Publications

[morphologic aspects of the diencephalo-hypophysial neurosecretory apparatus of the mole (talpa europea) and squirrel (sciurus vulgaris)].		1954	14351559
[comparative studies on the adaptive behavior of the pure cone retina. citellus citellus, sciurus vulgaris].		1962	14028319
[seasonal weight variations of the adrenal glands of the squirrel (sciurus vulgaris) in the department du tarn].		1962	14026806
[topographic and volumetric study of the pituitary of the squirrel (sciurus vulgaris)].		1962	14026805
zumptiella coreaensis, a new species of nasal mite from the korean squirrel, sciurus vulgaris coreae sowerby, 1921.		1964	14204116
[reproduction and endocrine cycles in squirrels (sciurus vulgaris)].		1966	6006496
tahyna virus in squirrels/sciurus vulgaris l.		1966	6006819
the role of small rodents and hedgehogs in a natural focus of tick-borne encephalitis.	the role of small rodents and hedgehogs in the circulation of tick-borne encephalitis in natural foci in the tribec region of czechoslovakia has been studied. isolation of virus from the blood of apodemus flavicollis, clethrionomys glareolus and erinaceus roumanicus, as well as the demonstration of antibodies in the sera of these mammals and of a. sylvaticus, microtus arvalis and sciurus vulgaris, showed that these mammals had been in contact with the virus in recent years. the proportion of pos ...	1967	5298543
the autecology of small rodents and insectivores of the tribec mountain range.	small rodents and insectivores have become the main reservoirs of tick-borne encephalitis virus. in order, therefore, to demonstrate the dynamic and structural changes occurring in a natural focus of tick-borne encephalitis, information has been collected on the distribution, habitat, life-cycle, population density and extent of tick infestation of the rodents and insectivores that inhabit the tribec region and adjacent parts of the hronský inovec mountains. the following mammals are discussed: ...	1967	5298539
[demonstration of enamel structure and of v. korff's dentin on a total preparation on rodent incisors (sciurus vulgaris)].		1968	5718923
[study of the n-terminal amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chains of the hemoglobin of sciurus vulgaris protein].		1972	4662621
[comparative study of the physico-chemical properties and chemical structure of the hemoglobin and myoglobin of sciurus vulgaris protein].		1973	4709881
investigations on spontaneous arterial pathology and serum cholesterol in the squirrel (sciurus vulgaris).		1974	4460223
[the locomotor activity of the squirrel (sciurus vulgaris)].	the locomotor activity of sciurus vulgaris has been observed in the field and in caged animals.onset and cessation of activity (data from the cage only): activity starts before sunrise and correlation with sunrise is very high (0.838≤r≤0.990). cessation of activity normally lies before sunset, during summer late in the afternoon, in winter often already before noon. it is scatterd to a greater extent than onset of activity, correlation with sunset being 0.535≤r ≤0.798.daily pattern: it is a bige ...	1975	28308935
[responses of squirrel visual cortex neurons to patterned visual stimuli].	the responses of visual cortical neurons to patterned visual stimuli were studied in squirrel sciurus vulgaris. the direction selective, orientation-selective and non-selective neurons were observed. most direction-selective and non-selective neurons were sensitive to high speeds of stimulus movement--hundreds deg/s. the direction-selective neurons exhibited their selectivity at such high speeds in spite of the short time of the stimulus movement through the receptive field. orientation-selectiv ...	1975	1207803
[emmonsia crescencse emmons et jellison, 1960- a common cause of adiaspiromycosis in squirrels (sciurus vulgaris l.) in czechoslovakia].		1976	1035789
[organization of the receptive fields of the superior colliculus neurons of the squirrel sciurus vulgaris].	studies have been made on the reaction of single neurons of the superior colliculus to stationary and moving visual stimuli in immobilized squirrels. the main bulk of collicular units (59%) is not directionally selective, 11%--exhibit high directional selectivity and 30%--were found to be relatively selective. most of the cells (85%) "prefer" high speed of stimulus motion. optimal speed for these neurons is equal to 30--100 degree/sec. testing by a stationary light spot (0.5degree in diameter), ...	1976	941588
[new faunal and biological observations on ticks in abruzzo].	ticks collected during the years 1975-76 in abruzzo (prov. l'aquila and chieti) italy are reported. the following species have been identified: ixodes canisuga, ixodes frontalis, ixodes hexagonus, ixodes ricinus, dermacentor marginatus, haemaphysalis sulcata, rhipicephalus bursa, rhipicephalus sanguineus, hyalomma marginatum. new hosts are: felis catus for ixodes canisuga; scolopax rusticola, motacilla flava, corvus cornix for ixodes frontalis; sciurus vulgaris for haemaphysalis punctata; garrul ...	1976	1032325
nutritional osteodystrophy in a free-living red squirrel (sciurus vulgaris).		1977	836605
parapoxvirus infection of the red squirrel (sciurus vulgaris).		1981	6275598
[great degree of homology between the ancestral karyotype of squirrels (rodents) and that of primates and carnivores].	the karyotype of 7 species of sciurinae representative of 6 tribes were compared: atlantoxerus getulus, menetes berdmorei, callosciurus flavimanus, heliosciurus gambianus, sciurus vulgaris, eutamias sibiricus, and marmota monax. homoeologies between almost all chromosome segments were found. numerous similarities with the karyotypes of certain primates and carnivora were observed. a presumed ancestral karyotype of the sciurinae is proposed.	1984	6335365
nutrient content in fungi as a primary food of the red squirrel sciurus vulgaris l.		1984	28312343
isolation in cell culture of a poxvirus from the red squirrel (sciurus vulgaris).		1984	6322409
[chromosomal phylogeny of 7 species of sciurinae].	the sequence of chromosomal rearrangements that leads to the karyotypes of living species of sciurinae is hardly compatible with a dichotomic evolution. the most probable hypothesis is that of a populational chromosomal evolution: the different lineages would have been isolated successively from an ancestral population in which several chromosomal rearrangements would have spread to more or less important fractions of the population. the proposed order in the succession of these isolations (marm ...	1985	3874584
experimental infection of the squirrel (sciurus vulgaris) and the muskrat (ondatra zibethica) with tahyna virus (california group, bunyaviridae).	two squirrels aged 16 weeks and three muskrats aged 24 weeks were subcutaneously infected with a dose of 400 smicld50 of the extraneurally passaged "236" strain of tahyna virus. viremia was detected in one squirrel (48 and 96 hours post infection) and in two muskrats (24 and 48 hours p.i.). seroconversion was demonstrated by plaque-reduction neutralization test (prnt) 21 days p.i. in all animals.	1987	3297950
experimental infection of squirrels sciurus vulgaris by monkey pox virus.		1989	2574948
identification, using isoenzyme electrophoresis and monoclonal antibodies, of leishmania isolated from humans and wild animals of ecuador.	six strains of leishmania isolated from wild mammals and humans on the pacific coast of ecuador were identified by isoenzyme electrophoresis and by their reactivity patterns to a cross-panel of specific monoclonal antibodies using a radioimmune binding assay. single isolates from sciurus vulgaris, potos flavus, and tamandua tetradactyla were identified as leishmania amazonensis. three other strains, isolated from cutaneous lesions of humans, were identified as leishmania panamensis.	1989	2919726
an immunohistochemical study of the gastro-entero-pancreatic endocrine cells in the alimentary tract of the korean tree squirrel, sciurus vulgaris corea.	the regional distribution and relative frequencies of gastrointestinal endocrine cells were studied immunohistochemically in the gastrointestinal mucosa of korean tree squirrels. seven kinds of endocrine cells were identified in this study. although a large number of 5-hydroxytryptamine-immunoreactive cells were seen throughout the gastrointestinal tract, they were most predominant in the duodenum. a moderate number of glucagon-immunoreactive cells which were restricted to the cardia and fundus ...	1991	1821436
the nasal apparatus of the red squirrel (sciurus vulgaris l.) embryo at the stage of the fully formed chondrocranium.	the nasal apparatus of the squirrel embryo at the optimum stage of the chondrocranium displays simple (though not always primitive) features and individual structures developed largely as in other rodents and even in insectivores. primitive features include the presence of a cartilago paraseptalis communis and probably the simplicity of the olfactory labyrinth, whose main support in the region as a whole is ethmoturbinale i, whose dorsal and ventral lamella divide off the basic recesses; anterio ...	1991	1790345
fitness consequences of hoarding behaviour in the eurasian red squirrel.	hoarding increases food availability during periods of scarcity, and therefore should enhance fitness. although short-term advantages of hoarding have been described for birds, effects over an animal's lifetime have not yet been documented. here, we report that in the red squirrel, sciurus vulgaris, individuals which recovered many cached tree seeds increased their body mass and were more likely to survive the spring breeding season than those that recovered fewer seeds. there was no significant ...	1995	8587886
an investigation into the health and welfare of red squirrels, sciurus vulgaris, involved in reintroduction studies.	the threats posed by parapoxvirus infection, metabolic bone disease and coccidiosis to the reintroduction of red squirrels into thetford chase were investigated by making blood biochemical, radiological and parasitological examinations on the squirrels before they were released and on resident squirrels. red squirrels found dead in thetford chase were examined post mortem by parasitological, electron microscopical and radiological techniques. parapoxvirus infection was the probable cause of deat ...	1995	8578648
phylogenetic relationships among japanese species of the family sciuridae (mammalia, rodentia), inferred from nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial 12s ribosomal rna genes.	in order to investigate phylogenetic relationships of the family sciuridae living in japan, we sequenced partial regions (379 bases) of mitochondrial 12s rrna genes in six species of japanese and other asian squirrels. phylogenetic trees constructed by sequence data indicated that two genera of flying squirrels (petaurista and pteromys) were clustered in a group distinct from non-flying squirrels, suggesting a possible monophyletic relationships of these flying squirrels. the evolutionary distan ...	1996	8940915
effects of temporal and spatial variation in habitat quality on red squirrel dispersal behaviour	immigration patterns and the frequency of breeding dispersal in tree squirrels are predicted to be related to the amount of temporal and spatial variation in tree seed crops, their primary food supply. we studied eurasian red squirrel, sciurus vulgarisdispersal patterns in a stable habitat with predictable food supply and a variable habitat with large temporal and spatial variations in food availability. in both habitats, we observed a male-biased immigration in spring and a female-biased immigr ...	1997	9268475
relationship between borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species, red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) and ixodes ricinus in enzootic areas in switzerland.	the infection and reservoir status of red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) for borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato were studied in switzerland. b. burgdorferi sensu lato was isolated from 15 skin samples from 4/6 dead red squirrels, victims of road traffic. isolates were identified using restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp): b. burgdorferi sensu stricto was present in 14 culture tubes containing skin samples and b. afzelii in two other tubes. a mixed infection was revealed in one case. a tota ...	1998	9638274
[paranoplocephala longivaginata sp. n. (cyclophyllidea: anoplocephalidae)--a new cestode from rodents of the western siberia].	a new species of anoplocephalidean cestode paranoplocephala longivaginata sp. n. from some rodents (clethrionomys rutilus, sciurus vulgaris) of the western siberia is described. the new species differs from formerly known species of the genus paranoplocephala by a structure of copulatory organs: the length of cirrus and the length of vagina exceed the length of genital bursa more than 1.5 times; the internal surface of the vagina is covered with hair-like bristles along all its length.	1998	9813885
genetic structure of fragmented populations of red squirrel (sciurus vulgaris) in the uk.	the relationships among 207 squirrels from 12 locations in the uk and three in mainland europe were examined using mitochondrial dna (mtdna) control region sequence. twenty-six haplotypes were detected, many of which were population specific. eighty per cent of the populations analysed contained two or more haplotypes. hierarchical analysis of molecular variance showed the majority of genetic variation to be partitioned among populations. genetic diversity varied considerably within the uk, and ...	1999	10703551
microsatellite loci in the eurasian red squirrel, sciurus vulgaris l.		2000	11123634
where do rodents fit? evidence from the complete mitochondrial genome of sciurus vulgaris.		2000	10833205
trace metal concentrations in squirrel (sciurus vulgaris) and black rat (rattus muridae) inhabiting roadside ecosystem.		2001	11353372
new world origins for haemoparasites infecting united kingdom grey squirrels (sciurus carolinensis), as revealed by phylogenetic analysis of bartonella infecting squirrel populations in england and the united states.	phylogenetic analyses of bartonella have suggested divergence between bartonellae that infect mammals native to the old and new worlds. we characterized bartonella isolated from eastern grey squirrels (sciurius carolinensis) in the united states and from grey and red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) in the united kingdom by nucleotide sequence comparison (glta and groel). isolates from grey squirrels in the united states and the united kingdom were identical, and most similar to bartonella vinsonii, ...	2002	12558350
helminth fauna of the red squirrel (sciurus vulgaris linnaeus, 1758) in belorussian polesie.		2002	12375168
malignant melanoma of the eyelid in a red squirrel (sciurus vulgaris orientis).	a 6-year-old male red squirrel (sciurus vulgaris orientis) developed bilateral tumors of upper and lower eyelids. the tumors in the left lid recurred despite surgical removal. necropsy revealed metastasis to the lung. the neoplastic cells were epithelioid and highly pleomorphic, and only a few cells contained melanin granules. occasionally melanoma cells were immunoreactive for s100, neuron-specific enolase and vimentin, and a small number of cells for cytokeratin. ultrastructurally, the presenc ...	2002	11999447
[hyperinfestation of squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) by an anoplure, neohematopinus sciuri jancke, 1931].		2003	5950217
a novel poxvirus lethal to red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris).	a parapoxvirus has been implicated in the decline of the red squirrel in the united kingdom. virus was isolated from an outbreak of lethal disease in red squirrels in the north-east of england. experimental infection of captive-bred red squirrels confirmed that this virus was the cause of the severe skin lesions observed. electron microscopic examination of the virus showed that it had a morphology typical of parapoxviruses whilst preliminary sequence data suggested a genomic g+c composition of ...	2003	14645914
prevalence of coccidia parasites (protozoa) in red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris): effects of host phenotype and environmental factors.	we investigated the relative importance of environmental factors versus host phenotype in determining parasite prevalence in eurasian red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris). one hundred and forty-three fecal samples of 116 different squirrels collected in 2000 and 2001 from five study areas in the italian alps, were examined for intestinal protozoans. two species of eimeria were present with a medium to high prevalence in both years and in all areas, while two other species were rare, occurring only i ...	2003	12898385
epidemiology of leishmaniasis in ecuador: current status of knowledge -- a review.	although leishmaniasis is regarded as a significant health problem in ecuador by the ministry of health, and the incidence has increased over the last years, an official map on the geographic distribution of disease and sand fly vectors or a control strategy do not exist yet. this article reviews the current situation based on published information to improve our knowledge and understand the epidemiological situation of leishmaniasis in ecuador in order to help future research and to develop a n ...	2004	15654419
bone assessment of free-living red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) from the united kingdom.	metabolic bone disease has been reported in free-living red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) in the united kingdom but the prevalence of this disease is unknown. in this study the bone quality of free-living red squirrels in the uk was assessed by radiology and bone densitometry. the study comprised 20 red squirrels found dead and submitted to the zoological society of london (uk) between 1997 and 1998, 10 were from the isle of wight (iow), where gray squirrels (sciurus carolinensis) are absent, and ...	2004	15465719
oral disease in free-living red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) in the united kingdom.	ninety-one red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) found dead in the uk between january 1994 and august 1998 were necropsied at the institute of zoology (london, uk); their oral cavities were examined visually, and in eight cases, radiographically. four red squirrels, which had evidence of oral disease when necropsied as part of a mortality survey, also were examined. a low prevalence (prevalence = 0.033, se = 0.02, n = 91) of oral disease was found in free-living red squirrels. in only two cases was o ...	2004	15362817
[morphological and cytochemical analysis of neuronal populations in the ganglion cell layer of the cerebellar cortex in birds and mammals living in similar habitats].	neuron populations of ganglion cell layer of cerebellar cortex were studied in birds and mammals, which were living in similar habitats: air-land habitat (squirrel--sciurus vulgaris and sparrow--passer domesticus) and land-water habitat (nutria--myocastor coypus and goose--anser domesticus). the following morpho-cytochemical indices were analyzed: density of purkinje cell distribution per unit gyms length, area parameters, tinctorial properties, protein content of neuron populations of ganglion ...	2004	15839246
morphocytochemical analysis of neuron populations in the ganglion layer of the cerebellar cortex of birds and mammals living in similar habitats.	the neuron populations in the ganglion layer of the cerebellar cortex of birds and mammals living in similar habitats, i.e., the common squirrel and the house sparrow (sciurus vulgaris and passer domesticus), living in an air/land habitat, and the swamp beaver (nutria) and domestic goose (myocastor coypus and anser domesticus), living in an earth-water habitat, were studied. morphocytochemical measures were assessed, i.e., the density of purkinje cells per unit gyrus length and their sizes, stai ...	2005	16270169
the geographic selection mosaic for squirrels, crossbills and aleppo pine.	the interactions between many species are structured in a geographic mosaic of populations among which selection is divergent. here we tested the hypothesis that such a geographic selection mosaic arises for common crossbills (loxia curvirostra) feeding on seeds in the cones of aleppo pine (pinus halepensis) because of geographic variation in the occurrence of european red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris). on the iberian peninsula, sciurus exerted directional selection favouring larger cones with la ...	2005	15715841
geographical distance and physical barriers shape the genetic structure of eurasian red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) in the italian alps.	red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) are widely distributed throughout eurasia, occurring in many types of coniferous and mixed-deciduous forests. in fragmented landscapes, small and partly isolated populations with low immigration rates show reduced genetic diversity, but reforestation can increase gene flow and restore levels of genetic variation in a few decades. no studies have so far investigated the genetic structure of red squirrel in large, continuous forests. the italian alps are presently ...	2005	15660938
hepatozoon species infection in wild red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) on the isle of wight.	postmortem examinations of 49 red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) found dead on the isle of wight revealed the presence of a hepatozoon species in 18 of them (37 per cent). the prevalence of infection was highest in subadult animals and no juveniles were infected. the prevalence was higher in the squirrels dying from natural causes (nine of 12) than in squirrels killed in road accidents (seven of 27). the weight of infection varied, and there were heavy infections in squirrels dying from toxoplasmo ...	2006	16905733
babesia microti-like parasites detected in eurasian red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris orientis) in hokkaido, japan.	six eurasian red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris orientis), victims of road traffic found during 2002 and 2004 near the noppro forest park in ebetsu, hokkaido, japan, were examined for the presence of babesia parasites. three of the six squirrels exhibited positive signals by nested pcrs targeting both the 18s rrna and beta-tubulin genes. three squirrels proved to be infected with a b. microti-like parasite as evidenced by sequencing the amplified dnas and by the morphology of the intraerythrocytic ...	2006	16891774
genomic characterization of a novel poxvirus contributing to the decline of the red squirrel (sciurus vulgaris) in the uk.	the genome of a virulent squirrelpox virus (sqpv) isolate was characterized in order to determine its relationship with other poxviruses. restriction enzyme analysis suggested a genome length of approximately 158 kb, whilst sequence analysis of the two ends of the genome indicated a g + c composition of approximately 66 %. two contiguous stretches of 23 and 37 kb at the left-hand and right-hand ends of the genome, respectively, were sequenced allowing the identification of at least 59 genes cont ...	2006	16847106
[functional characteristics of the binocular sector neurones of the squirrel sciurus vulgaris striate cortex].		2006	10198997
[study of the n-terminal amino acid sequence of the myoglobin of the squirrel (sciurus vulgaris) and of the otter (lutra lutra)].		2006	4790765
enteric adenovirus infection in a red squirrel (sciurus vulgaris).		2007	17369486
[properties of visual elements of the cortex and superior colliculus of the squirrel sciurus vulgaris].		2007	4756722
[effects of different forest management alternatives on sciurus vulgaris habitat].	a spatially explicit landscape model landis was applied to simulate the forest landscape changes under four management alternatives (no cutting, clear cutting, selective cutting i and ii) in youhao forestry bureau located in small xing' an mountain from 2000 to 2200. the outcomes from landis were combined with a landscape-level habitat suitability index (hsi) model in a gis environment to assess sciurus vulgaris habitat quality. the results showed that the increase of suitable habitat area and t ...	2008	18655576
detection of new babesia microti-like parasites in a rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta) with a suppressed plasmodium cynomolgi infection.	a new type of piroplasm, phylogenetically closest to babesia microti-like parasites previously detected in eurasian red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris orientis), was identified in a rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta) imported from china. after challenge with plasmodium cynomolgi m strain blood-stage parasites, the rhesus monkey repeatedly showed markedly reduced levels of plasmodium parasitemia when compared with animals not infected with this organism.	2008	18385363
natural infection with two genotypes of cryptosporidium in red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) in italy.	we investigated the genotypes of cryptosporidium infecting red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris l.) in two areas of the western alps in italy. examination of 141 faecal samples from 70 red squirrels revealed oocysts of cryptosporidium in 17 animals (24.3%). based on 18s rrna gene sequencing, two genotypes of cryptosporidium species were found: 15 squirrels were positive for the cryptosporidium ferret genotype and 2 for the cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype i. the occurrence and intensity of cryptospo ...	2008	18666411
poxviral disease in red squirrels sciurus vulgaris in the uk: spatial and temporal trends of an emerging threat.	the squirrel poxvirus (sqpv) is the probable mediator of apparent competition between the introduced invading gray squirrel (sciurus carolinensis) and the red squirrel (sciurus vulgaris) in the uk, and modeling studies have shown that this viral disease has had a significant impact on the decline of the red squirrel in the uk. however, given our limited understanding of the epidemiology of the disease, and more generally the effects of invasive species on parasite ecology, there is a need to inv ...	2008	18923872
[fleas community in introduced siberian chipmunks (tamias sibiricus laxmann) in forest of sénart, france].	we examined the fleas community in an introduced population of siberian chipmunks, tamias sibiricus, between 2005 and 2007, in the forest of sénart (essonne, france). we collected and identified 383 fleas on 463 chipmunks (total: 1,891 captures on 471 chipmunks). in 2005, 120 fleas were also collected on 65 bank voles, clethrionomys glareolus, and on 25 wood mice, apodemus sylvaticus, trapped within the same area. ceratophyllus sciurorum sciurorum formed 73.6% of the chipmunks' flea community, w ...	2008	18416245
epidemics of squirrelpox virus disease in red squirrels ( sciurus vulgaris): temporal and serological findings.	squirrelpox virus (sqpv) causes a fatal disease in free-living red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) which has contributed to their decline in the united kingdom. given the difficulty of carrying out and funding experimental investigations on free-living wild mammals, data collected from closely monitored natural outbreaks of disease is crucial to our understanding of disease epidemiology. a conservation programme was initiated in the 1990s to bolster the population of red squirrels in the coniferous ...	2009	18606024
coevolution between crossbills and black pine: the importance of competitors, forest area and resource stability.	studies of predator-prey interactions have found that geographically structured coevolution has played an important role in the adaptive diversification of crossbills (loxia spp.). we extend those studies by considering common crossbills (l. curvirostra) in the mediterranean where they rely on seeds in the cones of black pine (pinus nigra). on the continent, where tree squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) are present, enhanced defenses against crossbills were most evident in larger areas of pine forest. ...	2009	19228273
first report of eimeria lancasterensis in a red squirrel (sciurus vulgaris l.) in turkey.	a case of coccidiosis in a young, red male squirrel (sciurus vulgaris l.) has been described in this report. the squirrel was found dead and presented to the department of pathology for necropsy. a traumatic lesion was observed on the face that could have caused death. at necropsy the large and small intestines were swollen due to fluid and gas. during the examination of gut content numerous coccidia oocysts were observed. after sporulation, the oocysts were identified as those of eimeria lancas ...	2009	19851975
poxvirus infection in an american red squirrel (tamiasciurus hudsonicus) from northwestern canada.	there are two recognized poxviruses that are associated with disease in tree squirrels: squirrel fibroma virus (sqfv), leporipoxvirus, which affects eastern grey squirrels (sciurus carolinensis) in eastern north america, and squirrelpox virus (sqpv), a member of a newly identified poxvirus genus, which affects european red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) in the united kingdom. in august 2008, a cutaneous poxvirus-associated disease was identified in a north american red squirrel (tamiasciurus hudso ...	2009	19901387
campylobacter jejuni in the red squirrel (sciurus vulgaris) population of southern italy.	rectal swab samples were collected from 60 red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) from july 2006 to april 2007 in southern italy. samples were tested for campylobacter jejuni and c. coli by culture methods and suspected colonies were then confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. c. jejuni was detected in 5/60 (8.3%) samples examined but infection status was not related to age or sex and c. coli was not isolated. this is believed to be the first report of c. jejuni infection in the red squirrel.	2009	17980635
fatal candidiasis in a wild red squirrel (sciurus vulgaris).		2009	19287034
molecular phylogeography of european sciurus vulgaris: refuge within refugia?	the red squirrel (sciurus vulgaris) is a well-known forest animal distributed all over europe. still, we are far from having a firm knowledge of the species' phylogeography. this study investigates the genetic differentiation of s. vulgaris across the species' eurasian range, using sequence data from the mitochondrial dna gene (d-loop, 252 base pairs, cytochrome b, 359 base pairs), and eight variable autosomal microsatellite loci genotyped for 236 individuals. the results reveal the presence of ...	2009	19457179
first cases of squirrelpox in red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) in scotland.	squirrelpox, caused by a poxvirus, is a major threat to the remaining uk red squirrel population. the spread of antibody-positive grey squirrels has been monitored in the uk for the past decade. in 2005 grey squirrels that had been exposed to the virus appeared in the south of scotland for the first time, followed approximately two years later by the appearance of squirrelpox disease in the local red squirrels. four squirrels were examined. they all had gross external lesions and histological le ...	2009	19395718
causes of red squirrel (sciurus vulgaris) mortality in england.		2010	20852252
epidemiological and postmortem findings in 262 red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) in scotland, 2005 to 2009.	postmortem and virological examinations for squirrelpox virus (sqpv) were carried out on 262 red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) found dead or moribund in scotland between september 2005 and july 2009, to determine the likely causes of death and highlight factors that might be threats to the red squirrel population. most of the squirrels were submitted from dumfries and galloway, and 71 per cent of them were adults. road traffic accidents, squirrelpox, trauma or starvation were responsible for deat ...	2010	20729517
adenovirus in a red squirrel (sciurus vulgaris) from scotland.		2010	20675636
retrospective detection by negative contrast electron microscopy of faecal viral particles in free-living wild red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) with suspected enteropathy in great britain.	transmission electron microscopy identified adenovirus particles in 10 of 70 (14.3 per cent) samples of large intestinal content collected at postmortem examination from free-living wild red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) across great britain between 2000 and 2009. examination was limited to cases in which an enteropathy was suspected on the basis of predetermined macroscopic criteria such as semi-solid or diarrhoeic faeces, suspected enteritis or the presence of intussusception. in most cases, me ...	2010	21262731
assessing the effects of management alternatives on habitat suitability in a forested landscape of northeastern china.	forest management often has cumulative, long-lasting effects on wildlife habitat suitability and the effects may be impractical to evaluate using landscape-scale field experiments. to understand such effects, we linked a spatially explicit landscape disturbance and succession model (landis) with habitat suitability index (hsi) models to assess the effects of management alternatives on habitat suitability in a forested landscape of northeastern china. landis was applied to simulate future forest ...	2010	20354853
habitat area and structure affect the impact of seed predators and the potential for coevolutionary arms races.	both habitat patch size and structure affect the abundance and occurrence of species and thereby can affect the ecology and evolution of species interactions. here we contrast the level of seed predation and selection exerted by common crossbills (loxia curvirostra complex) and red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) in the extensive mountain pine (pinus uncinata) forests in the pyrenees with their level of seed predation in two small, isolated forests. crossbills consumed 5.1 times more seeds in the p ...	2010	20426338
mortality in red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) associated with exudative dermatitis.	red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) found dead or dying on the isle of wight and the island of jersey were suffering from exudative, ulcerative dermatitis and superficial staphylococcal pyoderma. the principal gross lesions were on the lips, eyelids and feet and showed similarities to those of squirrelpox. the histopathological lesions were also similar and, although there was no ballooning degeneration of epidermal cells, intracytoplasmic inclusions resembling those seen in poxvirus infections wer ...	2010	20622205
loss of octarepeats in two processed prion pseudogenes in the red squirrel, sciurus vulgaris.	the n-terminal region of the mammalian prion protein (prp) contains an 'octapeptide' repeat which is involved in copper binding. this eight- or nine-residue peptide is repeated four to seven times, depending on the species, and polymorphisms in repeat number do occur. alleles with three repeats are very rare in humans and goats, and deduced prp sequences with two repeats have only been reported in two lemur species and in the red squirrel, sciurus vulgaris. we here describe that the red squirrel ...	2010	20878152
detection of squirrel poxvirus by nested and real-time pcr from red (sciurus vulgaris) and grey (sciurus carolinensis) squirrels.	squirrel poxvirus (sqpv) is highly pathogenic to red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris), and is a significant contributing factor to the local extinction of the species in most parts of england and wales, where infection is endemic in eastern grey squirrel (sciurus carolinensis) populations. although a nested pcr assay has been used successfully to study the epidemiology of sqpv, samples have a long processing time and the assay is not quantifiable.	2010	20529323
epizootiology and pathologic findings associated with a newly described adenovirus in the red squirrel, sciurus vulgaris.	an infectious disease caused by squirrelpox virus has contributed to the decline of red squirrels, sciurus vulgaris, in the british isles. because of the heightened disease surveillance activity in red squirrels, adenovirus infection with associated mortality has been detected. adenoviral disease is described in other rodent species usually associated with stressors. here we 1) describe the pathologic findings in red squirrels found dead with adenoviral infection and gastrointestinal disease, an ...	2011	21441198
the kinematic consequences of locomotion on sloped arboreal substrates in a generalized (rattus norvegicus) and a specialized (sciurus vulgaris) rodent.	small mammals must negotiate terrains that consist of numerous substrates that vary in diameter, surface structure, rigidity and orientation. most studies on mammals have focused on the effects of substrate diameter during horizontal locomotion, especially in small- to medium-sized primates and marsupials. locomotion across sloped arboreal substrates, however, is poorly understood. here, in order to determine which locomotor parameters a terrestrial mammal, the rat, and a tree-dwelling mammal, t ...	2011	21753049
rotavirus in a wild english red squirrel (sciurus vulgaris) identified by electron microscopy.		2011	21821691
Squirrel adenovirus type 1 in red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) in Germany.		2011	21697189
poxvirus identified in a red squirrel (sciurus vulgaris) from spain.		2011	21257595
feeding of grey squirrels (sciurus carolinensis) with the contraceptive agent diazacon™: effect on cholesterol, hematology, and blood chemistry.	grey squirrels (sciurus carolinensis) are an invasive species in britain and italy. they have replaced native red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) throughout most of britain, and cause damage to trees. currently, lethal control is used to manage grey squirrel populations in britain, but nonlethal methods might be more acceptable to the public. one such method is contraception with 20,25-diazacholesterol dihydrochloride (diazacon™). diazacon™ inhibits the conversion of desmosterol to cholesterol, res ...	2011	22182332
functional differentiation of trailing and leading forelimbs during locomotion on the ground and on a horizontal branch in the european red squirrel (sciurus vulgaris, rodentia).	mammalian locomotion is characterized by the frequent use of in-phase gaits in which the footfalls of the left and right fore- or hindlimbs are unevenly spaced in time. although previous studies have identified a functional differentiation between the first limb (trailing limb) and the second limb (leading limb) to touch the ground during terrestrial locomotion, the influence of a horizontal branch on limb function has never been explored. to determine the functional differences between trailing ...	2011	21658923
sampling for microsatellite-based population genetic studies: 25 to 30 individuals per population is enough to accurately estimate allele frequencies.	one of the most common questions asked before starting a new population genetic study using microsatellite allele frequencies is "how many individuals do i need to sample from each population?" this question has previously been answered by addressing how many individuals are needed to detect all of the alleles present in a population (i.e. rarefaction based analyses). however, we argue that obtaining accurate allele frequencies and accurate estimates of diversity are much more important than det ...	2012	22984627
genetic structure of the french red squirrel populations: implication for conservation.	the decline of the red squirrel (sciurus vulgaris) in several european countries due to the introduction of the american grey squirrel (s. carolinensis) and the predicted arrival of the grey squirrel in france in the near future has lead to the development of a preventative conservation project in this country. in this study, we conducted an extensive survey of mitochondrial dna variation in french red squirrels using a fragment of the mitochondrial d-loop and we compared the results with previo ...	2012	23082180
systematic assessment of the impact of adenovirus infection on a captive reintroduction project for red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris).	pcr was used to amplify adenoviral dna, and transmission electron microscopy (tem) to detect adenovirus particles in tissue and intestinal content samples from red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) associated with a reintroduction study on anglesey (north wales), from other populations on the island and from stock held at the welsh mountain zoo, 38&emsp14;km to the east. samples were collected during the routine surveillance postmortem examinations of all 60 red squirrels with carcases retrieved in a ...	2012	22791517
adenovirus particles from a wild red squirrel (sciurus vulgaris) from northern ireland.		2012	22354657
acute fatal toxoplasmosis in three eurasian red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) caused by genotype ii of toxoplasma gondii.	toxoplasma gondii parasites belonging to endemic genotype ii caused fatal infection in three (16%) of 19 eurasian red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) sent for necropsy in finland between may 2006 and april 2009. the liver, spleen, and lungs were the organs most affected in all three cases, and high numbers of t. gondii parasites were visualized immunohistochemically in all the tissue samples available from them. the genotyping of the parasite strains was based on the results of analysis of length p ...	2012	22493121
causes of mortality and pathological lesions observed post-mortem in red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) in great britain.	the red squirrel population in great britain has declined dramatically in recent decades, principally due to squirrelpox. concern exists that red squirrels may become extinct nationally and, as there has been limited research in to diseases other than squirrelpox, this study aimed to identify additional causes of mortality.	2013	24238087
macroparasite community of the eurasian red squirrel (sciurus vulgaris): poor species richness and diversity.	the eurasian red squirrel (sciurus vulgaris) is the only naturally occurring tree squirrel throughout its range. we aim at improving current knowledge on its macroparasite fauna, expecting that it will have a poor parasite diversity because in species that have no sympatric congeners parasite richness should be lower than in hosts sharing their range with several closely related species, where host-switching events and lateral transmission are promoted. we examined gastro-intestinal helminth and ...	2013	23873618
association of a lukm-positive clone of staphylococcus aureus with fatal exudative dermatitis in red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris).	fatal exudative dermatitis (fed) is a recently described condition affecting red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) on the isle of wight and jersey (simpson et al., 2010a). staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from skin lesions in cases of fed were characterised by molecular and phenotypic approaches. the strains were found to belong to a single mlst clonal complex (cc49) representing either st49 or a novel single locus variant thereof (st1957), were closely related by other molecular typing approac ...	2013	23182436
using gps telemetry to validate least-cost modeling of gray squirrel (sciurus carolinensis) movement within a fragmented landscape.	in britain, the population of native red squirrels sciurus vulgaris has suffered population declines and local extinctions. interspecific resource competition and disease spread by the invasive gray squirrel sciurus carolinensis are the main factors behind the decline. gray squirrels have adapted to the british landscape so efficiently that they are widely distributed. knowledge on how gray squirrels are using the landscape matrix and being able to predict their movements will aid management. th ...	2013	23919175
the use of diazacon™ to limit fertility by reducing serum cholesterol in female grey squirrels, sciurus carolinensis.	the grey squirrel, sciurus carolinensis gmelin, is an invasive alien species introduced into great britain in the late nineteenth century and into northern italy during the early twentieth century. grey squirrels have displaced the native european red squirrel, sciurus vulgaris l., throughout much of great britain and have a significant impact on trees and woodlands through bark-stripping activity. in britain, eradication is no longer an option at a regional scale, but fertility control offers a ...	2013	22791583
squirrelpox virus in red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) in the republic of ireland.	squirrelpox virus (sqpv) is a significant factor in red squirrel (sciurus vulgaris) population declines but has previously been unconfirmed in the republic of ireland. in 2011 a juvenile red squirrel from wicklow presented with facial, perivulval, and nail bed sqpv skin lesions confirmed by histopathology, pcr, and electron microscopy.	2013	24502745
food availability and animal space use both determine cache density of eurasian red squirrels.	scatter hoarders are not able to defend their caches. a longer hoarding distance combined with lower cache density can reduce cache losses but increase the costs of hoarding and retrieving. scatter hoarders arrange their cache density to achieve an optimal balance between hoarding costs and main cache losses. we conducted systematic cache sampling investigations to estimate the effects of food availability on cache patterns of eurasian red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris). this study was conducted o ...	2013	24265833