065628
fully automated four-column capillary lc-ms system for maximizing throughput in proteomic analyses.we describe a four-column, high-pressure capillary liquid chromatography (lc) system for robust, high-throughput liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (lc-ms(/ms)) analyses. this system performs multiple lc separations in parallel, but staggers each of them such that the data-rich region of each separation is sampled sequentially. by allowing nearly continuous data acquisition, this design maximizes the use of the mass spectrometer. each analytical column is connected to a corresponding esi em ...200818044960
spatially resolved force spectroscopy of bacterial surfaces using force-volume imaging.force spectroscopy using the atomic force microscope (afm) is a powerful technique for measuring physical properties and interaction forces at microbial cell surfaces. typically for such a study, the point at which a force measurement will be made is located by first imaging the cell using afm in contact mode. in this study, we image the bacterial cell shewanella putrefaciens for subsequent force measurements using afm in force-volume mode and compare this to contact-mode images. it is known tha ...200818023156
marine bacteria comprise a possible indicator of drowning in seawater.to investigate the effectiveness of marine bacteria as a new marker of drowning in seawater, we determined the optimal conditions of media required to selectively detect marine bacteria and applied the technique to drowned cadavers. we incubated model blood samples (n=20 per group) mixed with seawater, river, tap or muddy water on agar plates (todd hewitt, th; marine 2216, m2216) and determined the nacl concentration required to selectively detect marine bacteria. we also used tcbs agar plates w ...200818023311
the influence of cultivation methods on shewanella oneidensis physiology and proteome expression.high-throughput analyses that are central to microbial systems biology and ecophysiology research benefit from highly homogeneous and physiologically well-defined cell cultures. while attention has focused on the technical variation associated with high-throughput technologies, biological variation introduced as a function of cell cultivation methods has been largely overlooked. this study evaluated the impact of cultivation methods, controlled batch or continuous culture in bioreactors versus s ...200818030449
shelf-life of chilled fresh mediterranean swordfish (xiphias gladius) stored under various packaging conditions: microbiological, biochemical and sensory attributes.the present work evaluated the effect of air, vacuum and modified atmosphere packaging (map) on the shelf-life of chilled mediterranean swordfish (xiphias gladius). fresh swordfish slices were stored in air, under vacuum and map (40%/30%/30%, co(2)/n(2)/o(2)) under refrigeration (4 degrees c) for a period of 16 days. of the three treatments used (vacuum, map and air), both map and vacuum packaging (vp) were the most effective for inhibiting growth of aerobic microflora in swordfish samples until ...200817993387
growth with high planktonic biomass in shewanella oneidensis fuel cells.shewanella oneidensis mr-1 grew for over 50 days in microbial fuel cells, incompletely oxidizing lactate to acetate with high recovery of the electrons derived from this reaction as electricity. electricity was produced with lactate or hydrogen and current was comparable to that of electricigens which completely oxidize organic substrates. however, unlike fuel cells with previously described electricigens, in which cells are primarily attached to the anode, at least as many of the s. oneidensis ...200817995953
metabolic uncoupling of shewanella oneidensis mr-1, under the influence of excess substrate and 3, 3', 4', 5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (tcs).the dissociation between catabolism and anabolism is generally termed as metabolic uncoupling. experimentally, metabolic uncoupling is characterized by a reduction in the observed biomass yield. this condition can be brought about by: (a) excess-substrate (as measured by s(0)/x(0)), and (b) addition of chemical uncouplers such as 3, 3', 4', 5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (tcs). an empirical model is proposed to quantify the uncoupling effects of both excess-substrate and uncoupler addition on the m ...200817972334
hydrogenase- and outer membrane c-type cytochrome-facilitated reduction of technetium(vii) by shewanella oneidensis mr-1.pertechnetate, (99)tc(vii)o(4)(-), is a highly mobile radionuclide contaminant at us department of energy sites that can be enzymatically reduced by a range of anaerobic and facultatively anaerobic microorganisms, including shewanella oneidensis mr-1, to poorly soluble tc(iv)o(2(s)). in other microorganisms, tc(vii)o(4)(-) reduction is generally considered to be catalysed by hydrogenase. here, we provide evidence that although the nife hydrogenase of mr-1 was involved in the h(2)-driven reductio ...200817888007
characterization of the arsenate respiratory reductase from shewanella sp. strain ana-3.microbial arsenate respiration contributes to the mobilization of arsenic from the solid to the soluble phase in various locales worldwide. to begin to predict the extent to which as(v) respiration impacts arsenic geochemical cycling, we characterized the expression and activity of the shewanella sp. strain ana-3 arsenate respiratory reductase (arr), the key enzyme involved in this metabolism. arr is expressed at the beginning of the exponential phase and persists throughout the stationary phase ...200817951391
oxygen exposure promotes fuel diversity for shewanella oneidensis microbial fuel cells.miniature microbial fuel cells (mini-mfcs) were used to monitor the current generated by shewanella oneidensis dsp10 under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions when exposed to glucose as a potential electron donor. in addition to glucose, other carbon fuels including fructose, sucrose, acetate, and ascorbic acid were also tested. when the anolyte containing s. oneidensis was grown in the presence of oxygen, power densities of 270+/-10, 350+/-20, and 120+/-10 w/m(3) were recorded from the mini-m ...200817931851
many microbe microarrays database: uniformly normalized affymetrix compendia with structured experimental metadata.many microbe microarrays database (m3d) is designed to facilitate the analysis and visualization of expression data in compendia compiled from multiple laboratories. m3d contains over a thousand affymetrix microarrays for escherichia coli, saccharomyces cerevisiae and shewanella oneidensis. the expression data is uniformly normalized to make the data generated by different laboratories and researchers more comparable. to facilitate computational analyses, m3d provides raw data (cel file) and nor ...200817932051
the narqp genes for a two-component regulatory system from the deep-sea bacterium shewanella violacea dss12.shewanella violacea dss12 is facultative piezophile isolated from the deep-sea. the expression of cyddc genes (required for d-type cytochrome maturation) of the organism is regulated by hydrostatic pressure. in this study, we analyzed the nucleotide sequence upstream of cyddc in detail and found that there are putative binding sites for the narl protein which is part of a two-component regulatory system also containing the sensor protein narx. furthermore, we identified the narqp genes (homologu ...200817852338
diverse tetracycline resistant bacteria and resistance genes from coastal waters of jiaozhou bay.environmental microbiology investigation was carried out in jiaozhou bay to determine the source and distribution of tetracycline-resistant bacteria and their resistance mechanisms. at least 25 species or the equivalent molecular phylogenetic taxa in 16 genera of resistant bacteria could be identified based on 16s ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid sequence analysis. enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonadaceae, and vibrionaceae constituted the majority of the typical resistant isolates. indigenous estuari ...200817668262
cell-free synthesis and maturation of [fefe] hydrogenases.[fefe] hydrogenases catalyze the reversible reduction of protons to molecular hydrogen (adams (1990); biochim biophys acta 1020(2): 115-145) and are of significant interest for the biological production of hydrogen fuel. they are complex proteins with active sites containing iron, sulfur, and carbon monoxide and cyanide ligands (peters et al. (1998); science 282(5395): 1853-1858). maturation enzymes for [fefe] hydrogenases have been identified (posewitz et al. (2004); j biol chem 279(24): 25711- ...200817546685
diversity and antagonistic activity of sea ice bacteria isolated from the sea of japan.the aim of the study was to survey cultivable heterotrophic bacteria from sea ice samples collected from peter the great bay of the sea of japan, and to test the isolates for antagonistic activity. a total of 195 strains were isolated and investigated by a phenotypic approach. the 16s rrna gene sequence analysis of thirty eight strains revealed primarily representatives of the class gammaproteobacteria, phylum bacteroidetes, and phylum actinobacteria. members of the class alphaproteobacteria wer ...200821558710
bacterial decolorization of textile dyes is an extracellular process requiring a multicomponent electron transfer pathway.many studies have reported microorganisms as efficient biocatalysts for colour removal of dye-containing industrial wastewaters. we present the first comprehensive study to identify all molecular components involved in decolorization by bacterial cells. mutants from the model organism shewanella oneidensis mr-1, generated by random transposon and targeted insertional mutagenesis, were screened for defects in decolorization of an oxazine and diazo dye. we demonstrate that decolorization is an ext ...200821261820
[electron shuttling function of dissolved organic matter].the redox reactive and electron shuttling function of dissolved organic matter (dom) derived from sewage sludge were studied with shewanella cinica d14(t) as driving force of electron transfer. the results indicated that sludge dom initially served as terminal electron acceptor obtaining electrons from the respiratory chain of quinone-reducing bacteria d14(t), then it translated to reduced dom which can donate electrons to fe(iii) again. the electron donating capacities (edc) of dom increased fr ...200919799291
in vivo electrochemistry of c-type cytochrome-mediated electron-transfer with chemical marking. 200919722236
effect of gutting on microbial loads, sensory properties, and volatile and biogenic amine contents of european hake (merluccius merluccius var. mediterraneus) stored in ice.the effect of gutting on sensory, microbiological, and chemical properties of european hake (merluccius merluccius var. mediterraneus) stored in ice was studied. gutting of hake noticeably affected the development of gram-negative bacteria: counts of enterobacteriaceae, shewanella putrefaciens, and pseudomonas throughout ice storage were higher in gutted than in ungutted samples. these differences in microbial loads were also reflected in the lower sensory scores of both raw and cooked hake, in ...200919722399
biochemical and pathogenic properties of the natural isolate of shewanella algae from peter the great bay, sea of japan.pathogenic properties of the natural isolate of shewanella algae from the coelomic fluid of the sea cucumber apostichopus japonicus (peter the great bay, sea of japan) were investigated. the isolate had oxydative metabolism, was positive for ornithine decarboxylase, cytochrome oxidase, catalase, dnase and gelatinase, hemolytically active, did not produce acid from carbohydrates, and did not hydrolyze urea and esculin. the strain was resistant to penicillin, amoxicillin, and ampicillin and suscep ...200919747921
biodegradation of anthraquinone dyes by shewanella sp. ntou1 under anaerobic conditions.shewanella sp. ntou1 was able to decolorize a range of anthraquinone dyes [reactive blue 4 (rb4), reactive blue 19 (rb19), mordant red 11 (mr11), disperse red 15 (dr15), and disperse blue 3 (db3)] under anaerobic conditions. by supplementing the medium with formate and ferric citrate as the electron donor and acceptor, respectively and cultivating it under the optimum ph (8-9) and temperature (45 degrees c), this strain could decolorize these dyes (1,000 mg/l) at the initial color removal rates ...200919700827
redox transformation and biogeochemical interaction of heavy metals in korean soil using different treatment columns in the presence of shewanella sp.the redox transformation and biogeochemical interactions of heavy metals in soil was examined using facultative anaerobic bacterium shewanella sp. (hn-41) in batch mode and with small scale columns. a preliminary study was carried out to determine the influence of various glucose concentrations (10, 20 and 30 mm) on the bacterial growth and releasing of heavy metals from soil using a defined medium. the results showed that the heavy metals were released tremendously in the medium supplemented wi ...200919716584
the arsr repressor mediates arsenite-dependent regulation of arsenate respiration and detoxification operons of shewanella sp. strain ana-3.microbial arsenate reduction affects the fate and transport of arsenic in the environment. arsenate respiratory (arr) and detoxifying (ars) reduction pathways in shewanella sp. strain ana-3 are induced by arsenite and under anaerobic conditions. here it is shown that an arsr family protein, called arsr2, regulates the arsenate respiratory reduction pathway in response to elevated arsenite under anaerobic conditions. strains lacking arsr2 grew faster in the presence of high levels of arsenite (3 ...200919717602
biogenic formation of as-s nanotubes by diverse shewanella strains.shewanella sp. strain hn-41 was previously shown to produce novel, photoactive, as-s nanotubes via the reduction of as(v) and s(2)o(3)(2-) under anaerobic conditions. to determine if this ability was unique to this bacterium, 10 different shewanella strains, including shewanella sp. strain hn-41, shewanella sp. strain pv-4, shewanella alga bry, shewanella amazonensis sb2b, shewanella denitrificans os217, shewanella oneidensis mr-1, shewanella putrefaciens cn-32, s. putrefaciens ir-1, s. putrefac ...200919717628
[function of phospholipids containing polyunsaturated fatty acids in cold-adapted bacteria]. 200919803397
crystal structure of 4-hydroxybutyrate coa-transferase from clostridium aminobutyricum.4-hydroxybutyrate coa-transferases (4-hb-coat) takes part in the fermentation of 4-aminobutyrate to ammonia, acetate, and butyrate in anaerobic bacteria such as clostridium aminobutyricum and porphyromonas gingivalis or facultative anaerobic bacteria such as shewanella oneidensis. site-directed mutagenesis of the highly active enzyme has identified the catalytic glutamate residue as e238. crystal structure of this enzyme has been determined at a resolution of 1.85 a. the 438-amino acid residue p ...200919804364
comparative systems biology across an evolutionary gradient within the shewanella genus.to what extent genotypic differences translate to phenotypic variation remains a poorly understood issue of paramount importance for several cornerstone concepts of microbiology including the species definition. here, we take advantage of the completed genomic sequences, expressed proteomic profiles, and physiological studies of 10 closely related shewanella strains and species to provide quantitative insights into this issue. our analyses revealed that, despite extensive horizontal gene transfe ...200919805231
isolation and characterization of the eicosapentaenoic acid biosynthesis gene cluster from shewanella sp. br-2.forty-four eicosapentaenoic acid (epa)-producing microbial strains were isolated from the intestines of marine fishes. among them, one strain showing a maximum level of epa (4.78%of total fatty acids) was identified as shewanella sp. br-2 on the basis of its 16s rrna sequence. the epa content reached a maximum level during the mid-exponential phase of cell growth, and gradually decreased with further growth of the cells. a cosmid dna including the epa biosynthesis gene cluster consisting of pfaa ...200919809243
a 1.5 microl microbial fuel cell for on-chip bioelectricity generation.we have developed a dual-chamber microfluidic microbial fuel cell (mfc) system that allows on-chip bacterial culture and conversion of bacterial metabolism into electricity. the micro-mfc contains a vertically stacked 1.5 microl anode chamber and 4 microl cathode chamber, and represents the smallest mfc device to our knowledge. microfluidic deliveries of growth medium and catholyte were achieved in separate flow channels without cross-channel mass exchange. after inoculation of electrogenic shew ...200919823722
periplasmic electron transfer via the c-type cytochromes mtra and fcca of shewanella oneidensis mr-1.dissimilatory microbial reduction of insoluble fe(iii) oxides is a geochemically and ecologically important process which involves the transfer of cellular, respiratory electrons from the cytoplasmic membrane to insoluble, extracellular, mineral-phase electron acceptors. in this paper evidence is provided for the function of the periplasmic fumarate reductase fcca and the decaheme c-type cytochrome mtra in periplasmic electron transfer reactions in the gammaproteobacterium shewanella oneidensis. ...200919837833
analyses of current-generating mechanisms of shewanella loihica pv-4 and shewanella oneidensis mr-1 in microbial fuel cells.although members of the genus shewanella have common features (e.g., the presence of decaheme c-type cytochromes [c-cyts]), they are widely variable in genetic and physiological features. the present study compared the current-generating ability of s. loihica pv-4 in microbial fuel cells (mfcs) with that of well-characterized s. oneidensis mr-1 and examined the roles of c-cyts in extracellular electron transfer. we found that strains pv-4 and mr-1 exhibited notable differences in current-generat ...200919837834
[a case of bacteremia and suppurative vertebral osteomyelitis/discitis due to shewanella algae occurring after raw-fish consumption].shewanella algae is an aquatic gram-negative bacterium, rarely recovered from human clinical samples. case reports of human shewanella infection are, however, slowly increasing, and a shewanella infection outbreak was reported at a south korean hospital. we report the case of an 89-year-old man admitted for back pain and fever after eating raw marine fish. sulbactam/cefoperazone was started under a tentative diagnosis of gall bladder inflammation with gallstones based on ultrasonographic finding ...200919860259
lysine-91 of the tetraheme c-type cytochrome cyma is essential for quinone interaction and arsenate respiration in shewanella sp. strain ana-3.the tetraheme c-type cytochrome, cyma, is essential for arsenate respiratory reduction in shewanella sp. ana-3, a model arsenate reducer. cyma is predicted to mediate electron transfer from quinols to the arsenate respiratory reductase (arrab). here, we present biochemical and physiological evidence that cyma interacts with menaquinol (mqh(2)) substrates. fluorescence quench titration with the mqh(2) analog, 2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-n-oxide (hoqno), was used to demonstrate quinol binding of ...200919760266
[influence of environmental factors on electricity production by microbial fuel cell inoculation shewanella baltica].the influences of the anodic substance, concentration, ph and temperature on the electricity production by mfcs were discussed. the lactic sodium was better than acetic sodium or glucose. the power density of mfc and the concentration of lactic sodium were well filled with monod model. the power density was 1236 mw/m2 when the ph of anodic chamber was 8. the power density of mfc increased with the ph increasing from 6 to 8, which was due to the anodic internal resistance. the power density was 1 ...200919775023
piezo-adapted 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase of the obligate piezophile shewanella benthica db21mt-2 isolated from the 11,000-m depth of the mariana trench.3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase (ipmdh)-encoding leub genes were obtained from the obligate piezophile shewanella benthica db21mt-2 and non-piezophile shewanella oneidensis mr-1. the genes were expressed in escherichia coli and the proteins were purified using his-tag. the estimated kinetic parameters of these enzymes indicated that ipmdh of s. benthica db21mt-2 is more tolerant of high pressure than that of s. oneidensis mr-1. thus such an adaptation is one of the mechanisms bacteria utilize fo ...200919897891
the cross-reactivity of shewanella fidelis lipopolysaccharide with anti-proteus antibodies.the serological cross-reactivity between lipopolysaccharides (lps) of s. fidelis kmm3582(t) and rabbit anti-o p. mirabilis antibodies was tested. using elisa and western blot cross-reactivity between s. fidelis lps and antisera against p. mirabilis o14, o3 lpss was found. the observed cross-reaction may suggest that anti-p. mirabilis s1959 (o3) antibodies may bind to the internal part of s. fidelis o-polysaccharides. a weak interaction between s. fidelis lps and antiserum against p. mirabilis o1 ...200919899622
a structural basis for h-nox signaling in shewanella oneidensis by trapping a histidine kinase inhibitory conformation.heme nitric oxide/oxygen (h-nox) proteins are found in eukaryotes where they are typically part of a larger protein such as soluble guanylate cyclase and in prokaryotes where they are often found in operons with a histidine kinase, suggesting that h-nox proteins serve as sensors for no and o(2) in signaling pathways. the fe(ii)-no complex of the h-nox protein from shewanella oneidensis inhibits the autophosphorylation of the operon-associated histidine kinase, whereas the ligand-free h-nox has n ...200919918063
intracellular precipitation of pb by shewanella putrefaciens cn32 during the reductive dissolution of pb-jarosite.jarosites (mfe(3)(so(4))(2)(oh)(6)) are precipitated in the zn industry to remove impurities during the extraction process and contain metals such as pb and ag. jarosite wastes are often confined to capped tailings ponds, thereby creating potential for anaerobic reductive dissolution by microbial populations. this study demonstrates the reductive dissolution of synthetic pb-jarosite (pbfe(6)(so(4))(4)(oh)(12)) by a subsurface dissimilatory fe reducing bacterium (shewanella putrefaciens cn32) usi ...200919924927
structural similarities between biogenic uraninites produced by phylogenetically and metabolically diverse bacteria.while the product of microbial uranium reduction is often reported to be "uo(2)", a comprehensive characterization including stoichiometry and unit cell determination is available for only one shewanella species. here, we compare the products of batch uranyl reduction by a collection of dissimilatory metal- and sulfate-reducing bacteria of the genera shewanella, geobacter, anaeromyxobacter, and desulfovibrio under similar laboratory conditions. our results demonstrate that u(vi) bioreduction by ...200919924959
novel tn4371-ice like element in ralstonia pickettii and genome mining for comparative elements.integrative conjugative elements (ices) are important factors in the plasticity of microbial genomes. an element related to the ice tn4371 was discovered during a bioinformatic search of the ralstonia pickettii 12j genome. this element was analysed and further searches carried out for additional elements.a pcr method was designed to detect and characterise new elements of this type based on this scaffold and a culture collection of fifty-eight ralstonia pickettii and ralstonia insidiosa strains ...200919941653
primary shewanella algae bacteremia mimicking vibrio septicemia.shewanella algae infections are rare in humans. previously reported cases of s. algae have mainly been associated with direct contact with seawater. we report a case of primary s. algae bacteremia occurring after the ingestion of raw seafood in a patient with liver cirrhosis that presented a fulminent course of necrotizing fasciitis.200919949681
investigating different mechanisms for biogenic selenite transformations: geobacter sulfurreducens, shewanella oneidensis and veillonella atypica.the metal-reducing bacteria geobacter sulfurreducens, shewanella oneidensis and veillonella atypica, use different mechanisms to transform toxic, bioavailable sodium selenite to less toxic, non-mobile elemental selenium and then to selenide in anaerobic environments, offering the potential for in situ and ex situ bioremediation of contaminated soils, sediments, industrial effluents, and agricultural drainage waters. the products of these reductive transformations depend on both the organism invo ...200919950474
alignment of phylogenetically unambiguous indels in shewanella.high levels of alignment errors associated with gaps have generally meant their exclusion from phylogenetic analysis. conserved inserts and deletions (indels) may in some cases be less subject to errors than amino acid substitutions for inferring the history of genomes and identifying recently laterally transferred genes, but alignment error near gaps must be evaluated prior to using indels as phylogenetic characters. a method is presented for evaluating the phylogenetic unambiguity of gaps in m ...200919958081
characterization of an electron conduit between bacteria and the extracellular environment.a number of species of gram-negative bacteria can use insoluble minerals of fe(iii) and mn(iv) as extracellular respiratory electron acceptors. in some species of shewanella, deca-heme electron transfer proteins lie at the extracellular face of the outer membrane (om), where they can interact with insoluble substrates. to reduce extracellular substrates, these redox proteins must be charged by the inner membrane/periplasmic electron transfer system. here, we present a spectro-potentiometric char ...200920018742
[expression and characterization of the nonspecific azoreducase of shewanella decolorationis s12].in order to identify the function of acpd in azoreduction, the gene was obtained from shewanella decolorationis s12 and expressed in escherichia coli top10 which showed little azoreduction activity.200920069878
[proteins and phospholipids involved in cold-adaptation of psychrotrophic bacteria]. 200920077850
[features of the enzymes produced by deep-sea microorganisms]. 200920077853
[isolation and characterization of shewanella spp. from patients of food poisoning].to identify the isolates of shewanella spp. from specimens of food poisoning based on biological and biochemical analysis.200920193210
shewregdb: database and visualization environment for experimental and predicted regulatory information in shewanella oneidensis mr-1.shewanella oneidensis mr-1 is an important model organism for environmental research as it has an exceptional metabolic and respiratory versatility regulated by a complex regulatory network. we have developed a database to collect experimental and computational data relating to regulation of gene and protein expression, and, a visualization environment that enables integration of these data types. the regulatory information in the database includes predictions of dna regulator binding sites, sig ...200920198195
evaluation of a high-intensity focused ultrasound-immobilized trypsin digestion and 18o-labeling method for quantitative proteomics.a new method that uses immobilized trypsin concomitant with ultrasonic irradiation results in ultrarapid digestion and more thorough (18)o labeling for quantitative protein comparisons. the method was reproducible and provided effective digestions within <1 min with lower amounts of enzyme, compared to traditional methods. this method was demonstrated for digestion of both simple and complex protein mixtures, including bovine serum albumin, a global proteome extract from the bacteria shewanella ...200919555078
unexpected chemoreceptors mediate energy taxis towards electron acceptors in shewanella oneidensis.shewanella oneidensis uses a wide range of terminal electron acceptors for respiration. in this study, we show that the chemotactic response of s. oneidensis to anaerobic electron acceptors requires functional electron transport systems. deletion of the genes encoding dimethyl sulphoxide and trimethylamine n-oxide reductases, or inactivation of these molybdoenzymes as well as nitrate reductase by addition of tungstate, abolished electron acceptor taxis. moreover, addition of nigericin prevented ...200919555457
engineering of monomeric fk506-binding protein 22 with peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase. importance of a v-shaped dimeric structure for binding to protein substrate.fk506-binding protein 22 (fkbp22) from the psychrotrophic bacterium shewanella sp. sib1 is a homodimeric protein with peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase (ppiase) (ec 5.2.1.8) activity. each monomer consists of 205 amino acid residues. according to a tertiary model, sib1 fkbp22 assumes a v-shaped structure, in which two monomers interact with each other at their n-termini. each monomer consists of an n-terminal domain with a dimerization core and a c-terminal catalytic domain, which are separate ...200919558490
remediation of trichloroethylene by bio-precipitated and encapsulated palladium nanoparticles in a fixed bed reactor.trichloroethylene is a toxic and recalcitrant groundwater pollutant. palladium nanoparticles bio-precipitated on shewanella oneidensis were encapsulated in polyurethane, polyacrylamide, alginate, silica or coated on zeolites. the reactivity of these bio-pd beads and zeolites was tested in batch experiments and trichloroethylene dechlorination followed first order reaction kinetics. the calculated k-values of the encapsulated catalysts were a factor of six lower compared to non-encapsulated bio-p ...200919560796
shewanella marina sp. nov., isolated from seawater.a motile, rod-shaped, pale-brown-pigmented bacterium, designated strain c4t, was isolated from seawater collected from the south sea (republic of korea). cells were gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, and catalase- and oxidase-positive. the major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (c16:1omega7c and/or iso-c15:0 2-oh; 19.4%), c16:0 (16.3%), c17:1omega8c (9.5%) and iso-c15:0 (7.7%). the dna g+c content was 40.8 mol%. a phylogenetic tree based on 16s rrna gene sequences showed that strain c4t fo ...200919567571
the role of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase in enhancement of solid-phase electron transfer by shewanella oneidensis mr-1.we hypothesized that shewanella oneidensis mr-1, a model dissimilatory metal-reducing bacterium, could utilize environmentally relevant concentrations of tyrosine to produce pyomelanin for enhanced fe(iii) oxide reduction. because homogentisate is an intermediate of the tyrosine degradation pathway, and a precursor of a redox-cycling metabolite, pyomelanin, we evaluated the process of homogentisate production by s. oneidensis mr-1, in order to identify the key steps involved in pyomelanin produc ...200919573203
impedance spectroscopy as a tool for non-intrusive detection of extracellular mediators in microbial fuel cells.endogenously produced, diffusible redox mediators can act as electron shuttles for bacterial respiration. accordingly, the mediators also serve a critical role in microbial fuel cells (mfcs), as they assist extracellular electron transfer from the bacteria to the anode serving as the intermediate electron sink. electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (eis) may be a valuable tool for evaluating the role of mediators in an operating mfc. eis offers distinct advantages over some conventional analyti ...200919585525
exafs and hrtem evidence for as(iii)-containing surface precipitates on nanocrystalline magnetite: implications for as sequestration.arsenic sorption onto iron oxide spinels such as magnetite could contribute to immobilization of arsenite (aso3(3-)), the reduced, highly toxic form of arsenic in contaminated anoxic groundwaters, as well as to putative remediation processes. nanocrystalline magnetite (<20 nm) is known to exhibit higher efficiency for arsenite sorption than larger particles, sorbing as much as approximately 20 micromol/m2 of arsenite. to improve our understanding of this process, we investigated the molecular le ...200919601563
intermittent energy harvesting improves the performance of microbial fuel cells.in this study, we compare the efficiencies of harvesting energy from microbial fuel cells (mfc) using two modes of operation: (1) continuous-passing the current through an electrical load-and (2) intermittent-first accumulating the energy in a capacitor and then discharging it through the load. each of these two modes of operation has advantages and disadvantages: the first mode of operation allows the continuous powering of low-power-consuming devices, and the second mode of operation allows th ...200919603683
invariability of central metabolic flux distribution in shewanella oneidensis mr-1 under environmental or genetic perturbations.an environmentally important bacterium with versatile respiration, shewanella oneidensis mr-1, displayed significantly different growth rates under three culture conditions: minimal medium (doubling time approximately 3 h), salt stressed minimal medium (doubling time approximately 6 h), and minimal medium with amino acid supplementation (doubling time approximately 1.5 h). (13)c-based metabolic flux analysis indicated that fluxes of central metabolic reactions remained relatively constant under ...200919610125
shewanella chilikensis sp. nov., a moderately alkaliphilic gammaproteobacterium isolated from a lagoon.a gram-negative, motile, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic bacterium was isolated from sediment of chilika lagoon, a brackish water lagoon in india. the strain, designated jc5(t), was able to grow in the presence of 0-8.0 % nacl and at ph 7.0-10.0. the isolate was positive for oxidase and catalase and exhibited alpha-haemolysis. the major fatty acids were iso-c(15 : 0) (18.3 %), c(16 : 0) (11.3 %), c(17 : 1)omega8c (13.1 %) and a summed feature, c(16 : 1)omega7c and/or c(16 : 1)omega6c (15.1 % ...200919643885
electrochemical measurement of electron transfer kinetics by shewanella oneidensis mr-1.shewanella oneidensis strain mr-1 can respire using carbon electrodes and metal oxyhydroxides as electron acceptors, requiring mechanisms for transferring electrons from the cell interior to surfaces located beyond the cell. although purified outer membrane cytochromes will reduce both electrodes and metals, s. oneidensis also secretes flavins, which accelerate electron transfer to metals and electrodes. we developed techniques for detecting direct electron transfer by intact cells, using turnov ...200919661057
microfabricated microbial fuel cell arrays reveal electrochemically active microbes.microbial fuel cells (mfcs) are remarkable "green energy" devices that exploit microbes to generate electricity from organic compounds. mfc devices currently being used and studied do not generate sufficient power to support widespread and cost-effective applications. hence, research has focused on strategies to enhance the power output of the mfc devices, including exploring more electrochemically active microbes to expand the few already known electricigen families. however, most of the mfc de ...200919668333
microbial reduction of intragrain u(vi) in contaminated sediment.the accessibility of precipitated, intragrain u(vi) in a contaminated sediment to microbial reduction was investigated to ascertain geochemical and microscopic transport phenomena controlling u(vi) bioavailability. the sediment was collected from the u.s. department of energy hanford site, and contained uranyl precipitates within the mm-sized granitic lithic fragments in the sediment. bioreduction was investigated in a culture of a dissimilatory metal-reducing bacterium, shewanellea oneidensis s ...200919673287
simultaneous analysis of physiological and electrical output changes in an operating microbial fuel cell with shewanella oneidensis.changes in metabolism and cellular physiology of facultative anaerobes during oxygen exposure can be substantial, but little is known about how these changes connect with electrical current output from an operating microbial fuel cell (mfc). a high-throughput voltage based screening assay (vbsa) was used to correlate current output from a mfc containing shewanella oneidensis mr-1 to carbon source (glucose or lactate) utilization, culture conditions, and biofilm coverage over 250 h. lactate induc ...200919189395
energy generation coupled to azoreduction by membranous vesicles from shewanella decolorationis s12.previous studies have demonstrated that shewanella decolorationis s12 can grow on the azo compound amaranth as the sole electron acceptor. thus, to explore the mechanism of energy generation in this metabolism, membranous vesicles (mvs) were prepared and the mechanism of energy generation investigated. the membrane, which was fragmentized during preparation, automatically formed vesicles ranging from 37.5-112.5 nm in diameter under electron micrograph observation. energy was conserved when coupl ...200919190406
shewanella vesiculosa sp. nov., a psychrotolerant bacterium isolated from an antarctic coastal area.two strains of psychrotolerant bacteria, designated m7(t) and m5, isolated from antarctic coastal marine environments were studied to determine their taxonomic position. the organisms comprised gram-negative, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic cells that were motile by means of single polar flagella. neither of the bacterial isolates had a requirement for na(+). these two psychrotolerant strains grew at temperatures ranging from -4 to 30 degrees c. both strains were capable of producing h(2)s f ...200919196774
genomic reconstruction of shewanella oneidensis mr-1 metabolism reveals a previously uncharacterized machinery for lactate utilization.the ability to use lactate as a sole source of carbon and energy is one of the key metabolic signatures of shewanellae, a diverse group of dissimilatory metal-reducing bacteria commonly found in aquatic and sedimentary environments. nonetheless, homology searches failed to recognize orthologs of previously described bacterial d- or l-lactate oxidizing enzymes (escherichia coli genes dld and lldd) in any of the 13 analyzed genomes of shewanella spp. by using comparative genomic techniques, we ide ...200919196979
microbial iron redox cycling in a circumneutral-ph groundwater seep.the potential for microbially mediated redox cycling of iron (fe) in a circumneutral-ph groundwater seep in north central alabama was studied. incubation of freshly collected seep material under anoxic conditions with acetate-lactate or h(2) as an electron donor revealed the potential for rapid fe(iii) oxide reduction (ca. 700 to 2,000 micromol liter(-1) day(-1)). fe(iii) reduction at lower but significant rates took place in unamended controls (ca. 300 micromol liter(-1) day(-1)). culture-based ...200919047399
the tetraheme cytochrome from shewanella oneidensis mr-1 shows thermodynamic bias for functional specificity of the hemes.bacteria of the genus shewanella contain an abundant small tetraheme cytochrome in their periplasm when growing anaerobically. data collected for the protein isolated from s. oneidensis mr-1 and s. frigidimarina indicate differences in the order of oxidation of the hemes. a detailed thermodynamic characterization of the cytochrome from s. oneidensis mr-1 in the physiological ph range was performed, with data collected in the ph range 5.5-9.0 from nmr experiments using partially oxidized samples ...200919048308
catabolite repression control of napf (periplasmic nitrate reductase) operon expression in escherichia coli k-12.escherichia coli, a facultative aerobe, expresses two distinct respiratory nitrate reductases. the periplasmic napabc enzyme likely functions during growth in nitrate-limited environments, whereas the membrane-bound narghi enzyme functions during growth in nitrate-rich environments. maximal expression of the napfdaghbc operon encoding periplasmic nitrate reductase results from synergistic transcription activation by the fnr and phospho-narp proteins, acting in response to anaerobiosis and nitrat ...200919060147
functional roles of arca, etra, cyclic amp (camp)-camp receptor protein, and cya in the arsenate respiration pathway in shewanella sp. strain ana-3.microbial arsenate respiration can enhance arsenic release from arsenic-bearing minerals--a process that can cause arsenic contamination of water. in shewanella sp. strain ana-3, the arsenate respiration genes (arrab) are induced under anaerobic conditions with arsenate and arsenite. here we report how genes that encode anaerobic regulator (arca and etra [fnr homolog]) and carbon catabolite repression (crp and cya) proteins affect arsenate respiration in ana-3. transcription of arca, etra, and c ...200919060154
antibiotic resistance of gram negatives isolates from loggerhead sea turtles (caretta caretta) in the central mediterranean sea.previous studies on fish and marine mammals support the hypothesis that marine species harbor antibiotic resistance and therefore may serve as reservoirs for antibiotic-resistance genetic determinants. the aim of this study was to assess the resistance to antimicrobial agents of gram negative strains isolated from loggerhead sea turtles (carettacaretta). oral and cloacal swabs from 19 live-stranded loggerhead sea turtles, with hooks fixed into the gut, were analyzed. the antimicrobial resistance ...200919473669
copper uptake by pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from infected burn patients.pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from infected burn patients and characterized by standard biochemical tests. the in vitro copper uptake was compared between this isolated pathogenic strain and two non-pathogenic control strains of gram positive bacteria bacillus thuringiensis strain israelis as well as gram negative bacteria enterobacter aerogenes. maximum copper uptake of 470 ppm/g biomass was obtained by p. aeruginosa strain, while the control strains b. thuringiensis and enterobacter aero ...200919484296
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