Publications

[establishment of thermoregulation in penguin of adela (pygoscelis adeliae)].		1953	13190700
the adelie penguin.		1953	13063481
viability of coliform bacteria in antarctic soil.	boyd, william l. (ohio state university, columbus) and josephine w. boyd. viability of coliform bacteria in antarctic soil. j. bacteriol. 85:1121-1123. 1963.-the distribution of coliform bacteria in soils of ross island and the nearby mainland was studied. none was found in almost all of the samples collected, including some from the adelie penguin rookeries at cape royds and cape crozier and in soil at the mcmurdo base which had been recently contaminated by human sewage. samples of pony manure ...	1963	14044003
ddt residues in adelie penguins and a crabeater seal from antarctica.		1966	5961190
the egg-white proteins of the adelie penguin.		1966	5965105
lactate dehydrogenase isozymes of the penguin pygoscelis adeliae.		1969	5392741
respiratory function of blood of the adélie penguin pygoscelis adeliae.		1969	5786751
fat content, fatty acid composition and estimates of energy metabolism of adèlie penguins (pygoscelis adeliae) during the early breeding season fast.		1973	4717479
salmonella in adélie penguins (pygoscelis adeliae) and south polar skuas (catharacta maccormicki) on ross island, antarctica.		1973	4583956
plasma proteins and immunoglobulins in penguins (pygoscelis adeliae).	total and fractionated proteins were evaluated in the serum of normal penguins. four proteins with antibody activity, determined by passive haemagglutination, were isolated by sephadex g-200 filtration and deae-cellulose chromatography, from the serum of penguins (pygoscelis adeliae) inoculated with dinitrophenylated human gamma-globulin. immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion showed that all these proteins exhibited both their own and shared antigenic determinants. on account of their electr ...	1975	50086
the microanatomy of the hepatic vessels of the penguin pygoscelis adeliae.		1975	1142246
pentobarbitone as an anaesthetic agent in the adelie penguin (pygoscelis adeliae).		1975	1195679
[weight variations and energy expenditure in the adelie penguin (pygoscelis adeliae)].	ponderal loss of fasting pygoscelis adeliae in an enclosure is linear; minimum for brooders, it triples during moult, and it the fasting period continues to a level below 3,3-3,5 kg, it quintuples. this critical slope could indicate the passage from a lipidic to a protidic metabolism.	1975	807426
bile secretion in the anaesthetized adelie penguin (pygoscelis adeliae).		1975	1142282
effects of altering spinal cord temperature on temperature regulation in the adelie penguin, pygoscelis adeliae.	in 6 adelie penguins, thermodes were implanted in the cervical and upper thoracic spinal canal. at thermoneutral (+8 to +16 degrees c) and cold (-18 to -22 degrees c) ambient conditions, the effects of spinal canal heating and cooling on the surface temperature of one flipper (skin blood flow), oxygen consumption (metabolic heat production) and esophageal (core) temperature were observed in the conscious animals.- at thermoneutral ambient conditions, spinal cord cooling reduced and spinal heatin ...	1976	943774
effects of altering rostral brain stem temperature on temperature regulation in the adelie penguin, pygoscelis adeliae.	in 4 adelie penguins, thermodes were implanted in the rostral brain stem. two animals were additionally equipped with spinal canal thermodes. at thermoneutral (+8 to +16 degrees c) and cold (-18 to -22 degrees c) ambient conditions, the effects of hypothalamic heating and cooling on the surface temperature of one flipper (skin blood flow), oxygen consumption (metabolic heat production) and esophageal (core) temperature were observed in the conscious animals.- heating the rostral brain stem induc ...	1976	943780
casts of hepatic blood vessels: a comparison of the microcirculation of the penguin, pygoscelis adeliae, with some common laboratory animals.	latex casts of the hepatic blood vessels of the penguin, pygoscelis adeliae, and of some common laboratory animals were compared. there was general similarity between the different species, but the portal venous and hepatic arterial systems of the penguin were simpler than those of other species. measurements were made of the volume and length of portal veins and it appears that the portal venous system is capable of being a more efficient blood reservoir in the penguin than in other species stu ...	1976	1002604
hydroxyindole-o-methyltransferase (hiomt) and melatonin in the pineal gland of the antarctic penguins (pygoscelis adeliae and p. papua).		1976	992328
spontaneous and bile salt stimulated bile secretion in the adelie penguin (pygoscelis adeliae).	the flow rate and ionic composition of bile during spontaneous secretion were measured in anaesthetized penguins in which the enterohepatic circulation had been interrupted and with i.v. injection of saline to replace secretory loss. during the first two hours the rate of flow increased, and then remained relatively constant for a further two and a half hours. during this time the concentration of bile salt fell, but the concentrations of other ions showed small fluctuations only. sodium tauroch ...	1978	244360
the relation between structure and function of bile ducts in man, some laboratory animals and the adelie penguin.	the biliary trees of man, dog, cat, rabbit, rat, guinea pig and penguin were examined in histological sections and by latex casts. the trees of man, dog, and cat were similar with only minor differences. tubulo-alveolar glands were present in all three species around large intrahepatic ducts and in large portal tracts there were zones of ductules (areas with many small bile ducts), surrounded by small vessels with no apparent relation to hepatocytes. both these features were present in the guine ...	1979	256628
virological studies of adelie penguins (pygoscelis adeliae) in antarctica.	serum antibodies to influenza virus hemagglutinin 7, newcastle disease virus (ndv), and avian paramyxoviruses were detected in adelie penguin colonies in antarctica. infection with ndv and avian influenza virus was confined to particular colonies, whereas antibodies to the paramyxoviruses were detected in all seven colonies samples. two avian paramyxoviruses were also isolated fromcloacal swabs. results of serological tests must be interpreted with caution, as little as known about the persisten ...	1981	7039589
penguin egg-white and polar fish blood-serum proteins.	the development of, and findings in, a long-term research program on penguin proteins and polar fish blood proteins are described. two of the egg-white proteins from the adelie penguin (pygoscelis adeliae) have unique properties: a glycoprotein named penalbumin that is a major constituent with some characteristics similar to ovalbumin, and an ovomucoid with strong inhibitory capacity for subtilisin as well as for bovine trypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin. the antifreeze glycoproteins from antarctic ...	1982	6749729
the fine structure of the parabronchi and the gas exchange area of the adelie penguin lung.	the parabronchi of the adelie penguin are endowed with wide atria forming pockets between a loose meshwork of bundles of smooth muscle cells lining the parabronchial lumen. the atrial epithelium is of variable thickness and bears numerous microvilli, which are overlain by/or embedded in sheets or whorls of lamellar material ("trilaminar substance", diameter of one lamella 8 ..10 nm) forming layers of very variable thickness. the cells contain either stacks or whorls of this material or roundish ...	1983	6673392
rates of oxygen consumption in four species of seabird at palmer station, antarctic peninsula.	1. we determined standard metabolic rates (smr) of wild-caught adults of the adelie penguin, southern giant fulmar, blue-eyed shag, and south polar skua at palmer station, antarctica, during january and february 1981. oxygen consumption was measured volumetrically in a closed system at temperatures between 2 and 12 degrees c. 2. mean smr varied between 0.82 l o2/kg per hr for male fulmars and 1.30 l o2/kg per hr for unsexed adult skuas. values were 174-198% of those predicted by the lasiewski-da ...	1983	6132736
reproductive ecology: breeding biology of the adelie penguin.		1984	17741213
the endocrine control of reproduction and molt in male and female emperor (aptenodytes forsteri) and adelie (pygoscelis adeliae) penguins. ii. annual changes in plasma levels of thyroxine and triiodothyronine.	changes in plasma thyroxine (t4) and triiodothyronine (t3) levels were studied during a breeding season and in more detail during the postbreeding molt in male and female emperor (aptenodytes forsteri) and adelie (pygoscelis adeliae) penguins under natural conditions in the antarctic. during the 4-month natural fast that accompanies courtship and incubation in male emperors, plasma t4 and t3 levels were maintained around 11 and 0.6 ng/ml, respectively. in courting, fasting female emperors plasma ...	1986	3781233
the endocrine control of reproduction and molt in male and female emperor (aptenodytes forsteri) and adelie (pygoscelis adeliae) penguins. i. annual changes in plasma levels of gonadal steroids and lh.	changes in plasma lh, testosterone, and estrogens were investigated throughout reproduction and molt in free-living male and female emperor (aptenodytes forsteri) and adelie (pygoscelis adeliae) penguins. in both sexes and species, plasma lh and gonadal steroids were severalfold above basal level at the time of arrival on the breeding grounds, suggesting that environmental cues (especially decreasing daylength in emperors) rather than mating and courting primarily stimulate gonadal development a ...	1986	3781216
differential leucocyte cell counts from the pygoscelid penguins of antarctica.	differential leucocyte counts were obtained for three cogeneric species of wild antarctic penguins, pygoscelis adelie (adelie), pygoscelis papua (gentoo), and pygoscelis antarctica (chinstrap). significant differences between the differential leucocyte counts of the three species were not observed.	1987	3625920
gain and loss rates and biological half-life of pcbs and dde in the bodies of adelie penguins.	the gain and loss rates and the biological half-life of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) and p,p'-dde in wild birds were calculated using the values on burdens of these compounds in the bodies of adelie penguins in a previous report (subramanian et al., 1986). the daily loss rate of pcbs (0.26%) was found to be higher than ddt compounds (0.12%) resulting in the longer biological half-life of the latter compounds (580 days) than pcbs (270 days). hence, once ddt compounds are absorbed they are mor ...	1987	15092813
thermoregulation, gas exchange, and ventilation in adelie penguins (pygoscelis adeliae).	adelie penguins (pygoscelis adeliae) experience a wide range of ambient temperatures (ta) in their natural habitat. we examined body temperature (tb), oxygen consumption (vo2), carbon dioxide production (vco2), evaporative water loss (mh2o), and ventilation at ta from -20 to 30 degrees c. body temperature did not change significantly between -20 and 20 degrees c (mean tb = 39.3 degrees c). tb increased slightly to 40.1 degrees c at ta = 30 degrees c. both vo2 and vco2 were constant and minimal a ...	1988	3351024
light microscopic study of granulocytes of pygoscelid penguins (pygoscelis adeliae) of antarctica.	morphologic features of heterophils, eosinophils, and basophils of wild adult pygoscelid penguins (pygoscelis adeliae; 1 male, 4 females) of antarctica were studied. granulocytes were described on the basis of analysis of stained blood films and of 0.5-micron sections of centrifuged resin-embedded blood. morphometric analysis of granulocytes included average cell diameter, cell shape, and nuclear configuration as well as the number, size, and shape of intracytoplasmic granules. large round heter ...	1988	2460002
energy requirements of adélie penguin (pygoscelis adeliae) chicks.	the energy requirements of adélie penguin (pygoscelis adeliae) chicks were analysed with respect to body mass (w, 0.145-3.35 kg, n = 36) and various forms of activity (lying, standing, minor activity, locomotion, walking on a treadmill). direct respirometry was used to measure o2 consumption (vo2, l.h-1) and co2 production. heart rate (hr, bpm) was recorded from the ecg obtained by both externally attached electrodes and implantable hr-transmitters. the parameters measured were not affected by h ...	1990	2113066
the ontogeny of oxygen consumption and ventilation in the adélie penguin, pygoscelis adeliae.	although both energy metabolism and ventilation parameters are highly size dependent in adult birds, the usual scaling relationships with mass do not hold in hatchlings or in growing chicks. in adélie penguins, three distinct behavioral phases during growth and development are reflected in the ontogeny of metabolism and ventilation. metabolic intensity increases in the nestling phase (age 0-11 days), stabilizes during the creche phase (14-40 days), and decreases in fledglings (40-55 days) and ad ...	1990	2080324
weather, microclimate, and energy costs of thermoregulation for breeding adélie penguins.	we measured meteorological conditions and estimated the energy costs of thermoregulation for young and adult adélie penguins (pygoscelis adeliae) at a breeding colony near the antarctic peninsula. air temperatures averaged < 5°c and strong winds were frequent. operative temperatures (te) for adults ranged from -8 to 28°c, averaging 5-6°c, for the period from courtship to fledging of chicks. the average energy cost of thermoregulation (cth) for adult penguins was equivalent to 10-16% of basal met ...	1990	28313017
circadian rhythms of plasma melatonin in the adelie penguin (pygoscelis adeliae) in constant dim light and artificial photoperiods.	the response of plasma melatonin in adelie penguins (pygoscelis adeliae) to constant dim light and to light/dark cycles was measured to determine the capacity of the pineal gland to secrete melatonin after exposure to continuous daylight for 2 months. penguins were moved in mid-summer from the natural photoperiod to either constant dim light (n = 10), to a 12l:12d light/dark cycle (n = 5), or to a 12l:12d light/dark cycle with a 30 min light pulse (50-155 lux) on the third (n = 4) or sixth (n = ...	1991	1757886
the cost of a hot meal: facultative specific dynamic action may ensure temperature homeostasis in post-ingestive endotherms.	1. resting metabolic rate was determined in adelie penguins (pygoscelis adeliae) that had been fed warm and cold ingesta. 2. post-ingestion metabolic rate was found to be related to food temperature rather than to specific dynamic action. 3. calorimetric calculations indicate that up to 13% of adelie penguin daily energy expenditure may be used heating ingested food to body temperature. 4. heating food costs are predicted to be higher in endotherms living in cold regions and in species with low ...	1991	1682090
plasma melatonin in the adelie penguin (pygoscelis adeliae) under conditions daylight in antarctica.	circadian rhythms of melatonin secretion in birds are influenced by daylength and light intensity. daily patterns of melatonin secretion were examined in adelie penguins (pygoscelis adeliae) under natural continuous daylight at cape bird, antarctica (77 degrees s). although daylight is continuous during the antarctic summer there was a marked daily cycle of light intensity. however, there was no relationship between mean plasma melatonin levels and time of day in groups of 2-10 penguins sampled ...	1991	2056428
mercury and major essential elements in seals, penguins, and other representative fauna of the antarctic.	concentrations of total hg and major essential elements, ca, mg, na, and k, were measured in the muscle, liver, and kidney of three species of seals, crabeater seal (lobodon carcinophagus), leopard seal (hydrurga leptonyx), and weddell seal (leptonychotes weddelli) collected in the antarctic. the muscle and liver of three species of penguins, i.e., gentoo penguin (pygoscelis papua), adelie penguin (p. adeliae), chinstrap penguin (p. antarctica), and other representative fauna were also analyzed ...	1993	8239712
[paracoccidioides brasiliensis, a new sample isolated from feces of a penguin (pygoscelis adeliae)].	the authors show the results obtained through the study of a paracoccidioides strain isolated from a penguin in the uruguaian antartide by gezuele et al. (1989). from the fecal mater it was isolated a fungus which was recently considered as a new species of the genus paracoccidioides--p. antarcticus. however, the mycological and immunochemical studies including the demonstration of the 43 kda glycoprotein by immunodiffusion test, sds-page and immunoelectrophoresis disclosed that such strain is s ...	1993	8278752
evidence of ortho- and paramyxoviruses in fauna from antarctica.	serum antibodies to influenza a viruses and paramyxoviruses were detected in adelie penguin (pysoscelis adeliae) and antarctic skua (stercorarius skua maccormicki) sera in the ross sea dependency. an avian paramyxovirus was isolated from a penguin cloacal swab.	1993	8258855
underwater swimming at low energetic cost by pygoscelid penguins	energetic requirements of under-water swimming in pygoscelid penguins were studied in antarctica, using respirometry together with a 21 m long swim canal and externally attached devices recording the swimming speed and dive duration of unrestrained animals. field measurements were compared with measurements of the hydrodynamic properties of an adelie penguin model in a circulating water tank. minimium transport costs during underwater swimming in adelie (pygoscelis adeliae), chinstrap (p. antarc ...	1994	9317354
aspergillus spp. seropositivity in new zealand penguins.	one hundred-fifty yellow-eyed penguins (megadyptes antipodes) of 8 populations, 20 little blue penguins (eudyptula minor) of 2 populations, 9 rockhopper penguins (eudyptes chrysocome), and 5 adelie penguins (pygoscelis adeliae) from new zealand (nz) and antarctica (latitude range; 39 degrees 30' s - 77 degrees 13' s) were tested by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) for fungal aspergillus spp. igg. one hundred-ten of 184 (60%) penguins were seropositive, and seroprevalence was r ...	1995	8587585
novel psychrobacter species from antarctic ornithogenic soils.	ornithogenic soil is derived from the deposition of the fecal matter of various species of birds and is a major source of nutrient input in the antarctic marine ecosystem. a significant proportion of microbiota of ornithogenic soil collected from an adélie penguin colony in eastern antarctica (vestfold hills ice-free zone) consisted of gram-negative, coccoid bacteria identified on the basis of their phospholipid ester-linked fatty acid and lipid class profiles as psychrobacter strains. phenotypi ...	1996	8863407
some observations on adelie penguin (pygoscelis adeliae) mortality in east antarctica.	the postmortem findings of an adult male adelie penguin found at magnetic island, east antarctica, demonstrating a premortem wound in addition to those consistent with an attack and scavenging by south polar skuas, are described. other causes of mortality are discussed.	1996	18645851
chlorinated hydrocarbons in the tissues of south polar skuas (catharacta maccormicki) and adélie penguins (pygoscelis adeliea) from ross sea, antarctica.	high rates of egg infertility and embryo death in a colony of south polar skuas breeding in the antarctic were similar to those in polluted north atlantic populations of the great skua. such loss could not be linked to factors such as organochlorine pollutants, as levels of dde and pcbs in the contents of skua eggs from the population were only a small fraction of those in polluted skua populations from the northern hemisphere. average eggshell thickness for skuas nesting on ross island has show ...	1997	15093368
feeding chases and food allocation in adelie penguins, pygoscelis adeliae	among penguins, well-developed feeding chases where chicks run after adults and beg for food are found only in the genera pygoscelisaptenodytesfeeding chases involving adult adelie penguins, with two chicks, compared to feeding chases involving those with one chick, were longer, occurred further from the breeding group and included more runs between each feed. feeding chases were more likely when chicks were close together, and which chick was fed was more likely to switch after a feeding chase. ...	1997	9398361
precise monitoring of porpoising behaviour of adélie penguins determined using acceleration data loggers.	a new method using acceleration data loggers enabled us to measure the porpoising behaviour of adélie penguins (pygoscelis adeliae), defined as a continuous rapid swimming with rhythmic serial leaps. previous hydrodynamic models suggested that leaping would be energetically cheaper when an animal swims continuously at depths of less than three maximum body diameters below the water surface. in the present study, free-ranging adélie penguins leapt at a mean speed of 2.8 m s(-)(1) above the predic ...	1999	10539960
sex steroid and corticosterone levels of adélie penguins (pygoscelis adeliae) during courtship and incubation.	plasma levels of sex steroids (progesterone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, total androgens, and estradiol) were measured at six stages from courtship to late incubation in adélie penguins. the pattern of change detected in the levels of plasma total androgens (males) and estradiol (females) was consistent with that found in many birds, with elevated levels during courtship (total androgens, 4 ng/ml; estradiol, 0.5 ng/ml) declining to low, stable levels during incubation. progesterone levels decli ...	1999	10094854
in vitro hepatic metabolism of a cyp3a-mediated drug, quinine, in adélie penguins.	very little is known about antarctic animals' ability to metabolise or detoxify xenobiotics. the activity of cytochromes p450 subfamily 3a (cyp3a) in adélie penguin liver was studied by incubating penguin liver microsomes with a human cyp3a substrate, quinine, and results were compared with those from human liver microsomes. the mean maximum rate of metabolism (vmax) for quinine in penguin livers was approximately five times less (160+/-72 versus 574+/-416 pmol/mg/min; p<0.01), and the mean km ( ...	1999	10661723
prolactin and parental behavior in adélie penguins: effects of absence from nest, incubation length, and nest failure.	adélie penguin (pygoscelis adeliae) males and females, nesting in antarctica, alternate attendance at the nest with absences of many days to forage at sea. we investigated the importance of tactile input from egg and chicks on prolactin levels by observing nest attendance patterns and obtaining blood samples (1) during the first nest exchange of the incubation stage, (2) from birds whose incubation period was artificially increased or decreased by about 10 days, and (3) from birds whose nests ha ...	2000	11038289
injuries to avian researchers at palmer station, antarctica from penguins, giant petrels, and skuas.	this paper describes 5 cases of injury to seabird researchers between 1996 and 1999 at palmer station, antarctica. the injuries were inflicted by 3 seabird species: the adelie penguin (pygoscelis adeliae); the southern giant petrel (macronectes giganteus); and the brown skua (catharacta lonnbergi). all injured parties were biologic researchers with previous field experience working under national science foundation research grants; all sought medical evaluation and treatment voluntarily. the nat ...	2000	10921359
strategic allocation of ejaculates by male adélie penguins.	sperm competition theory suggests that males should strategically allocate sperm to those females that will bring them the best possible genetic returns. although males of a number of species of insects and fishes have been shown to allocate sperm strategically, we provide, to our knowledge, the first evidence that an avian species is also capable of allocating ejaculates. male adélie penguins (pygoscelis adeliae) are more likely to transfer sperm during extra-pair copulations (epcs) than during ...	2000	11007330
a repeat complex in the mitochondrial control region of adélie penguins from antarctica.	we have determined the nucleotide sequence of the entire mitochondrial control region (cr) of the adélie penguin (pygoscelis adeliae) from antarctica. like in most other birds, this cr region is flanked by the gene nad6 and transfer (t)rna trne(uuc) at the 5' end and the gene rns and trnf(gaa) at the 3' end. sequence analysis shows that the adelie penguin cr contains many elements in common with other crs including the termination associated sequences (tas), conserved f, e, d, and c boxes, the c ...	2000	10984172
gene flow on the ice: genetic differentiation among adélie penguin colonies around antarctica.	each summer adélie penguins breed in large disjunct colonies on ice-free areas around the antarctic continent. comprising > 10 million birds, this species represents a dominant feature of the antarctic ecosystem. the patchy distribution within a large geographical range, natal philopatry and a probable history of refugia, suggest that this species is likely to exhibit significant genetic differentiation within and among colonies. we present data from seven microsatellite dna loci for 442 individ ...	2001	11472533
cholangiocarcinoma with metastasis in a captive adelie penguin (pygoscelis adeliae).	a captive male adelie penguin (pygoscelis adeliae), wild caught in 1976, died unexpectedly. necropsy revealed cholangiocarcinoma with metastases to lung, pancreas, mesentery, and cloaca, the first known case of a penguin hepatic tumor.	2001	12785690
a new technique for monitoring the behaviour of free-ranging adélie penguins.	measurement of the time allocation of penguins at sea has been a major goal of researchers in recent years. until now, however, no equipment has been available that would allow measurement of the aquatic and terrestrial behaviour of an antarctic penguin while it is commuting between the colony and the foraging grounds. a new motion detector, based on the measurement of acceleration, has been used here in addition to current methods of inferring behaviour using data loggers that monitor depth and ...	2001	11171350
assumption and elimination of trace elements in adélie penguins from antarctica: a preliminary study.	the concentration and distribution of some trace elements were determined in stomach contents, excreta and feathers of adélie penguins (pygoscelis adeliae) breeding at edmonson point (terra nova bay-antarctica). in these materials obtained by non-destructive methods, concentrations of mercury, cadmium and lead measured were used to establish natural levels of these metals in the penguins' diet. an intake-excretion hypothesis was formulated.	2002	12408585
rates of evolution in ancient dna from adélie penguins.	well-preserved subfossil bones of adélie penguins, pygoscelis adeliae, underlie existing and abandoned nesting colonies in antarctica. these bones, dating back to more than 7000 years before the present, harbor some of the best-preserved ancient dna yet discovered. from 96 radiocarbon-aged bones, we report large numbers of mitochondrial haplotypes, some of which appear to be extinct, given the 380 living birds sampled. we demonstrate dna sequence evolution through time and estimate the rate of e ...	2002	11910113
buoyancy and maximal diving depth in penguins: do they control inhaling air volume?	using a newly developed data logger to measure acceleration, we demonstrate that free-ranging king and adélie penguins only beat their flippers substantially during the first part of descent or when they were presumed to be chasing prey at the bottom of dives. flipper beating stopped during the latter part of ascent: at 29+/-9 % (mean +/- s.d.) of dive depth (mean dive depth=136.8+/-145.1 m, n=425 dives) in king penguins, and at 52+/-20 % of dive depth (mean dive depth=72.9+/-70.5 m, n=664 dives ...	2002	11948196
a dna-based method for identification of krill species and its application to analysing the diet of marine vertebrate predators.	accurate identification of species that are consumed by vertebrate predators is necessary for understanding marine food webs. morphological methods for identifying prey components after consumption often fail to make accurate identifications of invertebrates because prey morphology becomes damaged during capture, ingestion and digestion. another disadvantage of morphological methods for prey identification is that they often involve sampling procedures that are disruptive for the predator, such ...	2002	12453250
polychloronaphthalenes and other dioxin-like compounds in arctic and antarctic marine food webs.	here we report accumulation patterns of polychlorinated naphthalenes (pcns), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (pcdds), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (pcdfs), polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), and pesticides (hcb, p,p'dde) in polar organisms (polar bear from alaskan arctic and krill, sharp-spined notothen, crocodile icefish, antarctic silverfish, adélie penguin, south polar skua, and weddell seal from the ross sea, antarctica). pcns, found in most of the samples, ranged from 1.5 pg/g in krill to ...	2002	12214639
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls in polar bear, penguin and south polar skua.	concentrations of 2378-substituted polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (pcdds), dibenzofurans (dfs) and non- and mono-ortho-substituted polychlorinated biphenyls (dioxin-like pcbs) were measured in livers of polar bears from the alaskan arctic and in eggs of adelie penguin and south polar skua and weddell seal liver, fish and krill from antarctica. this is one of the first reports to document the concentrations of pcdds/dfs in polar bear livers from alaska, and in penguin and skua eggs from antarc ...	2002	12152823
physiological condition and reproductive consequences in adelie penguins.	animals must make "decisions" (e.g., when or whether to breed, the effort to put into a breeding episode) by integrating physiological, environmental and social inputs. this integration can be studied only in a field context. in adélie penguins (pygoscelis adeliae) reproduction is constrained by foraging ecology, mode of transport, and the extreme latitude at which they live. the decision whether to breed in a given year is influenced by body conditions. adélie penguins must fast for several wee ...	2002	21708696
fluoride content in bones of adelie penguins and environmental media in antarctica.	fluoride (f) distribution and its effects (fluorosis) were investigated in antarctica. droppings (l) excreta selected of aquatic birds, lake water, soil and moss (polytrichum alpinum) showed a high f concentration. although bones of adelie penguin (pygiscelis adeliae) and skua (catharacta maccormicki) showed exceptionally very high f concentration in the range of 832 to 7187 mg kg(-1), their radiographs did not show any evidence of skeletal fluorosis. the possible reason and geochemical aspects ...	2003	14740990
adélie penguins and environmental change.		2003	12702857
development of a highly sensitive screen for influenza a in guano and its application in the search for ancient rna preserved under antarctic adelie penguin colonies.	we have developed a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr)-based assay to detect influenza a in guano samples as part of our program to investigate ancient viral rna from under antarctic adelie penguin (pygoscelis adeliae) colonies. of five extraction protocols tested (rneasy, gtc trizol, gtc silica, rnaid, and agpc), agpc proved to be the most consistent and sensitive to low concentrations of influenza, but further purification with commercial viral nucleic acid spin filter sy ...	2003	14575142
bacterial diversity in adélie penguin, pygoscelis adeliae, guano: molecular and morpho-physiological approaches.	the total number of bacteria and culturable bacteria in adélie penguin (pygoscelis adeliae) guano was determined during 42 days of decomposition in a location adjacent to the rookery in admiralty bay, king george island, antarctica. of the culturable bacteria, 72 randomly selected colonies were described using 49 morpho-physiological tests, 27 of which were subsequently considered significant in characterizing and differentiating the isolates. on the basis of the nucleotide sequence of a fragmen ...	2004	19712357
ontogeny of hepatic microsomal 3-hydroxylation of quinine in adélie penguins.	ontogeny of hepatic cytochrome p450 (cyp) content and of quinine 3-hydroxylation, a biomarker of human cyp3a activity, was investigated in adélie penguins (pygoscelis adeliae) by comparing liver microsomes from chicks aged 13-28 days (n=10) with those from adults. the total cyp content in chick microsomes was significantly lower than in adults and correlated with the age of the chicks (r=0.894, p<0.001). kinetic parameters (mean+/-s.d.) for quinine 3-hydroxylation in chick microsomes were lower ...	2004	15313446
ancient dna enables timing of the pleistocene origin and holocene expansion of two adélie penguin lineages in antarctica.	the timing of divergent events in history is one of the central goals of contemporary evolutionary biology. such studies are however dependent on accurate evolutionary rates. recent developments in ancient dna analysis enable the estimation of more accurate evolutionary rates and therefore more accurate timing of divergence events. consequently, this leads to a better understanding of changes in populations through time. we use an evolutionary rate calculated from ancient dna of adélie penguins ...	2004	14595092
foraging by deep-diving birds is not constrained by an aerobic diving limit: a model of avian depth-dependent diving metabolic rate.	the theoretical aerobic diving limit (tadl) specifies the duration of a dive after which oxygen reserves available for diving are depleted. the tadl has been calculated by dividing the available oxygen stores by the diving metabolic rate (dmr). contrary to diving mammals, most diving birds examined to date exceed the tadl by a large margin. this discrepancy between observation and theory has engendered two alternative explanations suggesting that dive duration is extended either anaerobically or ...	2004	15026973
microevolution and mega-icebergs in the antarctic.	microevolution is regarded as changes in the frequencies of genes in populations over time. ancient dna technology now provides an opportunity to demonstrate evolution over a geological time frame and to possibly identify the causal factors in any such evolutionary event. using nine nuclear microsatellite dna loci, we genotyped an ancient population of adélie penguins (pygoscelis adeliae) aged approximately 6,000 years b.p. subfossil bones from this population were excavated by using an accurate ...	2005	16275908
competition among penguins and cetaceans reveals trophic cascades in the western ross sea, antarctica.	an apparent trophic cascade that appears during summer in the western ross sea, antarctica, explains why the antarctic silverfish (pleuragramma antarcticum) there becomes cannibalistic; its principal prey, crystal krill (euphausia crystallorophias) becomes scarce; and the diatom community is minimally grazed compared to adjacent areas. the krill is the major grazer of diatoms. on the basis of fieldwork at ross island, we suggest that the cascade results from foraging by unusually numerous adélie ...	2006	16937647
corticosterone in relation to body mass in adelie penguins (pygoscelis adeliae) affected by unusual sea ice conditions at ross island, antarctica.	penguins naturally fast each year during breeding and again whilst moulting, and may lose more than 40% of body mass during a fast. fasting in emperor (aptenodytes forsteri) and king (aptenodytes patagonicus) penguins has been divided into three phases, with phase iii characterised by an increased rate of body mass loss, increased plasma corticosterone concentrations, and a change in behaviour leading to abandonment of the breeding attempt and return to sea to feed. initial corticosterone concen ...	2006	16876799
genetic diversity in populations of gentoo penguins (pygoscelis papua).	rapd analysis was used to examine the extent of genetic polymorphism in two populations of gentoo penguin (pygoscelis papua) from antarctic islands (petermann and livingston). the chosen two of three 10 mer oligonucleotide primers accordingly to preliminary results showed different levels of polymorphism in gentoo penguins at petermann island (from 23.53 to 42.86%) and livingston island (from 52.94 to 57.14%). nei's similarity coefficients were in range from 0.5606 (when gentoo genome profiles w ...	2006	16865990
outbreaks of avian cholera in hope bay, antarctica.	during austral summers 1999-2000 and 2000-01, two outbreaks of avian cholera occurred in the hope bay area (63 degrees 24's, 56 degrees 59'w), located on the tip of the antarctic peninsula. eighty-six dead birds were found: five kelp gulls (larus dominicanus), 36 skuas (stercorarius sp.), and 45 adelie penguins (pygoscelis adeliae). the carcasses were studied using clinical, pathological, and microbiological criteria. water samples from ponds where birds were settled and samples from 90 healthy ...	2006	16870848
occurrence of organochlorine pesticides (ocps) and their enantiomeric signatures, and concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) in the adélie penguin food web, antarctica.	concentrations and enantiomeric signatures of organochlorine pesticides were determined in antarctic krill, emerald rockcod and adélie penguin from the ross sea, antarctica. hcb and ddts were prevalent contaminants in penguin eggs. the highest concentrations of sigmahchs (1.35 +/- 0.72 ng/g) were found in the rockcod muscle, where gamma-hch (1.23 +/- 0.67 ng/g) was the principal isomer. the ratio gamma-hch/alpha-hch was evaluated. enantioselective gas chromatography was used for the evaluation o ...	2006	16183185
energetics, growth, and body composition of adélie penguin chicks, pygoscelis adeliae.	adélie penguins are very abundant in antarctica and constitute a large biomass of predatory consumers in the antarctic ecosystem. adélies eat almost exclusively krill (euphausia spp.), and to determine krill requirements by adélies, information on energetics is needed, including energy intake of the chicks. i measured energy use and growth in adélie penguin chicks, using both field and laboratory techniques. field metabolic rate was quite variable, but mass-specific rates were not correlated wit ...	2006	9231397
characterization of cyp1a enzyme in adélie penguin liver.	as cyp1a enzymes are induced by certain contaminants, their induction pattern has been used as a biomarker for exposure of certain pollutants. ethoxyresorufin o-deethylase (erod) activities are widely used in environmental assessments of polychlorinated biphenyls in many wildlife species. the erod activity, a typical probe for cyp1a enzyme was studied in liver microsomes prepared from adélie penguins (pygoscelis adeliae) (n=10). penguin liver microsomes (0.5 mg/ml) were incubated with the substr ...	2006	16949883
divergent responses of pygoscelis penguins reveal a common environmental driver.	the responses of predators to environmental variability in the antarctic peninsula region have exhibited divergent patterns owing to variation in the geographic settings of colonies and predator life-history strategies. five breeding colonies of pygoscelis penguins from king george island and livingston island, south shetland islands, antarctica, were examined to (1) compare the responses of sympatric congeners to recent changes in their antarctic ecosystem and (2) assess underlying causes for s ...	2007	17566778
penguin colonies as secondary sources of contamination with persistent organic pollutants.	although long-range atmospheric transport has been described as the predominant mechanism for exposing polar regions to persistent organic pollutants (pops), recent studies have suggested that bird activity can also contribute substantially to contaminant levels in some environments. however, because the species so far reported have all been migratory, it has not been demonstrated conclusively whether locally elevated contamination represents transport from lower latitudes by the migrating birds ...	2007	17671662
polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins, -furans, and -biphenyls in three species of antarctic penguins.	fish-eating seabirds are recognized to be at risk of accumulating toxic contaminants due to their high position in the trophic web and to their low ability to metabolize xenobiotic compounds. penguins are widely distributed in antarctica and represent an important fraction of the antarctic biomass. they feed mainly on krill and, depending on krill availability, also on fish. it has been reported that predators may be a sink for volatile and toxic chemicals and this may pose a serious environment ...	2007	17993226
abrupt recent shift in delta 13c and delta 15n values in adélie penguin eggshell in antarctica.	stable isotope values of carbon (delta13c) and nitrogen (delta15n) in blood, feathers, eggshell, and bone have been used in seabird studies since the 1980s, providing a valuable source of information on diet, foraging patterns, and migratory behavior in these birds. these techniques can also be applied to fossil material when preservation of bone and other tissues is sufficient. excavations of abandoned adélie penguin (pygoscelis adeliae) colonies in antarctica often provide well preserved remai ...	2007	17620620
marine pelagic ecosystems: the west antarctic peninsula.	the marine ecosystem of the west antarctic peninsula (wap) extends from the bellingshausen sea to the northern tip of the peninsula and from the mostly glaciated coast across the continental shelf to the shelf break in the west. the glacially sculpted coastline along the peninsula is highly convoluted and characterized by deep embayments that are often interconnected by channels that facilitate transport of heat and nutrients into the shelf domain. the ecosystem is divided into three subregions, ...	2007	17405208
crevasse fall in the antarctic: a patient's perspective.	as a veterinarian working on an adélie penguin research program, i was to spend six months on an island off the coast of mawson station in the australian antarctic territory. during a field training exercise on my third day at mawson, i fell into a crevasse with my four-wheel-drive quad bike and was crushed between the bike and the crevasse wall six metres below the rim. i had hypothermia and abdominal injuries, and underwent two emergency surgical procedures at mawson station. sixteen days afte ...	2007	11379493
mutational bias in penguin microsatellite dna.	analysis of nucleotide sequence variation at a microsatellite dna locus revealed extensive size homoplasy of alleles in adélie penguins (pygoscelis adeliae). variation in the flanking regions at this locus allowed discrimination between mechanisms proposed for length changes in microsatellite dna alleles. we further examined the structure of alleles for the same microsatellite dna locus across 11 additional species of penguin (spheniscidae) by mapping allele sequences onto an independent penguin ...	2008	15994417
sea ice cover and its influence on adélie penguin reproductive performance.	the relationship between adélie penguins (pygoscelis adeliae) and ice is well established, with sea ice influencing penguin populations through a variety of processes operating at different spatial and temporal scales. to further explain the relationship between sea ice and adélie penguin reproductive performance, we investigated the relative importance of various measures of sea ice cover on breeding success at béchervaise island, east antarctica. our results show a clear distinction in the res ...	2008	18724720
melting glaciers: a probable source of ddt to the antarctic marine ecosystem.	persistent organic pollutants reach polar regions by long-range atmospheric transport and biomagnify through the food web accumulating in higher trophic level predators. we analyzed adélie penguin (pygoscelis adeliae) samples collected from 2004 to 2006 to evaluate current levels of sigmaddt (p,p'-ddt + p,p'-dde) in these birds, which are confined to antarctica. ratios of p,p'-ddt to p,p'-dde in adélie penguins have declined significantly since 1964 indicating current exposure to old rather than ...	2008	18589951
bayesian inference of errors in ancient dna caused by postmortem degradation.	methods for extracting and amplifying sequences using ancient dna (adna) can be prone to errors caused by postmortem modifications of the dna strand. a new statistical method is developed for predicting errors in adna sequences caused by such processes. in addition to the canonical dna substitution model parameters, a discrete markov chain is used to describe nucleotide substitutions occurring via postmortem degradation of the adna sequences. a computer program, bypassr-degr, was developed imple ...	2008	18420593
corticosterone and foraging behavior in a diving seabird: the adélie penguin, pygoscelis adeliae.	because hormones mediate physiological or behavioral responses to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli, they can help us understand how animals adapt their foraging decisions to energetic demands of reproduction. thus, the hormone corticosterone deserves specific attention because of its influence on metabolism, food intake and locomotor activities. we examined the relationships between baseline corticosterone levels and foraging behavior or mass gain at sea in a diving seabird, the adélie penguin, py ...	2008	18221738
occurrence and diversity of the tetracycline resistance gene tet(m) in enteric bacteria of antarctic adelie penguins.		2008	18487230
mutation and evolutionary rates in adélie penguins from the antarctic.	precise estimations of molecular rates are fundamental to our understanding of the processes of evolution. in principle, mutation and evolutionary rates for neutral regions of the same species are expected to be equal. however, a number of recent studies have shown that mutation rates estimated from pedigree material are much faster than evolutionary rates measured over longer time periods. to resolve this apparent contradiction, we have examined the hypervariable region (hvr i) of the mitochond ...	2008	18833304
growing in antarctica, a challenge for white adipose tissue development in adelie penguin chicks (pygoscelis adeliae).	rapid growth is of crucial importance for adélie penguin chicks reared during the short antarctic summer. it partly depends on the rapid ontogenesis of fat stores that are virtually null at hatching but then develop considerably (x40) within a month to constitute both an isolative layer against cold and an energy store to fuel thermogenic and growth processes. the present study was aimed at identifying by rt-pcr the major transcriptional events that chronologically underlie the morphological tra ...	2008	18799630
corticosterone responses to capture and restraint in emperor and adelie penguins in antarctica.	birds respond to capture, handling and restraint with increased secretion of corticosterone, a glucocorticoid hormone that helps birds adjust to stressful situations. hoods are reported to calm birds, but possible effects of hoods on corticosterone responses have not been reported for any bird. corticosterone responses to restraint in adelie penguins held by their legs with their head covered by a hood were markedly lower than responses of penguins restrained in a mesh bag inside a cardboard box ...	2008	18393566
liver and heart mitochondria obtained from adelie penguin (pygoscelis adeliae) offers high resistance to lipid peroxidation.	lipid peroxidation is generally thought to be a major mechanism of cell injury in aerobic organisms subjected to oxidative stress. all cellular membranes are especially vulnerable to oxidation due to their high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids. however, birds have special adaptations for preventing membrane damage caused by reactive oxygen species. this study examines fatty acid profiles and susceptibility to lipid peroxidation in liver and heart mitochondria obtained from adelie pen ...	2008	18637558
arthrobacter psychrochitiniphilus sp. nov., a psychrotrophic bacterium isolated from antarctica.	a psychrotrophic arthrobacter strain, gp3(t), was isolated from adélie penguin guano from antarctica and characterized. the 16s rrna gene sequence of the novel strain showed the highest similarity (97.8 %) with that of arthrobacter psychrolactophilus b7(t). the novel strain showed a morphological change from rod to coccus. the growth temperature range of strain gp3(t) was 0-25 degrees c, with optimal growth at 20 degrees c. the strain grew over a salinity range of between 0 and 3 % (w/v) nacl an ...	2009	19625417
salmonella infections in antarctic fauna and island populations of wildlife exposed to human activities in coastal areas of australia.	salmonella infections in antarctic wildlife were first reported in 1970 and in a search for evidence linking isolations with exposure to human activities, a comparison was made of serovars reported from marine fauna in the antarctic region from 1982-2004 with those from marine mammals in the northern hemisphere. this revealed that 10 (83%) salmonella enterica serovars isolated from antarctic penguins and seals were classifiable in high-frequency (hf) quotients for serovars prevalent in humans an ...	2009	18789175
corticosterone responses in birds: individual variation and repeatability in adelie penguins (pygoscelisadeliae) and other species, and the use of power analysis to determine sample sizes.	plasma corticosterone concentrations increase when birds experience a stressor, and in this study we quantified variation in corticosterone responses for the first time in a species of free-living bird. adelie penguins (pygoscelisadeliae) nesting at cape bird on ross island in antarctica were sampled on three occasions. penguins with relatively low or high corticosterone responses on the first occasion had consistently low or high responses, as previously found for great tits and chickens. a mod ...	2009	19351536
bacterial diversity associated with ornithogenic soil of the ross sea region, antarctica.	in the ross sea region of antarctica, ornithogenic soils form on land under adélie penguin rookeries. compared with mineral soils of the ross sea region, ornithogenic soils are generally high in microbial biomass, organic carbon, and total nitrogen and phosphorus, with high electrical conductivity and large variations in ph. the objective of this study was to assess the bacterial composition of ornithogenic soils from cape hallett and cape bird in the ross sea region using culture-independent me ...	2009	19190698
nonlinear effects of winter sea ice on the survival probabilities of adélie penguins.	the population dynamics of antarctic seabirds are influenced by variations in winter sea ice extent and persistence; however, the type of relationship differs according to the region and the demographic parameter considered. we used annual presence/absence data obtained from 1,138 individually marked birds to study the influence of environmental and individual characteristics on the survival of adélie penguins pygoscelis adeliae at edmonson point (ross sea, antarctica) between 1994 and 2005. abo ...	2009	19543920
isolation and characterization of macaroni penguin (eudyptes chrysolophus) microsatellite loci and their utility in other penguin species (spheniscidae, aves).	we report the characterization of 25 microsatellite loci isolated from the macaroni penguin (eudyptes chrysolophus). thirteen loci were arranged into four multiplex sets for future genetic studies of macaroni penguin populations. all 25 loci were tested separately in each of four other penguin species [adélie penguin (pygoscelis adeliae), chinstrap penguin (pygoscelis antarctica), gentoo penguin (pygoscelis papua) and king penguin (aptenodytes patagonicus)]. between eight and 12 loci were polymo ...	2009	21564950