Publications

the importance of picornavirus infections in respiratory disease of man and other mammals.	picornaviruses may be divided, by physicochemical properties, into enteroviruses, cardioviruses, caliciviruses, rhinoviruses and foot-and-mouth diseases viruses. although the respiratory tract may be the primary site of entry and multiplication for enteroviruses, cardioviruses and fmd viruses, few agents in these groups cause respiratory disease. a notable exception is coxsackievirus a21 which is an important cause of upper respiratory tract diseases in military recruits. the picornaviruses whic ...	1975	165133
induction of immunity to feline caliciviral disease.	six specific-pathogen-free cats were exposed by aerosol to a feline calicivirus of low virulence (f-9 virus). homotypic (anti-f-9) seroconversion occurred in all cats by postexposure day 14. the serum of one cat on postexposure day 14 and four of six cats on postexposure day 35 neutralized feline picornavirus isolate no. 225 (fpv-255), a virulent feline calicivirus. homologous antiviral activity was detected before the appearance of heterologous (anti-fpv-255) activity and always was present in ...	1975	1123251
cross-protection among feline caliciviruses.	each of five groups of specific-pathogen-free and conventionally reared cats was infected with a different strain of feline calicivirus. two of the strains were pathogenic, producing characteristically fever, depression, loss of appetite, buccal ulceration, and occasionally increased ocular and nasal secretion. two of the other strains were midly pathogenic and associated with fever or buccal ulceration or both; the fifth strain was nonpathogenic. the two pathogenic strains plus three others sho ...	1975	1173064
pathogenicity of a strain of feline calicivirus for domestic kittens.	a strain of feline calicivirus, isolated from a cheetah exhibiting ulcerative glossitis and conjunctivitis, was administered by aerosol to 4 domestic cats and by contact to a fifth cat. despite the limited number of animals available for the experiment, the pathogenicity of the virus strain for domestic cats was established. in aerosol-infected animals, clinical signs were referable to infection of both upper and lower respiratory tracts. the virus produced an interstitial pneumonia which, early ...	1975	1222003
electron microscopic observation of feline kidney cells infected with a feline calicivirus.	an electron microscopic study of kitten kidney cells infected with a feline calicivirus (a member of the family picornaviridae) has been carried out. although cells appeared to be synchronised by the light microscope, electron microscopic changes were extremely variable. the first observable and consistent changes occurred in the nucleus followed by the formation of membrane bound vesicles in the cytoplasm. a variety of arrangements of virus particle accumulation were observed in infected cells. ...	1975	1237279
ultrastructural studies of the development of feline calicivirus in a feline embryo cell line.	the ultrastructural changes in a feline embryo continuous cell line infected with feline calicivirus at a multiplicity of infection of approximately 1 were studied. virus was found only in the cytoplasm and was observed as single particles, as extensive, non-regular accumulations, as paracrystalline arrays, and as single or multiple linear arrays associated with microfbrils. mature virus particles were readily distinguished from ribosomes in that they were larger (35nm diameter) and consisted of ...	1975	1239254
feline caliciviral disease: experimental immunoprophylaxis.	an attenuated feline calicivirus (fcv) was administered intramuscularly to specific-pathogen-free cats. vaccination did not cause signs of illness. oropharyngeal replication of attenuated fcv was not detected, nor was there evidence of virus transmission to contact-control cats. antiviral neutralizing antibody was present in the serum of all vaccinated cats 7 days after they were given the 2nd intramuscular dose of immunogen. vaccinated and control cats were challenge exposed to aerosols of a vi ...	1976	1259224
feline respiratory infections--a clinical review.		1976	177166
viral diseases of cats: current concepts.		1976	179185
infectious respiratory diseases of cats.		1976	183336
studies on the safety and efficacy of an intranasal feline rhinotracheitis-calici virus vaccine.		1976	185775
letter: caliciviruses in man.		1976	54714
replication of feline herpesvirus and feline calicivirus in cell and organ cultures.	virus titers from feline herpesvirus-infected feline tracheal organ cultures were higher than those from feline kidney cell cultures. the time for the development of peak viral yields was longer in organ culture as compared to cell cultures. feline tracheal organ cultures infected with feline calicivirus produced minimal viral titers.	1976	937794
feline calicivirus: purification of virus and extraction and characterisation of its ribonucleic acid.	purification of feline calicivirus was achieved by cycles of differential centrifugation and two cycles of sucrose gradient centrifugation. feline calicivirus grown in the presence of actinomycin d and 3h-uridine-5, sediments in 15% to 45% sucrose gradients and forms a peak of radioactivity which corresponds with the peak of infectivity. ribonucleic acid (rna) extracted from the peak radioactive fractions taken from the sucrose gradient sedimented as a single peak ahead of the 28s peak of cellul ...	1976	975839
attempts to serologically classify feline caliciviruses on a national and an international basis.	a serological classification of five feline calicivirus (fcv) strains of swiss origin and 13 isolates of austrian origin was attempted. the antisera used had been prepared in rabbits against the five swiss strains and in goats against six american strains. homologous and heterologous neutralization tests were made in tube cultures using sera at dilutions that contained 20 antibody units, in unabsorbed sera at low dilution, and in sera after subjection to three consecutive absorptions with lyophi ...	1976	992873
feline calicivirus carrier state. a study of the host/virus relationship.	the inter-epidemic phase of feline calicivirus was studied in a number of cats. during this period animals asymptomatically shed infective virus which was monitored at a number of sites and during different environmental conditions. analysis of the amounts of virus shed by different cats showed that excretion occurred almost exclusively from the oropharynx, fluctuated with time, but was not influenced by periods of natural or artificial stress. viral excretion from one individual cat was fairly ...	1976	999521
prevalence and distribution of four serotypes of smsv serum neutralizing antibodies in wild animal populations.	serum neutralizing antibodies to four serotypes of san miguel sea lion virus (smsv) were demonstrated in a variety of marine and terrestrial species. these results show a wide geographic distribution of sms viruses in the marine environment and indicate that certain terrestrial mammals have been infected with these so-called marine viruses. evidence is presented supporting the theory that unidentified submammalian marine species are a reservoir for smsv.	1976	16498871
the pathology and sites of persistence associated with three different strains of feline calicivirus.	the pathology and sites of multiplication associated with three different strains of feline caliciviruses are described. the main pathological lesions were found in the tongue, soft palate and lungs and like the clinical signs were of mild nature. virus multiplication was associated mainly with the tissues of the mouth and tonsils and in asymptomatic carrier animals the tonsil appeared to be preferred organ of viral persistence.	1977	905648
the clinical disease and patterns of excretion associated with three different strains of feline caliciviruses.	three groups of cats were infected intranasally with three different feline calicivirus strains: a3, 68/40 and m8. each strain produced a uniformly muld upper respiratory tract disease, with glossal ulceration being the most prominent clinical sign. virus was most consistently isolated from the oro-pharyngeal region and, in non-euthanised animals, excretion continued long after clinical signs had disappeared. it is suggested that an asymptomatic phase of excretion may be a normal sequel to fcv i ...	1977	905658
diffuse alveolar damage in cats induced by nitrogen dioxide or feline calicivirus.	the ultrastructural morphogenesis of pulmonary lesions was studied in cats exposed to either aerosols of feline calicivirus (fcv) or high concentrations of no2. both directly injured alveolar lining cells, particularly type i cells. necrosis of pneumocytes attended by an acute exudative response in the air exchange tissues was evident from 0 through 24 hours after exposure of cats to no2 and from 12 through 96 hours after infection with fcv. the reparative process following alveolar injury was c ...	1977	596419
aerosol transmission of feline calciciviruses. an assessment of its epidemiological importance.		1977	608096
evaluation of a feline viral rhinotracheitis-feline calicivirus disease vaccine.	an attenuated respiratory disease vaccine against feline viral rhinotracheitis (fvr) and feline calicivirus (fcv) disease was evaluated for safety and efficacy in specific-pathogen-free cats. twenty cats were vaccinated twice intramuscularly, with 28 days between vaccinations. ten unvaccinated cats were used as contact controls. adverse effects were not noticed after vaccination, and the vaccinal virus did not spread to contact controls. arithmetical mean serum-neutralizing titers against vaccin ...	1977	190925
in vitro antiviral efficacy of ribavirin against feline calicivirus, feline viral rhinotracheitis virus, and canine parainfluenza virus.	ribavirin had marked in vitro activity against feline calcivirus, strain 255, and canine parainfluenza virus, but showed only slight antiviral effect on feline viral rhinotracheitis virus. antiviral activity was manifested by partial to complete suppression of viral cytopathic effect and of viral replication, depending on concentration of ribavirin in the culture medium and dosage of viral inoculum. concentrations of ribavirin as small as 3.2 microgram/ml and 1.0 microgram/ml showed some activit ...	1978	204229
recent developments in feline disease research.		1978	204451
picornaviridae: second report.		1978	210136
electron microscopy in the diagnosis of infectious diarrhea.		1978	212395
interaction of a combined feline viral rhinotracheitis-feline calicivirus vaccine and the fvr carrier state.	the effect of field feline viral rhinotracheitis (fvr) virus challenge on cats previously vaccinated with a combined fvr/feline calicivirus intramuscular vaccine was studied in relation to the development of an fvr carrier state. there was no virus shedding of either of the two vaccine viruses following vaccination. treatment with corticosteroid 60 days after vaccination and before challenge with fvr virus did not induce virus re-excretion in vaccinates or controls; neither did similar treatment ...	1978	212859
nosocomial infantile gastroenteritis associated with minirotavirus and calicivirus.		1978	214535
a survey of feline viral upper respiratory tract infections.		1978	216958
canine and feline immunization.		1978	220773
isolation of feline syncytia-forming virus from oropharyngeal swab samples and buffy coat cells.	thirteen of 40 female cats were found to be chronically infected with feline syncytia-forming virus (fesfv). attempts to isolate the virus from these cats by conventional methods were not successful. however, virus was isolated from oropharyngeal swab samples and buffy coat cells. a new method was used involving inoculation of actively dividing crandell feline kidney cell cultures. cultures were trypsinized 3 days after inoculation and, as a result, cytopathic effect was amplified and ability to ...	1978	646192
effect of orally administered ribavirin on experimental feline calicivirus infection in cats.	ribavirin administered orally at 75 mg/kg/day in 3 divided doses for 10 days, beginning either 1 or 4 days, after aerosol exposure of cats to calicivirus strain 255, failed to have any beneficial effect on the clinical course of the disease or to reduce viral excretion. indeed, there was enhanced severity of the clinicopathologic findings in the treated exposed group, due largely to hemorrhage resulting from profound thrombocytopenia. other toxic effects included depression of red and white bloo ...	1978	697143
ultrastructural morphogenesis of acute viral pneumonia produced by feline calicivirus.	the ultrastructural morphogenesis of acute viral pneumonia was studied in pathogen-free cats exposed to aerosols of a virulent strain of feline calicivirus. electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy indicated that the virus had a marked tropism for alveolar pneumocytes. viral-induced necrosis of pneumocytes was observed as early as 12 hours after exposure and was associated with acute serofibrinous and neutrophilic inflammation in the distal air exchange tissue. the acute exudative phase a ...	1978	717870
relationship of san miguel sea lion virus to other members of the calicivirus group.	san miguel sea lion virus (smsv) is indistinguishable from vesicular exanthema virus (vev) and feline calicivirus (fcv) in its morphology and in possessing a single capsid polypeptide with a molecular weight of approximately 65 x 10(3). neutralization tests readily differentiate the three viruses, but immunodiffusion tests show that smsv is closely related serologically to vev but not to fcv. although the rnas of the three caliciviruses have similar base compositions, homology tests show that sm ...	1978	564894
a model for vesicular exanthema virus, the prototype of the calicivirus group.	the structure of vesicular exanthema virus, the prototype member of the calicivirus group, has been studied in more detail. the rna comprises 18% of mol. wt. of about 2.8 x 10(6), based on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis experiments in the presence of formaldehyde. the virus contains one major polypeptide, mol. wt. 70 x 10(3) as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by chromatography on sepharose 6b in the presence of 6 m-guanidine. further evidence for the presence of a single ...	1978	567672
immunoelectron microscopic comparisons of caliciviruses.	using immunoelectron microscopy, 9 serotypes of vesicular exanthema of swine virus (vesv) were compared with 5 serotypes of san miguel sea lion virus and 7 additional calicivirus isolates from marine animals. in addition, swine caliciviruses and marine caliciviruses were compared with the vaccinal strain of feline calicivirus (fcv) f-9. of 9 vesv types, 8 showed common antigenicity with san miguel sea lion virus. of 9 vesv types, 2 showed common antigenicity with fcv f-9. all 12 marine calicivir ...	1978	567950
comparative resistance of san miguel sea lion virus and vesicular exanthema of swine virus to chemical disinfectants.	two similar calici agents, san miguel sea lion virus (smsv) and vesicular exanthema of swine virus (vesv) are susceptible to the virucidal activity of disinfectants of differing formulation. ten of 12 compounds were effective against six log10 plaque forming units (pfu) of smsv in a 2-min exposure at 4, 25 and 37 degrees c. however, only seven of these 10 smsv-positive compounds inactivated vesv under the same conditions of temperature and time. two compounds were not effective against smsv in a ...	1978	568301
presence of a covalently linked protein on calicivirus rna.	the infective rna of the calicivirus, vesicular exanthema virus, has been shown to contain a protein which is apparently linked to the rna by a covalent bond. the protein remained bound to the rna after boiling with sds-mercaptoethanol-urea or treating with formamide-dimethylsulphoxide but was removed by incubating with proteinase k. the mol. wt. of the protein was estimated to be about 1o x 1o(3) by electrophoresis in highly cross-linked polyacrylamide gels. the infectivity of the rna was destr ...	1978	569187
calicivirus associated with winter vomiting disease.		1978	77985
caliciviruses. brief review.		1978	83131
isolation of small viruses resembling astroviruses and caliciviruses from acute enteritis of calves.	small round viruses (srv) were isolated from the faeces of diarrhoeic calves from three farms. all three srv preparations caused diarrhoea experimentally in gnotobiotic calves. each preparation contained viral particles of two morphological types, "astrovirus-like" and "calicivirus-like", and from one preparation the two particle types were separated from each other. the calicivirus-like agent ("newbury agent") was 33 nm in diameter, and caused diarrhoea in gnotobiotic calves with villous atroph ...	1978	102800
feline viral respiratory disease: a review with particular reference to its epizootiology and control.		1978	347170
in vitro interaction of alveolar macrophages and pneumocytes with feline respiratory viruses.	feline alveolar macrophages and feline pneumocytes were inoculated in vitro with low multiplicities of either feline calicivirus or feline viral rhinotracheitis virus. pneumocytes were permissive for both viruses. high titers were attained, and characteristic cytopathic effects developed. alveolar macrophages were permissive for feline viral rhinotracheitis virus, although the cycle of replication was delayed. infection of macrophages with feline calicivirus resulted in the production of viral a ...	1978	352961
[vaccines against infectious rhinotracheitis of the cat adjuvant bcg aluminium hydroxide (preparation, control, immunity (author's transl)].		1979	398244
diseases produced by feline caliciviruses when administered to cats by aerosol or intranasal instillation.	specific pathogen free cats were infected by two feline calicivirus isolates of different plaque type, an extra-large plaque (ep) former and a minute plaque (mp) former. a comparison was made of the disease produced when these isolates were administered by either aerosol or direct intranasal instillation. with both isolates, aerosol infection produced lesions and gave rise to virus replication throughout the respiratory tract. the effects of intranasal infection were more confined to the upper r ...	1979	433113
studies on a possible viral aetiology for the feline urological syndrome.		1979	516298
effect of storage on the integrity of purified feline calicivirus particles.	the effect of storage on the integrity and infectivity of purified feline calicivirus (fcv) particles at varying temperatures (-70 degrees c, -20 degrees c and 4 degrees c) was examined. the results showed that over a period of 8 weeks the purified virus was best preserved at 4 degrees c.	1979	551242
calicivirus intracellular rna: fractionation of 18-22 s rna and lack of typical 5'-methylated caps on 36 s and 22 s san miguel sea lion virus rnas.		1979	571647
upper respiratory disease in cats.		1979	224303
a new calicivirus isolated from a marine mammal.	a new serotype of calicivirus, designated as san miguel sea lion virus type 6 (smsv-6), was isolated from vesicular lesions on the flipper of a california sea lion pup. serologic studies show that smsv-6 neutralizing antibodies (sn) occur frequently among california sea lions and occasionally among northern fur seals. feral swine, 1- to 6-week elephant seal pups and grey whales tested negative for smsv-6 antibody.	1979	227346
winter vomiting disease caused by calicivirus.	the clinical, epidemiological, and virological features of an outbreak of winter vomiting disease among london schoolchildren are described. evidence is presented to support the view that this epidemic was caused by a human calicivirus, a virus not previously shown to be associated with this disease in man.	1979	229128
viruses and virus diseases of marine mammals.	poxvirus and several serotypes of calicivirus cause recognizable disease in marine mammals. pox lesions in pinnipeds are raised and proliferative and are seen most frequently after confinement in captivity. in cetaceans, a poxvirus is associated with a much more benign and chronic lesion called a "tattoo." numerous caliciviruses of differing antigenic types have been isolated from vesicular lesions and aborted fetuses of northern fur seals and california sea lions as well as from clinically norm ...	1979	230170
the occurrence of calicivirus in infants with acute gastroenteritis.	calicivirus was detected in 8 (1.2%) of 647 hospitalized patients during a survey of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children, conducted between december 1974 and september 1977. morphologically calicivirus was approximately 30 nm in diameter with an easily recognizable staining "star of david" configuration. its buoyant density in cesium chloride was 1.38-1.40 gm/ml. the serologic response to calicivirus by immune electron microscopy (iem) was demonstrated only in paired sera from pa ...	1979	232145
the efficacy of two commercial feline rhinotracheitis-calicivirus-panleukopenia vaccines.	the efficacy of two commercial feline vaccines was determined by challenging vaccinated and unvaccinated cats sequentially with a virulent feline calicivirus and rhinotracheitis virus. serological responses to these viruses as well as to panleuk openia virus were also measured. results show significant protection and satisfactory serological responses are conferred by both vaccines. one vaccine showed significant superiority in protection against feline viral rhinotracheitis.	1979	232426
feline preventive medicine.		1979	233274
interaction of an intranasal combined feline viral rhinotracheitis, feline calicivirus vaccine and the fvr carrier state.	eight cats were vaccinated intranasally with a combined feline calicivirus/feline viral rhinotracheitis (fvr) virus commercial vaccine. following intranasal challenge with a field strain of fvr virus and subsequent treatment with corticosteroid, no virus was recovered from any of the eight cats, while fvr virus was recovered following corticosteroid treatment from two of four unvaccinated and challenged controls. no evidence was found for the development of an fvr virus carrier state with the in ...	1980	6244692
virucidal disinfectants and feline viruses.	thirty-five commonly used commercial disinfectants (disinfectants, antiseptics, sanitizers, and detergents) were evaluated for their virucidal activity against three feline viruses; feline viral rhinotracheitis virus (a herpesvirus), feline calicivirus, and feline panleukopenia virus (a parvovirus). disinfectants were diluted as recommended by the manufacturer and were reacted with virus for 10 minutes at room temperature. viruses were separated from disinfectants by gel filtration in special ce ...	1980	6245610
feline rhinotracheitis-calici vaccine and feline rhinotracheitis-calici-panleukopenia vaccine: field evaluation for safety.		1980	6246668
viruses associated with diseases of the urinary tract.		1980	6250272
rotavirus-like, calicivirus-like, and 23-nm virus-like particles associated with diarrhea in young pigs.	virus particles morphologically similar to caliciviruses and rotaviruses were detected by electron microscopy (em) in the intestinal contents of a 27-day-old diarrheic nursing pig. a third small spherical 23-nm virus-like particle was also observed. calicivirus-like particles averaged 33 nm in diameter. similar to rotaviruses, rotavirus-like particles were present as single-capsid 55-nm forms or double-capsid 70-nm particles. most gnotobiotic pigs orally exposed to samples containing these three ...	1980	6252238
an outbreak of calicivirus infection in a mother and baby unit.	a small outbreak of infection due to a calicivirus occurred in a mother and baby unit. all the infants showed evidence of infection but the clinical features varied. none of the staff or mothers showed evidence of illness, and antibody studies indicated past experience of this virus.	1980	6255016
feline respiratory tract disease in louisiana.	an investigation of feline respiratory tract disease (frd) was made involving 65 affected cats (group 1) and 65 control cats (group 2) matched for age, sex, and residence. feline calicivirus strains (fcv), feline herpesvirus-1 (fhv-1), or both, were isolated from 59% of group 1 cats and from 7% of group 2 cats. isolation of these viruses showed a significantly greater (p < 0.05) relative risk for group 1 cats. virus isolations were three times more frequent from males than from females older tha ...	1980	6255833
immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated vaccine for the prevention of rhinotracheitis, caliciviral disease, and panleukopenia in cats.	an inactivated vaccine for the prevention of feline viral rhinotracheitis (fvr), caliciviral disease, and panleukopenia has been developed. the efficacy of this vaccine for protection against fvr and caliciviral disease was assessed by vaccination of 41 cats and challenge of immunity with rrither fvr virus or feline calicivirus (fcv), strain 225. all vaccinates cats developed serum neutralizing (sn) antibody (mean sn50 1:45.5) to fvr virus, and 95% developed antibody (mean sn50 1:8.1) to fcv, st ...	1980	6256329
preliminary investigation of a possible lung worm (parafilaroides decorus), fish (girella nigricans), and marine mammal (callorhinus ursinus) cycle for san miguel sea lion virus type 5.	colostrum-deprived neonatal northern fur seal pups (callorhinus ursinus) were exposed to san miguel sea lion virus type 5 (smsv-5) by feeding them fish (girella nigricans) infected with virus or fish infected with both the sea lion lung worm larvae (parafilaroides decorus) and virus. virus infection was demonstrated in 8 of 9 pups, and 1 of these developed a vesicular lesion on the flipper. in this sequence, p decorus larvae exposed to smsv-5 were fed to g nigricans held at 15 c in a salt water ...	1980	6259973
taxonomy of viruses, 1980.		1980	6775348
detection of swine caliciviruses by indirect immunofluorescence.	the indirect immunofluorescence test is a rapid method for detecting the presence of vesicular exanthema of swine virus or san miguel sea lion virus in cell culture. a serological relationship exists between vesicular exanthema of swine virus and san miguel sea lion virus, as shown by the fluorescence-positive reactions between swine antisera to vesicular exanthema of swine virus a48 and san miguel sea lion virus type 5 and cell cultures infected with san miguel sea lion virus types 1, 2, 3, 4 a ...	1980	6994862
the influence of various chemical additives on the survival of vesicular exanthema virus in aerosols.	the influence of relative humidity (r.h.) on the survival of vesicular exanthema virus (vev) in aerosols at i s and during the next 5 min when generated from phosphate buffer solution containing polyhydroxy compounds, dimethyl sulphoxide, salt or protein has been examined. vev was sensitive to r.h. in the range of 40 to 60% in the presence of bovine serum albumin, glucose, inositol or phosphate buffer. addition of sodium chloride stabilized the virus in aerosols at mid-range r.h. both immediatel ...	1980	7190601
a protein, vpg, covalently linked to 36s calicivirus rna.	proteins associated with 36s virus rna from vero cells infected with san miguel sea lion virus, type 2 (smsv-2), were labelled with 125i. one protein, vpg, remained linked to rna when subjected to deproteinization techniques. vpg labelled wtih 32p was observed on 36s rna from purified virions; the quantity of label was compatible with two phosphates per genome. the estimated mol. wt. of smsv-2 vpg was 15 000.	1980	7365464
calicivirus pathogenic for swine: a new serotype isolated from opaleye girella nigricans, an ocean fish.	a new calicivirus, designated san miguel sea lion virus type 7 (smsv-7), was isolated from fish and produced a disease condition identical to vesicular exanthema in experimentally infected swine. serotype smsv-7 was also isolated from four elephant seals and one sea lion trematode, whereas a second calicivirus serotype isolated from fish proved to be smsv-6.	1980	7403862
fecal shedding of virus in relation to the days of illness in infantile gastroenteritis due to calicivirus.	fecal shedding of virus in relation to the days of illness was studied by electron microscopic examinations of stool specimens collected during two consecutive outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with calicivirus in an orphanage in the city of sapporo, japan. of 61 stool specimens examined, 29 (48%) were found to contain typical calicivirus particles. although caliciviruses were found in none of the seven stools obtained by chance before the onset of illness, they were found in 18 (95%) of 1 ...	1980	7410899
calicivirus detected in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in school children.	outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis occurred in ak and n primary schools of osaka prefecture early in march and early in november, respectively, 1977. epidemiological surveys were carried out in both schools with the following results. the morbidity rates were 21.8% (ak) and 8.5% (n) among all pupils, and 41.7% (ak) and 36.8% (n) in special age groups. the main clinical symptoms were abdominal pain (77.2-91.3%), diarrhea (38.4-41.3%) and vomiting (6.5-41.6%). electron microscopic observations of ...	1980	7259736
isolation and identification of five new serotypes of calicivirus from marine mammals.	five new serotypes of calicivirus have been isolated from marine mammals. san miguel sea lion virus (smsv)-8 and smsv-10 were recovered from vesicular lesions on the flippers of northern fur seals in the pribilof islands of alaska. serotype smsv-9 was isolated from a sea lion in southern california, and smsv-11 was isolated from 2 northern fur seal pups in southern california. serotype smsv-12 was also isolated in southern california from sea lion and fur seal pups.	1981	7332133
two populations of virus-specific particles released from feline calicivirus-infected cells.		1981	7210507
proteins of norwalk virus.	the proteins of the norwalk virus were studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. highly purified specifically immunoprecipitated virions appeared to contain a single primary structural protein with a molecular weight of 59,000. in addition, a soluble norwalk viral protein with a molecular weight of 30,000 was identified in fecal specimens containing norwalk virus. the protein structure of the virion is similar to that of the calciviridae family.	1981	6785451
calcivirus (smsv-5) infection in experimentally inoculated opaleye fish (girella nigricans).	at 15 degrees c, san miguel sea lion virus infected fish (girella nigricans), producing 10(7).6 tcid50 per gram of spleen, replicated in vero cells (10(8) tcid50/gm) and retained viability after 14 days exposure to salt water (10(5) tcid50/ml dropped to 10(2).	1981	6260062
serological responses to the cell associated herpesvirus and the manx calicivirus of spf male cats with herpesvirus-induced urolithiasis.	the feline cell associated herpesvirus (cahv), but not the manx calicivirus, was previously reported to induce urolithiasis in specific pathogen free (spf) cats. serum neutralization (sn) antibody studies, reported here, revealed that the experimental spf cats did not have sn antibodies either against the cahv or the manx calicivirus in preinoculation serum samples. however, all cats inoculated with the cahv (either alone or in combination with the manx virus) developed sn antibodies against the ...	1981	6262014
feline respiratory virus carriers in clinically healthy cats.	in two surveys, feline calicivirus was cultured from 19.7% and 15% of 66 and 201 clinically healthy cats respectively. feline viral rhinotracheitis virus was cultured also from 1.5% of oropharyngeal swabs collected in both surveys. feline syncytial virus was isolated from 5.5% oropharyngeal swabs collected in the second survey. the use of serological examination and corticosteroid treatment to stimulate virus shedding demonstrated that 25.8% cats in the first survey were carriers of feline viral ...	1981	6266382
prevalence of antibody to human calicivirus in general population of northern japan.	serum specimens from children and adults living in saporo, japan, were tested for antibody against human calicivirus by immune electron microscopy (iem), using virus-rich faecal extracts as the source of antigen. of 83 serum specimens tested, 49 (59%) were positive for calicivirus antibody. age-related prevalence of antibody to calicivirus was as follows: 23% (3/13) in the 0-5-month-old group, 30% (6/20) in the 6-23-month-old group, 65% (13/20) in the 2-5-year-old group, and 90% in school childr ...	1981	6270278
prevalence of feline viral antibodies in random-source laboratory cats.	over a period of 1973 to 1979, a serologic survey of virus infections was conducted on feline sera collected in four universities which located in different prefectures; obihiro, saitama, kanagawa and tokyo. a significant hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) antibody titer of 1 : 8 or higher to feline panleukopenia virus (fplv) was detected in 130 (58%) of the 226 sera used. no remarkable difference in the hi antibody prevalence in cats to fplv was recognized by years or localities. of a total of 18 ...	1981	6274676
virus-like particles associated with disease in guinea fowl.		1981	6275600
antibody response to an inactivated vaccine for rhinotracheitis, caliciviral disease, and panleukopenia in nondomestic felids.	the efficacy of an inactivated vaccine for the prevention of feline viral rhinotracheitis (fvr), feline caliciviral disease (fcvd), and feline panleukopenia (fpl) was tested in 27 nondomestic adult felids from 7 species. the vaccine was given im at the standard domestic cat dose in 19 animals and double this dose in 8 others. the animals were vaccinated either 1, 2, or 3 times. serum-neutralization (sn) antibodies to fvr (mean sn titer, 23) developed in all 15 animals that were previously serone ...	1981	6276346
viral diarrhea of young animals: a review.		1981	6277556
[variation of diarrhea viruses detected in japan with special reference to spherical viruses other than rotaviruses (author's transl)].		1981	6278755
efficacy of an inactivated feline calicivirus (fcv) vaccine against challenge with united kingdom field strains and its interaction with the fcv carrier state.	the efficacy of an inactivated vaccine derived from feline calicivirus (fcv) strain fs2 was assessed against challenge with three uk field strains of fcv. the mean clinical score, calculated on the number of signs recorded per day over 21 days after challenge, was lower for vaccinated cats when compared to unvaccinated animals though the difference was not statistically significant. all cats excreted fcv throughout the three weeks following challenge and there was no difference in the number of ...	1982	6283611
the electron microscopical and physical characteristics of small round human fecal viruses: an interim scheme for classification.	many of the small round human fecal viruses implicated in outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis have been collected together and examined under the electron microscope. negatively stained preparations without the addition of antibody were used so that the surface morphology of the virus particles remained clearly visible. it was apparent that several viruses, previously thought to be simply antigenic variants within the norwalk group of viruses, show distinct morphological differences and qu ...	1982	6286860
potassium tartrate-glycerol as a density gradient substrate for separation of small, round viruses from human feces.	cesium chloride density gradients are frequently used for virus concentration or purification in the preparation of human feces for examination by electron microscopy, disruption of some of the fecal viruses occurs if they are pelleted from the density gradient in an additional concentration step. this report highlights an important limitation imposed by the use of cesium chloride as a density gradient substrate in attempting to recover small, round, virus-like particles from feces and suggests ...	1982	6288767
coronavirus-like particles and other agents in the faeces of children in efate, vanuatu.	between june 1979 and july 1980, faecal specimens were collected from 100 children in efate, vanuatu, and examined for the presence of virus-like particles by direct negative staining electron microscopy. of the children, 40 were hospital patients 22 of whom had gastroenteritis and 18 had other illnesses. the remaining 60 children were apparently healthy controls. coronavirus-like particles were the most common agents encountered and were detected in approximately 20% of all three groups of chil ...	1982	6294316
current concepts on etiology and pathogenesis of diarrhoea caused by viruses.		1982	6298950
rapid and reliable method for diagnostic electron microscopy of faeces.	four methods are described for examining viruses in faeces by electron microscopy using negative staining. faeces samples from a total of 180 patients with diarrhoea illnesses were processed for electron microscopy by the direct staining technique, pseudoreplica technique, microsolute concentration technique and by ultracentrifugation. virus particles (including rotaviruses and adenoviruses) were found in fifty-five (31%) samples when the results of all methods were combined. bacteriophages were ...	1982	6177861
isolation and partial characterization of a calicivirus from calves.	a calicivirus was isolated from 3 dairy calves in a herd with persistent calf respiratory tract problems. this virus, named tillamook calicivirus, was not neutralized by 18 different calicivirus-typing serums available. the agent caused only minimal lesions in 2 experimentally exposed calves, but did establish a persistent infection with virus shedding for 45 days, after which time the experiment was terminated. experimentally exposed swine developed clinical vesicular lesions. the possible orig ...	1983	6307089
[caliciviruses].		1983	6312711
antibody response in rabbits following oral administration of human rota-, calici- and adenovirus. brief report.	rota-, calici-, adeno- and astrovirus extracted from human faeces were administered orally to eight rabbits. antibody rise was demonstrated in some of the animals against rota-, calici- and adenovirus. clinical illness or virus excretion was not observed.	1983	6316877
[viral gastroenteritis].		1983	6320551
negative staining and immune electron microscopy as techniques for rapid diagnosis of viral agents.		1983	6326645
microtiter solid-phase radioimmunoassay for detection of human calicivirus in stools.	a microtiter solid-phase radioimmunoassay (ria) was developed for detection of human calicivirus in stool specimens. seventy-eight stool specimens were tested by ria. all 17 specimens positive for human calicivirus by electron microscopy (em) were also positive by ria. in addition, of 21 specimens obtained from an outbreak of caliciviral gastroenteritis, 11 were positive by ria but negative by em. of 20 specimens positive for rotavirus by em and 20 nondiarrheic specimens with no virus, 2 and 1, ...	1983	6833476
new calicivirus isolates from feces of walrus (odobenus rosmarus).		1983	6887446
[astroviruses].		1983	6408803
characterization of a calici-like virus (newbury agent) found in association with astrovirus in bovine diarrhea.	a bovine calici-like virus and astrovirus, present in the same fecal sample from an outbreak of diarrhea, were separated from each other by calf passage. the calici-like virus (newbury agent srv-1) caused anorexia, diarrhea, and xylose malabsorption in gnotobiotic calves aged 17 to 60 days, whereas the bovine astrovirus was nonpathogenic in similar calves. the calici-like virus was shown to be antigenically distinct from a previously described isolate (newbury agent srv-2) by two-way cross-prote ...	1984	6418656
[short review of the literature on viruses demonstrated in the digestive tract of swine].		1984	6436971
propagation of human candidate calicivirus in cell culture.	evidence is presented for the first time that a human candidate calicivirus (hcv) replicates in human embryo kidney cells when trypsin is incorporated in the culture medium. the virus multiplies in the presence of actinomycin d and radiolabelling experiments with [3h]uridine indicate that it has an rna genome. these observations provide further support for the view that hcv should be tentatively classified as a member of the caliciviridae .	1984	6726190