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[requirement of specific nutrient substances of the cotton wilt pathogen--verticillium dahliae kleb]. 19655893626
[the role of pectolytic enzymes of the verticillium dahliae fungus in the development of cotton wilt]. 19655895993
[weeds as host-plants for verticillium albo-atrum rke. et berth. including verticillium dahliae kleb]. 19665953031
host response of tobacco to verticillium dahliae (tob.) kleb.--a cytological method of assaying resistance. 197016056726
the development of lignitubers in roots after infection by verticillium dahliae kleb. 19714101737
the fine structure of verticillium dahliae kleb. colonizing cellophane. 19715103059
[electron microscopic study of the structure of verticillium dahliae]. 19715104437
metabolites of verticillium dahliae: the isolation and structure elucidation of some disaccharides and a trisaccharide. 19715165992
interactions between heterodera rostochiensis woll. and verticillium dahliae kleb. on potatoes and the effect of ccc on both. 19715167334
protection of fusarium and verticillium propagules from selected biocides following ingestion by pristionchus lheritieri.spores of fusarium oxysporum f. lycopersici or verticillium dahliae (potato strain) ingested by pristionchus iheritieri (a saprozoic nematode) survived exposure to otherwise lethal solutions of free chlorine, thiabendazole or the methyl ester of l-butylcarbamoyl-2-bendimidazole carbamic acid. viability of mechanically-freed or defecated spores were the same.197119322336
[effect of the antifungal antibiotic 18-80 on nucleic acids of verticillium dahliae]. 19725065190
[strain differences in the structure of verticillium dahliae dna]. 19734795946
a quantitative bioassay for determining low numbers of microsclerotia of verticillium dahliae in field soils. 19744822783
[effect of vitamins on the growth rate of the germ tubes and germinating microsclerotia and the subsequent morphogenesis of verticillium dahliae kleb]. 19744857618
electrophoretic protein and enzyme patterns and antigenic structure in verticillium dahliae and v. albo-atrum. 19744374661
the mechanism of heterokaryotic growth in verticillium dahliae.heterokaryons of verticillium dahliae, forced between complementary auxotrophs, were stable at 21 degrees and resembled the wild type morphologically. in such heterokaryons the hyphal cells were predominantly uninucleate, and no nuclear migration from cell to cell was observed. heterokaryosis was apparently confined to binucleate, interhyphal, anastomosed cells that arose 1-2 mm behind the colony front. such anastomosed cells thereby fed and maintained large homokaryotic areas including the colo ...197417248647
adenine and pyridine nucleotides in forms of verticillium dahliae kleb. differing in pathogenicity. 19751214
the effect of volatile and gaseous metabolites of swelling seeds on germination of fungal spores.effects of volatile and gaseous metabolites of swelling seeds of pea, bean, wheat, corn cucumber, tomato, lentil, carrot, red papper and lettuce on germination of spores of five genera of fungi were found to depend rather on the fungal than on the plant genus. germination of spores of botrytis cinerea, mucor racemosus and trichoderma viride was most severely inhibited. spores of verticillium dahliae were less sensitive and germination of spores of fusarium oxysporum was inhibited only in two cas ...19751176038
ultrastructure of melanin formation in verticillium dahliae with (+)-scytalone as a biosynthetic intermediate.transmission and scanning electron microscopy showed that melanin of wild-type verticillium dahliae occurred as granules in microsclerotial cell walls and in a fibrillar network encapsulating the walls. an albino microsclerotial mutant and a brown microsclerotial mutant of v. dahliae did not form melanin granules. when albino microsclerotia were treated with (+)-scytalone (a metabolite that the brown mutant accumulates), they formed melanin granules and turned black. these granules were similar ...1976945119
use of mutants to establish (+)-scytalone as an intermediate in melanin biosynthesis by verticillium dahliae.melanin biosynthesis in verticillium dahliae kleb, was studied with mutants deficient for normal black melanin or for production of microsclerotia. seven genetically different mutants had apparent blocks in melanin biosynthesis. four mutants (brm-1 to -4) produced brown microsclerotia and extruded pigments into media; three (alm-1 to -3) produced albino microsclerotia. other mutants produced no microsclerotia (nms) or had greatly reduced numbers of microsclerotia (rms). mutation alm-1 was due to ...1976945120
pentaketide metabolites of verticillium dahliae. 3. identification of (-)-3,4-dihydro-3,8-dihydroxy-1(2h)-naphtalenone((-)-vermelone) as a precursor to melanin. 1976945335
pentaketide metabolites of verticillium dahliae. ii. accumulation of naphthol derivatives by the aberrant-melanin mutant brm-2. 1977557166
ultrastructural and chemical distinction of melanins formed by verticillium dahliae from (+)-scytalone, 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene, catechol, and l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine.microsclerotia of three melanin-deficient mutants of verticillium dahliae formed malanin from (+)-scytalone, 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene, catechol, and l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine. the melanins formed from (+)-scytalone or 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene resembled wild-type melanin chemically and ultrastructurally, whereas the melanins formed from catechol and l-3,4-dihydroxyphenlalanine were different. this suggests that scytalone and 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene but no catechol or l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalan ...1978565670
osmotic effects on radial growth rate and specific growth rate of three soil fungi.the radial growth rate on osmotically adjusted agar medium and the relative specific growth rate in osmotically adjusted liquid medium were determined for rhizoctonia solani, pythium ultimum, and verticillium dahliae. on basal medium, an isolate of p. ultimum and r. solani had similar radial growth rates of 0.52 and 0.47 mm/h, respectively, whereas v. dahliae grew at a rate of 0.08 mm/h. radial growth rate was reduced 50% at osmotic potentials of -16, -27, and -32 bars for p. ultimum, r. solani, ...1978570448
[multiple forms of pectin trans-eliminase from verticillium dahliae klebahn -- cotton wilt agent].from the culture liquid filtrate of verticillium dahliae--cotton wilt agent--pectin trans-eliminase (ec) was isolated. the enzyme was isolated and examined, using ultrafiltration, gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography, isoelectrofocusing, and electrophoresis. the fungus was found capable to produce several forms of pectin trans-eliminase that differed in their molecular weight, charge, synthesis and release regulation, substrate action (position of bonding breakdowns in the pectin polymer ...1978571122
volatile and gaseous metabolites released by germinating seeds of lentil and maize cultivars with different susceptibilities to fusariosis and smut.the effect of volatile and gaseous metabolites released by germinating seeds of lentil cultivars more and less susceptible to fusariosis on the germination of spores of mucor racemosus, trichoderma viride, verticillium dahliae and botrytis cinerea was found to depend rather on the fungal genus than on the lentil cultivar. however, spores of fusarium oxysporum reacted more sensitively during germination to the presence of exudates of both cultivars, when the more susceptible lentil displayed a st ...19807189738
effect of foliar application of antibiotics and gibberellic acid on the rhizosphre microflora of pea, infected with verticillium dahliae.a study was made of the effects of foliar spray of bacitracin, chloramphenicol and gibberellic acid on the rhizosphere microflora of pea seedlings (pisum sativum l.) infected with verticillium dahliae. the antibiotics increased fungus and actinomycete counts and reduced the bacterial populations in the rhizosphere. gibberellic acid at 10 ppm concentration reduced all three groups of microorganisms while at 100 ppm fungi and actinomycetes increased slightly. invariably the rhizosphere effect was ...19807191387
pentaketide metabolites of melanin synthesis in the dematiaceous fungus wangiella dermatitidis.melanin synthesis in the dematiaceous, polymorphic hyphomycete wangiella dermatitidis, a human pathogen, was investigated by biochemical and physiological techniques. mutants with a decrease or loss in melanin synthesis were induced and isolated. melanin precursors were obtained from the mutants, purified, and then identified by comparison with authentic compounds from verticillium dahliae . isolation of scytalone , vermelone , flaviolin , and 1,8- dihydroxynaphthalene from the mutants of wangie ...19846539583
melanin biosynthesis and the metabolism of flaviolin and 2-hydroxyjuglone in wangiella dermatitidis.melanin biosynthesis in the human pathogen wangiella dermatitidis was inhibited by tricyclazole, causing pentaketide melanin metabolites to accumulate in the cultures. one of these metabolites, scytalone, was racemic and thus different than the (+)-enantiomer from verticillium dahliae. an albino mutant of w. dermatitidis metabolized scytalone to a pigment ultrastructurally identical to wild-type melanin. cell-free homogenates of the wild type carried out typical reductive and dehydrative reactio ...19854037982
elicitor stimulation of the defense response in cultured plant cells monitored by fluorescent dyes.addition of fungal elicitors to plant cells in suspension is known to stimulate biochemical changes in the plant cell leading to production of defense compounds. in this paper we demonstrate that introduction of elicitors from the pathogenic fungus verticillium dahliae to cultured cotton, tobacco, or soybean cells leads to a rapid, dramatic change in the fluorescence of several membrane-associated potentiometric or ph-sensitive dyes. the fluorescence transitions occur abruptly following a brief ...19863753013
inhibition of elicitor-induced phytoalexin formation in cotton and soybean cells by citrate.addition of an elicitor preparation from verticillium dahliae to soybean or cotton cell suspension cultures induces the formation of the phytoalexins, glycelollin or sesquiterpene aldehydes, respectively. recent work (ps low, pf heinstein 1986 arch biochem biophys 249: 472-479) has shown that the induction of phytoalexin biosynthesis in these cells is preceded by rapid changes in the plant cell membrane which can be conveniently monitored by membrane associated fluorescent probes. using this eli ...198716665597
stimulation of sanguinarine production by combined fungal elicitation and hormonal deprivation in cell suspension cultures of papaver bracteatum.fungal elicitor preparations from either homogenized mycelia of dendryphion penicillatum (cda.) fr., a specific pathogen of papaver species, or conidia of verticillium dahliae kleb., a general pathogen, were added to 14-day-old suspension cultures of papaver bracteatum. plant tissue cultures were grown either in the presence or absence of 0.1 milligram of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid per liter and 0.5 milligram of 6-benzylam-inopurine per liter. dendryphion extracts elicited an accumulation of ...198816665861
biosynthetic arginine decarboxylase in phytopathogenic fungi.it has been reported that while bacteria and higher plants possess two different pathways for the biosynthesis of putrescine, via ornithine decarboxylase (odc) and arginine decarboxylase (adc); the fungi, like animals, only use the former pathway. we found that contrary to the earlier reports, two of the phytopathogenic fungi (ceratocystis minor and verticillium dahliae) contain significant levels of adc activity with very little odc. the adc in these fungi has high ph optimum (8.4) and low km ( ...19892497290
[research of antifungal substances secreted by higher fungi in culture].a screening in vitro of antifungic activity of 24 strains of basidiomycetes was realized with their culture filtrate. lycoperdon perlatum pers. = pers., oudemansiella platyphylla (pers. ex fr.) mos., agrocybe dura (bolt) singer have shown an activity against candida albicans, candida tropicalis and aspergillus fumigatus; pholiota spumosa (fr.) singer towards botrytis cinerea and lycoperdon perlatum pers. = pers. towards alternaria solani, botrytis cinerea and verticillium dahliae. more extensive ...19902082797
[organization of genes of ribosomal rna from the mushroom verticillium dahliae].using yeast probe, a complete ribosomal dna unit from a plant pathogenic fungus, verticillium dahliae, was cloned into a plasmid vector ptz19r. partial dna sequence of the clones, when compared to the yeast ribosomal dna sequence, allowed to establish the physical map of the fungal rdna. the overall organization was shown to be similar to other fungal rdnas previously known.19902094815
[a comparative analysis of chromatographic, kinetic and antigenic properties of casein kinase type 2 from bovine liver and the phytopathogenic mushroom verticillium dahliae].homogeneous preparations of casein kinases 2 have been isolated from bovine liver and the phytopathogenic fungus verticillium dahliae. the isolation procedure was similar in both cases and included consecutive chromatography on heparin-sepharose, phosphocellulose pii and monoq. the bovine liver enzyme consists of two subunits with molecular masses of 38 kda and 27 kda, while the fungus kinase has three subunits with mr of 53 kda, 41 kda and 38 kda. self-phosphorylation of casein kinase 2 in vitr ...19902096946
glucose oxidase as the antifungal principle of talaron from talaromyces flavus.analysis of an authentic sample of the antifungal antibiotic talaron from the biocontrol fungus talaromyces flavus indicated that approximately 40% of the solid sample was glucose oxidase. high-performance liquid chromatography elution profiles of the antimicrobial activity of talaron coeluted with those of glucose oxidase. fluorescence emission and excitation wavelength maxima for talaron were similar to those of glucose oxidase from aspergillus niger. the molecular weight of talaron was 152,00 ...19902279238
mechanism of photosynthesis decrease by verticillium dahliae in potato.young, visually symptomless leaves from potato (solanum tuberosum) plants infected with verticillium dahliae exhibited reduced carbon assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular co(2), but no increase in dark respiration, no change in the relationship between carbon assimilation rate versus intercellular co(2), and no change in light use efficiency when intercellular co(2) was held constant. therefore, the initial decrease in photosynthesis caused by v. dahliae was caused by stoma ...199016667795
production of xylanase by verticillium dahliae.xylan induced the production of xylanase by verticillium dahliae. other cellulolytic enzymes such as glucanase and beta-glucosidase were synthesized in smaller quantities. the process of degradation indicated that xylanase behaved like a typical endo-enzyme causing first production of high mol, wt. products, and indicated that v. dahliae produced at least three enzymes which degrade xylan.19911775094
expression and regulation of casein kinase 2 during heat shock in verticillium dahliae.a homogeneous preparation of casein kinase 2 has been isolated from the phytopathogenic fungus verticillium dahliae (the parasite of cotton). the enzyme consists of three subunits with molecular masses of 53, 41, and 38 kda. highly specific immune serum against casein kinase 2 has been obtained. by means of immunoblotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), and immunochemical isolation on protein a-sepharose, it is shown that the amount of casein kinase 2 increases under heat shock condi ...19921562326
effect of elicitation and changes in extracellular ph on the cytoplasmic and vacuolar ph of suspension-cultured soybean cells.we have employed both (31)p nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and two intracellular fluorescent ph indicator dyes to monitor the ph of the vacuole and cytoplasm of suspension-cultured soybean cells (glycine max merr cv kent). for the (31)p nuclear magnetic resonance studies, a flow cell was constructed that allowed perfusion of the cells in oxygenated growth medium throughout the experiment. when the perfusion medium was transiently adjusted to a ph higher than that of the ambient growth m ...199216668695
modeling of yield loss in potato early dying caused by pratylenchus penetrans and verticillium dahliae.yield-loss models were developed for potato early dying, caused by an interaction between verticillium dahliae and pratylenchus penetrans. yield data were collected over 5 years (1985-1989) from potato plants grown in microplots infested with v. dahliae and (or) p. penetrans. the model y = b + (1 - b)/(1 + [vd/36.7]), where y was the relative yield (with uninfested controls = 1.0) and vd was the preplant density of v. dahliae microsclerotia per cm(3) soil, was fitted to the data set. when p. pen ...199219283209
toxicity of cotton phytoalexins to zoopathogenic fungi.the sesquiterpenoid phytoalexins desoxyhemigossypol, desoxymethoxyhemigossypol, and hemigossypolone formed in cotton (gossypium hirsutum and g. barbadense) stem xylem infected with verticillium dahliae were shown to be highly toxic to zoopathogenic fungi. this appears to be the first study of the toxicity of terpenoid phytoalexins to zoopathogenic fungi. the toxicities of the phytoalexins expressed as mic (micrograms ml-1) values were 8 to 128 against four isolates of candida albicans and one is ...19938167949
differential enhancement of benzophenanthridine alkaloid content in cell suspension cultures of sanguinaria canadensis under conditions of combined hormonal deprivation and fungal elicitation.an elicitation protocol, resulting in the accumulation of sanguinarine in suspension cultures of papaver bracteatum, was assessed for induction of the same alkaloid in sanguinaria canadensis. although only a trace constituent of p. bracteatum plants, sanguinarine is a major alkaloid (1-3% dry wt) of s. canadensis rhizomes. by combining hormonal deprivation for various intervals and a 3-day fungal (verticillium dahliae) elicitation, benzophenanthridine alkaloid accumulation was induced in s. cana ...19938229008
high-affinity binding of a protein-lipopolysaccharide phytotoxin from verticillium dahliae to cotton membranes.the presence of a specific binding site for a protein-lipopolysaccharide (plp) phytotoxin isolated from culture filtrates of verticillium dahliae has been demonstrated in plasma membranes from cotton seedlings. the 125i-labelled plp was used as a ligand in binding assays with plasma membrane enriched fractions. root tissue exhibited the highest amount of binding activity compared to hypocotyl and cotyledon tissue. binding of the [125i]plp was saturable, reversible, and with an affinity (kd = 1.4 ...19938253197
pcr primers that allow intergeneric differentiation of ascomycetes and their application to verticillium spp.a pair of conserved pcr primers, designated nms1 and nms2, that amplify a region in the mitochondrial small rrna gene region were designed for fungi belonging to the class ascomycetes. these primers were tested with members of eight fungal genera (aspergillus, fusarium, magnaporthe, mycospharella, neurospora, saccharomyces, sclerotinia, verticillium) and 10 verticillium species (verticillium albo-atrum, verticillium chlamydosporium, verticillium cinnebarium, verticillium dahliae, verticillium fu ...19947811072
phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from cotton (gossypium hirsutum) hypocotyls: properties of the enzyme induced by a verticillium dahliae phytotoxin.phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (ec 4.3.1.5), induced by a verticillium dahliae phytotoxin, has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from cotton hypocotyls by differential ammonium sulfate fractionation and hydrophobic interaction chromatography, with a yield of 52%. the enzyme is a tetramer with a molecular weight of 332,000 to 337,000. the isoelectric point is 4.6, and no isoforms were observed. the subunits of the enzyme are unstable and breaks down to fragments with m(r)'s of 69,000 and ...19948043606
interactions among pratylenchus penetrans, p. scribneri, and verticillium dahliae in the potato early dying disease complex.microplots were infested with combinations of the fungus verticillium dahliae and pratylenchus penetrans and p. scribneri to test for individual and combined effects of these organisms on potato yield and nematode reproduction. verticillium dahliae alone caused yield losses in all 3 years of the experiment, and the interaction between p. penetrans and v. dahliae was significant (p </= 0.05) in 2 years. pratylenchus penetrans alone caused yield losses in 2 years and p. scribneri alone caused yiel ...199419279885
impact of multi-year cropping regimes on solanum tuberosum tuber yields in the presence of pratylenchus penetrans and verticillium dahliae.five cropping regimes involving combinations of 2 legumes, alfalfa (medicago sativa) and yellow sweet dover (melilotus officinalis), 2 monocots, corn (zea mays) and sudax (sorghum halupeuse x sorghum sudanese), and potato (solanum tuberosum cv. superior) were tested for their impact on potato yields in a field infested with pratylenchus penetrans and verticillium dahliae. no differences in 1990 tuber yields were observed among the five cropping regimes (p < 0.05). in 1991, yields following 1 yea ...199519277337
molecular analysis of japanese isolates of verticillium dahliae and v. albo-atrum.sixteen isolates of different pathogenicity groups of the plant pathogen verticillium dahliae and four isolates of v. albo-atrum from japan were analysed by means of an rapd (random amplified polymorphic dna) method using a pcr (polymerase chain reaction). verticillium dahliae and v. albo-atrum could be distinguished by rapd analysis. four pathogenicity groups of v. dahliae could also be classified to a certain extent by this method. similarities and differences in banding patterns obtained by r ...19957639996
direct dna extraction for pcr-mediated assays of soil organisms.by using the rdna of a plant wilt pathogen (verticillium dahliae) as the target sequence, a direct method for the extraction of dna from soil samples which can be used for pcr-mediated diagnostics without a need for further dna purification has been developed. the soil organisms are disrupted by grinding in liquid nitrogen with the natural abrasives in soil, and losses due to degradation and adsorption are largely eliminated by the addition of skim milk powder. the dna from disrupted cells is ex ...19958526511
cloning, expression, and characterization of (+)-delta-cadinene synthase: a catalyst for cotton phytoalexin biosynthesis.in cotton, sesquiterpene phytoalexins are elicited in response to bacterial or fungal infection. a gossypium arboreum cell suspension culture which produces the sesquiterpene phytoalexin gossypol showed a time-dependent 10-fold increase in a 1.9-kb mrna in response to a challenge by a preparation from verticillium dahliae. the mrna prepared from these elicited cultures was used to isolated two cdna clones that contain open frames coding for proteins of 554 amino acids with m(r) 64,096 and 64,118 ...19958554317
differential induction of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coa reductase in two cotton species following inoculation with verticillium.gossypium barbadense cottons are typically more resistant to wilt pathogens than are gossypium hirsutum cultivars. both species make terpenoid phytoalexins in response to infection, implicating isoprenoid biosynthesis as a factor in resistance. conserved regions in plant 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase (hmgr), the first enzyme in the terpene biosynthesis pathway, were used to design polymerase chain reaction primers for cloning a fragment of a cotton hmgr gene. the clone was used ...19958664497
in vitro analysis of the role of glucose oxidase from talaromyces flavus in biocontrol of the plant pathogen verticillium dahliae.culture filtrates from talaromyces flavus grown on glucose contained high levels of glucose oxidase activity, while culture filtrates from t. flavus grown on xylan contained negligible glucose oxidase activity. culture filtrates from t-flavus grown on both media contained complex protein profiles. however, only culture filtrates from t. flavus grown on glucose inhibited germination of microsclerotia of verticillium dahliae in in vitro inhibition assays. a polyclonal antiserum preparation, pabgo- ...19968795208
cloning and heterologous expression of a second (+)-delta-cadinene synthase from gossypium arboreum.screening of a gossypium arboreum l. cv. nanking cdna library resulted in the identification and cloning of a second (+)-delta-cadinene synthase. a probe for the screens was prepared by pcr using primers based on conserved sequences in farnesyl diphosphate cyclases and genomic dna as a template. this second cdna clone encodes a protein that is 80% identical to the recently described (+)-delta-cadinene synthases cad1-c1 and c14 from g. arboreum and maintains a significant degree of homology to th ...19968904844
[cloning of dna probes for detection and identification of pathogenic fungi verticillium dahliae i verticillium tricorpus]. 19969026717
activation of phospholipase a by plant defense elicitors.participation of phospholipase a (plase a) in plant signal transduction has been documented for auxin stimulation of growth but not for elicitation of any plant defense response. in this paper, we report two independent assays for monitoring plase a induction in plant cells and have used these assays to evaluate whether transduction of defense-related signals might require plase a activation. oligogalacturonic acid, a potent elicitor of the soybean (glycine max) h2o2 burst, was unable to stimula ...199612226235
production of an extracellular trypsin-like protease by the fungal plant pathogen verticillium dahliae.the plant pathogenic fungus verticillium dahliae produced extracellular alkaline protease activity when grown in liquid medium supplemented with a protein source. a serine protease was purified 80-fold in a single step, using cation-exchange chromatography, from the filtrate of cultures grown with skim milk as a protein source. n-terminal amino acid sequence analysis of the 30-kda protein (vdp30) that copurified with the serine protease activity suggested that vdp30 is a trypsin-like protein. th ...19979090111
two isoforms of np24: a thaumatin-like protein in tomato fruit.two isoforms (i and ii) of the thaumatin-like protein np24 have been discovered in extracts of tomato fruit. np24 i increased ca 8-fold during ripening of tomato fruit, whereas np24 ii increased slightly as the fruit began to change colour and them remained constant. both proteins were purified to homogeneity and one of them, np24 i, was obtained in crystalline form. the proteins are similar except for differences in binding to cation exchangers and in two amino acids of the n-terminal amino aci ...19979115696
adaptation of proteases and carbohydrates of saprophytic, phytopathogenic and entomopathogenic fungi to the requirements of their ecological niches.the abilities of isolates of saprophytes (neurospora crassa, aspergillus nidulans), an opportunistic human pathogen (aspergillus fumigatus), an opportunistic insect pathogen (aspergillus flavus), plant pathogens (verticillium albo-atrum, verticillium dahliae, nectria haematococca), a mushroom pathogen (verticillium fungicola) and entomopathogens (verticillium lecanii, beauveria bassiana, metarhizium anisopliae) to utilize plant cell walls and insect cuticle components in different nutrient media ...19979202474
isolation of the glucose oxidase gene from talaromyces flavus and characterisation of its role in the biocontrol of verticillium dahliae.the glucose oxidase gene from the biocontrol fungus talaromyces flavus has been isolated and shown to be only 64% identical at the amino-acid sequence level to the similar enzyme from aspergillus niger. a transformation system has been developed for both t. flavus and the related t. macrosporus and has been used to create talaromyces spp. which either over-express or are deficient in glucose oxidase. in vitro inhibition experiments on verticillium dahliae using culture filtrates from these trans ...19979371889
biological control of sclerotium rolfsii and verticillium dahliae by talaromyces flavus is mediated by different mechanisms.abstract ten wild-type strains and two benomyl-resistant mutants of talaromyces flavus were examined for their ability to secrete the cell wall-degrading enzymes chitinase, beta-1,3-glucanase, and cellulase, to parasitize sclerotia of sclerotium rolfsii, to reduce bean stem rot caused by s. rolfsii, and to secrete antifungal substance(s) active against verticillium dahliae. the benomyl-resistant mutant ben(r)tf1-r6 overproduced extracellular enzymes and exhibited enhanced antagonistic activity a ...199718945040
improved medium for selecting nitrate-nonutilizing (nit) mutants of verticillium dahliae.abstract nitrate-nonutilizing (nit) mutants are commonly used to determine vegetative compatibility between isolates of verticillium dahliae by complementation (heterokaryon) testing. these mutants emerge spontaneously as chlorate-resistant sectors growing out of partially restricted, wild-type colonies on chlorate-amended media. the commonly used chlorate media are based on minimal medium (mmc) or cornmeal agar (cmc), amended with potassium chlorate. nit mutants recovered on these media constit ...199718945042
synergism of pratylenchus penetrans and verticillium dahliae manifested by reduced gas exchange in potato.abstract the effects of solitary and concurrent infection by pratylenchus pene-trans and verticillium dahliae on gas exchange of russet burbank potato (solanum tuberosum) were studied in growth chamber experiments. treatments were p. penetrans at low, medium, and high density; v. dahliae alone at one initial density; the combination of the nematode at these three densities and v. dahliae; and a noninfested control. gas exchange parameters of leaf cohorts of different ages in the different treatm ...199718945123
disease progress based on effects of verticillium dahliae and pratylenchus penetrans on gas exchange in russet burbank potato.abstract the interactive effects of concomitant infection by the nematode pratylenchus penetrans and the fungus verticillium dahliae on symptom expression in russet burbank potato was studied in growth chamber experiments. treatments were p. penetrans at three initial densities, v. dahliae at one inoculum density, the combination of the nematode at these three densities and the fungus, and a noninfested control. gas exchange was measured nondestructively in leaf cohorts of different ages, one to ...199718945124
spatial patterns of microsclerotia of verticillium dahliae in soil and verticillium wilt of cauliflower.abstract the spatial patterns of microsclerotia of verticillium dahliae in soil and wilt symptoms on cauliflower were determined at three sites in each of two fields in 1994 and 1995. each site was an 8 x 8 grid divided into 64 contiguous quadrats (2 by 2 m each). soil samples were collected to a depth of 15 cm with a probe (2.5 cm in diameter), and samples from four sites in each quadrat were bulked. plants in each quadrat were cut transversely, and the number of plants with vascular discolorat ...199718945176
effect of initial nematode population density on the interaction of pratylenchus penetrans and verticillium dahliae on 'russet burbank' potato.four similar growth chamber experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the initial population density (pi) of pratylenchus penetrans influences the severity of interactive effects of p. penetrans and verticillium dahliae on shoot growth, photosynthesis, and tuber yield of russet burbank potato. in each experiment, three population densities of p. penetrans with and without concomitant inoculation with v. dahliae were compared with nematode-free controls. the three specific pi of jr p ...199819274204
effects of crop rotation and irrigation on verticillium dahliae microsclerotia in soil and wilt in cauliflower.abstract experiments were conducted in field plots to evaluate the effects of broccoli residue on population dynamics of verticillium dahliae in soil and on verticillium wilt development on cauliflower under furrow and subsurface-drip irrigation and three irrigation regimes in 1994 and 1995. treatments were a factorial combination of three main plots (broccoli crop grown, harvested, and residue incorporated in v.dahliae-infested plots; no broccoli crop or residue in infested plots; and fumigated ...199818944816
relationships between verticillium dahliae inoculum density and wilt incidence, severity, and growth of cauliflower.abstract microplot and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of inoculum density on verticillium wilt and cauliflower growth. soil containing verticillium dahliae microsclerotia was mixed with various proportions of fumigated soil to establish different inoculum densities (fumigated soil was used as the noninfested control). seven inoculum density treatments replicated four times were established, and the treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design. soil was ...199818944824
fungal sensitivity to and enzymatic degradation of the phytoanticipin alpha-tomatine.abstract alpha-tomatine, synthesized by lycopersicon and some solanum species, is toxic to a broad range of fungi, presumably because it binds to 3beta-hydroxy sterols in fungal membranes. several fungal pathogens of tomato have previously been shown to be tolerant of this glycoalkaloid and to possess enzymes thought to be involved in its detoxification. in the current study, 23 fungal strains were examined for their ability to degrade alpha-tomatine and for their sensitivity to this compound an ...199818944982
interlaboratory comparison of methods to quantify microsclerotia of verticillium dahliae in soilin a comparison of different methods for estimating verticillium dahliae in soil, 14 soil samples were analyzed in a blinded fashion by 13 research groups in seven countries, using their preferred methods. one group analyzed only four samples. twelve soil samples were naturally infested, and two had known numbers of microsclerotia of v. dahliae added to them. in addition, a control was included to determine whether transport had an effect on the results. results differed considerably among the r ...19989758809
identification of disease response genes expressed in gossypium hirsutum upon infection with the wilt pathogen verticillium dahliae.verticillium wilt is a vascular disease of cotton (gossypium spp.) caused by the fungal pathogen verticillium dahliae. to begin to understand the molecular mechanisms of the disease response in cotton cultivars that display superior wilt tolerance, such as gossypium hirsutum cv. sicala v-1, a cdna library was constructed with mrna isolated from root tissue of sicala v-1, 24 h after inoculation with v. dahliae. the library was screened by a differential screening technique which was successful in ...199910412907
induction of delta-cadinene synthase and sesquiterpenoid phytoalexins in cotton by verticillium dahliae.phytoalexin biosynthesis occurred earlier in the resistant cotton cultivar seabrook sea island 12b2 (sbsi) (gossypium barbadense) than in the susceptible cotton cultivar rowden (g. hirsutum) after inoculation with a defoliating isolate of the pathogen verticillium dahliae. this was demonstrated by significantly higher levels of phytoalexins in sbsi 12 h after inoculation. furthermore, by 48 h after inoculation of sbsi, the phytoalexins hemigossypol and desoxyhemigossypol achieved levels (23.9 an ...199910552825
purification and characterization of s-adenosyl-l-methionine: desoxyhemigossypol-6-o-methyltransferase from cotton plants. an enzyme capable of methylating the defense terpenoids of cotton.cotton contains a unique group of terpenoids including desoxyhemigossypol, hemigossypol, gossypol, hemigossypolone, and the heliocides that are part of the plant's defense system against pathogenic fungi and insects. desoxyhemigossypol is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of these compounds. we have isolated, purified, and characterized from cotton stele tissue infected with verticillium dahliae a methyltransferase (s-adenosyl-l-met: desoxyhemigossypol-6-o-methyltransferase) that specifical ...199910557251
expression pattern of genes encoding farnesyl diphosphate synthase and sesquiterpene cyclase in cotton suspension-cultured cells treated with fungal elicitors.cotton plants accumulate sesquiterpene aldehydes in pigment glands. the two enzymes farnesyl diphosphate synthase (fps) and (+)-delta-cadinene synthase (cad), a sesquiterpene cyclase, are involved in the biosynthesis of these secondary metabolites. a full-length cdna (garfps) encoding fps was isolated from gossypium arboreum and identified by in vitro enzymatic assay of the garfps protein heterologously expressed in escherichia coli. treatment of g. arboreum suspension-cultured cells with an eli ...199910624017
host range specificity in verticillium dahliae.abstract verticillium dahliae isolates from artichoke, bell pepper, cabbage, cauliflower, chili pepper, cotton, eggplant, lettuce, mint, potato, strawberry, tomato, and watermelon and v. albo-atrum from alfalfa were evaluated for their pathogenicity on all 14 hosts. one-month-old seedlings were inoculated with a spore suspension of about 10(7) conidia per ml using a root-dip technique and incubated in the greenhouse. disease incidence and severity, plant height, and root and shoot dry weights we ...199918944648
response of six potato cultivars to amount of applied water and verticillium dahliae.abstract six potato cultivars were grown with or without the addition of verticillium dahliae inoculum and were watered at 50, 75, or 100% estimated consumptive use. the applied water x cultivar interaction was significant (p = 0.009 and p = 0.001 for 1996 and 1997, respectively) for the relative area under the senescence progress curve (rauspc). with a decrease in water, there was an increase in rauspc. a significant interaction of inoculum density x cultivar also was found, based on rauspc (p ...199918944706
effects of irrigation and verticillium dahliae on cauliflower root and shoot growth dynamics.abstract cauliflower root and plant growth and verticillium wilt development were evaluated under different moisture regimes in the presence or absence of v. dahliae. treatments included two main plots (v. dahliae-infested and fumigated), two subplots (furrow and subsurface drip irrigation), and three sub-subplots (deficit, moderate, and excessive regimes) that were arranged in a split-split-plot design in the field. soil cores with roots were periodically sampled at 5 and 25 cm distance from pl ...200018944525
influences of cropping practices on verticillium dahliae populations in commercial processing tomato fields in ontario.abstract the abundance of verticillium dahliae in the soil and the incidence of v. dahliae-infected plants were determined for 12 commercial processing tomato fields in kent county, ontario. comparison of the data with those from a previous survey of fields in adjacent essex county showed that soil inoculum levels and incidence of infection were generally lower in kent county fields and that race 2 v. dahliae was not common in kent county. from the two counties, 128 isolates were characterized b ...200018944527
vegetative compatibility groups of verticillium dahliae in israel: their distribution and association with pathogenicity.a collection of 565 isolates of verticillium dahliae, recovered between 1992 and 1997 from 13 host plant species and soil at 47 sites in israel, was tested for vegetative compatibility using nitrate-nonutilizing (nit) mutants. three vegetative compatibility groups (vcgs) were found and identified as vcg2a (28 isolates), vcg2b (158 isolates), and vcg4b (378 isolates) by using international reference strains. one isolate was heterokaryon self-incompatible. of the vcg2b isolates, 92% were recovered ...200018944560
control of soilborne plant pathogens by incorporating fresh organic amendments followed by tarping.abstract a new method for the control of soilborne plant pathogens was tested for its efficacy in two field experiments during two years. plots were amended with fresh broccoli or grass (3.4 to 4.0 kg fresh weight m(-2)) or left nonamended, and covered with an airtight plastic cover (0.135 mm thick) or left noncovered. in plots amended with broccoli or grass and covered with plastic sheeting, anaerobic and strongly reducing soil conditions developed quickly, as indicated by rapid depletion of ox ...200018944617
mechanism of broccoli-mediated verticillium wilt reduction in cauliflower.abstract broccoli is resistant to verticillium dahliae infection and does not express wilt symptoms. incorporation of broccoli residues reduces soil populations of v. dahliae. the effects of broccoli residue were tested on the colonization of roots by v. dahliae, plant growth response, and disease incidence of both broccoli and cauliflower in soils with different levels of v. dahliae inoculum and with or without fresh broccoli residue amendments. the three soils included a low-verticillium soil, ...200018944624
transgenic expression of a gene encoding a synthetic antimicrobial peptide results in inhibition of fungal growth in vitro and in planta.transgenic tobacco plants producing the synthetic antimicrobial peptide d4e1, encoded by a gene under the control of an enhanced cauliflower mosaic virus 35s rna promoter, were obtained by agrobacterium-mediated transformation. successful transformation was demonstrated by pcr and southern hybridization analysis of tobacco dnas. expression of the synthetic d4e1 gene was shown by rt-pcr of tobacco mrna. crude protein extracts from leaf tissue of transformed plants significantly reduced the number ...200010729616
the complete dna sequence of the nuclear ribosomal rna gene complex of verticillium dahliae: intraspecific heterogeneity within the intergenic spacer region.the complete dna sequence of the nuclear ribosomal rna gene complex of verticillium dahliae: intraspecific heterogeneity within the intergenic spacer region. fungal genetics and biology 29, 19-27. the complete sequence of the nuclear ribosomal dna gene complex of the phytopathogenic fungus verticillium dahliae has been determined. the tandemly repeated unit was 7216 bp long and appears to be the shortest rdna cluster described so far among filamentous fungi. primer pairs were designed for amplif ...200010779396
expression pattern of (+)-delta-cadinene synthase genes and biosynthesis of sesquiterpene aldehydes in plants of gossypium arboreum l.the cotton (+)-delta-cadinene synthase, a sesquiterpene cyclase, is encoded by a complex gene family which, based on homology, can be divided into two subfamilies: cad1-a and cad1-c. southern blots revealed several members of the cad1-c subfamily, and a single member of the cad1-a subfamily, in the diploid gossypium arboreum genome. one of the cad1-c genes, cad1-c3, was isolated from this species. according to reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, transcripts of both cad1-c and cad1-a ...200010787059
terpenoids and flavonoids from artemisia species.a phytochemical reinvestigation of the aerial parts of artemisia sieversiana gave a new guaianolide and two known flavones (chrysosplenetin and 5-hydroxy-3',4',6,7-tetramethoxyflavone). antifungal fractions derived from the chloroform extract of a. annua afforded two cadinane derivatives (arteannuin b and artemisinin), oleanolic acid, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and the four flavones artemetin, bonanzin, eupalitin and chrysosplenetin. their structures were elucidated by spectral methods. all ...200010865468
the complete dna sequence of the nuclear ribosomal rna gene complex of verticillium dahliae: intraspecific heterogeneity within the intergenic spacer region.the complete sequence of the nuclear ribosomal dna gene complex of the phytopathogenic fungus verticillium dahliae has been determined. the tandemly repeated unit was 7216 bp long and appears to be the shortest rdna cluster described so far among filamentous fungi. primer pairs were designed for amplification of the region spanning half of the 28s subunit, the intergenic spacer (igs), and the 5' end of 18s subunit of a number of verticillium strains, isolated from various hosts and geographic or ...200010919381
establishment of introduced antagonistic bacteria in the rhizosphere of transgenic potatoes and their effect on the bacterial community.in a field release experiment, rifampicin resistant mutants of two antagonistic plant-associated bacteria were used for seed tuber inoculation of transgenic t4 lysozyme expressing potatoes, transgenic control potatoes and non-transgenic parental potatoes. the t4 lysozyme tolerant pseudomonas putida qc14-3-8 was originally isolated from the tuber surface (geocaulosphere) of t4 lysozyme producing plants and showed in vitro antibacterial activity to the bacterial pathogen erwinia carotovora ssp. at ...200010922502
fungal pathogen protection in potato by expression of a plant defensin peptide.defensins are small cysteine-rich peptides with antimicrobial activity. we demonstrate that the alfalfa antifungal peptide (alfafp) defensin isolated from seeds of medicago sativa displays strong activity against the agronomically important fungal pathogen verticillium dahliae. expression of the alfafp peptide in transgenic potato plants provides robust resistance in the greenhouse. importantly, this resistance is maintained under field conditions. there have been no previous demonstrations of a ...200011101813
successful strategy for the selection of new strawberry-associated rhizobacteria antagonistic to verticillium wilt.in order to isolate and characterize new strawberry-associated bacteria antagonistic to the soil-borne pathogenic fungus verticillium dahliae kleb., rhizobacterial populations from two different strawberry species, greenish strawberry (fragaria viridis) and garden strawberry (f. x ananassa) obtained after plating onto king's b and glycerol-arginine agar, were screened for in vitro antagonism toward v. dahliae. the proportion of isolates with antifungal activity determined in in vitro assay again ...200011142403
identification of group-i introns at three different positions within the 28s rdna gene of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae.using a set of heterologous primers designed from the 3'-end of the 28s rrna gene of verticillium dahliae the corresponding gene region of 30 isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae was amplified. the polymerase chain reaction products obtained could be classified into four groups varying in size from 1.0 to 2.2 kb. sequence analyses of representative pcr products revealed the presence of five distinct introns, positioned in three different insertion sites. ...200011170737
the complete dna sequence of the nuclear ribosomal rna gene complex of verticillium dahliae: intraspecific heterogeneity within the intergenic spacer region.the complete sequence of the nuclear ribosomal dna gene complex of the phytopathogenic fungus verticillium dahliae has been determined. the tandemly repeated unit was 7216 bp long and appears to be the shortest rdna cluster described so far among filamentous fungi. primer pairs were designed for amplification of the region spanning half of the 28s subunit, the intergenic spacer (igs), and the 5' end of 18s subunit of a number of verticillium strains, isolated from various hosts and geographic or ...200011419483
bulk and rhizosphere soil bacterial communities studied by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis: plant-dependent enrichment and seasonal shifts revealed.the bacterial rhizosphere communities of three host plants of the pathogenic fungus verticillium dahliae, field-grown strawberry (fragaria ananassa duch.), oilseed rape (brassica napus l.), and potato (solanum tuberosum l.), were analyzed. we aimed to determine the degree to which the rhizosphere effect is plant dependent and whether this effect would be increased by growing the same crops in two consecutive years. rhizosphere or soil samples were taken five times over the vegetation periods. to ...200111571180
molecular cloning and functional identification of (+)-delta-cadinene-8-hydroxylase, a cytochrome p450 mono-oxygenase (cyp706b1) of cotton sesquiterpene biosynthesis.in cotton, gossypol and related sesquiterpene aldehydes are present in the glands of aerial tissues and in epidermal cells of roots. a cytochrome p450 was found to be expressed in aerial tissues of glanded cotton cultivars, but not or at an extremely low level in the aerial tissues of a glandless cultivar. its cdna was then isolated from gossypium arboreum l. after expression in saccharomyces cerevisiae, the p450 was found to catalyse the hydroxylation of (+)-delta-cadinene, forming 8-hydroxy-(+ ...200111696190
expression of an antimicrobial peptide via the chloroplast genome to control phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi.the antimicrobial peptide msi-99, an analog of magainin 2, was expressed via the chloroplast genome to obtain high levels of expression in transgenic tobacco (nicotiana tabacum var. petit havana) plants. polymerase chain reaction products and southern blots confirmed integration of msi-99 into the chloroplast genome and achievement of homoplasmy, whereas northern blots confirmed transcription. contrary to previous predictions, accumulation of msi-99 in transgenic chloroplasts did not affect norm ...200111706168
sesquiterpenoids in root exudates of solanum aethiopicum.five known sesquiterpenoids, solavetivone, lubimin, lubiminoic acid, aethione and lubiminol were isolated from the root exudates recovered from solanum aethiopicum by a newly proposed method using charcoal. quantitative analysis of the sesquiterpenoids in the root exudates of s. aethiopicum and s. melongena suggested that relatively large amounts of the sesquiterpenoids were exuded from the roots. antifungal activity of the sesquiterpenoids against fusarium oxysporum and verticillium dahliae was ...200111724373
antagonistic effects of several bacteria on verticillium dahliae the causal agent of cotton wilt.experiments were carried out with 89 bacterial isolates that were collected from cotton rhizosphere in gorgan province. the antagonistic effects of bacterial isolates on verticillium dahliae klebahn were studied using dual culture test. five highly effective isolates were selected from these antagonists for subsequent studies. according to the biochemical, physiological and morphological tests, isolates 2020 and 3 were identified as pseudomonas fluorescens and isolate 204, 202 and 309 as bacillu ...200112425025
inhibition of polygalacturonase from verticillium dahliae by a polygalacturonase inhibiting protein from cotton.an extracellular endo-polygalacturonase (pgase) [e.c. 3.2.1.15] was isolated from 18-day-old culture filtrates of verticillium dahliae and partially purified using gel permeation chromatography. the band responsible for pgase activity was electrophoretically characterized as having a molecular mass of approximately 29 500 and an isoelectric point of 5.4. kinetic studies indicate a km of 3.3 mg ml(-1) and vmax of 0.85 micromol reducing units min(-1) ml(-1) with polygalacturonic acid as substrate. ...200111382229
broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity in vitro of the synthetic peptide d4e1.broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of a synthetic peptide, d4e1, is documented in this paper. d4e1 inhibited the growth of several fungal phytopathogens belonging to four classes-ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, deuteromycetes, and oomycetes, and two bacterial pathogens, pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci and xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum race 18. the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of d4e1 required to completely inhibit the growth of all fungi studied ranged from 4.67 to 25 microm. ...200111409968
evaluation of potential biocontrol rhizobacteria from different host plants of verticillium dahliae kleb.a screening approach was developed to assess the potential of rhizobacterial strains to control verticillium wilt caused by verticillium dahliae kleb.200111851803
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