Publications

chronic aortitis in the california sea-lion, zalophus californianus.		1960	14405285
the corticoids of the adrenal of the california sea lion (zalophus californianus).		1961	13885607
composition of the milk from zalophus californianus, the california sea lion.	the milk of zalophus californianus is similar to that of other marine mammals. the chief protein of the milk is casein, which has a lower phosphorus content than bovine casein. there appears to be a complete absence of lactose, and it is believed that this is the first unequivocal demonstration of the absence of lactose from the milk of any mammal.	1962	17793875
underwater sounds of pinnipeds.	descriptions and analyses are presented of underwater sounds made by six species of seals in captivity, zalophus californianus, phoca vitulina, p. (pusa) hispida, p. (pagophilus) groenlandica, halichoerus grypus, and cystophora cristata. the suitability of these very faint sounds for echolocation is discussed.	1963	17742884
[studies on the kidney blood supply in sea-lions (zalophus californianus)].		1963	14092219
shaping and discriminative control of underwater click vocalizations in a california sea lion.	a captive vea lion (zalophus californianus) which had never before produced clicking sounds in the laboratory was first conditioned to vocalize in air and subsequently learned to emit underwater clicks. clicking was brought under control by differential reinforcement procedures. vocalization as an indicator response may be useful in the comparative study of discriminative behavior.	1965	5858032
underwater visual discrimination by the california sea lion.	two captive sea lions (zalophus californianus) presented with a series of size-discrimination tasks showed preferences for the smaller of two targets and gave virtually errorless performances despite changes in the form and relative size of the targets. further tests revealed that they were capable of discriminating a size-difference ratio as small as 1.06:1.	1965	14260381
underwater vocalization by sea lions: social and mirror stimuli.	underwater vocal response of three sea lions (zalophus californianus) increased under conditions of social interaction. when confronted by their mirror images, two animals increased their number of vocalizations, which included "whinny" sounds, barks, buzzing, and varying patterns of click trains. click vocalizations showed habituation and recovery when the animals were in the presence of the mirror stimulus.	1966	5916951
serial discrimination-reversal learning with and without errors by the california sea lion.	a sea lion under water performed virtually without errors on a series of three form-discrimination reversals. significant training requirements were the combining of a previously well-established size cue preference with the nonpreferred form cue, followed by the gradual reduction of the size cue until it was completely eliminated. orienting responses reached a peak and then decreased during progressive-dimensional-change training, suggesting critical stages in the transition of attention from t ...	1966	5964516
attention shift and errorless reversal learning by the california sea lion.	repeated combinations of a previously well-learned size clue preference with the previously negative form cue followed by gradual reduction of the size cue resulted in nearly errorless performance by two sea lion. on a series of nine form-discriminination reversals. systematic insertion of probe trials, during which the size cue was not present, revealed that attention was primarily focused on the size dimension during early stages of training, when size differences were large, and then was grad ...	1967	6022233
a new species of dipetalonema from the california sea lion and a report of microfilariae from a steller sea lion (nematoda: filarioidea).		1967	6062061
pasteurella multocida isolated from a california sea lion (zalophus californianus).		1968	5692913
barking, dominance, and territoriality in male sea lions.	experiments in which male sea lions (zalophus californianus) were removed and reintroduced into a social group demonstrate that barking by larger males restricts movement and barking by other smaller males. barking and aggression were primarily directed toward animals of most nearly equal size. two 6-year-olds seeking to establish and maintain territorial status used aggressive tactics similar to those observed in breeding males in the field.	1968	5689412
anesthesia and restraint for the california sea lion, zalophus californianus.		1969	5388165
underwater barking by male sea lio (zalophus californianus).		1969	5788987
conditioned vocalizations as a technique for determining visual acuity thresholds in sea lions.	aerial visual acuity and underwater visual acuity were measured in two sea lions (zalophus californianus) by training them to emit click bursts if they saw a striped target or to remain silent if they saw a gray target. the closest grating spacings that could be resolved both in air and under water subtended a visual angle of 5.5 minutes of arc at a distance of 5.5 meters.	1970	5424799
aerial and underwater visual acuity in the california sea lion (zalophus califernianus) as a function of luminance.		1971	5288866
ddt in california sea lions.		1971	4942890
behavioral control of body temperature in the unrestrained california sea lion.		1971	5134250
development of a fatted male phenomenon in california sea lions.		1971	5170706
verminous pneumonia in the california sea lion (zalophus californianus).		1971	5167763
isolation of leptospira pomona from a naturally infected california sea lion, sonoma county, california.		1971	5156488
leptospirosis epizootic among california sea lions.	a leptospira species is suspected of being the etiological agenit in a recent epizootic among california sea lions. the disease was confined to subadult males of the species zalophus c. californianus.	1971	5576161
lactose synthetase in mammary gland of the california sea lion.		1972	4196975
underwater audiogram of the california sea lion by the conditioned vocalization technique.	conditioning techniques were developed demonstrating that pure tone frequencies under water can exert nearly perfect control over the underwater click vocalizations of the california sea lion (zalophus californianus). conditioned vocalizations proved to be a reliable way of obtaining underwater sound detection thresholds in zalophus at 13 different frequencies, covering a frequency range of 250 to 64,000 hz. the audiogram generated by these threshold measurements suggests that under water, the r ...	1972	5033891
respiratory variation of heart rate in the california sea lion.		1972	5058365
leptospirosis in a california sea lion.		1972	4481104
premature births in california sea lions: association with high organochlorine pollutant residue levels.	premature pupping in california sea lions has been noted on the breeding islands since 1968. organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyl residues were two to eight times higher in tissues of premature parturient females and pups than in similar tissues of full-term parturient females and pups collected on san miguel island in 1970.	1973	4199282
heartworms in captive california sea lions.		1973	4795400
oxygen uptake of the california sea lion and harbor seal during exposure to heat.		1973	4726508
innervation of the vibrissae of the california sea lion, zalophus californianus.		1973	4723405
auditory sensitivity of a california sea lion to airborne sound.		1974	4424866
california sea lion myoglobin. complete covalent structure of the polypeptide chain.		1974	4850855
evaporative heat loss in the california sea lion and harbor seal.		1974	4151637
behavioral thermoregulation in the california sea lion.		1974	4815152
conductive heat loss to sand in california sea lions and a harbor seal.		1974	4149005
survey of diseases in free-living california sea lions.		1974	4373587
leptospira pomona and reproductive failure in california sea lions.		1974	4443311
electrostatic effects in myoglobin. application of the modified tanford-kirkwood theory to myoglobins from horse, california grey whale, harbor seal, and california sea lion.	the modified tanford-kirkwood electrostatic theory (shire et al., 1974a) was applied to ferrimyoglobins from the following animal species: sperm whale (physeter catodon), horse, california grey whale (eschrichtius gibbosus), harbor seal (phoca vitulina), and california sea lion (zalophus californianus). computations were made of the overall hydrogen ion titration curves of the proteins, and of ph and ionic strength variations of ionization equilibria for individual groups in the protein, with pa ...	1975	235950
nodular suppurative cutaneous cellulitis in a galapagos sea lion.	necropsy was performed on a sea lion (zalophus californianus wollebaeki), sacrificed in an advanced (pre-terminal) stage of disease, possibly represenatative of the galapagos epizootic of 1970-71. predominant features of the disease were nonumbilicated multiple suppurative cutaneous nodules, debilitation and loss of motor power. histopathological studies of the skin lesions disclosed suppurative cellulitis, with leucocytic invasion extending, in some instances, to all layers of the epidermis. ps ...	1975	807749
underwater localization of pulsed pure tones by the california sea lion(zalophus californianus).		1975	1184845
thermal insulation of the california sea lion during exposure to heat.		1975	237696
conditioned bardycardia in the sea lion zalophus californianus.		1975	1134577
detection of underwater signals by a california sea lion and a bottlenose porpoise: variation in the payoff matrix.		1975	1141502
underwater localization of click and pulsed pure-tone signals by the california sea lion (zalophus californianus).		1975	1117093
evidence of duplicity in the retina of the california sea lion (zalophus californianus).		1975	234062
discrimination of pure-tone intensities by the california sea lion.		1976	1010891
coccidioidomycosis in a california sea lion (zalophus californianus).	coccidioidomycosis in an adult male california sea lion (zalophus californianus) is described. the animal was housed in a zoo in tucson, arizona, for approximately 5 years. this is believed to be the first reported case of coccidioidomycosis in a marine mammal.	1976	16498880
air temperature and direct parititional calorimetry of the california sea lion (zalophus californianus).		1976	3339
premature parturition in the california sea lion.	twenty percent of the california sea lion pups born on san miguel island die due to premature parturition. specimens collected from premature-partus animals resulted in recovery of a virus, san miguel sea lion virus, indistinguishable from vesicular exanthema of swine virus, and leptospira pomona from some of the premature cows and pups. the age range of 10 females delivering healthy pups in june was 10-14 years. with one exception, the ages in 10 aborting females was 6-8 years. the p,p'-dde le ...	1976	815567
the covalent structure of dog myoglobin.	the primary structure of the myoglobin of the domestic dog (german shepherd) was studied. tryptic and thermolytic peptides were compared with the sequence of other known myoglobins; the stepwise automatic edman's degradation of the whole globin and also the chymotryptic digestion of the median fragment obtained by cnbr cleavage completed this sequence. comparison of the established dog myoglobin structure with those from other carnivora shows 16 differences versus badger, 20 versus harbour seal ...	1976	1252463
vesicular exanthema of swine.	vesicular exanthema of swine (ves) was first recognized in 1932. at the time, eradication measures and, later, quarantine procedures were instituted and extension of the disease to surrounding farms appeared to have been prevented. between 1932 and 1936, however, seemingly unrelated epizootics continued among swine herds being fed raw garbage. in 1936, ves disappeared only to reappear in 1939. the disease was contained within california until 1952, at which time it spread to all the major swine ...	1976	786969
oxygen cost of swimming in a trained california sea lion.		1976	236115
characterization of two new serotypes of san miguel sea lion virus.	two new virus isolates, one from a california sea lion (zalophus californianus californianus) and the other from a northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinus) were partially characterized. their physicochemical characteristics were similar to those of vesicular exanthema of swine virus (vesv) and san miguel sea lion virus (smsv). the virion morphology was in both instances typically calicivirus. on the basis of this and the serum cross-neutralization testing, these isolates were classed as two new t ...	1977	67101
toxoplasmosis in a california sea lion (zalophus californianus).	disseminated toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in a female california sea lion that had been used in thermoregulation studies for about 4 years while housed in a small enclosure with a fresh-water pool at the university of hawaii, honolulu. toxoplasma gondii was demonstrated in and around necrotic lesions of the heart and the stomach. source of the infection was not established; however, studies on toxoplasmosis in cats were being conducted at the institution, and common caretakers attended both group ...	1977	835862
diethylcarbamazine citrate for prevention of heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) in the california sea lion (zalophus californianus).		1977	585265
on urea formation in marine mammals.	ornithine carbamoyltransferase (ec 2.1.3.3) has been determined in homogenates of liver of the sei whale (balaenoptera borealis), the bottle-nose dolphin (porpoise) (tursiops truncatus) and california sea lion (zalophus californianus). these marine mammals show levels of this ornithine-urea cycle enzyme which are typical of terrestrial mammals.	1977	862778
intratracheal injection of antibiotics in the california sea lion, zalophus californianus, and bottlenosed dolphin, tursiops truncatus.	gentamicin and cephaloridine were administered by intratracheal injection to the california sea lion, zalophus californianus, and the bottlenosed dolphin, tursiops truncatus. uptake and clearance of these antibiotics in the blood were monitored. in all cases, absorption through the respiratory mucosa resulted in blood levels approaching therapeutic concentrations despite low dosages.	1977	839623
metallothionein and the subcellular localization of mercury and cadmium in the california sea lion.		1977	17507
pancreatic duct adenoma and strangulation of the small intestine in a california sea lion (zalophus californianus).	a 16 year-old female california sea lion (zalophus californianus) died in a zoological garden following a period of insidious weight loss. necropsy revealed a loop of intestine strangulated by a fibrous ring connected to a pancreatic mass. histopathologic diagnosis of the latter was pancreatic duct adenoma.	1978	739584
the upper limit of underwater auditory frequency discrimination in the california sea lion.		1978	690337
arteriovenous anastomoses in the skin of seals. ii. the california sea lion zalophus californianus and the northern fur seal callorhinus ursinus (pinnipedia: otariidae).	the structure, distribution and density of arteriovenous anastomoses (avas) were studied in body and flipper skin of a california sea lion and a nothern fur seal. in both animals avas consisted of arterial, intermediate and venous segments, and were generally larger and more tortuous in the sea lion than in the fur seal. in the sea lion the majority of avas (72%) occurred in the deeper region of the dermis, and the density was significantly greater in the flippers than in the body. in the northe ...	1978	666020
isolation of san miguel sea lion virus from samples of an animal food product produced from northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinus) carcasses.	a virus was isolated from california sea lions (zalophus californianus californianus) and northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus) in 1972. it was later named san miguel sea lion virus (smsv). state and federal livestock disease control agencies became concerned, because smsv was found to be indistinguishable from vesicular exanthema of swine virus and to cause (in laboratory trials) clinical signs in swine similar to those produced by vesicular exanthema of swine virus. ground carcasses of nort ...	1978	629435
prevalence of vesicular exanthema of swine antibodies among feral mammals associated with the southern california coastal zones.	serum-neutralizing antibodies to both vesicular exanthema of swine virus (vesv) and san miguel sea lion virus (smsv) were found in a number of animal species having an association with the southern california coastal zones. california sea lions (zalophus californianus) had antibodies to 9 vesv types (a48, c52, d53, e54, f54, g55, i55, j56, and k56). fur seals (callorhinus ursinus) and elephant seal pups (mirounga angustirostris) were tested for antibodies to 6 vesv types and all were negative. c ...	1978	629463
isolation of edwardsiella tarda from three oregon sea mammals.	edwardsiella tarda was isolated from the peritoneal exudate of a steller's sea lion (eumetopias jubata) with peritonitis resulting from a perforating colonic ulcer; from the liver of a harbor porpoise (phocena phocena) with metritis and peritonitis sequela to dystocia; and from the liver of a california sea lion (zalophus californianus) with peritonitis following fracture and necrosis of a lumbar vertebrae. these findings indicate e. tarda is a common opportunistic invader in sick or injured mar ...	1978	691128
hazards of disease transfer from marine mammals to land mammals: review and recent findings.	in a 5-year study (1972-1977) of microbial agents isolated from both clinically normal and diseased marine mammals, it was shown that certain disease agents are widespread in a diversity of ocean populations and that some are also transmissible to a number of terrestrial mammal species. leptospira interrogans serovar pomona has been isolated repeatedly from 2 species of pinnipeds (zalophus californianus califonianus and callorhinus ursinus). some of the more important bacterial pathogens for lan ...	1978	738931
muscle metabolic profiles and fiber-type composition in some marine mammals.	1. hexokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, 3-hydroxyacyl-coa dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase activities as well as fiber type composition were determined in skeletal muscles of the california sea lion (zalophus californianus), the sea otter (enhydra lutris), and the pacific white-sided dolphin (lagenorhynchus obliquidens). 2. the subcutaneous muscle of the sea lion had intermediate glycolytic and oxidative enzyme activities. 3. the locomotory muscles examined in the otter and porpoise did not ...	1978	318281
parasites and associated pathology observed in pinnipeds stranded along the oregon coast.	forty-two seals and sea lions found dead along the oregon coast were examined for parasites and associated pathology. nematode infections of the lung and/or gastrointestinal tract were the primary cause of death in 5 of 42 animals examined. new distribution records were established for pricetrema zalophi and zalophotrema hepaticum. new host records include z. hepaticum and diphyllobothrium cordatum in the steller's sea lion (eumetopias jubatus); nanophyetus salmincola in the california sea lion ...	1978	567698
a new calicivirus isolated from a marine mammal.	a new serotype of calicivirus, designated as san miguel sea lion virus type 6 (smsv-6), was isolated from vesicular lesions on the flipper of a california sea lion pup. serologic studies show that smsv-6 neutralizing antibodies (sn) occur frequently among california sea lions and occasionally among northern fur seals. feral swine, 1- to 6-week elephant seal pups and grey whales tested negative for smsv-6 antibody.	1979	227346
viruses and virus diseases of marine mammals.	poxvirus and several serotypes of calicivirus cause recognizable disease in marine mammals. pox lesions in pinnipeds are raised and proliferative and are seen most frequently after confinement in captivity. in cetaceans, a poxvirus is associated with a much more benign and chronic lesion called a "tattoo." numerous caliciviruses of differing antigenic types have been isolated from vesicular lesions and aborted fetuses of northern fur seals and california sea lions as well as from clinically norm ...	1979	230170
sucrase and cellular development.	the cellular changes that take place as the intestinal cell migrates from crypt to villus are morphologically and biochemically remarkable. it is fortunate that many of these phenomena can be delineated by following enzymic activities. sucrase-isomaltase is a particularly fascinating enzyme complex because it is a marker of the differentiated cell. sucrase is inducible with steroids and protected by the substrate sucrose. purified enzyme can be used to stimulate production of specific antibodies ...	1979	396132
plasma biochemical values of clinically-normal australian sea lions (neophoca cinerea).	seventeen biochemical constituents were assayed in the blood plasma of clinically-normal australian sea lions (neophoca cinerea). the sea lions formed part of a breeding colony which inhabits the southern coast of kangaroo island, south australia. little variation was found in any of the values obtained from animals of different age and sex. the results were compared with values published for california sea lions (zalophus californianus), northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus), harbor seals (p ...	1979	459034
acute viral hepatitis in california sea lions.	acute viral hepatitis was diagnosed in five california sea lions (zalophus californianus) stranded along the los angeles coast. light microscopy revealed large nuclear inclusion bodies in hepatocytes. electron microscopy provided evidence that these inclusion bodies were composed of adenovirus-like virions. attempts to grow the virus in cell culture systems were unsuccessful.	1979	521373
salmonellae in feral pinnipeds off the southern california coast.	rectal swabs were collected from 90 northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinus) and 50 california sea lion (zalophus californianus) pups on san miguel island for salmonella screening. three serotypes (newport, heidelberg, and oranienburg) were recovered from 33% of the fur seals and 40% of the sea lions.	1979	522219
edema disease in a california sea lion.	edema disease, similar to that occurring in swine, was diagnosed in a california sea lion (zalophus californianus). the prominent features included a thickened, edematous stomach wall and generalized fibrinoid necrosis of arterioles. a beta-hemolytic escherichia coli, serotype 0147:k . :h52, was the predominant organism isolated from the gastrointestinal tract. the organism caused fatal infection when administered orally and intraperitoneally to mice.	1980	7005201
demodex zalophi sp. nov. (acari : demodicidae) from zalophus californianus, the california sea lion.		1980	7211143
metastatic adenocarcinoma in two california sea lions, zalophus c. californianus.	two california sea lions (zalophus californianus californianus) came to necropsy with morphologically identical metastatic tumors. these were glandular epithelial origin and were widespread throughout the visceral organs. both animals were found beached and dead within two months and were only 220 km apart.	1980	7431526
viral hepatitis (adenovirus) in a california sea lion.	a juvenile california sea lion (zalophus californianus) died 28 days after admission to the california marine mammal center. necropsy revealed hemorrhagic fluid in the stomach and hepatomegaly. histologically, there was evidence of multifocal necrotizing hepatitis and acute suppurative bronchopneumonia. amphophilic intranuclear inclusions were found, and electron microscopy revealed virions morphologically classifiable as adenovirus.	1981	6276345
upper airway of the california sea lion: an anesthetist's perspective.		1981	6908776
cyclic dermatitis associated with fusarium sp infection in pinnipeds.	dermatitis associated with fusarium sp infection developed in 3 california sea lions (zalophus californianus) and 3 gray seals (halichoerus grypus) at the national zoological park in washington dc. the lesions were papular or nodular and were distributed mainly on the face, trunk, and flippers. one sea lion died 6 weeks after extensive cutaneous involvement. the lesions regressed after 1 mild exacerabtion in the other 2 sea lions. in the gray seals, the skin condition appeared to worsen during t ...	1981	7328003
disaccharidase-deficient animals have normal ultrastructure of intestinal brush border membranes.	the intestinal disaccharidases, lactase, sucrase-isomaltase complex, and glucoamylase are proteins intimately associated with the brush-border membrane of the epithelial cell. these three enzyme activities are found in the intestine of the adult rat; lactase and glucoamylase activities are primarily associated with the intestine of the infant rat. only glucoamylase and isomaltase activities are detected in the intestine of the california sea lion, zalophus californianus. the activities of these ...	1981	6794915
calicivirus-induced vesicular disease in cetaceans and probable interspecies transmission.	a calicivirus isolated from cetaceans is a new serotype designated cetacean calicivirus tursiops-1 (ccv-tur-1). it appears to have spread from an initially infected atlantic bottlenose dolphin to a california sea lion, and was then carried by the sea lion to a second facility several miles away, where a second dolphin became infected and developed vesicular skin lesions that eroded, leaving shallow ulcers. cetaceans and pinnipeds belong to separate orders, so this finding of interspecies transmi ...	1983	6315658
mechanics of the limbs of the walrus (odobenus rosmarus) and the california sea lion (zalophus californianus).	moment arms and cross-sectional areas of muscles from the forelimbs and hind limbs of odobenus and zalophus were used to estimate relative torques associated with several locomotor movements. odobenus uses predominantly the hind limbs for aquatic propulsion, while zalophus only uses the forelimbs. torques contributing to locomotor movements used during the power and recovery strokes were substantially greater for the hind limbs of odobenus and for the forelimbs of zalophus. apparently, the linea ...	1983	30060637
polyradiculoneuritis in a california sea lion.		1984	6511605
candidiasis in captive pinnipeds.	diagnosis, treatment, and possible pathogenesis of candidiasis were studied in 5 species of pinnipeds in captivity: gray seal (halichoerus grypus), harbor seal (phoca vitulina), northern fur seal (callorhinus ursinus), california sea lion (zalophus californianus), and northern elephant seal (mirounga angustirostris). the animals were kept outdoors in a freshwater exhibit. candidiasis was characterized by purulent nasal discharge, inflammation of the lips at the mucocutaneous junction, periocular ...	1984	6096327
a two-active site one-polypeptide enzyme: the isomaltase from sea lion small intestinal brush-border membrane. its possible phylogenetic relationship with sucrase-isomaltase.	the enzyme responsible for all of the isomaltase activity and much of the maltase activity in the small intestine of the californian sea lion (zalophus californianus) was isolated by detergent solubilization of the brush-border membrane, followed by immunoadsorption chromatography using antibodies directed against rabbit sucrase-isomaltase. in 0.1% triton x-100, sea lion isomaltase occurs as a monomer of mr = 245,000 and is composed of a single polypeptide chain. as judged from the stoichiometry ...	1984	6715326
ocular anterior segment disease in northern fur seals.	eyes of 1,716 wild northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus; 1,501 subadults and 215 adults) were examined for the prevalence of ocular anterior segment disease; 4.6% of the seals had clinically recognizable eye lesions. six seals had bilateral eye lesions. corneal scars were the most frequently observed lesion, followed by prominent lens sutures, cataracts, and iris depigmentations. corneal edema, active corneal ulceration, or inflammation was not observed. examination of normal corneas indicate ...	1985	3878353
an epizootic of leptospirosis in california sea lions.	between may and december 1984, an epizootic of leptospirosis in california sea lions (zalophus californianus) occurred along the west coast of the united states from monterey county, calif, northward to seattle, wash. clinical signs observed were severe depression, excessive thirst, and tucked-up posturing, with associated leukocytosis and increased globulin, bun, and creatinine values. effective antibiotic therapy consisted of tetracycline (22 mg/kg of body weight every 8 hours, orally) or pota ...	1985	4077625
drastic effects of el niño on galapagos pinnipeds.	population dynamics of pinnipeds living in the tropical upwelling ecosystem of the galapagos were strongly influenced by the 1982-83 southern oscillation-el niño (en) event which was the strongest recorded in this century. the galapagos fur seal (arctocephalus galapagoensis) population lost the four youngest year classes (1980-1983) almost entirely and approximately 30% of the adult females and non-territorial males. mortality of large territorial males was almost 100%. most of the 1982 year cla ...	1985	28309839
chemoreceptively active compounds in secretions, excretions and tissue extracts of marine mammals.	semen, prostate glandular extract, perianal glandular secretion, urine, feces and blood from atlantic bottlenose dolphins, tursiops truncatus, were analyzed chemically by gas chromatography. a fecal sample from a california sea lion, zalophus californianus, was analyzed similarly. acids, esters, amino acids, amines, steroids, esters, sugars and alcohols were among the compounds revealed in the analyses. twenty-two identified compounds can be detected gustatorily in aqueous solutions of sufficien ...	1985	2866871
nutritional myopathy in a captive california sea lion.		1985	4077648
artificial language comprehension and size transposition by a california sea lion (zalophus californianus).	a variation of the conditional discrimination procedure defines relations between stimuli (for example, gestural signs and their referents), and it has been used to study language comprehension in california sea lions. the animals followed instructions given by a trainer's gestures designating properties of size, brightness, and location (adjectives), types of objects (nouns), and actions (verbs). the signs can be combined and recombined according to a conditional sequence or syntax. in this stu ...	1986	3802779
diskospondylitis in a california sea lion.		1986	3505958
metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in a beached california sea lion (zalophus californianus).		1986	3712660
isolation of a retrovirus and a herpesvirus from a captive california sea lion.	a non-oncogenic retrovirus was isolated from an explanted skin biopsy from a captive california sea lion (zalophus californianus) with a history of recurring skin lesions. the morphology of the viral particles in electron photomicrographs was characteristic of a foamy virus, a retrovirus in the subfamily spumavirinae. viral cytopathic effects consistent with foamy virus infection were observed in subsequent explants of skin and lymph nodes and co-cultivated peripheral blood leukocytes. the sea l ...	1986	3012127
protein sequence evidence for monophyly of the carnivore families procyonidae and mustelidae.	the amino acid sequence of the eye lens protein alpha-crystallin a of the ring-tailed cat, bassariscus astutus, has been determined. the sequence of the bassariscus alpha a chain, which is 173 residues long, was compared with the previously determined set of 41 mammalian alpha a sequences. among the investigated carnivores (dog, cat, sloth bear, american mink, gray seal, and california sea lion) the bassariscus alpha a sequence exclusively shares two amino acid replacements with the alpha a chai ...	1986	3444403
gonadotrophin in the term placenta of the dolphin (tursiops truncatus), the californian sea lion (zalophus californianus), the grey seal (halichoerus grypus) and man.	chorionic gonadotrophin activity in extracts of the term placenta of a dolphin, a sea lion and a grey seal was measured by its effectiveness in increasing uterine weight in the mouse and by solid-phase ria using hcg as immunogen and labelled antigen. bioreactive (b) gonadotrophin was found in these placentae and, compared to the human term placenta, the concentration of cg in the dolphin was higher, in the sea lion similar and in the grey seal lower. the biological activity in each species was n ...	1986	3701703
antibodies to marine caliciviruses in the steller sea lion (eumetopias jubatus schreber).	sera from 145 steller sea lions (76 adults, three subadults, 37 pups, and 29 fetuses) were tested for neutralizing antibodies to nine marine calicivirus serotypes. antibodies were found to san miguel sea lion virus (smsv) types 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 13, and to tillamook (bovine) calicivirus, but no antibodies were found to the walrus calicivirus. titers (microtiter neutralization assay) ranged from 1:20 to 1:320, with many positive reactions at the higher dilutions (greater than or equal to 1:80 ...	1987	3820427
prevalence and distribution of serum neutralizing antibodies to tillamook (bovine) calicivirus in selected populations of marine mammals.	neutralizing antibodies to tillamook calicivirus (tcv) were found in sera collected from california sea lions (zalophus c. californianus lesson) in 1983 and 1984 and in sera collected from steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus schreber) in 1976 and 1985. the combined prevalence of antibodies for these two species was 10/228 = 4.38%. titers ranged from 1:20 (five animals), to 1:40 (four animals), to 1:80 (one animal) by standard microtiter neutralization assay. the seropositive pinnipeds were dis ...	1987	3820428
the use of meperidine hydrochloride for chemical restraint in certain cetaceans and pinnipeds.	meperidine hcl was administered intramuscularly by hand-syringe to a number of individuals representing several species of cetaceans (n = 95) and pinnipeds (n = 36). dosage administered was 0.11 mg/kg, 0.23 mg/kg or 0.45 mg/kg, with the majority of animals receiving the middle dosage. meperidine hcl provided moderate restraint in cetaceans without obvious deleterious effects. restraint was achieved rapidly, with maximum effect occurring 20 min after intramuscular injection and lasting for 2 to 3 ...	1988	3193567