Publications

effects of cold stratification and ga3 on germination of arbutus unedo seeds of three provenances.	arbutus unedo is a valuable mediterranean shrub as an ornamental plant as well as fruit tree. fresh fruits of a. unedo are a good source of antioxidants, of vitamins c, e and carotenoids and also are characterized by the high content of mineral elements.	0	28480410
studies on carotenoids: the carotenoids of diospyros fruits. ii. the carotenoids of arbutus fruits (arbutus unedo).		1935	16745844
[arbutus unedo l. i. determination of arbutin in the leaves of the strawberry tree].		1950	14797406
[chemical composition of a mediterranean ericace: arbutus unedo l..].		1950	15434604
[on arbutus unedo l. ii. quantitative analysis of arbutin and tannins in the leaves of the strawberry tree].		1951	14833915
[arbutus unedo, unused source of vitamins].		1955	13405423
[obtention and identification of lupeol from the strawberry tree (arbutus unedo l.)].		1963	13978339
[on antibiotically active substances in arbutus unedo l. (strawberry tree)].		1968	4875563
midday stomatal closure in arbutus unedo leaves in a natural macchia and under simulated habitat conditions in an environmental chamber.		1980	28309088
midday stomatal closure in mediterranean type sclerophylls under simulated habitat conditions in an environmental chamber : ii. effect of the complex of leaf temperature and air humidity on gas exchange of arbutus unedo and quercus ilex.	shrubs of the mediterranean sclerophyllous species arbutus unedo and quercus ilex were studied under simulated habitat conditions in an environmental chamber. temperature, humidity, and light intensity were altered stepwise to simulate diurnal changes in conditions similar to those measured in an evergreen macchia in sobreda, portugal. leaves were enclosed in cuvettes which reproduced the growth chamber climate and which allowed measurement of gas exchange. increasing atmospheric stress in the f ...	1981	28310056
the control by atmospheric factors and water stress of midday stomatal closure in arbutus unedo growing in a natural macchia.	midday closure of stomata of well-watered (ψ between-10 and-25 bar) or moderately stressed (ψ between-25 and-35 bar) arbutus unedo plants occurs when midday leaf temperatures increase above 30°c and vapor pressure difference between leaf air spaces and the external air increases above approximately 30 mbar/bar. moderate water stress decreases maximum conductance and may result in greater sensitivity to high leaf temperature and vapor pressure dificit, which results in earlier closure and later r ...	1982	28311229
diurnal variations in abscisic acid content and stomatal response to applied abscisic acid in leaves of irrigated and non-irrigated arbutus unedo plants under naturally fluctuating environmental conditions.	endogenous abscisic acid content (aba) of arbutus unedo leaves growing under natural conditions in a macchia near sobreda, portugal, was very high (0.25 to 2.3 μg g(1) fresh weight). highest concentrations were found during the very early morning hours and at midday. during the late morning hours and in the late afternoon aba concentrations decreased to between one-third and one-fourth of peak values. the samples for aba content were obtained from both irrigated (ψ between-10 and-25 bar) and non ...	1983	28310657
the responses of stomata and leaf gas exchange to vapour pressure deficits and soil water content : i. species comparisons at high soil water contents.	the responses of photosynthesis, transpiration and leaf conductance to changes in vapour pressure deficit were followed in well-watered plants of the herbaceous species, helianthus annuus, helianthus nuttallii, pisum sativum and vigna unguiculata, and in the woody species having either sclerophyllous leaves, arbutus unedo, nerium oleander and pistacia vera, or mesomorphic leaves, corylus avellana, gossypium hirsutum and prunus dulcis. when the vapour pressure deficit of the air around a single l ...	1984	28311208
effects of humidity during diurnal courses on the co2- and light-saturated rate of net co2 uptake in the sclerophyllous leaves of arbutus unedo.		1985	28311330
effects of temperature at constant air dew point on leaf carboxylation efficiency and co2 compensation point of different leaf types.	the effect of temperature on photosynthesis at constant water-vapor pressure in the air was investigated using two sclerophyll species, arbutus unedo and quercus suber, and one mesophytic species, spinacia oleracea. photosynthesis and transpiration were measured over a range of temperatures, 20-39° c. the external concentration of co2 was varied from 340 μbar to near co2 compensation. the initial slope (carboxylation efficiency, ce) of the photosynthetic response to intercellular co2 concentrati ...	1985	24241315
use of an analytical model to study limitations on net photosynthesis in arbutus unedo under field conditions.	from field gas-exchange measurements on arbutus unedo growing in portugal, parameter values necessary to apply an analytical, physiologicallybased model of c 3 photosynthesis were obtained. the model successfully simulated measured diurnal photosynthetic responses in arbutus during periods without water stress, under both natural and co2-saturating conditions. the model was used to analyze those factors limiting primary productivity during each of the experimental days. due to a large investment ...	1986	28311926
the midday depression of co2 assimilation in leaves of arbutus unedo l.: diurnal changes in photosynthetic capacity related to changes in temperature and humidity.	parts of attached leaves of the sclerophyllous shrub arbutus unedo were subjected to simulated mediterranean days. gas exchange was recorded in order to recognize the causes of the midday depression in co2 assimilation. depressions could be induced in part of a leaf: they were local responses. the co2-saturation curves of photosynthesis, determined during the morning and afternoon maxima of co2 assimilation and during the minimum at midday, established that depressions in co2 assimilation were i ...	1986	24232332
stomatal aperture, photosythesis and water fluxes in mesophyll cells as affected by the abscission of leaves. simultaneous measurements of gas exchange, light scattering and chlorphyll fluorescence.	carbon dioxide exchange, transpiration, chlorophyll fluorescence and light scattering of leaves of lycopersicom esculentum, helianthus annuus and arbutus unedo were measured simultaneously before and after abscission of leaves. scattering of a weak green measuring beam was used to monitor water fluxes across the thylakoid membranes of the mesophyll. when leaves were cut under water, stomata initially closed partially and then occasionally exhibited distinct regulatory oscillations. as stomata cl ...	1986	24240372
effect of photosynthetic photon flux density on carboxylation efficiency.	the effect of photosynthetic photon flux density (ppfd) on photosynthetic response (a) to co(2) partial pressures between 35 pascals and co(2) compensation point (gamma) was investigated, especially below ppfd saturation. spinacia oleracea cv ;atlanta,' glycine max cv ;clark,' and arbutus unedo were studied in detail. the initial slope of the photosynthetic response to co(2) ( partial differentiala/ partial differentialc[gamma]) was constant above a ppfd of about 500 to 600 micromoles per square ...	1987	16665640
constituents of the stems of arbutus unedo.	the dried stems of arbutus unedo have been investigated for secondary metabolites. in addition to the previously reported lupeol, ursolic acid, monotropein, unedoside, and stilbericoside, the iridoids geniposide ( 2) and monotropein methyl ester ( 1) have been isolated for the first time from this source. betulinic acid ( 4) has also been isolated for the first time from this plant.	1987	17269002
determination of carbon-reduction-cycle intermediates in leaves of arbutus unedo l. suffering depressions in photosynthesis after application of abscisic acid or exposure to dry air.	gas exchange and contents of photosynthetic intermediates of leaves of arbutus unedo l. were determined with the aim of recognizing the mechanisms of inhibition that were responsible for the "midday depression" of photosynthesis following exposure to dry air, and the decline in photosynthetic capacity following application of abscisic acid (aba). rapidly killed (<0.1 s) leaf samples were taken when gas analysis showed reduced co2 assimilation. determination of the contents of 3-phosphoglyceric a ...	1988	24226409
photochemical efficiency of photosystem ii, photon yield of o2 evolution, photosynthetic capacity, and carotenoid composition during the midday depression of net co2 uptake in arbutus unedo growing in portugal.	during the "midday depression" of net co2 exchange in the mediterranean sclerophyllous shrub arbutus unedo, examined in the field in portugal during august of 1987, several parameters indicative of photosynthetic competence were strongly and reversibly affected. these were the photochemical efficiency of photosystem (ps) ii, measured as the ratio of variable to maximum chlorophyll fluorescence, as well as the photon yield and the capacity of photosynthetic o2 evolution at 10% co2, of which the a ...	1989	24212431
continuous basal sprouting from a lignotuber:arbutus unedo l. anderica arborea l., as woody mediterranean examples.	the two dominant species of the corsican mattoral,arbutus unedo l. anderica arborea l., can produce abundant sprouts from the lignotuber not only immediately after fire but also more or less continuously in the absence of major disturbance. the lignotuber appears to be more important during the early stages of development; the result is an increase in the number of sprouts during the 25 years following the establishment of the individuals. later the lignotuber seems to lose the ability to ensure ...	1989	23494355
a fast method to detect the occurrence of nonhomogeneous distribution of stomatal aperture in heterobaric plant leaves : experiments with arbutus unedo l. during the diurnal course.	pressure infiltration of water into a leaf via the stomatal pores can be used to quickly determine whether all stomata are open, or as recently described for several mesophytic and xerophytic species, whether there is a non-homogeneous distribution of stomatal opening (stomatal patchiness) on the leaf surface. information about this phenomenon is important since the commonly used algorithms for calculation of leaf conductance from water vapor exchange measurements imply homogeneously open stomat ...	1990	28313137
stomatal patchiness in mediterranean evergreen sclerophylls : phenomenology and consequences for the interpretation of the midday depression in photosynthesis and transpiration.	midday depression of net photosynthesis and transpiration in the mediterranean sclerophylls arbutus unedo l. and quercus suber l. occurs with a depression of mesophyll photosynthetic activity as indicated by calculated carboxylation efficiency (ce) and constant diurnal calculated leaf intercellular partial pressure of co2 (ci). this work examines the hypothesis that this midday depression can be explained by the distribution of patches of either wide-open or closed stomata on the leaf surface, i ...	1992	24178151
water relations, gas exchange, and growth of resprouts and mature plant shoots of arbutus unedo l. and quercus ilex l.	resprout and mature plant shoot growth, leaf water status and gas exchange behavior, tissue nutrient content, flowering, and production were studied for co-occurring shallow-rooted (arbutus unedo l.) and deeprooted (quercus ilex l.) mediterranean tree species at the collserola natural park in northeast spain resprouts showed higher growth rates than mature plant shoots. during fall, no differences in eco-physiological performance of leaves were found, but mobilization of carbohydrates from burls ...	1994	28313978
water relations, gas exchange and growth of dominant and suppressed shoots of arbutus unedo l.	basal shoots produced by arbutus unedo l. after cutting at ground level vary in size and growth rate, and are classified accordingly as dominant or suppressed. the suppressed shoots eventually cease growth and die. in this study, we investigated the role of light and water in the competition among shoots of a. unedo. dominant and suppressed shoots of a. unedo showed similar leaf water potentials and tissue water relations over the year, suggesting that water status is not responsible for the lac ...	1995	14965950
phytotherapy of hypertension and diabetes in oriental morocco.	in order to select the main medicinal plants used in folk medicine to treat arterial hypertension and/or diabetes, a survey was undertaken in different areas of oriental morocco. the patients (370 women and 256 men) were divided into three groups: diabetics (61%), hypertensives (23%) and hypertensive diabetic persons (16%). on average, 67.51% of patients regularly use medicinal plants. this proportion is perceptibly the same in all groups and does not depend on sex, age and socio-cultural level. ...	1997	9324004
seasonal embolism and xylem vulnerability in deciduous and evergreen mediterranean trees influenced by proximity to a carbon dioxide spring.	we investigated how proximity to natural co(2) springs affected the seasonal patterns of xylem embolism in quercus ilex l., quercus pubescens willd., fraxinus ornus l., populus tremula l. and arbutus unedo l., which differ in leaf phenology and wood anatomy. xylem embolism was evaluated in both artificially dehydrated branches and in hydrated apical branches collected at monthly intervals during a 20-month sampling period. initial specific hydraulic conductivity was also evaluated. we found spec ...	1999	12651570
homogentisic acid: a phenolic acid as a marker of strawberry-tree (arbutus unedo) honey.	analysis of organic acids in strawberry-tree (arbutus unedo) honey showed the presence of an unknown acid as the main constituent. this compound was isolated and identified as homogentisic acid (2, 5-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) by ms and nmr techniques. its average content in honey was 378 +/- 92 mg/kg. analysis of nectar confirmed the floral origin of the compound found in honey. since this acid was not detected in any of the different monofloral honeys, it could be used as a marker of strawber ...	1999	10552766
seasonal patterns of terpene content and emission from seven mediterranean woody species in field conditions.	the seasonal pattern of terpene content and emission by seven mediterranean woody species was studied under field conditions. emission rates were normalized at 30 degrees c and 1000 µmol.m.s pfd (photosynthetic photon flux density). bupleurum fruticosum, pinus halepensis, and cistus albidus stored large amounts of terpenes (0.01-1.77% [dry matter]) with maximum values in autumn and minimum values in spring. they emitted large amounts of terpenes (2-40 µg.g dm.h), but with no clear seasonal trend ...	2000	10636836
quantitative determination of alpha-tocopherol in arbutus unedo by tlc-densitometry and colorimetry.	a quantitative determination of alpha-tocopherol in arbutus unedo leaves was established by tlc-densitometry and colorimetry. data obtained by tlc-densitometry were compared with those obtained by colorimetry. also, the alpha-tocopherol content in leaves collected at different times of the year was studied comparatively. the highest amount of alpha-tocopherol was found in the march collection.	2001	11543963
seasonal patterns of non-terpenoid c6-c10 voc emission from seven mediterranean woody species.	the seasonal pattern of non-terpenoid c6-c10 voc emission by seven mediterranean woody species (bupleurum fruticosum, cistus albidus, pinus halepensis, arbutus unedo, erica arborea, quercus coccifera, and q. ilex) was studied under field conditions. branch chamber samples were sorbed on carbotrap and analyzed by thermal desorption in combination with gc-ms. these non-terpenoid c6-c10 voc emissions were large, almost of similar magnitude to those of terpenes. overall, maximum values were recorded ...	2001	11592412
arbutus unedo induces endothelium-dependent relaxation of the isolated rat aorta.	arbutus unedo l. (ericaceae) is used in oriental morocco to treat arterial hypertension. we studied its vasodilator effect and mechanisms of action in vitro. the root aqueous extract of arbutus (0.25 mg/ml) produced a relaxation of noradrenaline-precontracted ring preparations of rat aorta with intact endothelium. relaxation by arbutus did not occur in specimens without endothelium and was inhibited by pretreatment with 100 microm n(g)-methyl-l-arginine (l-nma), 10 microm methylene blue or 50 mi ...	2002	12237817
xylem hydraulic properties of roots and stems of nine mediterranean woody species.	we studied the hydraulic architecture and water relations of nine co-occurring woody species in a spanish evergreen oak forest over the course of a dry season. our main objectives were to: (1) test the existence of a trade-off between hydraulic conductivity and security in the xylem, and (2) establish the safety margins at which the species operated in relation to hydraulic failure, and compare these safety margins between species and tissues (roots vs. stems). our results showed that the relati ...	2002	24599365
antioxidant activity of arbutus unedo leaves.	the ethanol and methanol extracts of arbutus unedo leaves were screened for antioxidant activity. the antioxidant activity was determined by an improved assay based on the decolorization of the radical monocation of [2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] (abts). the ethanol and methanol extract of a. unedo leaves displayed potent antioxidant activity.	2003	12946724
identification, measurement and interpretation of tree rings in woody species from mediterranean climates.	we review the literature dealing with mediterranean climate, vegetation, phenology and ecophysiology relevant to the understanding of tree-ring formation in mediterranean regions. tree rings have been used extensively in temperate regions to reconstruct responses of forests to past environmental changes. in mediterranean regions, studies of tree rings are scarce, despite their potential for understanding and predicting the effects of global change on important ecological processes such as desert ...	2003	12620063
sap flow of three co-occurring mediterranean woody species under varying atmospheric and soil water conditions.	we studied the seasonal patterns of water use in three woody species co-occurring in a holm oak forest in northeastern spain. the three species studied, quercus ilex l., phillyrea latifolia l. and arbutus unedo l., constitute more than 99% of the total basal area of the forest. the study period included the dry seasons of 1999 and 2000. water use was estimated with granier-type sap flux sensors. standard meteorological variables, soil water content and leaf water potentials were also monitored. ...	2003	12839728
partitioning of water and nitrogen in co-occurring mediterranean woody shrub species of different evolutionary history.	we studied the interspecific and intraspecific variation in the development of water stress and in the use of different water and nitrogen sources during the spring (wet season) and summer (dry season) in a shrub community in ne spain. we measured shoot water potentials, stable deuterium isotopic composition (delta d) of xylem sap, leaf mass per area, leaf n and c concentrations, gas exchange, leaf delta(13)c, and leaf delta(15)n of the dominant species (quercus coccifera, arbutus unedo, pistaci ...	2003	12856202
water sources and water-use efficiency in mediterranean coastal dune vegetation.	in coastal environments plants have to cope with various water sources: rainwater, water table, seawater, and mixtures. these are usually characterized by different isotopic signatures ( (18)o/ (16)o and d/h ratios). xylem water reflects the isotopic compositions of the water sources. additionally, water-use efficiency (wue) can be assessed with carbon isotope discrimination (delta) analyses. gas exchange, delta of leaf dry matter, and isotopic composition (delta (18)o) of xylem water were measu ...	2004	15143444
platelet anti-aggregant property of some moroccan medicinal plants.	it is known that blood platelets may present some dysfunction linked to cardiovascular pathologies such as arterial hypertension. the aim of this work is to examine the in vitro anti-aggregant effect of five medicinal plants among which three were reported as antihypertensive in oriental morocco: arbutus unedo (ericaceae), urtica dioïca (urticaceae), and petroselinum crispum (apiaceae). the two other plants were cistus ladaniferus (cistaceae) and equisetum arvense (equisetaceae). the results obt ...	2004	15325737
tannins and catechin gallate mediate the vasorelaxant effect of arbutus unedo on the rat isolated aorta.	this study examined the vascular effect of arbutus leaves (aqueous extract) and described the isolation of several fractions responsible for their vasorelaxant activity. the aqueous extract (ae) of leaves was tested on rat aortic rings precontracted with 0.1 microm noradrenaline. at 10(-2) g/l, ae produced an endothelium dependent relaxation of 66% +/- 5%, (n = 8). the leaves of arbutus were then extracted successively with different solvents and the methanol extract was the most active. when ta ...	2004	15597331
diversity and specificity of ectomycorrhizal fungi retrieved from an old-growth mediterranean forest dominated by quercus ilex.	we analysed the ectomycorrhizal (ecm) fungal diversity in a mediterranean old-growth quercus ilex forest stand from corsica (france), where arbutus unedo was the only other ecm host. on a 6400 m2 stand, we investigated whether oak age and host species shaped below-ground ecm diversity. ectomycorrhizas were collected under q. ilex individuals of various ages (1 yr seedlings; 3-10 yr saplings; old trees) and a. unedo. they were typed by its-rflp analysis and identified by match to rflp patterns of ...	2005	15869659
bacterial colonization of the phyllosphere of mediterranean perennial species as influenced by leaf structural and chemical features.	in this study, we assessed various leaf structural and chemical features as possible predictors of the size of the phyllosphere bacterial population in the mediterranean environment. we examined eight perennial species, naturally occurring and coexisting in the same area, in halkidiki (northern greece). they are arbutus unedo, quercus coccifera, pistacia lentiscus, and myrtus communis (evergreen sclerophyllous species), lavandula stoechas and cistus incanus (drought semi-deciduous species), and ...	2005	16215646
analysis of pollen and nectar of arbutus unedo as a food source for bombus terrestris (hymenoptera: apidae).	the mineral, total amino acid, and sterol compositions of pollen collected by apis mellifera l. were compared with the pollen of a plant consumed by bombus terrestris (l.): arbutus unedo l. this plant provides the predominant food resource for the main autumn generation of b. terrestris in southern france. honey bees also forage on this plant, although only for nectar. the mineral composition of 30 pollen samples collected by honey bees is close to the presently known requirements of a. mellifer ...	2005	16022289
direct chromatographic methods for the rapid determination of homogentisic acid in strawberry tree (arbutus unedo l.) honey.	two rapid and direct chromatographic methods based on reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (rp-hplc) and ion chromatography (ic) were developed for the determination of homogentisic acid (ha) in honey. this is the marker of the botanic origin of strawberry tree honey. the methods were validated and tested using 22 samples from sardinia, italy. the ic method is faster than the rp-hplc one (6 min versus 13 min of total run), but it is slightly less sensitive (the limit of detection ...	2005	16196135
ozone slows stomatal response to light and leaf wounding in a mediterranean evergreen broadleaf, arbutus unedo.	the effect of a 90-d ozone exposure (charcoal-filtered air or 110 nmol mol(-1) o3) on stomatal conductance (gs) was investigated in the mediterranean evergreen broadleaf arbutus unedo l. ozone did not significantly reduce midday steady-state gs compared to controls. however, it slowed stomatal response to abrupt reduction of light intensity and to increasing water stress, applied by severing the leaf midrib. ozone slowed stomatal closure, rather than aperture. nevertheless, vein-cutting did not ...	2005	15620589
phenolics of arbutus unedo l. (ericaceae) fruits: identification of anthocyanins and gallic acid derivatives.	arbutus unedo l., the strawberry tree (ericaceae family), is an evergreen shrub or small tree, typical of the mediterranean fringe and climate. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the profile of the phenolic constituents of a. unedo fruits. seven compounds were purified by sephadex lh-20 column chromatography of the meoh extract followed by hplc and were characterized as arbutin, beta-d-glucogalline, gallic acid 4-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside, 3-o-galloylquinic acid, 5-o-galloylquinic acid, ...	2006	17177565
potential cancer chemopreventive agents from arbutus unedo.	a phytochemical study of the petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts of the entire plant of arbutus unedo led to the isolation of a new sterol, 7beta-hydroxystigmast-4-en-3-one (1), and nine known compounds of the flavan, steroid, and terpenoid types. the structure of 1 was determined by spectroscopic data interpretation in combination with molecular modeling calculations. the absolute stereochemistry of c-7 was assigned as s for compound 1 based on the obtained cd spectral data. activity in ...	2006	16644527
qualitative and quantitative analysis of flavonoids of the strawberry tree - arbutus unedo l. (ericaceae).	the leaves and fruits of strawberry tree - arbutus unedo l., collected from two separate geographic locations in croatia were investigated to determine their flavonoid composition and content. quercitrin, isoquercitrin, hyperoside and rutin were identified in all leaf samples by means of thin-layer chromatography; the fruits contained only isoquercitrin. chlorogenic acid was present in some leaf samples. the content of flavonoids depended on the plant organ investigated, date of collection and t ...	2006	16613729
an rp-hplc determination of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in honey the case of strawberry tree honey.	the use of the rp-hplc official method of the international honey commission (ihc) for the determination of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (hmf) in strawberry tree honey (arbutus unedo, a typical sardinian honey) has brought to light a specific and heavy chromatographic interference that prevents accurate quantification. the interference has been identified as homogentisic acid (ha), i.e. the marker of the botanical origin of the honey. for this reason, an alternative rp-hplc method is proposed. the bi ...	2006	18970477
effects of extracts and tannins from arbutus unedo leaves on rat platelet aggregation.	many cardiovascular diseases such as arterial hypertension are associated with an increase in blood platelet activity. arbutus unedo (ericaceae) is a medicinal plant reputed to treat arterial hypertension, so the present study was undertaken in order to determine the antiaggregant effect. the crude aqueous extract showed an inhibition of thrombin-induced platelet aggregation (ic50 = 1.8 +/- 0.09 g/l, n = 10). the subsequent extraction of arbutus unedo leaves by successive solvents showed that th ...	2006	16444667
role of species diversity and secondary compound complementarity on diet selection of mediterranean shrubs by goats.	goats foraging on mediterranean shrubs containing secondary compounds (toxins) may consume a variety of shrubs that contain different phytotoxins, thereby increasing shrub intake and avoiding toxicosis. we conducted eight experiments to examine whether goats offered different mixtures of shrubs containing different phytotoxins (tannins and saponins) would consume more shrub biomass than goats offered one shrub a single phytotoxin (tannin or saponin). in the first three experiments, goats fed a m ...	2006	16770718
drought changes the dynamics of trace element accumulation in a mediterranean quercus ilex forest.	we conducted a field drought manipulation experiment in an evergreen oak mediterranean forest from 1999 to 2005 to investigate the effects of the increased drought predicted for the next decades on the accumulation of trace elements that can be toxic for animals, in stand biomass, litter and soil. drought increased concentrations of as, cd, ni, pb and cr in roots of the dominant tree species, quercus ilex, and leaf cd concentrations in arbutus unedo and of phillyrea latifolia codominant shrubs. ...	2007	17137692
results of a screening programme to identify plants or plant extracts that inhibit ruminal protein degradation.	one aim of the ec framework v project, 'rumen-up' (qlk5-ct-2001-00 992), was to find plants or plant extracts that would inhibit the nutritionally wasteful degradation of protein in the rumen. a total of 500 samples were screened in vitro using 14c-labelled casein in a 30-min incubation with ruminal digesta. eight were selected for further investigation using a batch fermentation system and soya protein and bovine serum albumin as proteolysis substrates; proteolysis was monitored over 12 h by th ...	2007	17445338
vegetable and animal food sorts found in the gastric content of sardinian wild boar (sus scrofa meridionalis).	authors report results emerging from gastric content analysis from n. 96 wild boars hunted in sardinia isle, during the hunting tide (2001-2005), from november to january. mean ph of the gastric content was 3.77 +/- 0.69. mean total capacity (tc) of each stomach was 1702 +/- 680 g. mean stuff ratio (cw/tc) between the content weight (cw) and stomachs tc was 0.45. food categories found in animal stomachs were: 19 categories of vegetal species (allium spp., arbutus unedo, arisarum vulgare, avena f ...	2007	17516948
antiaggregant effects of arbutus unedo extracts in human platelets.	platelet hyperaggregability plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. thrombin evokes aggregation through ca(2+) mobilization, tyrosine phosphorylation and generation of reactive oxygen species (ros). we have investigated the antiaggregant properties of arbutus unedo extracts in human platelets. changes in cytosolic ca(2+) concentration and intracellular oxidants production were registered by espectrofluorimetry using fura-2 and dichlorodihydrofluorescein, respectively ...	2007	17681442
antihyperglycemic activity of arbutus unedo, ammoides pusilla and thymelaea hirsuta.	the effect of the water extract (we) of three medicinal plants used as antidiabetic medication in eastern morocco (arbutus unedo: au, ammoides pusilla: ap and thymelaea hirsuta: th) was tested in rats with the oral glucose tolerance test (ogtt) and intravenous glucose tolerance test (ivgtt). in the ogtt the rats received water, glibenclamide (2 mg/kg) or we (500 mg/kg for au and 250 mg/kg for th and ap) 30 min before glucose loading (glucose: 1 g/kg). the we of au, ap and th produced a significa ...	2007	17867561
arbutus unedo prevents cardiovascular and morphological alterations in l-name-induced hypertensive rats part i: cardiovascular and renal hemodynamic effects of arbutus unedo in l-name-induced hypertensive rats.	hypertension induced by nitric oxide synthase inhibition is associated with functional abnormalities of the heart and kidney. the aim of the present study was to investigate whether chronic treatment with arbutus unedo leaf (aul) or root (aur) aqueous extracts can prevent these alterations. six groups of rats were used: control group received tap water; n(g)-nitro-l-arginine methyl-ester (l-name) group treated with l-name at 40 mg/kg/day; aul and aur groups received simultaneously l-name (40 mg/ ...	2008	18191352
protective effect of arbutus unedo aqueous extract in carrageenan-induced lung inflammation in mice.	in the present study, we show that an aqueous extract of arbutus unedo l. (aue), a mediterranean endemic plant widely employed as an astringent, diuretic and urinary anti-septic, in vitro down-regulates the expression of some inflammatory genes, such as those encoding inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) and intracellular adhesion molecule-(icam)-1, exerting a inhibitory action on both ifn-gamma-elicited stat1 activation and il-6-elicited stat3 activation. to evaluate further the effect of aue ...	2008	18249557
aqueous extract of arbutus unedo inhibits stat1 activation in human breast cancer cell line mda-mb-231 and human fibroblasts through shp2 activation.	arbutus unedo l. has been for a long time employed in traditional and popular medicine as an astringent, diuretic, urinary anti-septic, and more recently, in the therapy of hypertension and diabetes. signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (stat1) is a fascinating and complex protein with multiple yet contrasting transcriptional functions. although activation of this nuclear factor is finely regulated in order to control the entire inflammatory process, its hyper-activation or time-sp ...	2008	18473914
comparison of arsenic resistance in mediterranean woody shrubs used in restoration activities.	myrtus communis, arbutus unedo and retama sphaerocarpa are mediterranean shrubs widely used in revegetation of semiarid degraded soils. the aim of this work is to study the resistance of these plants to arsenic under controlled conditions, in order to evaluate their potential use in revegetation and/or phytoremediation of as-polluted soils. r. sphaerocarpa showed higher resistance to as than m. communis or a. unedo according to its higher ec50, p status and p/as molar ratio in both, roots and sh ...	2008	18037471
reversed-phase liquid chromatographic profile of free amino acids in strawberry-tree (arbutus unedo l.) honey.	the typical profile of the free amino acids contained in strawberry-tree (arbutus unedo l.) honey is reported for the first time. an optimized reversed-phase liquid chromatographic (rp-lc) method with phenyl isothiocyanate precolumn derivatization was used. fourteen free amino acids were identified and quantified in 16 analytical samples. proline (65.63%) was found to be the most abundant free amino acid, followed by glutamic acid (6.49%), arginine (5.21%), alanine (5.17%), and phenylalanine (4. ...	2009	19714983
scavenging capacity of strawberry tree (arbutus unedo l.) leaves on free radicals.	despite strawberry tree (arbutus unedo l.) leaves had a long use in traditional medicine due to its antiseptic, diuretic, astringent and depurative properties, the potential of their antioxidant activity are still lacking. our study goals to assess the antioxidant and free radical scavenging potential of water, ethanol, methanol and diethyl ether extracts of a. unedo leaves. total phenols content was achieved spectrophotometrically using folin-ciocalteau reagent with gallic acid as standard. ant ...	2009	19351553
arbutin content and antioxidant activity of some ericaceae species.	quantitative analyses and investigation of antioxidant activity of herb and dry ethanolic extracts of five species from ericaceae family (arbutus unedo l., bruckentalia spiculifolia rchb., calluna vulgaris salisb., erica arborea l. and erica carnea l.) were performed. total polyphenols, tannins and flavonoids were determined spectrophotometrically and arbutin content was measured both spectrophotometrically and by hplc coupled with dad detection. antioxidative properites of the ethanolic extract ...	2009	19947168
facilitated establishment of quercus ilex in shrub-dominated communities within a mediterranean ecosystem: do mycorrhizal partners matter?	positive plant-plant interaction is a widespread phenomenon, especially in harsh environments, which can contribute to secondary successions. here, we investigated whether arbutus unedo positively influences quercus ilex establishment in shrub communities by abiotic and/or biotic interactions in a mediterranean forest ecosystem, where we previously showed that a. unedo and q. ilex share numerous species of mycorrhizal fungi. in a first field experiment, patterns of q. ilex survivorship were docu ...	2009	19175678
methyl syringate: a chemical marker of asphodel (asphodelus microcarpus salzm. et viv.) monofloral honey.	during the liquid chromatographic study of the phenolic fraction of monofloral honeys was detected in the asphodel honey ( asphodelus microcarpus salzm. et viv.) chromatogram a distinctive peak not detected in other monofloral honeys such as arbutus unedo l., hedysarum coronarium , eucalyptus spp., and galactites tomentosa . after thin layer chromatography (tlc) purification and characterization by nmr and lc-ms/ms, the compound was identified as methyl syringate (msyr) and confirmed against an ...	2009	19309074
in vitro activity of arbutus unedo against leishmania tropica promastigotes.	pentavalent antimonials are the first choice for the treatment of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (acl) in health centers in turkey, however in rural areas, traditional plants may be preferred for the treatment of lesions. in recent years a number of papers are published related to the natural products especially plant derivates. our aim is to investigate the antileishmanial effect of arbutus unedo which is a wild plant mainly grown in maquis and rocky places of the seabord in south europe ...	2009	19598085
in vitro activity of arbutus unedo leaf extracts against trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites.	trichomonas vaginalis (t. vaginalis) is a flagellated protozoan commonly causing sexually transmitted disease. t. vaginalis infections are treated with a 5-nitroimidazole derivate. however, drug resistance has been known to occur for a long time and new alternatives are under investigation. arbutus unedo is a wild plant mainly growing in maquis and rocky places of the seaboard in southern europe. in our study, ethanolic, water, hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of arbutus unedo leaves were teste ...	2009	20101573
antidiabetic effect of some medicinal plants of oriental morocco in neonatal non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus rats.	the goal of the present study is to test the effect of water extract (we) of four medicinal plants used as antidiabetics in eastern morocco (arbutus unedo: au, ammoïdes pusilla: ap, thymelaea hirsuta: th, and urtica dioïca: ud). these plants are used in cooking to bring out the flavor in a dish or to complement it. the first experiment was realized in order to determine the antidiabetic effect of the we of these plants during 5 weeks' treatment. seven groups of wistar rats were used: healthy con ...	2010	20154101
tryptophan depletion and formation of alpha-aminoadipic and gamma-glutamic semialdehydes in porcine burger patties with added phenolic-rich fruit extracts.	the effect of added fruit extracts on the oxidation of muscle proteins in porcine burger patties subjected to cooking and chill storage was studied. extracts from arbutus berries (arbutus unedo l., au), common hawthorns (crataegus monogyna l., cm), dog roses (rosa canina l., rc), and elm-leaf blackberries (rubus ulmifolius schott, ru) were prepared, characterized, added to burger patties (3% of total weight), and evaluated as inhibitors of protein oxidation. negative (no added extract, c) and po ...	2010	20170109
determination and comparison of chemical characteristics of arbutus unedo l. and arbutus andrachnae l. (family ericaceae) fruits.	the fruits and leaves of arbutus species are well known in folk medicine as antiseptics, diuretics, and laxatives in many parts of turkey. some chemical properties including ph, soluble solid content, titratable acidity, protein, moisture, ash, ascorbic acid, fructose, glucose, sucrose, total phenols, total antioxidant activity, and minerals were determined in fully matured arbutus unedo l. and arbutus andrachnae l. fruits collected from different sites of canakkale, turkey in 2006 and 2007. tot ...	2010	20553155
phytosociological and ecological structure of mediterranean enclaves along the stream valleys in inner parts of black sea region.	in this study phytosociological structure of mediterranean enclaves which occured along the stream valleys in inner parts of black sea region was investigated. pinus brutia var. brutia and quercus coccifera are the most widespread communities in the study area. pinus pinea, arbutus andrachne, arbutus unedo, fontanesia philliraeoides subsp. philliraeoides and olea europaea l. var sylvestris have a restricted distribution in inner parts of black sea region as compared to p. brutia and q. coccifera ...	2010	20648812
characterization of selected wild mediterranean fruits and comparative efficacy as inhibitors of oxidative reactions in emulsified raw pork burger patties.	in the present study, water, ethanolic, and methanolic extracts from seven selected wild fruits originally from the mediterranean area, namely, strawberry tree ( arbutus unedo l., au), azarole ( crataegus azarolus l., ca), common hawthorn ( crataegus monogyna l., cm), blackthorn ( prunus spinosa l., ps), dog rose ( rosa canina l., rc), elm-leaf blackberry ( rubus ulmifolius schott, ru), and rowan ( sorbus aucuparia l., sa), were analyzed for the total amount and profile of phenolic compounds and ...	2010	20681673
new remarkable records of microfungi from sardinia (italy).	in june 2009 we organized a botanical student excursion to the eastern part of sardinia, italy. on this occasion we were able to collect and identify over 80 species of microfungi growing on higher plants. the collecting sites were spread over a large area, among them were la caletta, capo comino, monte albo, cala gonone, monte maccione, san teodoro, capo testa. the collected microfungi were parasitic or saprophytic; basidiomycotina (uredinales), ascomycotina and deuteromycotina (hyphomycetes, c ...	2010	21534478
differences in foliage affect performance of the lappet moth, streblote panda: implications for species fitness.	implications for adults' fitness through the foliage effects of five different host plants on larval survival and performance of the lappet moth, streblote panda hübner (lepidoptera: lasiocampidae), as well as their effect on species fitness were assayed. larvae were reared under controlled laboratory conditions on excised foliage. long-term developmental experiments were done using first instar larvae to adult emergence, and performance experiments were done using fifth instar larvae. survival, ...	2010	21062148
variations of vessel diameter and δ13c in false rings of arbutus unedo l. reflect different environmental conditions.	woody species in mediterranean ecosystems form intra-annual density fluctuations (iadfs) in tree rings in response to changes in environmental conditions, especially water availability. dendrochronology, quantitative wood anatomy and high-resolution isotopic analysis (using a laser ablation technique) were used to characterize iadfs in arbutus unedo shrubs grown on two sites with different water availability on the island of elba (italy). our findings show that iadf characterization can provide ...	2010	20840507
effect of plant growth regulators and genotype on the micropropagation of adult trees of arbutus unedo l. (strawberry tree).	arbutus unedo grows spontaneously around the mediterranean basin. the species is tolerant to drought and has a strong regeneration capacity following fires making it interesting for mediterranean forestation programs. considering the sparse information about the potential of this fruit tree to be propagated in vitro, a project to clone selected trees based on their fruit production was initiated a few years ago. the role of several factors on a. unedo propagation was evaluated. the results showe ...	2010	20219713
antioxidant properties and neuroprotective capacity of strawberry tree fruit (arbutus unedo).	berries contain significant amounts of phytochemicals, including polyphenols, which are reported to reduce cancer risk, coronary heart disease and other degenerative diseases. these effects are mainly attributed to the antioxidant capacity of polyphenols found in berries. strawberry tree (arbutus unedo) berries are used in folk medicine but seldom eaten as fresh fruits. their phenolic profile and antioxidant capacity reveal a high potential, but they are not well characterized as a "health promo ...	2010	22254017
floral markers of strawberry tree (arbutus unedo l.) honey.	strawberry tree honey, due to its characteristic bitter taste, is one of the most typical mediterranean honeys, with sardinia being one of the largest producers. according to specific chemical studies, homogentisic acid was identified as a possible marker of this honey. this work, based on hplc-dad-ms/ms analysis of strawberry tree (arbutus unedo l.) honeys, previously selected by sensory evaluation and melissopalynological analysis, showed that, in addition to the above-mentioned acid, there we ...	2010	19919097
chemical composition of fatty acid and unsaponifiable fractions of leaves, stems and roots of arbutus unedo and in vitro antimicrobial activity of unsaponifiable extracts.	the chemical composition of the fatty acid and unsaponifiable fractions of the leaves, stems and roots of arbutus unedo l. were determined using gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. the fatty acid fractions of the leaves, stems and roots contained 38.5%, 31.3% and 14.1% palmitic acid, respectively, along with other long-chain fatty acids (up to c22). the chemical composition of the unsaponifiable fractions differed: the leaf and stem fractions contained high levels of ali ...	2010	20734946
antioxidant profile of strawberry tree honey and its marker homogentisic acid in several models of oxidative stress.	the antioxidant activity of several honeys was evaluated considering the different contribution of entire samples. the strawberry tree honey emerged as the richest in total phenols and the most active honey in the dpph and frap tests, and could protect cholesterol against oxidative degradation (140°c). homogentisic acid (2,5-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, hga), the main phenolic compound from strawberry tree honey, showed interesting antioxidant and antiradical activities, and protective effect aga ...	2011	25212335
optimization of dna extraction for rapd and issr analysis of arbutus unedo l. leaves.	genetic analysis of plants relies on high yields of pure dna. for the strawberry tree (arbutus unedo) this represents a great challenge since leaves can accumulate large amounts of polysaccharides, polyphenols and secondary metabolites, which co-purify with dna. for this specie, standard protocols do not produce efficient yields of high-quality amplifiable dna. here, we present for the first time an improved leaf-tissue protocol, based on the standard cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide protocol, w ...	2011	21747730
effects of process parameters on supercritical co2 extraction of total phenols from strawberry (arbutus unedo l.) fruits: an optimization study.	the aim of this work was to optimize total phenolic yield of arbutus unedo fruits using supercritical fluid extraction. a box-behnken statistical design was used to evaluate the effect of various values of pressure (50-300 bar), temperature (30-80°c) and concentration of ethanol as co-solvent (0-20%) by co2 flow rate of 15 g/min for 60 min. the most effective variable was co-solvent ratio (p<0.005). evaluative criteria for both dependent variables (total phenols and radical scavenging activity) ...	2011	21695688
comparative study of spasmolytic properties, antioxidant activity and phenolic content of arbutus unedo from montenegro and greece.	arbutus unedo leaf is used traditionally for gastrointestinal complaints. ethanol extracts from arbutus unedo collected in both montenegro (aum) and greece (aug) were found to decrease the ileal basal tonus, with aug producing a significantly higher (p < 0.05) reduction in contractile response to acetylcholine. aum and aug relaxed 80 mm k(+) induced contractions and shifted the ca(++) concentration-response curves to the right, similar to that caused by verapamil, suggesting that the spasmolytic ...	2011	21438047
comparative antihemolytic and radical scavenging activities of strawberry tree (arbutus unedo l.) leaf and fruit.	the present study reports the antioxidant properties of arbutus unedo l. leaf and fruit extracts using different in vitro assays including (i) reducing power, (ii) scavenging effect on dpph free radicals, and (iii) inhibitory effect on aaph-induced hemolysis and lipid peroxidation in human erythrocytes. all assays demonstrated antioxidant efficiency for a. unedo l. aqueous extracts, being consistently higher in the leaf. ec(50) values for reducing power and dpph radical scavenging activities wer ...	2011	21703325
screening of antimicrobial activity of cistus ladanifer and arbutus unedo extracts.	in this work, the in vitro antimicrobial activity of different crude extracts obtained from cistus ladanifer l. and arbutus unedo l. was investigated. the ethanol, methanol and acetone/water extracts of cistus ladanifer and arbutus unedo were prepared using different extraction methods and their antimicrobial activities against reference strains, including three gram-positive, five gram-negative and three yeasts, and against clinical isolates of helicobacter pylori and methicillin-resistant stap ...	2011	22077559
effects of nursery preconditioning through mycorrhizal inoculation and drought in arbutus unedo l. plants.	the influence of a water deficit treatment and mycorrhizal inoculation with pisolithus tinctorius (pers.) coker and couch on the water relations, gas exchange, and plant growth in arbutus unedo l. plants was studied in order to evaluate the hardening process during the nursery period. the ability to withstand the adverse conditions after transplantation was also studied. mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal seedlings of a. unedo were pot-grown for 4 months in a greenhouse (nursery period), during whi ...	2011	20405149
antioxidant capacity and vasodilatory properties of mediterranean food: the case of cannonau wine, myrtle berries liqueur and strawberry-tree honey.	the aim of this work was to use different assays to evaluate the antioxidant and vasodilatory properties of three typical food products from the mediterranean area and to correlate these activities with their phenolic content. for this purpose, red wines cannonau, liqueurs obtained by cold maceration of myrtle (myrtus communis l.) berries and bitter honeys obtained from strawberry-tree flowers (arbutus unedo l.) were analysed. the total phenolic (tp) content was measured spectrophotometrically w ...	2012	23692754
exploring biodiversity in the bacterial community of the mediterranean phyllosphere and its relationship with airborne bacteria.	we studied the structure and diversity of the phyllosphere bacterial community of a mediterranean ecosystem, in summer, the most stressful season in this environment. to this aim, we selected nine dominant perennial species, namely arbutus unedo, cistus incanus, lavandula stoechas, myrtus communis, phillyrea latifolia, pistacia lentiscus, quercus coccifera (woody), calamintha nepeta, and melissa officinalis (herbaceous). we also examined the extent to which airborne bacteria resemble the epiphyt ...	2012	22544345
effects of hot air and freeze drying methods on antioxidant activity, colour and some nutritional characteristics of strawberry tree (arbutus unedo l) fruit.	antioxidant activity, colour and some nutritional properties of hot air and freeze-dried strawberry tree (arbutus unedo l.) fruits were investigated. additionally, the effects of two pre-treatments, namely ethyl oleate and water blanching, were compared in terms of drying characteristics. for determination of antioxidant activities in ethanol extracts, two different analytical methods were used: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity and β-carotene bleaching activity. as a result, the ...	2012	22522307
multiple lectin detection by cell membrane affinity binding.	assuming that lectins evolved to recognise relatively complex and branched oligosaccharides or parts of them, rather than simple sugars, a procedure based on lectin affinity binding to isolated erythrocyte (or any other cell type) membranes is proposed. this methodology was validated using six pure commercial lectins, as well as lectins from total protein extracts of arbutus unedo leaves. all commercial lectins, as well as five polypeptides from a. unedo leaves bound to the glycosylated membrane ...	2012	22381939
riboflavin and lumichrome in dalmatian sage honey and other unifloral honeys determined by lc-dad technique.	riboflavin (vitamin b(2)) and its metabolite lumichrome were quantified in 117 samples from 11 unifloral honeys types (arbutus unedo l., asphodelus microcarpus salzm. et viv., citrus spp., eucalyptus spp., hedysarum coronarium l., castanea sativa l. honeydew, mentha spp., paliurus spina-christi., salix spp., salvia officinalis l., satureja spp.). the quantification of these two compounds was performed by lc-dad method which does not require sample purification. the proposed method in our study h ...	2012	22953948
balanced gene losses, duplications and intensive rearrangements led to an unusual regularly sized genome in arbutus unedo chloroplasts.	completely sequenced plastomes provide a valuable source of information about the duplication, loss, and transfer events of chloroplast genes and phylogenetic data for resolving relationships among major groups of plants. moreover, they can also be useful for exploiting chloroplast genetic engineering technology. ericales account for approximately six per cent of eudicot diversity with 11,545 species from which only three complete plastome sequences are currently available. with the aim of incre ...	2013	24260278
dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates in three mediterranean woody species following long-term experimental drought.	stored non-structural carbohydrates (nsc) have been proposed as a key determinant of drought resistance in plants. however, the evidence for this role is controversial, as it comes mostly from observational, short-term studies. here, we take advantage of a long-term experimental throughfall reduction to elucidate the response of nsc to increased drought 14 years after the beginning of the treatment in three mediterranean resprouter trees (quercus ilex l., arbutus unedo l. and phillyrea latifolia ...	2013	24130568
characterisation of phenolic compounds in wild fruits from northeastern portugal.	this study aimed to analyse the phenolic composition of wild fruits of arbutus unedo (strawberry-tree), prunus spinosa (blackthorn), rosa canina and rosa micrantha (wild roses). analyses were performed by hplc-dad-esi/ms. p spinosa fruits presented the highest concentration in phenolic acids (29.78 mg/100 g dry weight), being 3-o-caffeoylquinic acid the most abundant one, and flavone/ols (57.48 mg/100 g), among which quercetin3-o-rutinoside (15.63 mg/100 g) was the majority compound. (+)-catechi ...	2013	23993541
quantitative determination of flavonoids and chlorogenic acid in the leaves of arbutus unedo l. using thin layer chromatography.	the plant species arbutus unedo shows numerous beneficial pharmacological effects (antiseptic, antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, astringent, depurative, antioxidant, antihypertensive, antithrombotic, and anti-inflammatory). for the medicinal use, standardization of extracts is a necessity, as different compounds are responsible for different biological activities. in this paper, we analyze monthly changes in the content of quercitrin, isoquercitrin, hyperoside, and chlorogenic acid. methanolic extrac ...	2013	23984189
dampening effects of long-term experimental drought on growth and mortality rates of a holm oak forest.	forests respond to increasing intensities and frequencies of drought by reducing growth and with higher tree mortality rates. little is known, however, about the long-term consequences of generally drier conditions and more frequent extreme droughts. a holm oak forest was exposed to experimental rainfall manipulation for 13 years to study the effect of increasing drought on growth and mortality of the dominant species quercus ilex, phillyrea latifolia, and arbutus unedo. the drought treatment re ...	2013	23712619
physicochemical characterization and antioxidant activity of commercial portuguese honeys.	the present study evaluated the physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activity of 13 commercial honeys from diverse floral origin, produced in portugal. the values of electrical conductivity of cardoon and pennyroyal honeys were superior to the maximum limits defined by european legislation. citrus, strawberry tree, and 1 sample of lavender honeys had values of diastase activity below those determined by european legislation. strawberry tree, pennyroyal, and cardoon honeys had the high ...	2013	23957401
analysis of phenolic compounds in portuguese wild and commercial berries after multienzyme hydrolysis.	berry fruits are a good source of phenolic compounds and thus, potentially beneficial to health. phenolic compounds are mainly present as a variety of conjugated forms, either with sugars via o-glycosidic bonds or with other polyols as esters. this chemodiversity makes characterization and identification highly demanding. selected varieties of commercial blueberries, raspberries and blackberries and the two wild berries portuguese crowberry and strawberry tree fruits were characterized for indiv ...	2013	23530973