Publications

gotch ear: a poorly described, local, pathologic condition of livestock associated primarily with the gulf coast tick, amblyomma maculatum.	gotch ear is a condition in animals in which the ear is swollen, deformed, curled, drooped, possibly necrotic, and is usually associated with attachment by the gulf coast tick, amblyomma maculatum. little is known of the etiology or epidemiology of gotch ear in livestock. reports generally describe the condition in cattle, but it has also been reported in horses and mules and more recently in a goat. this review explores the history and etymology of the term "gotch ear" and reports on current st ...	2011	22047764
neurogenic inflammation in the upper digestive tract of the mule duck: effect of a chemical algogen and force-feeding.	1. the objectives were to quantify the presence of neurogenic inflammation in 4 regions of the upper digestive tract of anaesthetised ducks (post-pharynx, pseudo-crop, transition between the pseudo-crop and the proventriculus, and proventriculus) after application of hcl stimulation of up to 4 m in the pseudo-crop. 2. the second objective was to quantify the presence of neurogenic inflammation in the same digestive tract regions as mentioned above during 4 feeding periods of foie gras producti ...	2011	22221246
homogenization of large-scale movement models in ecology.	a difficulty in using diffusion models to predict large scale animal population dispersal is that individuals move differently based on local information (as opposed to gradients) in differing habitat types. this can be accommodated by using ecological diffusion. however, real environments are often spatially complex, limiting application of a direct approach. homogenization for partial differential equations has long been applied to fickian diffusion (in which average individual movement is org ...	2011	21194012
a randomized triple blind trial to assess the effect of an anthelmintic programme for working equids in morocco.	gastro-intestinal parasitism has been identified as a significant cause of disease in working equids in many countries. this randomized triple-blind trial was designed to assess the impact of an anthelmintic treatment programme (using oral ivermectin and fenbendazole) comparing treated and placebo control populations of working donkeys, mules and horses in field conditions in morocco. in particular, we assessed animal body weight and condition score, together with a questionnaire-based owner eva ...	2011	21208398
a cardinal role for cathepsin d in co-ordinating the host-mediated apoptosis of macrophages and killing of pneumococci.	the bactericidal function of macrophages against pneumococci is enhanced by their apoptotic demise, which is controlled by the anti-apoptotic protein mcl-1. here, we show that lysosomal membrane permeabilization (lmp) and cytosolic translocation of activated cathepsin d occur prior to activation of a mitochondrial pathway of macrophage apoptosis. pharmacological inhibition or knockout of cathepsin d during pneumococcal infection blocked macrophage apoptosis. as a result of cathepsin d activation ...	2011	21298030
bovicola tibialis (phthiraptera:trichodectidae): occurrence of an exotic chewing louse on cervids in north america.	through a recent (2003-2007) survey of ectoparasites on hoofed mammals in western north america, a literature review, and examination of archived museum specimens, we found that the exotic deer-chewing louse, bovicola tibialis (piaget), is a long-term, widespread resident in the region. the earliest known collection was from salt spring island, canada, in 1941. we found these lice on the typical host, that is, introduced european fallow deer (dama dama l.), and on asian chital (axis axis [erxleb ...	2011	21337942
mitochondrial-dependent n-terminal processing of outer membrane mcl-1 removes an essential mule/lasu1 binding site.	mcl-1, a pro-survival member of the bcl-2 family located at the mitochondrial outer membrane, is subject to constitutive ubiquitylation by the bh3-only e3 ligase, mule/lasu1, resulting in rapid steady-state degradation via the 26s proteasome. insertion of newly-synthesized mcl-1 into the mitochondrial outer membrane is dependent on its c-terminal transmembrane (tm) segment, but once inserted the n-termini of a portion of the mcl-1 molecules can be subject to proteolytic processing. remarkably, t ...	2011	21613222
pathological and epidemiological significance of goose haemorrhagic polyomavirus infection in ducks.	goose haemorrhagic polyomavirus (ghpv) is the viral agent of haemorrhagic nephritis enteritis of geese, a lethal disease of goslings. it was recently shown that ghpv can also be detected in muscovy and mule ducks. the goal of the present study was to investigate the pathobiology of ghpv in ducks. in the first experiment, field isolates of ghpv from muscovy or mule ducks were fully sequenced and compared with goose ghpv. these duck isolates were then used to inoculate 1-day-old goslings. typical ...	2011	21812713
navitoclax (abt-263) accelerates apoptosis during drug-induced mitotic arrest by antagonizing bcl-xl.	combining microtubule-targeting anti-mitotic drugs with targeted apoptosis potentiators is a promising new chemotherapeutic strategy to treat cancer. in this study we investigate the cellular mechanism by which navitoclax (previously called abt-263), a bcl-2 family inhibitor, potentiates apoptosis triggered by paclitaxel and an inhibitor of kinesin-5 (ksp), across a panel of epithelial cancer lines. using time-lapse microscopy, we show that navitoclax has little effect on cell death during inter ...	2011	21546570
use of a western blot technique for the serodiagnosis of glanders.	the in vivo diagnosis of glanders relies on the highly sensitive complement fixation test (cft). frequently observed false positive results are troublesome for veterinary authorities and cause financial losses to animal owners. consequently, there is an urgent need to develop a test with high specificity. hence, a western blot assay making use of a partly purified lipopolysaccaride (lps) containing antigen of three burkholderia mallei strains was developed. the test was validated investigating a ...	2011	21247488
rapid detection of cwd prp: comparison of tests designed for the detection of bse or scrapie.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) mainly affecting cervids in north america. the accumulation of an abnormal form of host-encoded prion protein (prp(cwd) ) in the cns and lymphoid tissues is characteristic of the disease and known to be caused by pathogenic prion proteins (prp(res) ), which are thought to be transmitted mainly by contact with body fluids, such like saliva. species known to be naturally infected by cwd include rocky mountain elk (cer ...	2011	22212828
the eel-1 ubiquitin ligase promotes dna damage-induced germ cell apoptosis in c. elegans.	e3 ubiquitin ligases target a growing number of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, including tumour suppressor p53, caspases, and the bcl-2 family. the core apoptosis pathway is well conserved between mammals and caenorhabditis elegans, but the extent to which ubiquitin ligases regulate apoptotic cell death is not known. to investigate the role of e3 ligases in apoptosis, we inhibited 108 of the 165 predicted e3 ubiquitin ligase genes by rna interference and quantified apoptosis in the c. elegans ...	2011	21233842
do psychological and physiological stressors alter the acute pain response to castration and tail docking in lambs?	to investigate whether events that may be stressful to young lambs, including simulated infection or social isolation, modulate pain experienced by lambs following castration and tail docking (c/d).	2011	21303445
Polymorphic integrations of an endogenous gammaretrovirus in the mule deer genome.	Endogenous retroviruses constitute a significant genomic fraction in all mammalian species. Typically they are evolutionarily old and fixed in the host species population. Here we report on a novel endogenous gammaretrovirus (CrERV? for cervid endogenous gammaretrovirus) in the mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus that is insertionally polymorphic among individuals from the same geographical location, suggesting that it has a more recent evolutionary origin. Using PCR-based methods, we identified seve ...	2011	22190723
rabies out-break in mules at mansehra, pakistan.	an unusual sickness in mules at batrasi camp, district mansehra, pakistan, was reported. twelve animals died with in 2-3 days after showing the clinical symptoms confusing with colic and nervous disorders. animals did not respond to any treatment. a team of veterinary doctors/researchers from institute visited the place and collected the samples and information in all aspects related to any disease occurrence on epidemiological basis. animals were also showing symptoms confusing with rabies. bra ...	2011	20483443
Molecular Study of Free-ranging Mule Deer and White-tailed Deer from British Columbia, Canada, for Evidence of Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp.	Twenty-three free-ranging white-tailed deer (WTD; Odocoileus virginianus) and six mule deer (MD; Odocoileus hemionus) from south-central British Columbia, Canada, were tested for Anaplasma marginale by msp5 gene-specific PCR and Ehrlichia spp. by 16S rRNA or citrate synthase (gltA) gene-specific PCR, as well as by PCR with universal 16S rRNA primers detecting a wide range of bacteria. No deer tested positive for A. marginale. Amplification with universal 16S rRNA primers followed by sequencing o ...	2011	21933360
Penetrating injuries to the frog (cuneus ungulae) and collateral sulci of the foot in equids: 63 cases (1998-2008).	Objective-To determine the outcome of penetrating injuries to the central region of the foot in equids and identify factors that may affect treatment and outcome. Design-Retrospective case series. Animals-63 equids (61 horses, 1 pony, and 1 mule). Procedures-Records of equids incurring puncture wounds through the frog (cuneus ungulae) or collateral sulci of the foot between 1998 and 2008 were reviewed. Evaluated factors that were hypothesized to affect outcome included signalment, degree o ...	2011	21985353
animal diseases caused by orbiviruses, algeria.	antibodies against bluetongue virus were detected in cattle, sheep, goats, and camels in algeria in 2008. antibodies against epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus were detected in cattle, but antibodies against african horse sickness virus were not detected in horses and mules. epizootic hemorrhagic disease in northern africa poses a major risk for the european union.	2011	22172371
targeting the detection of chronic wasting disease using the hunter harvest during early phases of an outbreak in saskatchewan, canada.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a fatal disease of north american cervids that was first detected in a wild, hunter-shot deer in saskatchewan along the border with alberta in canada in 2000. spatially explicit models for assessing factors affecting disease detection are needed to guide surveillance and control programs. spatio-temporal patterns in cwd prevalence can be complicated by variation in individual infection probability and sampling biases. we assessed hunter harvest data of mule deer ...	2011	22137503
detection of relapsing fever spirochetes (borrelia hermsii and borrelia coriaceae) in free-ranging mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) from nevada, united states.	abstract surveillance of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus, rafinesque, 1917) populations for tick-borne diseases has helped define the distribution of these pathogens and their subsequent risk of transmission to humans and domestic animals. we surveyed three mule deer herds across the state of nevada for infection with relapsing fever borrelia spp. spirochetes. bacterial prevalence varied by the county where deer were sampled but borrelia spirochetes were detected in 7.7% of all deer sampled. in ...	2011	21995265
comparative evaluation of three commercially available complement fixation test antigens for the diagnosis of glanders.	the sensitivity and specificity of three commercially available complement fixation test (cft) antigens from c.c.pro (c.c.pro), central veterinary institute of wageningen ur (cidc) and the united states department of agriculture (usda) were comparatively evaluated by testing 410 sera collected from glanders-endemic and non-endemic areas (200 true-negative randomly collected sera and 210 sera collected from experimentally immunised animals (12 rabbits, 19 horses), clinically positive (135) and cu ...	2011	21896565
serological survey of african horse sickness in selected districts of jimma zone, southwestern ethiopia.	a cross-sectional serological survey was undertaken in selected districts of different agro-ecology of jimma zone (dedo, yebu, seka, serbo, and jimma town) from november 2009 to february 2010 to determine the seroprevalence of african horse sickness virus and associated risk factors of the disease. two hundred seventy-four equids (189 horses, 43 mules, and 47 donkeys) with a history of non-vaccination for at least 2 years were selected randomly from the above areas. sera samples were collected a ...	2011	21465102
presence and seeding activity of pathological prion protein (prp(tse)) in skeletal muscles of white-tailed deer infected with chronic wasting disease.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a contagious, rapidly spreading transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse), or prion disease, occurring in cervids such as white tailed-deer (wtd), mule deer or elk in north america. despite efficient horizontal transmission of cwd among cervids natural transmission of the disease to other species has not yet been observed. here, we report for the first time a direct biochemical demonstration of pathological prion protein prp(tse) and of prp(tse)-associated se ...	2011	21483771
role of bile salt in regulating mcl-1 phosphorylation and chemoresistance in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.	abstract:	2011	21507240
monitoring of genetic diversity in the endangered martina franca donkey population.	the martina franca (mf) donkey, an ancient native breed of apulia, was mostly famous for mule production. the breed was at serious risk of extinction in the 1980s following the decrease in demand for draft animals because they were increasingly replaced by agricultural machinery. much has been done in the last few decades to safeguard the existing donkey breeds, but the situation remains critical. successful implementation of conservation measures includes an evaluation of the present degree of ...	2011	21521813
the role of working equines to livelihoods in current day campesino hill-slope communities in central mexico.	small-holder campesino agriculture is based on the diversified use of resources and off-farm work. working equines have a multifunctional character and sustain the diversification of livelihoods having different values as assets or providing services. the objective was to identify the role of working equines in current diversification strategies in the livelihoods of campesino families in a hill-slope community in central mexico within livelihoods analysis. thirty-one variables related to owners ...	2011	21637993
prevalence of strongyles and efficacy of fenbendazole and ivermectin in working horses in el sauce, nicaragua.	horses, mules and donkeys are indispensable farming and working animals in many developing countries, and their health status is important to the farmers. strongyle parasites are ubiquitous in grazing horses world-wide and are known to constitute a threat to equine health. this study determined the prevalence of strongyle infection, the efficacy of ivermectin and fenbendazole treatment, and strongyle re-infection rates of working horses during the dry months in nicaragua. one hundred and five ho ...	2011	21570188
seminal parameters and field fertility of cryopreserved donkey jack semen after insemination of horse mares.	as mule production is often concentrated in remote areas of the world, a simplified semen cryopreservation protocol is required.	2011	21592212
ultrasonographic features of the mule embryo, fetus and fetal-placental unit.	the aim of this study was to establish baseline ultrasound data concerning the mule conceptus during gestation. ten multiparous trotter mares were artificially inseminated with chilled semen from an amiatino jack donkey. daily transrectal ultrasonography was carried out from the day of ovulation until day 50 of gestation to determine the following: first detection of the embryonic vesicle (ev), mobility phase, ev diameter, day of ev fixation, changes in ev shape, date of yolk sac regression and ...	2011	21958639
failure of fallow deer (dama dama) to develop chronic wasting disease when exposed to a contaminated environment and infected mule deer (odocoileus hemionus).	we monitored a herd of fallow deer (dama dama) for evidence of prion infection for 7 yr by periodic postmortem examination of animals from the herd. the fallow deer were exposed to the chronic wasting disease (cwd) agent from mule deer by living in a paddock considered contaminated with infectivity from its history of housing cwd infected deer and, after the first year of the study, by comingling with infected mule deer (odocoileus hemionus). at least 8 of 12 mule deer serving as sentinels for p ...	2011	21719844
successful treatment of equine sarcoids with cisplatin electrochemotherapy: a retrospective study of 48 cases.	reasons for performing study: sarcoids are the commonest form of equine skin tumour. several therapeutic measures have been described but none is considered to be universally effective. electrochemotherapy (ect) is a new anticancer therapy that utilises electrical field pulses to induce increased cell membrane permeability to antitumour hydrophilic drugs, such as cisplatin. the increased intracellular concentration of the drugs has a significant therapeutic benefit. the procedure has not been pr ...	2011	21793876
alteration of the chronic wasting disease species barrier by in vitro prion amplification.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) of cervids now detected in 19 states of the united states, three canadian provinces, and south korea. whether noncervid species can be infected by cwd and thereby serve as reservoirs for the infection is not known. to investigate this issue, we previously used serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (spmca) to demonstrate that cwd prions can amplify in brain homogenates from several species sympatric with cer ...	2011	21697475
reduced association of anti-apoptotic protein mcl-1 with e3 ligase mule increases the stability of mcl-1 in breast cancer cells.	mechanisms that increase resistance to apoptosis help promote cellular transformation. cancer cells have deregulated apoptotic pathways, where increased expression and stability of anti-apoptotic proteins mcl-1 and bcl-2 increases resistance to apoptosis. pathways that increase the stability of proteins in cancer cells remain poorly understood.	2011	21730980
surveillance programme for important equine infectious respiratory pathogens in the usa.	the prevalence and epidemiology of important viral (equine influenza virus [eiv], equine herpesvirus type 1 [ehv-1] and ehv-4) and bacterial (streptococcus equi subspecies equi) respiratory pathogens shed by horses presented to equine veterinarians with upper respiratory tract signs and/or acute febrile neurological disease were studied. veterinarians from throughout the usa were enrolled in a surveillance programme and were asked to collect blood and nasal secretions from equine cases with acut ...	2011	21676986
proteomic profile evolution during steatosis development in ducks.	we investigated a protein profile evolution during steatosis in ducks using 2-dimensional electrophoresis gels to better understand the mechanisms underlying liver steatosis at the level of hepatic proteins in waterfowl. two-dimensional electrophoresis gels were performed in the liver at different stages of steatosis in the duck. mule ducks were slaughtered after 0, 14, or 23 meals of overfeeding, according to commercial conditions. thirty-one proteic spots were differentially expressed between ...	2012	22184436
a review of african horse sickness and its implications for ireland.	african horse sickness is an economically highly important non-contagious but infectious orbivirus disease that is transmitted by various species of culicoides midges. the equids most severely affected by the virus are horses, ponies, and european donkeys; mules are somewhat less susceptible, and african donkeys and zebra are refractory to the devastating consequences of infection. in recent years, bluetongue virus, an orbivirus similar to african horse sickness, which also utilises culicoides s ...	2012	22553991
serosurveillance for livestock pathogens in free-ranging mule deer (odocoileus hemionus).	routine disease surveillance has been conducted for decades in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in california for pathogens shared between wildlife and domestic ruminants that may have implications for the animal production industry and wildlife health. deer sampled from 1990 to 2007 (n = 2,619) were tested for exposure to six pathogens: bluetongue virus (btv), epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), leptospira spp., anaplasma spp. and brucella spp. we eval ...	2012	23209790
immune responses and protection against h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus induced by the newcastle disease virus h5 vaccine in ducks.	ducks play an important role in the epidemiology of avian influenza, and there is a need for new avian influenza vaccines that are suitable for mass vaccination in ducks. the immune responses as well as highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 protection induced by a newcastle disease virus (ndv) vector expressing an h5n1 hemagglutinin (rndv-h5) were investigated in mule ducks, a hybrid between muscovy (cairina moschata domesticus) males and pekin (anas platyrhynchos domesticus) females. im ...	2012	23402116
functional genomics approach for identification of molecular processes underlying neurodegenerative disorders in prion diseases.	prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) are infectious neurodegenerative disorders leading to death. these include cresutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd), familial, sporadic and variant cjd and kuru in humans; and animal tses include scrapie in sheep, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) in cattle, chronic wasting disease (cwd) of mule deer and elk, and transmissible mink encephalopathy. all these tses share common pathological features such as accumulation of mis-folded p ...	2012	23372423
association mapping of genetic risk factors for chronic wasting disease in wild deer.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting north american cervids. we assessed the feasibility of association mapping cwd genetic risk factors in wild white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) using a panel of bovine microsatellite markers from three homologous deer linkage groups predicted to contain candidate genes. these markers had a low cross-species amplification rate (27.9%) and showed weak linkage disequ ...	2012	23467626
serological evidence of besnoitia spp. infection in canadian wild ruminants and strong cross-reaction between besnoitia besnoiti and besnoitia tarandi.	bovine besnoitiosis, caused by besnoitia besnoiti, is considered to be emergent in europe and responsible for severe economic losses due to the chronic and debilitating course of the disease but has not been reported in north america. besnoitia tarandi is a related species and it has been reported in reindeer and caribou from different locations of the arctic pole, including north america. diagnosis of clinical besnoitiosis is largely based on the recognition of dermal grossly visible tissue cys ...	2012	22795672
gene expression alterations in rocky mountain elk infected with chronic wasting disease.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is an invariably fatal neurologic disease that naturally infects mule deer, white tailed deer and elk. the understanding of cwd neurodegeneration at a molecular level is very limited. in this study, microarray analysis was performed to determine changes in the gene expression profiles in six different tissues including brain, midbrain, thalamus, spleen, rpln and tonsil of cwd-infected elk in comparison to non-infected healthy elk, using 24,000 bovine specific oligo ...	2012	22561165
identification of novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in deer (odocoileus spp.) using the bovinesnp50 beadchip.	single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) are growing in popularity as a genetic marker for investigating evolutionary processes. a panel of snps is often developed by comparing large quantities of dna sequence data across multiple individuals to identify polymorphic sites. for non-model species, this is particularly difficult, as performing the necessary large-scale genomic sequencing often exceeds the resources available for the project. in this study, we trial the bovine snp50 beadchip developed ...	2012	22590559
insulin effect on lipogenesis and fat distribution in three genotypes of ducks during overfeeding.	in waterfowl, the response to overfeeding differs from one genotype to the other. pekin ducks generally store lipids in the peripheral tissues while muscovy and mule ducks promote hepatic lipid storage. a possible reason for these various susceptibilities to hepatic steatosis could be a difference in insulin sensitivity. we suggest a resistance to insulin in pekin ducks. in the present work we investigate the action of insulin on glucose and lipid metabolisms for the three overfed genotypes. reg ...	2012	23280472
autogenous dermis-fat "baseball" orbital implant.	a new procedure has been devised for the construction of an autogenous dermis-fat orbital implant, in which two figure-eight-shaped dermis-fat grafts are sutured together into a baseball shape. correct implant size can be determined by preplacement of different-sized mule spheres and testing for accurate fit. the "baseball" implant eliminates deep orbital fat which is distant from a vascular supply, and because it is covered with dermis, it maximizes graft vascularization, thus promoting surviva ...	2012	3550559
prevalence and persistence of taylorella asinigenitalis in male donkeys.	this study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of taylorella asinigenitalis in a subset of the donkey population of michigan and in other equids on farms on which the organism was identified. other aims were to further characterize the carrier state in terms of persistence and preferred sites of colonization of t. asinigenitalis in the male donkey as well as determine the genotype of any isolates of the organism. initial testing of 43 donkeys and 1 mule turned up 4 (9.3%) donkeys cultur ...	2012	22795262
use of sentinel serosurveillance of mules and donkeys in the monitoring of west nile virus infection.	a cross-sectional study was carried out on clinically normal mules and donkeys in a region of southern spain to assess the seroprevalence of west nile virus (wnv) following detection of infection in contiguous horse and human populations. antibodies against wnv were detected by a blocking elisa and micro-virus neutralisation test in 12/165 (7.3%; ci(95%) 4.3-11.3) of the animals sampled. even though the individual seroprevalence was higher in mules (9.6%; 8/83) than in donkeys (4.9%; 4/82), the ...	2012	22633828
susceptibility of cattle to the agent of chronic wasting disease from elk after intracranial inoculation.	cattle could be exposed to the agent of chronic wasting disease (cwd) through contact with infected farmed or free-ranging cervids or exposure to contaminated premises. the purpose of the current study was to assess the potential for cwd derived from elk to transmit to cattle after intracranial inoculation. calves (n = 14) were inoculated with brain homogenate derived from elk with cwd to determine the potential for transmission and to define the clinicopathologic features of disease. cattle wer ...	2012	22991389
experimental oral transmission of chronic wasting disease to reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus).	chronic wasting disease (cwd), a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of cervids, remains prevalent in north american elk, white-tailed deer and mule deer. a natural case of cwd in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) has not been reported despite potential habitat overlap with cwd-infected deer or elk herds. this study investigates the experimental transmission of cwd from elk or white-tailed deer to reindeer by the oral route of inoculation. ante-mortem testing of the three reindeer expose ...	2012	22723928
historical overview of prion diseases: a view from afar.	the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses), or prion diseases, are a group of neurodegenerative disorders which include kuru, creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd), gerstmann-sträussler-scheinker (gss) syndrome, and fatal familial insomnia in men, natural scrapie in sheep, goats and mufflons, transmissible mink encephalopathy in ranch-reared mink, chronic wasting disease of mule deer and elk, bovine spongiform encephalopathy or "mad cow disease" and its analogues in several exotic species of ...	2012	22505359
assessment of prospective preventive therapies for chronic wasting disease in mule deer.	we compared prion infection rates among mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) receiving pentosan polysulfate, tannic acid, tetracycline hcl, or no treatment 14 days before to 14 days after (dpi) oral inoculation with tonsil tissue homogenate. all deer were infected, but the rapid disease course (230-603 dpi) suggested our challenge was overwhelming.	2012	22493139
[the prevalence of liver trematodes in equines in different cities of turkey].	this study was carried out between march 2004- april 2005 to determine the prevalance of liver trematode infections of equids in different cities of turkey.	2012	23169158
Targeted polyubiquitylation of RASSF1C by the Mule and SCFß-TrCP ligases in response to DNA damage.	RASSF1A [Ras association (RalGDS/AF-6) domain family member 1A] and RASSF1C are two ubiquitously expressed isoforms of the RASSF1 gene. The promoter of RASSF1A is frequently hypermethylated, resulting in inactivation in various human cancers. RASSF1A is implicated in the regulation of apoptosis, microtubule stability and cell cycle arrest. However, little is known about the regulation and function of RASSF1C. In the present study we show that exogenously expressed RASSF1C is a very unstable prot ...	2012	21910689
the role of genetics in chronic wasting disease of north american cervids.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a major concern for the management of north american cervid populations. this fatal prion disease has led to declines in populations which have high cwd prevalence and areas with both high and low infection rates have experienced economic losses in wildlife recreation and fears of potential spill-over into livestock or humans. research from human and veterinary medicine has established that the prion protein gene (prnp) encodes the protein responsible for transmi ...	2012	22460693
production of donor-derived offspring after ovarian transplantation between muscovy (cairina moschata) and pekin (anas platyrhynchos) ducks.	transplantation of ovarian tissue between different breeds of chickens or japanese quail can result in normal egg production and give rise to donor-derived offspring with a high frequency. the feasibility of interspecific ovarian transplantation was evaluated by transplanting ovarian tissue from muscovy ducks to pekin ducks just after hatch, with subsequent treatment of the recipients with an immunosuppressant. among the 8 mature pekin ducks that had received ovarian tissue from muscovy duckling ...	2012	22184444
the e3 ubiquitin ligase mule acts through the atm-p53 axis to maintain b lymphocyte homeostasis.	cellular homeostasis is controlled by pathways that balance cell death with survival. mcl-1 ubiquitin ligase e3 (mule) is an e3 ubiquitin ligase that targets the proapoptotic molecule p53 for polyubiquitination and degradation. to elucidate the role of mule in b lymphocyte homeostasis, b cell-specific mule knockout (bmko) mice were generated using the cre-loxp recombination system. analysis of bmko mice showed that mule was essential for b cell development, proliferation, homeostasis, and humora ...	2012	22213803
seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in equids from southern spain.	antibodies to toxoplasma gondii were determined in serum samples from 616 equids (454 horses, 80 mules and 82 donkeys) in a cross-sectional study of 420 herds in andalusia (southern spain), the region with the highest number of equids in spain. antibodies to t. gondii were found in 10.8% horses, 15.0% mules and 25.6% donkeys by using the modified agglutination test (mat) at a cut-off of 1:25. herd seroprevalence for horses, mules and donkeys was 14.7% (48/327), 23.9% (11/46) and 34.0% (16/47), r ...	2012	22366344
complete genome sequence analysis of duck circovirus strains from cherry valley duck.	to investigate molecular epidemiology of ducv in cherry valley ducks in china, the complete genomes of six ducv strains, which were detected from cherry valley ducks in china between 2007 and 2008, were sequenced. sequence and phylogenetic analysis were carried out to compare these six strains with another 27 ducv strains from mulard duck, muscovy duck, pekin ducks and mule duck. the analysis showed that the six ducv strains exhibited typical genetic features of the family of ducv, such as a ste ...	2012	22684469
random x inactivation in the mule and horse placenta.	in eutherian mammals, dosage compensation of x-linked genes is achieved by x chromosome inactivation. x inactivation is random in embryonic and adult tissues, but imprinted x inactivation (paternal x silencing) has been identified in the extra-embryonic membranes of the mouse, rat, and cow. few other species have been studied for this trait, and the data from studies of the human placenta have been discordant or inconclusive. here, we quantify x inactivation using rna sequencing of placental tis ...	2012	22645258
the domestic livestock resources of turkey: status, use and some physical characteristics of mules.	mules are known to have been used as carriage and riding animals in mesopotamia and anatolia as early as the beginning of the second millennium bc but may have been first bred in anatolia in the third century bc. they have thus contributed to turkey's cultural, social and economic heritage for more than 4,000 years and were an ancient component of its guild of domestic animals and overall biodiversity. once bred country-wide most mules are now introduced "illegally" to the southeast and east fro ...	2012	24833995
corticosterone, cortisol, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase and uric acid plasma concentrations during foie gras production in male mule ducks (anas platyrhynchos × cairina moschata).	1. corticosterone, cortisol, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase (ast) and uric acid (ua) plasma concentration were measured at 8 (7 days after group housing), 12 (after 7 days of force feeding) and 13 weeks of age (at slaughter after 12 days of force feeding), and 45 min after an adrenocorticotrophic hormone (acth) stimulation test at 8 weeks of age in 12 male mule ducks in an on-farm experiment. 2. no significant increase of corticosterone was found during the force-feeding period compar ...	2012	23130574
inheritance of duration of fertility in female common ducks (anas platyrhynchos) inseminated in pure breeding or in inter-generic crossbreeding with muscovy drakes (cairina moschata).	ducks (common, muscovy and mule ducks) are the third most important bird species in animal production for human consumption worldwide. our study aimed to improve the efficiency of mule duck breeding, thus contributing to the efficiency of food production in general. in the common duck, females can be bred either with males of the same species (i.e. in pure breeding (pb) subscript p) or in inter-generic crossbreeding (cb; subscript c) with muscovy drakes to produce the hybrid mule duck. the aim o ...	2012	23031599
identification of piroplasms isolated from asymptomatic equine species from southern spain.	the aim of the study was to detect the presence of genetic material of equine piroplasmas and to determine the species isolates from apparently healthy equids, including horses, donkeys and mules, in southern spain. blood samples were collected from 135 animals to assess the presence of dna from equine piroplasmas using pcr. babesia (b.) caballi dna was detected in blood samples of three horses and one donkey, while theileria (t.) equi dna was confirmed in blood of 19 horses, three mules and one ...	2012	23227769
behavioural responses of lambs to plastic clips as an alternative procedure to mulesing.	compare the effects on the behaviour of lambs of applying occlusive plastic clips, as an alternative procedure to surgical mulesing, with tail docking, surgical mulesing and a control treatment.	2012	23004227
summer watering patterns of mule deer in the great basin desert, usa: implications of differential use by individuals and the sexes for management of water resources.	changes in the abundance and distribution of free water can negatively influence wildlife in arid regions. free water is considered a limiting factor for mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in the great basin desert. consequently, a better understanding of differential use of water by individuals and the sexes could influence the conservation and management of mule deer and water resources in their habitats. we deployed remote cameras at all known water sources (13 wildlife water developments and 4 ...	2012	23125557
the mule.		2012	23076317
nibbs-search for fast and accurate prediction of phenotype-biased metabolic systems.	understanding of genotype-phenotype associations is important not only for furthering our knowledge on internal cellular processes, but also essential for providing the foundation necessary for genetic engineering of microorganisms for industrial use (e.g., production of bioenergy or biofuels). however, genotype-phenotype associations alone do not provide enough information to alter an organism's genome to either suppress or exhibit a phenotype. it is important to look at the phenotype-related g ...	2012	22589706
modeling the relationships between quality and biochemical composition of fatty liver in mule ducks.	the fatty liver of mule ducks (i.e., french "foie gras") is the most valuable product in duck production systems. its quality is measured by the technological yield, which is the opposite of the fat loss during cooking. the purpose of this study was to determine whether biochemical measures of fatty liver could be used to accurately predict the technological yield (ty). ninety-one male mule ducks were bred, overfed, and slaughtered under commercial conditions. fatty liver weight (flw) and bioche ...	2012	22585814
the double life of mule in preeclamptic and iugr placentae.	the e3 ubiquitin ligase mule (mcl-1 ubiquitin ligases e3) targets myeloid cell leukemia factor 1 (mcl-1) and tumor suppressor p53 for proteasomal degradation. although mcl-1 and p53 have been implicated in trophoblast cell death in preeclampsia (pe) and intrauterine growth restriction (iugr), the mechanisms regulating their expression in the human placenta remains elusive. herein, we investigated mule's involvement in regulating mcl-1 and p53 degradation during normal and abnormal (pe, iugr) pla ...	2012	22552282
survival patterns in white-tailed and mule deer after oral inoculation with a standardized, conspecific prion dose.	we orally inoculated white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) with a standardized, conspecific prion dose and collected biologic samples throughout the disease course. mule deer (prnp genotype 225ss) and prnp genotype 96gg white-tailed deer succumbed along similar trajectories, but 96gs- and 96ss-genotype individuals tended to survive longer.	2012	22493138
mutator-like elements with multiple long terminal inverted repeats in plants.	mutator-like transposable elements (mules) are widespread in plants and the majority have long terminal inverted repeats (tirs), which distinguish them from other dna transposons. it is known that the long tirs of mutator elements harbor transposase binding sites and promoters for transcription, indicating that the tir sequence is critical for transposition and for expression of sequences between the tirs. here, we report the presence of mules with multiple tirs mostly located in tandem. these e ...	2012	22474413
investigation of the role of mules as silent shedders of ehv-1 during an outbreak of ehv-1 myeloencephalopathy in california.		2012	22472540
"drug mules" as a radiological challenge: sensitivity and specificity in identifying internal cocaine in body packers, body pushers and body stuffers by computed tomography, plain radiography and lodox.	the purpose of our study was to retrospectively evaluate the specificity, sensitivity and accuracy of computed tomography (ct), digital radiography (dr) and low-dose linear slit digital radiography (lsdr, lodox(®)) in the detection of internal cocaine containers.	2012	22178312
identification of an active mutator-like element (mule) in rice (oryza sativa).	transposable elements (tes) represent an important fraction of plant genomes and play a significant role in gene and genome evolution. among all te superfamilies discovered in plants, mutator from maize (zea mays) is the most active and mutagenic element. mutator-like elements (mules) were identified in a wide range of plants. however, only few active mules have been reported, and the transposition mechanism of the elements is still poorly understood. in this study, an active mule named os3378 w ...	2012	22274888
up-regulation of pro-apoptotic protein bim and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic protein mcl-1 cooperatively mediate enhanced tumor cell death induced by the combination of erk kinase (mek) inhibitor and microtubule inhibitor.	blockade of the erk signaling pathway by erk kinase (mek) inhibitors selectively enhances the induction of apoptosis by microtubule inhibitors in tumor cells in which this pathway is constitutively activated. we examined the mechanism by which such drug combinations induce enhanced cell death by applying time-lapse microscopy to track the fate of individual cells. mek inhibitors did not affect the first mitosis after drug exposure, but most cells remained arrested in interphase without entering ...	2012	22270368
prevalence of salmonella serotypes in male mule ducks in belgium.	salmonella species infections of male mule ducks were studied for 32 months in 100 flocks on nine duck farms in belgium. the prevalence of salmonella species infections changed significantly over time (p<0.001) with infection rates of 50, 13.4, 6.7, 2.6 and 2.9 per cent, respectively, at the time of arrival on the farm, at three, six and nine weeks of age, and when the ducks left the breeding unit to enter the force-feeding rooms (at 11 or 12 weeks of age). during the study period, 95 strains of ...	2012	22266688
do regional modifications in tissue mineral content and microscopic mineralization heterogeneity adapt trabecular bone tracts for habitual bending? analysis in the context of trabecular architecture of deer calcanei.	calcanei of mature mule deer have the largest mineral content (percent ash) difference between their dorsal 'compression' and plantar 'tension' cortices of any bone that has been studied. the opposing trabecular tracts, which are contiguous with the cortices, might also show important mineral content differences and microscopic mineralization heterogeneity (reflecting increased hemi-osteonal renewal) that optimize mechanical behaviors in tension vs. compression. support for these hypotheses coul ...	2012	22220639
regulation of oxidative dna damage repair by dna polymerase λ and mutyh by cross-talk of phosphorylation and ubiquitination.	it is of pivotal importance for genome stability that repair dna polymerases (pols), such as pols λ and β, which all exhibit considerably reduced fidelity when replicating undamaged dna, are tightly regulated, because their misregulation could lead to mutagenesis. recently, we found that the correct repair of the abundant and highly miscoding oxidative dna lesion 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanine (8-oxo-g) is performed by an accurate repair pathway that is coordinated by the muty glycosylase hom ...	2012	22203964
suspected ivermectin toxicosis in a miniature mule foal causing blindness.	a 9-week-old miniature mule foal presented to the veterinary medical teaching hospital for acute blindness, ataxia, and depression following an overdose of an over-the-counter ivermectin-based de-worming medication. ophthalmic examination and electrodiagnostic evaluation eliminated outer retinal abnormalities as the primary cause of the bilateral blindness, implicating instead a central neurologic effect of the drug. with symptomatic and supportive care, the foal recovered fully and regained its ...	2012	16409242
spermatogonial stem cell markers and niche in equids.	spermatogonial stem cells (sscs) are the foundation of spermatogenesis and are located in a highly dynamic microenvironment called "niche" that influences all aspects of stem cell function, including homing, self-renewal and differentiation. several studies have recently identified specific proteins that regulate the fate of sscs. these studies also aimed at identifying surface markers that would facilitate the isolation of these cells in different vertebrate species. the present study is the fi ...	2012	22937157
stress-induced phosphorylation and proteasomal degradation of mitofusin 2 facilitates mitochondrial fragmentation and apoptosis.	mitochondria play central roles in integrating pro- and antiapoptotic stimuli, and jnk is well known to have roles in activating apoptotic pathways. we establish a critical link between stress-induced jnk activation, mitofusin 2, which is an essential component of the mitochondrial outer membrane fusion apparatus, and the ubiquitin-proteasome system (ups). jnk phosphorylation of mitofusin 2 in response to cellular stress leads to recruitment of the ubiquitin ligase (e3) huwe1/mule/arf-bp1/hecth9 ...	2012	22748923
social relations in a mixed group of mules, ponies and donkeys reflect differences in equid type.	donkeys and mules are frequently kept as companion animals for horses and ponies, with these different equids often being considered a homogenous group. however, the extent to which domestic equids form inter-specific bonds and display similar social behaviour when living in a mixed herd has not previously been studied. here we compare the social organization of these three (sub)species when housed together, providing the first systematic analysis of how genetic hybridization is expressed in the ...	2012	22709577
microbial mules.		2012	22649983
regulation of oxidative dna damage repair: the adenine:8-oxo-guanine problem.	reactive oxygen species (ros) constantly attack dna. one of the best-characterized oxidative dna lesions is 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxo-g). many human diseases, such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, have been correlated with oxidative dna damage. in the last few years, dna polymerase (pol) λ, one of the 15 cellular pols, has been identified to play an important role in performing accurate translesion synthesis over 8-oxo-g. this is eminently important, since normally faithful repli ...	2012	22370481
effect of plastic occlusive clips used as an alternative to mulesing on breech conformation, body weight and survival of merino lambs.	to determine the effect of applying plastic clips to the breech and tail of lambs on the perineal and tail bare areas, breech wrinkle, dag (faecal) accumulation, urine stain, body weight and survival of lambs, compared with unclipped, unmulesed lambs and mulesed lambs.	2012	22339120
luteogenic and luteotropic effects of ecg during pregnancy in the mare.	the role of ecg during pregnancy was evaluated through the study of the temporal relationships between changes in ecg and progesterone concentrations and the formation of supplementary corpora lutea (scl) in mares impregnated with donkey semen (mule pregnancies) or with horse semen (equine pregnancies). concentrations of ecg were higher (p<0.01) in equine than in mule pregnancies between weeks 6.5 and 13. progesterone concentrations were higher in equine than in mule pregnancies between weeks 9 ...	2012	22325968
mule/huwe1/arf-bp1 suppresses ras-driven tumorigenesis by preventing c-myc/miz1-mediated down-regulation of p21 and p15.	tumorigenesis results from dysregulation of oncogenes and tumor suppressors that influence cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and/or senescence. many gene products involved in these processes are substrates of the e3 ubiquitin ligase mule/huwe1/arf-bp1 (mule), but whether mule acts as an oncogene or tumor suppressor in vivo remains controversial. we generated k14cre;mule(flox/flox(y)) (mule kko) mice and subjected them to dmba/pma-induced skin carcinogenesis, which depends on on ...	2013	23699408
migrating mule deer: effects of anthropogenically altered landscapes.	migration is an adaptive strategy that enables animals to enhance resource availability and reduce risk of predation at a broad geographic scale. ungulate migrations generally occur along traditional routes, many of which have been disrupted by anthropogenic disturbances. spring migration in ungulates is of particular importance for conservation planning, because it is closely coupled with timing of parturition. the degree to which oil and gas development affects migratory patterns, and whether ...	2013	23691246
impacts of informal trails on vegetation and soils in the highest protected area in the southern hemisphere.	there is limited recreation ecology research in south america, especially studies looking at informal trails. impacts of informal trails formed by hikers and pack animals on vegetation and soils were assessed for the highest protected area in the southern hemisphere, aconcagua provincial park. the number of braided trails, their width and depth were surveyed at 30 sites along the main access route to mt aconcagua (6962 m a.s.l.). species composition, richness and cover were also measured on cont ...	2013	23681405
is a diagnostic system based exclusively on agar gel immunodiffusion adequate for controlling the spread of equine infectious anaemia?	to improve the efficiency of the national equine infectious anaemia (eia) surveillance program in italy, a three-tiered diagnostic system has been adopted. this procedure involves initial screening by elisa (tier 1) with test-positive samples confirmed by the agar gel immunodiffusion test (agidt) (tier 2) and, in the case of elisa positive/agidt negative results, final determination by immunoblot (ib) (tier 3). during this evaluation, 74,880 samples, principally collected from two regions of cen ...	2013	23618837
evaluating apparent competition in limiting the recovery of an endangered ungulate.	predation can disproportionately affect endangered prey populations when generalist predators are numerically linked to more abundant primary prey. apparent competition, the term for this phenomenon, has been increasingly implicated in the declines of endangered prey populations. we examined the potential for apparent competition to limit the recovery of sierra nevada bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis sierrae), an endangered subspecies under the us endangered species act. using a combination of loc ...	2013	22791131
obesity promotes liver carcinogenesis via mcl-1 stabilization independent of il-6rα signaling.	obesity increases the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) development in part through the activation of obesity-associated proinflammatory signaling. here, we show that in lean mice, abrogation of il-6rα signaling protects against diethylnitrosamine (den)-induced hcc development. hcc protection occurs via mcl-1 destabilization, thus promoting hepatocyte apoptosis. il-6 regulates mcl-1 stability via the inhibition of pp-1α expression, promoting gsk-3β inactivation. in addition, il-6 suppr ...	2013	23954788
practical guidance on characterizing availability in resource selection functions under a use-availability design.	habitat selection is a fundamental aspect of animal ecology, the understanding of which is critical to management and conservation. global positioning system data from animals allow fine-scale assessments of habitat selection and typically are analyzed in a use availability framework, whereby animal locations are contrasted with random locations (the availability sample). although most use-availability methods are in fact spatial point process models, they often are fit using logistic regression ...	2013	23951705
characterization of prdm9 in equids and sterility in mules.	prdm9 (meisetz) is the first speciation gene discovered in vertebrates conferring reproductive isolation. this locus encodes a meiosis-specific histone h3 methyltransferase that specifies meiotic recombination hotspots during gametogenesis. allelic differences in prdm9, characterized for a variable number of zinc finger (zf) domains, have been associated with hybrid sterility in male house mice via spermatogenic failure at the pachytene stage. the mule, a classic example of hybrid sterility in m ...	2013	23613924
duration of action of a topical anaesthetic formulation for pain management of mulesing in sheep.	to investigate the effect of topical anaesthesia on 'mothering up' of lambs after mulesing and marking, and for pain alleviation over a 24-h period.	2013	23521101
risk-sensitive allocation in seasonal dynamics of fat and protein reserves in a long-lived mammal.	body reserves of numerous taxa follow seasonal rhythms that are a function of temporal patterns in food availability and life-history events; however, tests of the theory underlying the allocation of somatic reserves for long-lived organisms are rare, especially for free-ranging mammals. we evaluated the hypothesis that allocation of somatic reserves to survival (i.e., metabolic processes) and reproduction should be sensitive to current nutritional state relative to seasonal thresholds in those ...	2013	23379674
usp7s-dependent inactivation of mule regulates dna damage signalling and repair.	the e3 ubiquitin ligase mule/arf-bp1 plays an important role in the cellular dna damage response by controlling base excision repair and p53 protein levels. however, how the activity of mule is regulated in response to dna damage is currently unknown. here, we report that the ser18-containing isoform of the usp7 deubiquitylation enzyme (usp7s) controls mule stability by preventing its self-ubiquitylation and subsequent proteasomal degradation. we find that in response to dna damage, downregulati ...	2013	23275561
index selection in terminal sires improves lamb performance at finishing.	lamb meat is often perceived by consumers as fatty, and consumption has decreased in recent decades. a lean growth index was developed in the uk for terminal sire breeds to increase carcass lean content and constrain fat content at a constant age end point. the purposes of this study were 1) to evaluate the effects of index selection of terminal sires on their crossbred offspring at finishing and 2) to evaluate its effectiveness within terminal sire breeds. approximately 70% of lambs marketed in ...	2013	23100579
gastrointestinal nematode burden in working equids from humid tropical areas of central veracruz, mexico, and its relationship with body condition and haematological values.	the east coast of veracruz, mexico, has an important equine population used for working in rural production systems. the objectives of this study were (1) to calculate the prevalence of tropical working equids (donkeys, mules and horses) infected with gastrointestinal nematodes (gins) and the gins involved, and (2) to measure the body condition score (bcs) and haematological values for each working equid and its relationship with faecal worm egg count (epg). one hundred and forty working equids ...	2013	22992947
fundamental frequency is key to response of female deer to juvenile distress calls.	considerable attention is currently devoted to understanding acoustic mechanisms underlying animal responses to heterospecific vocalizations. a further complication ensues when the response of two species is asymmetrical. for example, white-tailed deer females approach a speaker only when it plays distress calls of conspecific fawns. mule deer females approach when hearing distress calls of either white-tailed deer or mule deer. we hypothesized that selective species such as white-tailed deer re ...	2013	23022571