Publications

an epidemic of keratoconjunctivitis due to adenovirus type 37.	an epidemic of keratoconjunctivitis due to adenovirus type 37 in liverpool in 1984 is reported. initially serum neutralisation suggested that isolates were type 10 but further neutralisation studies supported by dna restriction enzyme analysis showed that they were type 37. clinical and epidemiological features of this cause of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, recently recognised in the united kingdom, are presented and the implications for the laboratory investigation discussed.	1988	2841171
aetiology of bilateral sensori-neural deafness in children.	the study was carried out in the department in children born during the four year period 1981-1984 in a well defined geographical areas known as the greater manchester county. the children were investigated for possible congenital infections. perinatal assessment was carried out in conjunction with the paediatricians for aetiological adverse factors. family histories were obtained and parents and siblings were examined for any hearing impairment. a total of 155 cases were investigated. cases wit ...	1988	2852399
cytological screening for cervical cancer and human papillomavirus in general practice.	in a retrospective study of cervical screening in a general practice in birmingham 156 out of 1913 smears taken over three years showed some abnormality. smears from 65 women showed severe non-specific inflammation, and 91 women had various grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, of whom 53 were aged under 30 and 13 over 40. of 35 women with clinical evidence of human papillomavirus, 21 had normal results on cervical testing and 14 abnormal results. the incidence of genital warts among sex ...	1988	2852515
nature, incidence and prognosis of neurological involvement in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in central london.	clinical neurological involvement at various times throughout the illness was recorded in 52% of 122 patients seen in central london who died from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). various metabolic encephalopathies, dementias, focal encephalopathies, retinopathies and peripheral nerve pathology were the most frequent manifestations. seven of 9 patients with a neurological presentation had no other major systemic illness. the median time from diagnosis of aids to death was 9 months and ...	1988	2855752
epidemiology of aeromonas species in a hospital.	the occurrence of aeromonas spp. in a hospital water supply, in patients and in the local community was investigated. in healthy persons outside the hospital the isolation rate was 3.6% and among hospital patients it was 6%. seven per cent of water samples yielded aeromonas strains. isolates were typed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of sulphur-35 methionine labelled proteins of aeromonas isolates. no relationship between water and human isolates could be establishe ...	1988	2896686
molecular cloning and complete nucleotide sequence of an adult t cell leukaemia virus/human t cell leukaemia virus type i (atlv/htlv-i) isolate of caribbean origin: relationship to other members of the atlv/htlv-i subgroup.	we report the first complete nucleotide sequence of an adult t cell leukaemia virus/human t cell leukaemia virus type i (atlv/htlv-i) isolate from a british patient of caribbean origin. sequence comparisons of our proviral clone (hs-35) with other molecular clones are shown. we note the strong sequence conservation between isolates of caribbean and japanese origin (2.3% divergence), but demonstrate the higher homologies existing between isolates originating from similar geographical areas (appro ...	1988	2899128
association of genetic variant of the glucose transporter with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.	a dna sequence polymorphism, revealed by digestion of genomic dna with the endonuclease xba1 and hybridisation with a complementary dna clone for a human glucose transporter, yields two alleles (sizes 6.2 kbp, the x1 allele; or 5.9 kbp, the x2 allele). the genotype frequencies were investigated in three non-insulin-dependent diabetic populations. the frequencies (%) of x1.x1, x1.x2, and x2.x2 were 13, 51, and 36 among 89 north european diabetic subjects, and 8, 38, 54 among their 104 controls (c ...	1988	2899775
colic, "overfeeding", and symptoms of lactose malabsorption in the breast-fed baby: a possible artifact of feed management?	curtailing the time for which a baby feeds at the first breast, in order to encourage intake from the second breast, may maximise milk production by the mother. with escalation of this situation a point may be reached at which the infant, because of the constraint of his stomach capacity, is unable to consume sufficient calories at a feed, since foremilk is lower in calories than hindmilk. the result will be symptoms of hunger (crying, fretfulness) and maybe even failure to thrive. the low fat c ...	1988	2899785
randomised trials and informed consent.	a british barrister analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of the recommendations of the medical research council's cancer therapy committee on the ethical aspects of cancer treatment trials. although the medical community criticizes the requirements of informed consent and randomized controlled trials because of the practical difficulties they create, both are ideals which must be pursued. if patients do not accept that all of the options in a randomized trial are equal and refuse to participa ...	1988	2902486
splitting schizophrenia.		1988	2903447
serological studies on health care workers caring for patients with human immunodeficiency virus.	between 1982 and july 1987, more than 1200 patients attending st stephen's hospital were found to be hiv antibody positive. four hundred were inpatients and most of the outpatients attended the sexually transmitted disease clinic. two hundred and twenty-one patients had aids, 480 hiv-related disorders and 500 were asymptomatic. most inpatients had invasive procedures within the operating theatres and there were 25 postmortems. four hundred and five antibody tests from 220 health care workers fro ...	1988	2905725
dna polymorphisms of the insulin receptor gene in japanese subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.	genotypes identified by two restriction fragment length polymorphisms (rflps) of the insulin receptor gene (irg) with the restriction endonuclease sst-1 were determined in a japanese group comprising 51 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (niddm) and 50 control subjects. southern hybridization using a probe for the beta subunit of the human irg identifies 4 alleles, termed s1(+) (5.3 kb), s1(-) (5.8 kb), s2(+) (7.0 and 2.4 kb) and s2(-) (9.4 kb). the frequencies of genotypes po ...	1988	2906902
needlestick injuries: how can we teach people better about risk assessment?	at work people run some small risk of death or injury which is directly attributable to their occupation. in biomedical sciences the accidental puncture of the skin by hypodermic needles, other instruments or broken glass has long been regarded as an occupational hazard and there is increasing concern that staff could become infected with a range of micro-organisms, including hepatitis b and the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). needlestick injuries should be preventable if staff are trained e ...	1988	2907336
are general practitioners ready to prevent the spread of hiv?	general practitioners are excellently placed to assess a person's risk of being infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and to give advice on reducing that risk. their attitudes to the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) and infection with hiv are, however, unknown. a questionnaire survey of 196 general practitioners in east berkshire health district was used to assess general practitioners' readiness to undertake opportunistic health education to prevent the spread of infect ...	1988	3126896
general practitioners and management of infection with hiv.	general practitioners will have an increasingly important role in the management of patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) and infections with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) as the numbers of cases increase. altogether 280 general practitioners working in oxfordshire were sent a postal questionnaire inquiring about their education, knowledge, current practice, and attitudes in relation to managing infections with hiv. of the 235 (84%) general practitioners who replied, ...	1988	3126897
survey of general practitioners' attitudes to aids in the north west thames and east anglian regions.	as the numbers of people suffering from human immunodeficiency virus infection and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) increase, so will the contribution to care required from general practice. a postal questionnaire survey was therefore carried out among general practitioners in the north west thames and east anglian regions to determine their attitudes to aids and the issues it raises for them. one hundred and thirty seven questionnaires were returned (response rate 57%) and four fa ...	1988	3126898
syringe exchange schemes for drug users in england and scotland.	in 1987 experimental schemes for distributing injecting equipment to intravenous drug users to help prevent the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus were started by the government. after six months the schemes were found to have been reasonably successful in attracting clients but were less successful in keeping them. it has been shown that equipment can be distributed to drug users on an exchange basis. many of the clients who were attracted to these schemes had had no treatment or other ...	1988	3135891
preventing the spread of hiv in injecting drug users--the experience of syringe-exchange schemes in england and scotland.	in 1987 the uk government launched experimental schemes for distributing injecting equipment to injecting drug users in order to help prevent the spread of human immunodeficiency virus. this paper reports on the first few months of the schemes, and provides some initial evidence of changes in clients' risk behaviours. the schemes have been reasonably successful in attracting clients, but are less successful in retaining them. schemes have demonstrated that equipment can be distributed to clients ...	1988	3151932
restriction enzyme analysis of faecal adenoviruses in newcastle upon tyne.	adenovirus dna was isolated directly from virus-containing stools and digested with restriction endonucleases. the resulting fragments were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page) and visualized by silver staining. this enabled us to assign most of the viruses detected to subgenus, serotype and, sometimes, unique strains. although less sensitive than electron microscopy, the method allowed more information about the infecting virus to be obtained and no cultivation was necessary. ...	1988	2460364
declaration.	this article presents the declaration of the 1988 london summit of health ministers focusing on aids prevention and control. over 148 countries were represented and a total of 114 ministers of health were present. the summit adopted the year to be the year of communication and cooperation to combat aids. about 98 ministers and delegates spoke on the prevention and control of aids. 15 declarations were announced, which were: actions by all governments and people all over the world to take hee ...	1988	12315655
bromley v. h. and j. quick, 30 march 1988.	the appellants charged the respondent employer with sex discrimination under the equal pay act 1970 because they were paid less than male employees that they claimed were performing work of equal value. the respondent asserted that there was no discrimination, relying on a commissioned job evaluation study giving different values for the work. the court of appeal of england held that the respondent could not rely on the job evaluation study because the study was not an analytical study based o ...	1988	12289307
stockton-on-tees borough council v. brown, 21 april 1988.	the appellant was an employee of a youth training scheme whose employment was terminated when her employers introduced a revised scheme employing fewer staff. after she was not offered one of the new staff positions because she was pregnant and would require maternity leave, she charged her employer with discrimination on the basis of pregnancy as prohibited by section 60 of the employment protection (consolidation) act. the house of lords of the uk reversed a lower court ruling (see arpl, vol ...	1988	12289308
benveniste v. university of southampton, 23 november 1988.	the appellant charged her employer, the university of southampton, with sex discrimination in violation of the equal pay act 1970 because she was paid less than men employed in the same position. she had been initially employed at a time when the university was subject to severe financial constraints, and, although she had subsequently been given extra annual pay increases, she was still not paid as much as the men. first the court of appeal of england ruled that the financial constraints cons ...	1988	12289311
confidentiality and young people.		1988	11659097
re f (in utero)	a local british health authority, fearing for the welfare of the fetus of a mentally disturbed woman whose first child had been made a ward of the court and put up for adoption, sought to make the unborn child a ward of the court. the case came before the court of appeal, civil division, after the health authority appealed the dismissal of its application. the court found that it could not exercise wardship, because it had no jurisdiction over unborn children. until the child was born, thereb ...	1988	11648578
healthy move on equality.		1988	10302691
the interdependence of geographical migration with job and housing mobility in london.	"a multinomial logit model is developed to analyse the association between residential migration within and from london with employment and tenure mobility. migration is shown to interact more strongly with tenure change than career shifts, and with changes of workplace as against changes in occupation in general.... while occupational mobility and job-linked migration are higher among lower income workers, they are positively related to educational resources, confirming human capital models of ...	1988	12341626
finnegan v. clowney youth training programme [1988].	the plaintiff challenged her forced retirement at age 60 as discrimination under the sex discrimination (northern ireland) order 1976, because men were not forced to retire until age 65. she argued that, although the order specifically noted that it did not apply to retirement requirements, it should be read in conjunction with european communities council directive 76/207/eec, which prohibits such discrimination and had been issued before the enactment of the order. the court rejected this ar ...	1989	12344144
the natural history of waiting lists--some wider explanations for an unnecessary problem.	the examination of waiting list statistics suggests that long waiting times have at most a tenuous relationship with any lack of nhs resources. long waiting times offer strong evidence that nhs resources are not allocated rationally in that the conditions whose relative neglect is expressed in waiting lists are those conditions where clear benefits are likely to follow comparatively cheap treatments. this article offers two wider explanations for the fact that this seemingly irrational picture h ...	1989	10293580
class mortality differentials, income distribution and trends in poverty 1921-1981.	the official figures which appear to show a widening of class differences in health in england and wales during the post-war period have been controversial partly because they do not fit with common perceptions of what has happened to differences in the standard of living. as a result, a great deal of effort has gone into investigating suggested weaknesses in the decennial social class mortality data. though initially plausible, the artifactual and selective explanations of the widening mortalit ...	1989	10296719
the ethics of animal experimentation in seventeenth-century england.		1989	11645864
r v. tait.	stephen tait and a friend had gone to colin mcintyre's house to frighten him. mcintyre's two daughters were home, and the elder, wendy, was pregnant. mcintyre was not home, so tait and his friend stole some property and then threatened wendy and her sister not to tell the police, or they would all be hurt, including wendy's "baby." the men were arrested, charged, and convicted of threatening to kill wendy, her sister, and wendy's baby. tait appealed the conviction for threatening to kill the ...	1989	11648149
modelling migration flows between areas: an analysis for london using the census and opcs longitudinal study.	"this paper analyses migration between the london boroughs using a discrete probability model, but with a correction for excess dispersion to that expected under the poisson process. two sources of migration data are used: one-year migration from the 1981 census; and ten-year migration from the opcs longitudinal study. the evidence from both sets is that both housing and labour market factors are relevant to explaining interborough migration, in addition to the distance and mass terms of the b ...	1989	12315621
inter-regional migration and social change: a study of south east england based upon data from the longitudinal study.	"data from the [office of population censuses and surveys] longitudinal study are used to trace the social class effects of migration between the south east region and the rest of england and wales in the period 1971-81. the analysis begins with the migration streams into and out of the south east of those people who were in the labour market (including the unemployed) at both census dates. the paper then proceeds to an analysis of the migration streams of those who entered or left the labour ...	1989	12281688
prejudice and aids: the views and experiences of people with hiv infection.	discrimination against people on the basis of physical or mental infirmity is common and creates a considerable burden for sufferers. there has been considerable debate about the prejudice against people with disease resulting from human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. this study reports on the views and experiences of stigmatization by 192 outpatients with hiv infection interviewed at two london teaching hospitals. despite reticence about discussing their infection, one quarter of patie ...	1989	2488279
the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in the elderly in a surgical biopsy population: a retrospective analysis of 4042 cases.	a series of over 4000 oral mucosal biopsy cases was examined in two age groups, elderly (greater than or equal to 65 years) and non-elderly, and allocated between seven diagnostic categories. the data were analysed against the know age-sex distribution of the general population of the mersey region from which the oral biopsy cases had been drawn. the distribution of diagnostic categories was significantly different between the two age groups. for all diagnostic categories except mucosal cysts (m ...	1989	2488722
the locus standi of an unborn child threatened with abortion.	the abortion law of england is set out and the recent case of c v s, which was an unsuccessful attempt to restrain an abortion by the unmarried father of the unborn child. neither the father nor the unborn child has the locus standi to bring such an action. legal personality and rights and duties with reference to the unborn child are investigated.	1989	2493556
the dilemma of the reproduction revolution.		1989	2494329
human immunodeficiency viruses in patients attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic in london, 1982-7.	to determine the prevalence of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in all patients attending a london sexually transmitted disease clinic over four weeks at the end of 1987 and to see how it varied from that in similar samples studied between 1982 and 1986.	1989	2495047
chronic liver disease. a case control study of the effect of previous blood transfusion.	a means of assessing hepatitis nanb virus infection, via blood transfusion, as a cause of chronic liver disease was investigated in a hospital in each of two cities in england. patients with chronic liver disease were matched for age and sex with other patients in the same hospital and histories taken included details of previous operations and blood transfusions; if these were within ten years of the study enquiries were made of hospital records officers. all positive histories were found corre ...	1989	2498969
sexual behaviour of young and middle aged men in england and wales.	establishing patterns of sexual behaviour is essential in predicting the future spread of hiv. the sexual behaviour patterns of a randomly selected sample of 480 white men aged 15 to 49 were obtained by interview and analysed in relation to age, social class, and area of residence. over half of the men had first had intercourse before the age of 18 and over three quarters had done so before the age of 20. age at first intercourse tended to be lower in more recent birth cohorts and in social clas ...	1989	2500166
radioiodine in human thyroid glands and incidence of thyroid cancer in cumbria.		1989	2504410
the liverpool chimaera.	a dispermic human chimaera is described who is a fertile female xx/xy chimaera. the chimaera was discovered due to anomalies found during routine antenatal testing. the patient had two red cell populations differing in three blood group systems; abo, rh and mn. analysis of cultured lymphocytes showed 70% of cells to have the 46, xy male karyotype and analysis of cultured skin cells showed 30% of cells to have the 46, xy karyotype.	1989	2506694
uptake of influenza vaccination by patients with serious cardiac disease.		1989	2506971
brain stem death and organ donation.	organs for donation are in short supply in the united kingdom, resulting in allegations that relatives of potential donors are not being asked for consent. legislation on "required request" has been proposed to overcome this. the incidence, causes, complications, and patterns of organ donation in brain stem dead patients in one referral centre were studied over 12 months. data were collected on all patients fulfilling criteria for brain stem death or considered suitable for donating organs after ...	1989	2511940
monitoring the prevalence of hiv.	britain's department of health has proposed a program of extensive human immunodeficiecy virus (hiv) testing of unlinked anonymous blood samples from patients in a variety of health care settings in england and wales. the program's aim is to provide estimates of the prevalence of hiv infection in the population, and of the rate of change of prevalence estimates over time. this information will be used to target prevention campaigns to high-risk populations, and to determine future allocations ...	1989	2513926
clinical manifestations of human parvovirus b19 in adults.	human parvovirus b19 has been associated with various clinical effects in a number of uncontrolled reports. to define the usual manifestations of b19 infection in adults and the factors that influence them we present a clinicoepidemiological study of an outbreak of b19 infection centered on a junior school. four hundred fifty-three of 475 adults in this community were interviewed and blood was obtained for serological diagnosis. fifty-four cases of recent infection were identified and were hla t ...	1989	2541666
epidemiology of parainfluenza virus type 3 in england and wales over a ten-year period.	we have analysed data on respiratory syncytial (rs) and parainfluenza type 3 (pf3) viruses reported to the communicable disease surveillance centre, london, over the period 1978-87. these confirm the annual winter epidemic of rs virus and show that, in england and wales, pf3 is a summer infection with regular yearly epidemics.	1989	2544442
human papillomavirus type 31 infection of the uterine cervix in england.	a total of 452 uterine cervical scrapes, from two centres in england, has been examined by dot blot hybridisation for the presence of human papilloma virus (hpv) types 6, 11, 16, 18 and 31. hpv dna was found in 36.5% samples. twenty-nine of the women were infected with more than one type. of those with detectable hpv, 14.5% had hpv type 31 infections. this type appears to cause significant infection of the genital tract in england.	1989	2545788
group c rotavirus infections in patients with diarrhea in thailand, nepal, and england.	atypical rotavirus obtained from fecal specimens of six patients with diarrhea from thailand, nepal, and england were characterized by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immune electron microscopy. the electropherotypes were characteristic of the porcine reference group c rotavirus strain but demonstrated considerable strain-to-strain variation. human convalescent group c sera had a high titer (1:320) when tested against the human isolates and a low titer (1:40) when tested against a p ...	1989	2547880
erythema infectiosum in a primary school: investigation of an outbreak in bury.	between january and april 1987, 97 of 302 (32%) children attending a primary school in bury, lancashire, were affected by an exanthematous illness. the duration and extent of the episode caused considerable local interest and anxiety. examination of 6 serum specimens obtained during the subsequent investigation demonstrated evidence of recent human parvovirus b19 infection in 3 children and 1 teacher. no evidence of recent rubella virus infection was found. the investigation of the episode is di ...	1989	2552489
london general practitioners' involvement with hiv infection.	a total of 2510 general practitioners in the london postal districts were circulated with a questionnaire about their involvement with patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection--1261 (50%) replies could be analysed. over half of the respondents had at least one patients who was hiv seropositive and most felt confident to handle such patients' psychosocial problems. although almost 60% of doctors had attended at least one postgraduate teaching session on the acquired immune defic ...	1989	2556542
conservative management of an echovirus 11 outbreak in a neonatal unit.	two babies in a neonatal unit presented on the same day with meningitis due to echovirus 11, which was thought to have been introduced by staff. at this time echovirus 11 was also isolated from the stools of eight other babies; five of them did not have signs of infection. no intervention was made except to emphasise the importance of handwashing. there was evidence of secondary spread to two babies who were both clinically well. the attack rate was twelve (29%) of forty-one babies exposed. seve ...	1989	2564069
relation between infection with a subtype of hpv16 and cervical neoplasia.	a variant (hpv16b) of the previously described human papillomavirus (hpv)16 (now called hpv16a) has been identified by polymerase chain reaction assays. compared with hpv16a, hpv16b has a 21bp deletion and several point mutations within the upstream regulatory region. all cervical carcinoma samples studied contained only hpv16a. hpv16b was found only rarely in cervical neoplasia but was common in the normal population.	1989	2566780
evidence for recent changes in sexual behaviour in homosexual men in england and wales.	over 80% of cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) in england and wales have occurred in homosexual men. changes in sexual behaviour in this group may have a substantial influence on the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and will therefore be crucial in determining future cases of aids. this paper critically weighs the indirect and direct evidence for changes in behaviour in homosexual men since the advent of the aids epidemic. the paper reports on falling in ...	1989	2572014
epidemiological and statistical aspects of the aids epidemic: introduction.	in 1988, a government working party studied estimates of incidence and prevalence of numbers of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) cases. they investigated a series of epidemiological, statistical and mathematical problems associated with predicting trends in incidences of aids. this paper introduces a series of papers that give a fuller and more technical exposition of the appendixes of that working party report. the papers provide a brief background to the current state of knowledge on ...	1989	2572020
assessment of the axicare human milk pasteuriser (cm80).	the performance of the axicare human milk pasteurizer was evaluated under different load conditions. the design criteria for pasteurisation specified that milk should be held at 63 degrees c for 30 min. the holding time at this temperature was insufficient if bottles of milk frozen at -20 degrees c were placed into the machine as directed, after the water-bath preheating phase. however, if the machine was loaded with frozen bottles before the whole cycle was commenced, adequate thawing and warmi ...	1989	2572634
subtypes of human papillomavirus 16 in cervical tissue.		1989	2574295
[aids--the most important events in 1988. the london declaration. resolution on avoiding discrimination].	two documents are discussed whose acceptance the author considers as the most important events in 1988 in the control of aids, that is the london declaration and the resolution of the 41st world health assembly concerning avoiding of discrimination of subjects infected with hiv and aids patients. both these documents are of essential epoch-making importance for facilitation of the trend of the further prophylactic actions conducted for halting the aids epidemic in the whole world.	1989	2576569
pseudologia fantastica: a case study of a man charged with murder.	a case of pseudologia fantastica is presented in a man charged with murder. psychological assessment revealed him to be highly compliant and suggestible, consistent with early research (healy and healy, 1915) which showed pathological liars to be suggestible to misleading information. a specific dyslexic disorder is also demonstrated, and the possible mechanisms behind the man's lying considered. some implications regarding the reliability of the man's varying confessions to the police are discu ...	1989	2586275
[a comparison of the spectra of antibodies to individual proteins of the human immunodeficiency virus in seropositive sera collected in the territories of the ussr and england].	antibody spectra to individual proteins of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in 74 seropositive serum samples collected in the ussr and 65 serum samples collected in britain were studied by immunoblotting techniques. most of the sera belonged to clinically healthy persons, some of the sera collected in britain contained specific igm antibodies. the results were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively. in the former case the study of samples collected both in the ussr and in britain yielded s ...	1989	2588879
teaching medicine in general practice: the guy's experience.	the development of teaching in general practice at guy's hospital medical school is described. important features of the current programme (a new programme for the united schools of guy's and st thomas' hospitals will come into effect this year) are the emphasis on learning directly from patients and the active role and responsibility given to clinical students. students welcome the opportunities to see patients first, to deal with undifferentiated problems, to work with one clinical teacher, to ...	1989	2593881
the epidemiology of echinococcus granulosus in great britain. v. the status of subspecies of echinococcus granulosus in great britain.	twenty-five years ago williams and sweatman suggested that in great britain there are two subspecies of echinococcus granulosus--e. granulosus granulosus and e. granulosus equinus. echinococcus granulosus granulosus does not mature either in foxes or in horses: e. granulosus equinus will mature in either. the prepatent period of e. granulosus granulosus in the definitive host is about 42 days while that of e. granulosus equinus is about 70 days. each subspecies has a characteristic morphology. m ...	1989	2596902
fatal echovirus 7 infection during an outbreak in a special care baby unit.	a case of fatal echovirus 7 infection in a neonate which was probably acquired from the symptomatic mother and an outbreak of infection in a neonatal unit are described. the baby who died had extensive haemorrhagic necrosis of the brain, liver, adrenal glands and kidneys as well as disseminated intravascular coagulation. three other babies and one member of staff were found to be infected. no other babies died. human normal immunoglobulin was administered to all babies on the unit.	1989	2600441
workers exposed to ethylene oxide: a follow up study.	a cohort study has been carried out of 2876 men and women with potential exposure to ethylene oxide. subjects were identified from employment records at four companies that have produced or used ethylene oxide since the 1950s and at eight hospitals which have had ethylene oxide sterilising units since the 1960s. the cohort represents a substantial proportion of the british workforce with a history of occupational exposure to ethylene oxide. industrial hygiene data were not available before 1977, ...	1989	2611160
influenza influence.		1989	2616319
epidemiology of human t-cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus type 1 (htlv-1) infections in a subpopulation of afro-caribbean origin in england.	epidemiological studies on neurological diseases in residents of afro-caribbean origin in the west midlands region of england have identified eight patients with tropical spastic paraparesis (tsp), all of whom were found to be infected with human t-cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus type 1 (htlv-1). the husband of one of the patients with tsp was also infected with htlv-1 and had a t-cell lymphoma. in addition, six asymptomatic htlv-1-infected first-degree relatives of the tsp patients have been foun ...	1989	2621455
longitudinal studies based on vital registration records.	we describe here the increased use of routine vital event and census records to construct national follow-up and longitudinal studies. the strengths and weaknesses of these studies are discussed and examples given of their use in research into relationships between employment and mortality and socio-economic differences in mortality.	1989	2626588
persistent and transient clones of salmonella typhimurium of phage type 141 recognized by biotyping.	among the 81 cultures of salmonella typhimurium of phage type 141 examined, 72 had been isolated from sheffield incidents in 1984-5 and 9 were scottish isolates from 1986-7. all of these cultures from diverse sources belonged to primary biotype 31; 79 were of full biotype 31beg and 2 anaerogenic cultures were of full biotype 31begj. this is the first known occasion on which an epidemic strain of s. typhimurium of phage type/biotype 141/31beg has been implicated in outbreaks of human or animal in ...	1989	2645152
a prospective study of the incidence and significance of fetal choroid plexus cysts.	cysts of the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle can be detected in the fetus during routine scanning at 16-18 weeks' gestation with an approximate incident of one in every 120 pregnancies. it is likely that in a high percentage of cases cysts are bilateral and that their recent discovery is mainly due to improvements in imaging technology. although the great majority of cases resolve and do not result in any morbidity, five cases of trisomy 18 and one case of trisomy 21 associated with feta ...	1989	2652132
verotoxin-producing escherichia coli infections in sheffield: cattle as a possible source.	during 1986 and 1987, faecal samples from patients with haemorrhagic colitis (hc) or haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (hus) were examined for evidence of infection by verotoxin-producing escherichia coli (vtec). during the 2-year period vtec infections were found in 31 (78%) of 40 patients initially presenting with hc, and in 5 (63%) of 8 patients initially presenting with hus. vtec were found in only 2 (0.9%) of 229 age and sex matched control patients with acute non-bloody diarrhoea. all but one vt ...	1989	2661252
aids vaccine study begins in england.		1989	2668833
acquisition of a drug resistance plasmid converts salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 to phage type 24.	salmonella enteritidis accounted for 55% of the 27,478 salmonellae isolated from humans in england and wales during 1988. within this serotype phage type 24 has increased from 24 isolations in 1987 to 201 in 1988. the high frequency of drug resistance in this phage type has been shown to be due to the presence of plasmids belonging to inc n and coding for resistance to a range of antimicrobial drugs among which resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline (ast) and t predominate. these p ...	1989	2680544
dna discoverer james watson now dreams of curing genetic diseases.		1989	2685379
who was the first to describe anorexia nervosa: gull or lasègue?	leading articles or textbooks on anorexia nervosa generally give credit for its discovery to either the british physician william withey gull or to the french neuropsychiatrist ernest charles lasègue. although the major contributions of both men show a remarkable but independent coincidence around 1873, gull is mostly given a slight priority because of a rather cryptic mention of an anorexia-like condition in a paper read in 1868. an analysis of the events, however, shows that the british physic ...	1989	2687918
roe v. wade and the history of abortion regulation.	in "roe," the supreme court found that the privacy right in the 14th amendment's view of "personal liberty" encompasses a woman's right to choose an abortion. the court found that "abortion is a fundamental right." these conclusions are mistaken. the court's analysis of "the history of abortion regulation" had a lot of errors and did not consider the state of technology in which abortion evolved. sir edward coke, a 16th and 17th century jurist, said that abortion was a "great misprison." qu ...	1989	2690604
dr richard bright--a man of many parts. his bicentenary year--1789-1858.		1989	2692780
the strange tale of martin van butchell.	in the eighteenth century, a pedestrian strolling around georgian london may have witnessed the bizarre sight of an ageing gentleman parading the streets on a painted horse and brandishing the jawbone of an ass. not only was this man an eccentric, he was also a dentist. david watkins here relates the remarkable story of martin van butchell, a dentist extraordinaire.	1989	2695150
[a historical perspective of human-animal interaction as a field of study].	a chronological review is given of the most important people, publications, scientific gatherings and societies which have contributed to the development and recognition of human-animal interactions as a field of study. lorenz is recognised as the founder of this new field of study. his contribution was to emphasise the role of humans who have to have a thorough knowledge of animal behaviour and he also pointed out the fact that modern man needs to keep contact with nature. other pioneers were l ...	1989	2699501
attitudes of operating theatre staff to inoculation-risk cases.	in a 12-month period, 177 patients at risk of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) or hepatitis b were operated on. sixty-nine had hiv antibodies. the procedures used to identify these patients and minimize the risk of infection of hospital staff in the operating department are described. all staff working in the operating department were surveyed to determine their caseload, feelings of anxiety, and the incidence of high-risk exposure to infection. anxiety was not related to worklo ...	1989	2702457
hiv testing. human rights assessed.		1989	2716831
an assessment of the risks to the health of grazing animals from the radioactive contamination of pastures.	as a result of the chernobyl accident sheep and cattle in wales, cumbria and scotland became contaminated with radionuclides of caesium and iodine. in the worst case, the maximum levels of contamination were of the order of 4000 bq/kg of caesium-137 and 2000 bq/kg of caesium-134 in muscle and 2,000,000 bq/kg of iodine-131 in the thyroid gland. calculations show that the radiation dose rates to the animals from these burdens of the radionuclides of caesium would have been approximately one thousa ...	1989	2736377
group c streptococci in human infection: a study of 308 isolates with clinical correlations.	a collection of 308 clinical isolates of beta-haemolytic lancefield group c streptococci was assembled from laboratories in england, nigeria and new zealand. of these, 276 isolates were streptococcus equisimilis, 23 s. milleri and nine s. zooepidemicus. isolates of s. equisimilis in the african collection, though few, gave higher rates of lactose and raffinose fermentation, aesculin hydrolysis and positive alpha-galactosidase reactions than those from elsewhere. erythromycin resistance was found ...	1989	2737252
a two-year study of the distribution of 'thermophilic' campylobacters in human, environmental and food samples from the reading area with particular reference to toxin production and heat-stable serotype.	the incidence of 'thermophilic' campylobacters in foods and environmental samples has been studied over a two-year period. of 781 environmental samples, 529 (67%) were found to contain campylobacters, and campylobacters were isolated from 835 (39%) of 2116 food samples. sewage was almost always contaminated with campylobacters (96.6% of samples) and of the food samples both poultry (55.5%) and offal (47.0%) were commonly contaminated. determination of the heat-stable serotypes of all strains iso ...	1989	2753842
microcomputer networking in the hospital environment: powerful computing for the common man? discussion paper.		1989	2754683
limits on bilingualism.	speech, in any language, is continuous; speakers provide few reliable cues to the boundaries of words, phrases, or ther meaningful units. to understand speech, listeners must divide the continuous speech stream into portions that correspond to such units. this segmentation process is so basic to human language comprehension that psycholinguists long assumed that all speakers would do it in the same way. in previous research, however, we reported that segmentation routines can be language-specifi ...	1989	2755479
reexamination of london, england, mortality in relation to exposure to acidic aerosols during 1963-1972 winters.	air pollution epidemiology since the 1950s has been able to demonstrate that increases in daily mortality in london, england, were associated with elevated concentrations of index air pollutants, i.e., british smoke (bs) and sulfur dioxide (so2). in this work, we reanalyze that portion of the 1958-1972 winter mortality-pollution record for which daily direct acid aerosol measurements were made at a central site in london (st. bartholomew's medical college). the purposes of these exploratory anal ...	1989	2785034
incidence and nature of human tuberculosis due to mycobacterium africanum in south-east england: 1977-87.	a total of 210 new cases of tuberculosis due to mycobacterium africanum were registered at the south-east regional centre for tuberculosis bacteriology, dulwich, between 1977 and 1987 inclusive. this represented 1.25% of bacteriologically-confirmed cases of tuberculosis in south-east england, an incidence slightly higher than that of disease due to m. bovis. two variants were identified: 150 strains were typed as african i (a type associated with east africa) and 60 as african ii (a type more pr ...	1989	2789145
condom use by heterosexuals attending a department of gum: attitudes and behaviour in the light of hiv infection.	the use of condoms to prevent the further spread of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection is one of the main themes of the government's health education campaign against aids. a study of the use of and attitudes towards condoms in 222 heterosexual men and women attending a department of genitourinary medicine (gum) in central london showed that 55% (50/91) to 59% (41/70) of men or women never, and 6% (6/95) to 15% (14/91) always, used condoms with their regular or non-regular sexual partn ...	1989	2807283
ethnicity, sibling, and family correlates of young adults' status attainment: a follow-up study.	longitudinal data were used to examine relationships among sibling variables, perceptions of family environments, and measures of educational attainment, occupational status, and occupational aspirations. the analyses involved 21-year-old australians from anglo-australian, greek, and southern italian families. regression surfaces were plotted from models that included terms to test for possible linear, interaction, and curvilinear associations among the variables. the study indicated that sibsiz ...	1989	2814566
human immunodeficiency virus infection in the united kingdom: quarterly report 3.	up to 31 march 1988, 1429 cases meeting the world health organization/centers for disease control (u.s.a.) definition of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) were reported in the u.k. of which 59 were in visitors and 1370 in u.k. residents. in the same period there were 8459 laboratory reports of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antibody-positive tests. since 1985 the median interval of 2 months between diagnosis and report of aids has not changed. most patients with kaposi's sarcoma ...	1989	2915132
compelled medical treatment of pregnant women.		1989	2918665
epidemiology of shingles.	one thousand and nineteen patients with acute varicella zoster viral infection were referred to the physiotherapy department for treatment between 1978 and 1986. sixty per cent were women and 40% were men with a mean age of 58 years (range 9-96 years). the prevalence varied between 1.3 and 1.6 per 1000 per annum. the left side was affected in 52% while the right was affected in 48%. the thoracic dermatomes were the most commonly affected (56%) followed by cervical (17%), lumbar (10%), sacral (5% ...	1990	1962821
acquired immune deficiency syndrome: recommendations of a working party of the hospital infection society.	unified procedures to control those infections that are transmitted by inoculation of blood are recommended. these should be applied to patients with acquired immune-deficiency syndrome (aids), aids-related complex, persistent generalized lymphadenopathy or hepatitis b, those with serological evidence of infection by human immunodeficiency virus or hepatitis b virus, and those in medical and social categories with a higher than average prevalence of such infections. when the identification of th ...	1990	1968481
restriction site polymorphisms at the human hepg2 glucose transporter gene locus in caucasian and west indian subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.	digestion of human genomic dna with the restriction enzyme stui revealed a 2-allele polymorphism with a human hepg2 glucose transporter probe. bands of 3.2 kilobases (kb; s1 allele) and 2.6 kb (s2 allele) were observed. the genotype frequencies were investigated in 2 non-insulin-dependent diabetic populations. the genotype frequencies of s1s1, s1s2 and s2s2 were 6, 42 and 52% among caucasian diabetic subjects (n = 48), and 11, 38 and 51% in 47 controls, respectively. in west indian diabetic pati ...	1990	1968883
growth factor-assisted chemotherapy--the manchester experience.	stimulation of red cell production by erythropoietin and of granulocyte production by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (g-csf) and granulocyte macrophage-csf (gm-csf) has been demonstrated in several clinical studies. the first study to show that a human csf could be used to shorten the period of neutropenia and reduce the risk of serious infection following intensive combination chemotherapy was carried out in manchester using g-csf. the period of neutropenia was significantly shortenened ...	1990	1690624
air quality in the vicinity of urban roads.	motor vehicle emissions are a major source of co, nox and lead particulate concentrations to urban air quality. london urban boroughs with high traffic densities are therefore a particular cause for concern. the air quality was monitored at an urban background site in the london borough of haringey for 2-years. the results of this study are assessed and their effect on human health is considered in the light of ec directives and who guidelines. a desk top modelling technique based on gaussian di ...	1990	1694303
prevalence of specific ige to storage mites (a. siro, l. destructor and t. longior) in an urban population and crossreactivity with the house dust mite (d. pteronyssinus).	the role of pyroglyphid mites in house dust allergy is well established and the major allergens from the common house dust mites (dermatophagoides species) have been characterized. there is, however, relatively little progress in the understanding of the human ige response to non-pyroglyphid storage mites, allergenic crossreactivity with other mite species and extent of environmental exposure. we studied 196 individuals from an urban environment who were not occupationally exposed to storage mit ...	1990	1695869
breast-milk amylase activity in english and gambian mothers: effects of prolonged lactation, maternal parity, and individual variations.	breast milk contains an amylase that may contribute to carbohydrate digestion in infants. the aim of our study was to determine whether mothers differ in their breast-milk amylase activity and whether the activity is maintained during prolonged lactation. this was investigated by measuring breast-milk amylase activity by hydrolysis of maltotetraose in 63 english mothers of parity 1-5 and 107 gambian mothers of parity 1-12 who were at various stages of lactation (0.5-27 mo). amylase was present i ...	1990	1701531
cytotoxic drugs and the aquatic environment: estimation of bleomycin in river and water samples.	a radioimmunoassay has been used to determine levels of the anticancer drug bleomycin in sewage treatment works effluent, river and potable water samples. samples were concentrated 100-fold by lyophilisation and a final limit of detection of 5 ng l-1 was achieved. concentrations of immunoreactive bleomycin of between 11 and 19 ng l-1 were found in the effluents but a lower concentration range less than 5-17 ng l-1 was found in river and potable water samples. the risk to human health of ingestin ...	1990	1707456