Publications

update on tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: a geographic approach.	tick-borne rickettsioses are caused by obligate intracellular bacteria belonging to the spotted fever group of the genus rickettsia. these zoonoses are among the oldest known vector-borne diseases. however, in the past 25 years, the scope and importance of the recognized tick-associated rickettsial pathogens have increased dramatically, making this complex of diseases an ideal paradigm for the understanding of emerging and reemerging infections. several species of tick-borne rickettsiae that wer ...	0	24092850
importance of ticks and their chemical and immunological control in livestock.	the medical and economic importance of ticks has long been recognized due to their ability to transmit diseases to humans and animals. ticks cause great economic losses to livestock, and adversely affect livestock hosts in several ways. loss of blood is a direct effect of ticks acting as potential vector for haemo-protozoa and helminth parasites. blood sucking by large numbers of ticks causes reduction in live weight and anemia among domestic animals, while their bites also reduce the quality of ...	0	17048307
theileria, babesia, and anaplasma detected by pcr in ruminant herds at bié province, angola.	distribution of anaplasma spp., babesia spp., theileria spp., and ehrlichia ruminantium, was for the first time studied in bié province, central angola. we examined 76 blood samples of cattle originated from seven farms, and 13 blood samples of goats from two farms employing molecular genetic tools (pcr). most prevalent was a. ovis-infection in goats (100%) and a. marginale-infection in cattle (38% of examined animals, and six out of seven farms). b. bigemina-infection was detected in only one s ...	0	23193527
high prevalence of rickettsia africae variants in amblyomma variegatum ticks from domestic mammals in rural western kenya: implications for human health.	tick-borne spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsioses are emerging human diseases caused by obligate intracellular gram-negative bacteria of the genus rickettsia. despite being important causes of systemic febrile illnesses in travelers returning from sub-saharan africa, little is known about the reservoir hosts of these pathogens. we conducted surveys for rickettsiae in domestic animals and ticks in a rural setting in western kenya. of the 100 serum specimens tested from each species of domestic r ...	0	25325312
using the dfci gene index databases for biological discovery.	the dfci gene index web pages provide access to analyses of ests and gene sequences for nearly 114 species, as well as a number of resources derived from these. each species-specific database is presented using a common format with a home page. a variety of methods exist that allow users to search each species-specific database. methods implemented currently include nucleotide or protein sequence queries using wu-blast, text-based searches using various sequence identifiers, searches by gene, ti ...	0	20205187
in-vitro assessment of the acaricidal properties of artemisia annua and zataria multiflora essential oils to control cattle ticks.	the aim of this study was to investigate the 'acaricidal effect' of zataria multiflora and artemisia annua essential oils on rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatus.	0	22347275
rickettsia africae in amblyomma variegatum ticks, uganda and nigeria.		0	24050756
in vitro effect of the ethanolic extract of tephrosia vogelii on rhipicephalus sanguineus in abomey-calavi.	ticks are vectors of several diseases, of which many are zoonosis transmissible to humans. the use of tephrosia leafs' extract as a low cost acaricide is spreading among farmers in central kenya.	0	26101758
science, medicine, and the future. allergic disorders.		0	10642235
experimental strategies for the identification and characterization of adhesive proteins in animals: a review.	adhesive secretions occur in both aquatic and terrestrial animals, in which they perform diverse functions. biological adhesives can therefore be remarkably complex and involve a large range of components with different functions and interactions. however, being mainly protein based, biological adhesives can be characterized by classical molecular methods. this review compiles experimental strategies that were successfully used to identify, characterize and obtain the full-length sequence of adh ...	0	25657842
cofeeding intra- and interspecific transmission of an emerging insect-borne rickettsial pathogen.	cat fleas (ctenocephalides felis) are known as the primary vector and reservoir of rickettsia felis, the causative agent of flea-borne spotted fever; however, field surveys regularly report molecular detection of this infectious agent from other blood-feeding arthropods. the presence of r. felis in additional arthropods may be the result of chance consumption of an infectious bloodmeal, but isolation of viable rickettsiae circulating in the blood of suspected vertebrate reservoirs has not been d ...	0	26414611
anticoagulation activity of salivary gland extract of oriental blackfly simulium indicum.	to study the morphology of the salivary gland of the female blackfly of the species simulium indicum (s. indicum) along with protein profile and anticoagulant activity of the salivary gland extract.	0	25183091
nairobi sheep disease; the survival of the virus in the tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus.		1946	21014250
rhipicephalus appendiculatus and east coast fever in tanganyika.		1961	13742371
in vitro growth of tick tissues (rhipicephalus appendiculatus neumann, 1901).		1962	14470381
cyclic development and longevity of theileria parva in the tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus.		1964	14242265
the development of theileria parva in the salivary glands of the tick, rhipicephalus appendiculatus.		1968	4984381
a study of the life history of the tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus--the main vector of east coast fever--with reference to its behaviour under field conditions and with regard to its control in sukumaland, tanzania.		1968	5753464
the feeding behaviour on rabbits and in vitro of the ixodid tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus neumann, 1901.		1968	5740553
the use of parasympathomimetic drugs to stimulate salivation in the tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus, and the transmission of theileria parva using saliva obtained by this method from infected ticks.		1969	4986780
ifection of rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks with theileria parva, using a rabbit's head perfusion technique.		1970	5498934
infection of the tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus with theileria parva using an artificial feeding technique.		1970	5499333
toxaphene-resistant ticks occurring on cattle in uganda: boophilus decolaratus, rhipicephalus evertsi and rhipicephalus appendiculatus.		1970	5526750
theileria parva: comparative infection rates of adult and nymphal rhipicephalus appendiculatus.		1971	4995423
a technique for injecting radio-active tracers into flat rhipicephalus appendiculatus.		1972	5071083
uptake of 3 h-thymidine during artificial feeding of rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks infected with theileria parva.		1972	4622849
some effects of irradiation on theileria parva in the salivary glands of the tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus.		1972	4626453
a rapid technique for the detection of theilerial parasites in the salivary glands of the tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus.		1972	4627335
attempts to transmit babesia (nuttallia) microti in laboratory mice by the tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus.		1972	4652920
some effects of irradiation on the tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus.		1972	5039341
transmission of theileria lawrencei (serengeti) by the ixodid tick, rhipicephalus appendiculatus.		1973	4213512
the effect of immersion in water on the immature stages of the ixodid ticks-rhipicephalus appendiculatus neumann 1901 and amblyomma variegatum fabricius 1794.		1973	4787718
observations on the development and survival of the ixodid tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus neumann, 1901 under quasi-natural conditions in kenya.		1973	4802546
observations on the numbers of the tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus on the ears of zebu cattle in relation to hierarchical status in the herd.		1973	4807702
east coast fever: 60co-irradiation of theileria parva in its tick vector, rhipicephalus appendiculatus.		1974	4213045
theileria parva: variation in the infection rate of the vector tick, rhipicephalus appendiculatus.		1974	4213496
some experiments on the transmission of theileria mutans (theiler, 1906) and theileria parva (theiler, 1904) by the ticks amblyomma variegatum (fabricius, 1794) and rhipicephalus appendiculatus neumann, 1901, in uganda.		1974	4607395
effect of humoral antibodies on the course of theileria parva infection (east coast fever) of cattle.	a study was made of the effects of serum and gamma-globulins from vaccinated cattle (donor cattle) given to cattle (principals) exposed to theileria parva infection (east coast fever (ecf)). the principals were treated with normal serum, with serum containing high antibody titer against t parva (as evaluated by the indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) technique), or with globulins prepared from normal and from immune serums. for exposure, the principals were inoculated with standardized suspensio ...	1975	47727
the establishment of three cell lines from the tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus (acari: ixodidae) and their infection with some arboviruses.		1975	1123829
investigations on a theileria species from an impala.	an immature impala (aepyceros melampus), captured in the machakos district of kenya, had theileria-like parasites in its erythrocytes. blood from this animal was inoculated into a theileria-free impala born in captivity and a theileria-free, splenectomized steer. theilerial piroplasms were detected in the erythrocytes of the recipient impala 10 days after inoculation, and a peak parasitaemia of 2% was reached after 48 days, but no infection was detected in the steer. anaemia developed in the rec ...	1975	803575
the role of wild mammals in the epidemiology of bovine theilerioses in east africa.	the theileriidae of east african wild mammals are reviewed. three species of wild bovidae were captured in east africa. they were africa cape buffalo (syncerus caffer), blue wildebeest (connochaetes taurinus) and eland (taurotragus oryx), and all were found to be naturally infected with theileria species. these animals were studied to determine the transmissibility and pathogenicity of their theilerial infections to cattle. adult rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks, which had engorged as nymphs o ...	1975	803580
development of theileria mutants (aitong) in the tick amblyomma variegatum compared to that of t. parva (muguga) in rhipicephalus appendiculatus.	a comparison was made between the development of theileria mutans (aitong) in adult amblyomma variegatum ticks and the development of t. parva (muguga) in adult rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks. both batches of ticks dropped as engorged nymphs from cattle whose intraerythrocytic parasitemias were approximately 40%, and it was thus possible to make a direct comparison of the infection rates produced in their tick hosts in this experiment by the 2 species of theileria. ticks of the 2 batches wer ...	1975	809568
correlation between the morphology and infectivity of theileria lawrencei developing in the tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus.	adult rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks, infected as nymphs by feeding them on an african buffalo harbouring theileria lawrencei, were applied to the ears of rabbits. equal numbers of the feeding ticks were removed daily from rabbits and either dissected and processed so that parasites in their salivary glands could be examined morphologically and classified, or ground in eagle's minimal essential medium, to harvest parasites from the ticks in the resultant supernatant fluid. the infectivity of ...	1975	809739
studies on theileriidae (sporozoa) in tanzania. iii. experiments on the transmission of theileria mutans by rhipicephalus appendiculatus and amblyomma variegatum (acarina, ixodidae).	the parasite considered to be theileria mutans in east africa could not be transmitted transstadially by rhipicephalus appendiculatus (seven attempts); it was transmitted by amblyomma variegatum in 6 out of 7 experiments. the possibility that the original south african t. mutans, transmissible by r. appendiculatus, and the parasite called t. mutans in east africa, are different species, has to be considered.	1976	824772
the feeding behaviour of larvae, nymphs and adults of rhipicephalus appendiculatus.	the pre-feeding and feeding periods of larvae, nymphs and adults of rhipicephalus appendiculatus on rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) were investigated. larvae and nymphs required at least 8-9 days after hatching and moulting respectively before they could attach and start feeding, while adults required at least 6-9 days. but longer periods of starvation improved the proportion of ticks that successfully fed. after attachment, there was always an initial period of slow feeding, which was followed ...	1976	1256910
studies on theileriidae (sporozoa) in tanzania. v. preliminary experiments on a new method for infecting ticks with theileria parva and theileria mutans.	bovine blood with a high parasitaemia of theileria mutans was injected through the cuticle into fully engorged nymphs of amblyomma variegatum which had recently detached from a rabbit. after moulting, they transmitted this parasite to a susceptible calf. rhipicephalus appendiculatus transmitted theileria parva in the same way, but results were negative with a. variegatum and t. parva. this method of infecting ticks appears promising for the isolation of theileria strains from the field, and migh ...	1976	1006800
isolation of a theileria species from eland (taurotragus oryx) infective for cattle.	theileria infections were induced in cattle by feeding ticks on them from 3 sources: (a) adult rhipicephalid ticks obtained from the vegetation in a paddock containing an eland eao at the animal orphanage, nairobi national park, kenya, (b) rhipicephalus appendiculatus adults fed as nymphs on the same eland, (c) r. pulchellus adults fed as nymphs on an eland w 68 captured in the machakos district of kenya. both eland were harbouring theileria parasites at the time nymphal ticks were fed. mild inf ...	1977	407683
establishment of an experimental field population of theileria lawrencei-infected ticks maintained by african buffalo (syncerus caffer).	a population of rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks infected with buffalo-derived theileria lawrencei was established in a paddock. two infected buffalo had been introduced into this paddock which contained a small population of theileria-free r. appendiculatus. at intervals, successive groups of theileria-susceptible cattle were grazed with the buffalo. transmission of t. lawrencei from buffalo to cattle was first noted 7 to 8 months after the introduction of the buffalo, this delay being accoun ...	1977	915621
studies on theileriidae (sporozoa) in tanzania ix. unidentified bovine theileriae.	two strains of nonpathogenic theileriae, designated as theileria sp. (idobogo) and theileria sp. (mwanza), were isolated from cattle in southern and northern tanzania respectively. they were similar to each other, producing low numbers of t. parva-like macroschizonts and of small piroplasms. both were readily transmitted by rhipicephalus appendiculatus. no serological relationship with t. mutans was found, while serum of some of the recovered animals gave fleeting, low titres in the indirect flu ...	1977	414387
theileria parva piroplasmosis in mice, and its attempted transmission with rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks.	theileria parva piroplasm infection of mouse erythrocytes was detected, following intraperitoneal inoculation of mice with irradiated cultures of t. parva-infected bovine lymphoid cells. infection could not be transmitted to cattle using rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks.	1977	414389
development of theileria parva (theiler, 1904) in the gut of rhipicephalus appendiculatus (neumann, 1901).		1977	415285
histopathologic and electron microscopic studies of cutaneous lesions in calves with experimentally induced east coast fever (theileriosis).	skin lesions of bovine east coast fever were examined by light and electron microscopy at 120 hours after attachment of rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks infected with theileria parva. lesions included epidermal ulcer, hemorrhage, edema, necrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration by mostly polymorphonuclear and mononuclear (lymphoid) cells. the trophozoite state of t parva was observed in a parasitophorous vacuole and feeding on neutrophil granules. schizonts, some in budding process, and mer ...	1978	98077
nairobi sheep disease in kenya. the isolation of virus from sheep and goats, ticks and possible maintenance hosts.	nairobi sheep disease was seen principally upon movement of susceptible animals into the enzootic areas. this occurred most frequently for marketing purposes near the main centres of population. other outbreaks followed local breakdowns in tick control measures. the disease did not occur in epizootic form during the period under consideration. nairobi sheep disease was isolated from pools of rhipicephalus appendiculatus but not from many pools of other tick species. no virus was isolated from th ...	1978	701790
a survey of nairobi sheep disease antibody in sheep and goats, wild ruminants and rodents within kenya.	the distribution of antibody to nairobi sheep disease in sheep and goats in kenya was found to coincide closely with that of the tick, rhipicephalus appendiculatus. the proportions of a population in an enzootic area with antibody was similar in the different age groups. no antibody to the virus was found in rodent sera and while some low titres were found in some wild ruminant sera, these were considered to be most likely cross reactions with antibody to related viruses.	1978	701789
electron microscopic studies on the development of kinetes of theileria parva theiler, 1904 in the gut of the vector ticks rhipicephalus appendiculatus neumann, 1901.	the development of motile stages, called kinetes, from a stationary stage (regarded as zygote) has been followed in theileria parva by means of electron miscroscopy. this process started after moult of the tick nymphs which had sucked on highly infected calves, i.e. about 20 days after repletion (a.r.) of the ticks. the transformation took place by formation of a growing protrusion (= anlage) into an inner, enlarging vacuole. during this process the limiting membrane of the enlarging vacuole ser ...	1978	28653
rapid quantitative assessment of theileria infection in ticks.	a simplified method for methyl green pyronin staining is described for theileria parva and t. annulata in whole salivary glands of rhipicephalus appendiculatus and hyalomma anatolicum subspecies respectively. the stain gives results comparable with feulgen staining and can be used after the ticks have been in cold storage for 3 days. there is considerable variability in the rate and intensity of infection of these ticks with theilerial parasites and it is concluded that the method permits large ...	1979	87045
the use of frequency diagrams in the survey of resistance to pesticides in ticks in southern africa.	a method whereby resistance data can be analysed by means of frequency distributions is described. this method established that rhipicephalus appendiculatus and r. evertsi evertsi show either little or only developing resistance to the pesticides chlorfenvinphos and dioxathion. boophilus spp., however, show more instances and higher levels of resistance to these 2 pesticides.	1979	551365
induction of infective stages of theileria parva by exposure of host ticks to high temperature.	it was demonstrated that theileria parva parasites infective to cattle could be induced by exposure of infected adult rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks to 37 degrees c. the production of the sporozoites of t parva was not as efficient as by feeding ticks on rabbits.	1979	119344
the differential diagnosis of the bovine theilerias of southern africa.	it is currently thought that the following species or sub-species of theileria occur in cattle in southern africa: theileria parva parva (east coast fever), theileria parva lawrencei (corridor disease), theileria parva bovie (rhodesian theileriosis), theileria mutans proper (transmitted by amblyomma species), so-called theileria mutans (a non-pathogenic species transmitted by rhipicephalus appendiculatus, possibly identical with theileria taurotragi) and theileria velifera. the parasites can be ...	1979	122000
artificial infection of the tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus with theileria parva.	methods for infecting rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks with theileria parva by injection and by artificial feeding were confirmed and compared. the injection method proved simpler and at best as effective and suggested improvements are described.	1979	122269
parasites of domestic and wild animals in south africa. xiii. the seasonal incidence of adult ticks (acarina: ixodidae) on cattle in the northern transvaal.	ticks were collected over a period of 13 months, at approximately fortnightly intervals, from 6 africaner oxen kept on the farm nylsvley in the naboomspruit district. the 8 species of ixodidae collected were, in order of abundance, rhipicephalus appendiculatus, r. evertsi evertsi, hyalomma marginatum rufipes, h. truncatum, amblyomma hebraeum, r. simus, boophilus decoloratus and ixodes cavipalpus. the relative abundance of adult ticks of these species, their predilection feeding sites and seasona ...	1979	460821
tick infestations and tick-borne diseases in zimbabwe rhodesia.	the distribution of tick species in zimbabwe rhodesia is significantly influenced by land utilization practices. the most commonly occurring species in the over-grazed tribal areas is boophilus decoloratus. by contrast, well-managed commercial farms and ranches support a wide range of tick species, the most important of which is rhipicephalus appendiculatus. until recently tick-borne diseases of cattle were efficiently controlled through dipping. the low incidence of disease was an important fac ...	1979	553966
organ culture of rhipicephalus appendiculatus with maturation of theileria parva in tick salivary glands in vitro.	a technique is described for the organ culture of rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks. whole, unfed adult ticks with the dorsal integument removed, known as backless tick explants, were cultured in enriched leibovitz' l-15 medium in which they remained active for at least 32 days at 28 degrees c and 9 days at 36 degrees c. development of theileria parva, as demonstrated by methyl green-pyronin staining, occurred in the salivary glands of infected backless tick explants held for 8 days at 28 degre ...	1980	6110322
artificial infection of rhipicephalus appendiculatus with theileria parva by percutaneous injection.	rhipicephalus appendiculatus nymphs were inoculated with fresh or cryopreserved blood containing theileria parva piroplasms, or with cell culture grown stages of t parva. the use of fresh blood was successful. cryopreserved blood containing dimethylsulphoxide (dmso), killed most nymphs after inoculation: dmso could be removed by slow dialysis, without destroying the infectivity of the blood. attempts to infect ticks by inoculating cell culture grown stages of t parva failed, even when large numb ...	1980	6789418
a critical evaluation of the role played by the red-billed oxpecker buphagus erythrorhynchus in the biological control of ticks.	buphagus erythrorhynchus uses 4 feeding methods--scissoring, plucking, pecking and insect catching. during the day the birds spend 68% of their time feeding, with peaks of activity during the early morning and late afternoon. a total of 21 641 ixodid ticks were found in 53 stomachs examined, with a range of between 16 and 1 665 per stomach. boophilus and rhipicephalus were the most important genera eaten. thirty diptera, also found in the stomachs, accounted for 0,4% of the diet by mass. the foo ...	1980	7413164
the histology of the skin reaction associated with rabbit resistance to rhipicephalus appendiculatus (neumann) infestations.		1980	7437539
immunological reactions associated with rabbit resistance to rhipicephalus appendiculatus (neumann) infestations.		1980	7437540
cattle ticks from the waterberg district of the transvaal.	macroscopically visible ticks were collected from the hides of 28 cattle slaughtered in pairs during a period of 14 months in the waterberg district. in order of prevalence rhipicephalus appendiculatus, rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, amblyomma hebraeum, hyalomma marginatum rufipes, ixodes cavipalpus, hyalomma truncatum and boophilus decoloratus were recovered. immature stages of the three commonest species constituted a major portion of the population for varying periods during the months april ...	1980	7452655
the development of theileria=cytauxzoon taurotragi (martin and brocklesby, 1960) from eland in its tick vector rhipicephalus appendiculatus.	the sexual cycle of theileria taurotragi was identified in the gut lumen of replete rhipicephalus appendiculatur nymphs maintained at 28 degrees c which had fed on eland with rising parasitaemias. macro- and micro-gametes developed from ring-form piroplasms within 24 h after repletion. the microgamonts were elongate with 2 or more lateral projections. the nuclei of the microgamonts divided into 4 and the microgamonts differentiated into 4 thread-like microgametes each with a central nucleus. rou ...	1980	6775268
production of rhipicephalus appendiculatus with high infections of theileria parva.		1981	6795330
the initial stages of infection of cattle cells with theileria parva sporozoites in vitro.	large numbers of theileria parva sporozoites were separated from rhipicephalus appendiculatus adult ticks by filtration and were then concentrated by centrifugation. the sporozoites were incubated at 37 degrees c with leucocytes from 6 cattle of bos indicus and b. taurus types. giemsa-stained smears and living preparations under interference contrast microscopy were used to follow the course of the infection of the leucocytes with sporozoites. sporozoites were seen to attach rapidly to about 25% ...	1981	6791118
epidemiology of east coast fever: some effects of temperature on the development of theileria parva in the tick vector, rhipicephalus appendiculatus.	the moulting behaviour of nymphal rhipicephalus appendiculatus from the laboratory colony and 3 field strains from kenya was greatly influenced by constant temperatures between 18 and 37 degrees c but was not significantly different for the 4 tick strains. six batches of r. appendiculatus (muguga laboratory) nymphs which had engorged on cattle parasitaemic with 4 stocks of theileria parva (kiambu 4, kiambu 5, muguga and mbita 4) isolated in kenya were incubated at constant temperatures between 1 ...	1981	6791119
observations on the transmission of theileria mutans in south africa.	four isolates of theileria mutans obtained from geographically distant parts of south africa by subinoculation of infected blood were found to be readily transmitted by the bont tick amblyomma hebraeum. all attempts to transmit these isolates with rhipicephalus appendiculatus were unsuccessful. possible explanations for differences between these results and those reported by earlier workers in this country are discussed.	1981	6792579
monitoring theileria parva infection in adult rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks.	a rapid method is described for preparing and staining salivary glands of rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks infected with theileria parva. the technique, involving the use of a modified methyl green pyronin stained minimizes the risk of losing material and allows examination of stained glands within minutes of preparation. the technique was applied in a series of studies in which ticks were either infected with t. parva under different conditions, or maturation of parasites in adult ticks was s ...	1981	6163125
assessment of theileria infections in rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks collected from the field.	collections of adult rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks were made from bait cattle and vegetation at two field sites in areas of kenya in which east coast fever caused by theileria parva is endemic. these ticks, together with two experimentally infected batches of ticks, were examined for infection with theileria by four methods. whole salivary glands were stained with methyl green pyronin or feulgen's stain. whole ticks were ground in medium, the suspensions were filtered and centrifuged and th ...	1981	6166132
the isolation of theileria? taurotragi in south africa.	in 3 out of 4 attempts strains of a theileria sp. of low virulence were isolated in the laboratory by feeding adult rhipicephalus appendiculatus collected from the field on susceptible cattle. one of the strains, previously identified as theileria? taurotragi (tzaneen), was found to be serologically cross reactive with the other 2 strains. it was concluded that t.? taurotragi is prevalent in south africa in those parts where the vector exists. infection was characterized by a transient fever and ...	1981	6801567
treatment of stabilate-induced east coast fever with menoctone.	groups of cattle were infected with theileria parva by the injection of stabilate material prepared from infected rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks. the cattle were treated with the hydroxy alkylated naphthoquinone, menoctone, which was administered intravenously (i/v), intramuscularly (i/m), or orally (p/o) up to 4 days after the disease became apparent. the disease was rapidly controlled and all the treated cattle (15) recovered following (i/v) or i/m injection of a single dose of menoctone a ...	1981	6806956
identification of theileria infections in the salivary glands of hyalomma anatolicum anatoli cum and rhipicephalus appendiculatus using isoenzyme electrophoresis.	lysates prepared from the salivary glands of uninfected hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and rhipicephalus appendiculatus and from ticks of these species infected with 2 strains of theileria annulata and 1 strain of t. parva respectively have been examined for enzyme polymorphism using thin layer starch gel electrophoresis. representative enzymes from 3 of the major metabolic pathways, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the glycolytic pathway and the pentose phosphate pathway were investigated. only 1 ...	1981	6785914
the effect of irradiation on the susceptibility of rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks to theileria parva infection.	irradiation doses of 800 rad. or less had no detectable effect on the subsequent development of unfed nymphal rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks. doses of 1600 rad. or above impaired feeding and moulting and delayed the subsequent development of unfed nymphs. at 6400 rad. no ticks completed their moult. unfed nymphal r. appendiculatus irradiated at 0, 400, 800 and 1600 rad. were applied to 3 cattle infected with t. parva (kiambu 4). the theileria infections in the salivary glands of the resultan ...	1981	6787541
rhipicephalus appendiculatus: cause and vector of diseases in africa.	rhipicephalus appendiculatus neum. occurs mainly in the eastern and southern parts of africa and is the principal cause and vector of some very important stock diseases in these areas. the diseases include the theilerioses, brown tick toxicosis and nairobi sheep disease. these are briefly discussed, and emphasis is laid on the role of r. appendiculatus in their epidemiology. r. appendiculatus is a 3-host tick particularly well adapted to survive where climate and vegetation are suitable. the bas ...	1981	7042975
salivary gland of the tick vector (r. appendiculatus) of east coast fever. i. ultrastructure of the type iii acinus.	the brown ear tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus is the vector for east coast fever, a disease that seriously limits livestock production in east africa. the sporozoites of the infectious agent theileria parva develop in the tick salivary gland. this paper describes the organization of the type iii acinus of the gland and establishes unambiguous ultrastructural criteria for identification of the three secretory cell types: the d-cell, e-cell and f-cell. these observations are basic to exploration ...	1981	7198303
the incorporation of radio-labelled nucleic acid precursors by theileria parva in bovine blood and salivary glands of rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks.		1981	6173342
the seasonal activity of rhipicephalus appendiculatus neumann 1901 (acarina: ixodidae) in the highveld of zimbabwe rhodesia.	rhipicephalus appendiculatus passes through one generation per annum in the highveld of zimbabwe, rhodesia and shows a well-defined pattern of seasonal activity. peak adult activity occurs in the rainy season, whereas peak larval and nymphal activity occurs in the dry season. adult activity is regulated by the combined influences of temperature, humidity, and day length. climatic factors have little or no direct influence on the activity of larvae and nymphs. the occurrence of the larval and nym ...	1981	7229822
regulation of seasonal occurrence in the tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus neumann, 1901.	published data on the seasonal occurrence of rhipicephalus appendiculatus at 8 localities in east, central and southern africa has been compared and an analysis of the regulatory roles of different climatic factors has been undertaken. it has been shown that the pattern of seasonal occurrence is largely dependent on the timing of the activity period of the adult stage and this is regulated by the combined influences of humidity, temperatures and daylength. by use of a simple model it is shown ho ...	1981	7256867
rhipicephalus zambeziensis sp. nov., a new tick from eastern and southern africa, together with a redescription of rhipicephalus appendiculatus neumann, 1901 (acarina, ixodidae).	all stages of rhipicephalus zambeziensis sp. nov. are described from laboratory-reared specimens of a strain originating from cattle near west nicholson, gwanda district, zimbabwe. the redescription of all stages of rhipicephalus appendiculatus is based primarily on laboratory-reared specimens of a strain originating from a mountain reedbuck (redunca fulvorufula), loskop dam nature reserve, transvaal, republic of south africa. the differences between these 2 species are discussed briefly. detail ...	1981	7312310
the ecology of rhipicephalus zambeziensis and rhipicephalus appendiculatus (acarina, ixodidae) with particular reference to zimbabwe.	r. zambeziensis, like r. appendiculatus, is primarily a parasite of domestic and wild herbivores, and sometimes carnivores. both species occur in parts of east, central and southern africa, but they are not as a rule sympatric. in general, r. zambeziensis occurs in hotter, drier areas than does r. appendiculatus, especially along some of the great river valleys. in zimbabwe, r. zambeziensis is largely restricted to the northern, northwestern and southern parts of the country, whereas r. appendic ...	1982	7185034
pyrexia in response to rhipicephalus appendiculatus infestation in calves.	bos taurus calves free from tick-borne diseases were prophylactically treated with oxytetracycline hydrochloride and phenamidine isothionate 40% (w/v) injections and infested twice with adult rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks. mono- and diphasic temperature rises were observed during primary and secondary exposures respectively with the peak occurring when the ticks were completing engorgement. however, the first rise in the secondary infestation occurred well before repletion and was associate ...	1982	7080205
qualitative studies of the transmission of nairobi sheep disease virus by rhipicephalus appendiculatus (ixodoidea, ixodidae).		1982	7068952
effect of medium supplements on tick cells in culture.	the growth of tick cells in leibovitz's l--15 medium supplemented with various concentrations of fetal bovine serum (fbs), tryptose phosphate broth (tpb), and tick egg extract (tee) was evaluated using a protein assay. a continuous cell line from rhipicephalus appendiculatus (ra 243) was compared with young lines of cells isolated from embryos of r. appendiculatus (rae 25) and rhipicephalus sanguineus (rse 8). we found fetal bovine serum and tryptose phosphate broth both to be essential suppleme ...	1982	7131199
relationship between ticks and zebu cattle in southern uganda.	tick populations were observed on zebu (bos indicus) cattle over a period of 2 years at entebbe, uganda where the climate was thought to be highly favourable for the free-living stages of ticks. collections of all instars of ticks were made from the body surfaces of the cattle at intervals of between 1 and 5 weeks. the species recorded in order of decreasing abundance were rhipicephalus appendiculatus, amblyomma variegatum, boophilus decoloratus, rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, rhipicephalus simu ...	1982	7101465
causal agents of bovine theileriosis in southern africa.	one pathogenic and 4 mild bovine theileria strains from southern africa, all transmitted by rhipicephalus appendiculatus, were compared amongst themselves as well as to bovine and buffalo strains of the t. parva complex from eastern and southern africa and to bovine strains of t. taurotragi from tanzania considered to be derived from eland antelope. criteria used were parasitological, clinical, serological and cross-immunity characters. the mild strains are similar to bovine t. taurotragi. serol ...	1982	6812250
indirect fluorescent antibody test for experimental and epizootiological studies on east coast fever (theileria parva infection in cattle). evaluation of a cell culture schizont antigen fixed and stored in suspension.	a schizont antigen for the indirect fluorescent antibody test against theileria parva was prepared from a t parva-infected bovine lymphoblastoid cell line by fixing the cells in suspension with a mixture of acetone and formaldehyde. the antigen was stored in suspension in phosphate buffered saline for one and a half years at -60 degrees c without loss of activity; the antigen could also be lyophilised. the fluorescence of the intracellular schizonts was bright and specific with t parva positive ...	1982	6818649
drop-off rhythms of engorged rhipicephalus appendiculatus (acarina: ixodidae).	diurnal drop-off rhythms were exhibited by all three stages of rhipicephalus appendiculatus engorging on cattle in stalls under natural conditions of light and temperature. most engorged larvae dropped from the host between 1000 and 1400 hours, most nymphs between 1200 and 1800 hours, and most adults between 0600 and 0800 hours. under controlled conditions of light and temperature the drop-off rhythms of larvae and nymphs engorging on rabbits were synchronized by oscillators set in the tick in t ...	1982	7097445
cutaneous basophil-associated resistance to ectoparasites (ticks). i. transfer with immune serum or immune cells.	immune resistance experiments were carried out in guinea-pigs employing two tick species that as adults are ectoparasites of cattle (ixodes holocyclus and rhipicephalus appendiculatus). these studies showed that susceptibility of non-immune guinea-pigs to infestation with tick larvae varies according to the species of tick and the strain of guinea-pig. with both tick species, greater than 90% acquired resistance was achieved in several guinea-pig strains. immune resistance was evident within a w ...	1982	7061108
the effects of 20-hydroxyecdysone and juvenile hormone iii on tick cells.	two cell lines isolated from rhipicephalus appendiculatus ( rae 25) and anocentor (= dermacentor) nitens (ane 58) responded to the invertebrate hormones 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-he) and juvenile hormone iii (jh iii) in vitro. in the presence of 0.2 or 2 nmolar 20-he, the cells of the continuous line rae 25 attached to the culture substrate at a rate of 9% per hr for the first 8 hr, as did cells in growth medium. twenty or 200 nmolar of 20-he reduced the rate of cell attachment to 6% per hr, and in ...	1983	6674457
the effect of trypanosoma congolense infection on acquired immunity to the tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus.		1983	6882069
cutaneous basophil associated resistance to ectoparasites (ticks). electron microscopy of rhipicephalus appendiculatus larval feeding sites in actively sensitised guinea pigs and recipients of immune serum.	electron microscopy has been used to monitor cellular activity in dermal lesions elicited by larval rhipicephalus appendiculatus feeding on actively sensitised guinea pigs and recipients of immune serum. the early primary response is characterised by mononuclear cells, many of which appear to be activated fibroblasts. collagen deposition is enhanced as the reaction progresses. granulocytes of all types appear in the lesion between 18 and 96 hr but they show no evidence of degranulation. free, me ...	1983	6834174
some helminth and arthropod parasites of the grey duiker, sylvicapra grimmia.	sixteen grey duikers were culled on the farm riekert 's laager in the central transvaal at irregular intervals from may 1979-march 1981. one trematode species, 3 cestode species and 16 nematode species were recovered from these animals. of these the following are new helminth records for this antelope: cooperia hungi , cooperia neitzi , cooperia pectinata , trichostrongylus axei, trichostrongylus colubriformis, trichostrongylus falculatus , trichostrongylus instabilis , impalaia tuberculata , ne ...	1983	6676685
rhipicephalus appendiculatus: larval feeding sites in guinea pigs actively sensitized and receiving immune serum.	histological analyses of larval rhipicephalus appendiculatus feeding sites in naive and actively sensitized guinea pigs were made at 6, 24, 48, 72, 96 hr post-tick attachment. as primary feedings progressed the cavity at the entrance of the ticks mouthparts into the uppermost dermis, and the surrounding cellular infiltrate (lesion) both increased. early (6 hr) lesions were dominated by eosinophils again predominated at 72 hr (44%), and finally basophils were dominant at 96 hr increased as tick f ...	1983	6822283
incorporation of 3h-hypoxanthine by theileria parva during development in the feeding adult tick rhipicephalus appendiculatus.		1983	6187700