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novel and viable acetylcholinesterase target site for developing effective and environmentally safe insecticides.insect pests are responsible for human suffering and financial losses worldwide. new and environmentally safe insecticides are urgently needed to cope with these serious problems. resistance to current insecticides has resulted in a resurgence of insect pests, and growing concerns about insecticide toxicity to humans discourage the use of insecticides for pest control. the small market for insecticides has hampered insecticide development; however, advances in genomics and structural genomics of ...022280344
experimental infection of phlebotomus perniciosus by bioluminescent leishmania infantum using murine model and artificial feeder.leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease that is transmitted by sandflies and caused by obligate intracellular protozoa of the genus leishmania. in the present study, we carried out a screening on the experimental infection of phlebotomus pernioucus by bioluminescent leishmania infantum using murine model and artificial feeder. we developed a real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr)-based method to determine individually the number of leishmania promastigotes fed by infected flies. among 1840 ...027439032
an assessment of the genetic diversity of leishmania infantum isolates from infected dogs in brazil.correlations between the genetic diversity of leishmania infantum (syn. l. chagasi) isolates and their respective geographic origins support the theoretic assumption that visceral leishmaniasis probably originated in the old world. because dogs are widely considered to be the main reservoir of this disease, the present study aimed to investigate the degree of genetic divergence among 44 leishmanial canine isolates from two brazilian cities, jequié and campo grande, located approximately 2,028 km ...022556077
intron retention in the drosophila melanogaster rieske iron sulphur protein gene generated a new protein.genomes can encode a variety of proteins with unrelated architectures and activities. it is known that protein-coding genes of de novo origin have significantly contributed to this diversity. however, the molecular mechanisms and evolutionary processes behind these originations are still poorly understood. here we show that the last 102 codons of a novel gene, noble, assembled directly from non-coding dna following an intronic deletion that induced alternative intron retention at the drosophila ...021610726
the biology and control of leishmaniasis vectors.vector control remains a key component of many anti-leishmaniasis programs and probably will remain so until an effective vaccine becomes available. technologies similar to those used for control of adult mosquitoes, specifically interior residual sprays and insecticide-treated nets, are currently at the forefront as disease control measures. this article provides a review of literature on the biology and control of sand fly vectors of leishmaniasis in the context of changing disease risks and t ...020606968
acoustic communication in insect disease vectors.acoustic signalling has been extensively studied in insect species, which has led to a better understanding of sexual communication, sexual selection and modes of speciation. the significance of acoustic signals for a blood-sucking insect was first reported in the xix century by christopher johnston, studying the hearing organs of mosquitoes, but has received relatively little attention in other disease vectors until recently. acoustic signals are often associated with mating behaviour and sexua ...024473800
an epidemic outbreak of canine cutaneous leishmaniasis in colombia caused by leishmania braziliensis and leishmania panamensis.the largest recorded outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in colombia's history occurred during 2005-2009 in soldiers of the colombian army, with ~40,000 cases. this outbreak was caused by the influx of military personnel into the jungle with the mission of combat illicit crops and the guerrilla. the soldiers remain for long periods within the rainforest and are exposed to the bite of infected sand flies. during the military activities, soldiers work with dogs specially trained to detect landmine ...022556078
evaluation of light-emitting diodes as attractant for sandflies (diptera: psychodidae: phlebotominae) in northeastern brazil.hoover pugedo light traps were modified for use with green and blue-light-emitting diodes to trap phlebotomine sandflies in northeastern brazil. a total of 2,267 specimens belonging to eight genera and 15 species were sampled. the predominant species were nyssomyia whitmani(34.41%) and micropygomyia echinatopharynx(17.25%).the green led trap prevailed over the blue and control lights; however, no statistically significant difference could be detected among the three light sources. even without s ...026517661
the phlebotomine fauna (diptera: psychodidae) of guaraí, state of tocantins, with an emphasis on the putative vectors of american cutaneous leishmaniasis in rural settlement and periurban areas.phlebotomine sandflies were captured in rural settlement and periurban areas of the municipality of guaraí in the state of tocantins (to), an endemic area of american cutaneous leishmaniasis (acl). forty-three phlebotomine species were identified, nine of which have already been recognised as acl vectors. eleven species were recorded for the first time in to. nyssomyia whitmani was the most abundant species, followed by evandromyia bourrouli, nyssomyia antunesi and psychodopygus complexus. the s ...023903972
abundance of lutzomyia longipalpis in urban households as risk factor of transmission of visceral leishmaniasis.urban occurrence of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is linked to households with characteristics conducive to the presence of sand flies. this study proposes an ad hoc classification of households according to the environmental characteristics of receptivity to phlebotominae and an entomological study to validate the proposal. here we describe the phlebotominae population found in intra- and peridomiciliary environments and analyse the spatiotemporal distribution of the vl vector lu ...027223866
identification of sandflies (diptera: psychodidae: phlebotominae) blood meals in an endemic leishmaniasis area in brazil.the aim of this study was to identify blood meals of female sandflies captured in the municipality of governador valadares, an endemic area of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, in the state of minas gerais, brazil. from may 2011 to january 2012, captures were performed using hp light traps in four districts. there were 2,614 specimens (2,090 males and 524 females) captured; 97 engorged females were identified belonging to the species lutzomyia longipalpis(82.1%) and lutzomyia cortelezzii(17. ...026422156
phlebotomine fauna (diptera: psychodidae) in an area of fishing tourism in central-western brazil.the aim of this study was to identify behavioral aspects of the sandfly fauna of a fishing tourism area in the municipality of bonito (ms). monthly captures were undertaken from december 2009 to november 2010, using automatic cdc type light traps, from 18h00 to 06h00, in a forested area, a savannah area, peridomiciles and animal shelters near peridomiciliary areas. nyssomyia whitmani was the most frequent out of a total of 6,699 specimens collected, belonging to 16 species, followed by psathyrom ...026200964
feeding preferences of lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae), the sand fly vector, for leishmania infantum (kinetoplastida: trypanosomatidae).leishmania infantum, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) in brazil, is spread mostly by the bite of the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva). we trapped sand flies in endemic neighborhoods near natal, brazil, where cases of human and dog vl were documented. amplification of species-specific cytochrome b (cyt b) genes by polymerase chain reaction revealed that sand flies from rural and periurban areas harbored blood from different sources. the most common source ofbloodmea ...024605474
spatial and temporal changes in lutzomyia longipalpis abundance, a leishmania infantum vector in an urban area in northeastern argentina.this study aimed to analyse changes in the spatial distribution of lutzomyia longipalpis in posadas, an urban area located in northeastern argentina. data were obtained during the summer of 2007 and 2009 through two entomological surveys of peridomiciles distributed around the city. the abundance distribution pattern for 2009 was computed and compared with the previous pattern obtained in 2007, when the first human visceral leishmaniasis cases were reported in the city. vector abundance was also ...024271040
predicting the geographic distribution of lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae) and visceral leishmaniasis in the state of mato grosso do sul, brazil.to understand the geographic distribution of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) in the state of mato grosso do sul (ms), brazil, both the climatic niches of lutzomyia longipalpis and vl cases were analysed. distributional data were obtained from 55 of the 79 counties of ms between 2003-2012. ecological niche models (enm) of lu. longipalpis and vl cases were produced using the maximum entropy algorithm based on eight climatic variables. lu. longipalpis showed a wide distribution in ms. the highest clima ...024402151
the sandfly fauna (diptera: psychodidae: phlebotominae) of the parque estadual da serra da tiririca, rio de janeiro, brazil.cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) in the state of rio de janeiro is sporadic and can be characterised as a peridomestic transmission that occurs in modified natural environments. the aim of this work was to study the fauna and ecological characteristics of sandflies in an environmentally protected area (the state park of serra da tiririca) within the remnants of the atlantic forest in the municipalities of niterói and maricá and their possible relationship with leishmaniasis. captures were performed ...024141956
spread of phlebotominae in temperate climates: province of córdoba, argentina.we report the presence of the competent vector for leishmania spp, migonemyia migonei, and the evandromyia cortelezzii-sallesi complex south of its known distribution in the central temperate region of argentina, in the province of córdoba. the persistence of this phlebotomine in the northern border of the province, its association with a case of cutaneous leishmaniasis, and the new record in the outskirts of the city of córdoba, the second most populated in the country, strengthens the need for ...026814647
incipient colonisation of lutzomyia longipalpis in the city of resistencia, province of chaco, argentina (2010-2012).lutzomyia longipalpis was recorded for the first time in argentina in 2004, in the province of formosa. in the following years, the vector spread to the south and west in the country and was recorded in the province of chaco in 2010. from november 2010-may 2012, captures of phlebotominae were made in the city of resistencia and its surroundings, to monitor the spread and possible colonisation of lu. longipalpis in the province of chaco. in this monitoring, lu. longipalpis was absent in urban sam ...025075787
the first record of lutzomyia longipalpis in the argentine northwest.in 2004, the urban presence of lutzomyia longipalpis was recorded for the first time in formosa province. in 2006, the first autochthonous case of human urban visceral leishmaniasis (vl) was recorded in misiones in the presence of the vector, along with some canine vl cases. after this first case, the vector began to spread primarily in northeast argentina. between 2008-2011, three human vl cases were reported in salta province, but the presence of lu. longipalpis was not recorded. captures of p ...024402160
first report of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania (leishmania) infantum chagasi in an urban area of rio de janeiro, brazil.american tegumentary leishmaniasis (atl) is an infectious disease caused by protozoa of the genus leishmania, and transmitted by sandflies. in the state of rio de janeiro, almost all of the cases of american tegumentary leishmaniasis (atl) are caused by leishmania (viannia) braziliensis, while cases of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) are caused by leishmania (leishmania) infantum chagasi. the resurgence of autochthonous vl cases in rio de janeiro is related to the geographic expansion of the vector ...026603237
ontology patterns for tabular representations of biomedical knowledge on neglected tropical diseases.ontology-like domain knowledge is frequently published in a tabular format embedded in scientific publications. we explore the re-use of such tabular content in the process of building ntdo, an ontology of neglected tropical diseases (ntds), where the representation of the interdependencies between hosts, pathogens and vectors plays a crucial role.021685092
establishment and characterization of an embryonic cell line from sarconesiopsis magellanica.sarconesiopsis magellanica (le guillou) (diptera: calliphoridae) is a necrophagous fly that is important in both human and veterinary medicines. this insect has been registered in colombia as a biological indicator in estimating post-mortem interval. insect cell cultures are an important biotechnological tool for basic and applied studies, and cell cultures derived from s. magellanica embryonic tissues are described in this study. s. magellanica embryonated eggs were taken for tissue explants. t ...024766352
geographical expansion of canine visceral leishmaniasis in rio de janeiro state, brazil.visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a vector-borne disease that affects humans, and domestic and wild animals. it is caused by the protozoan leishmania (leishmania) infantum (syn = leishmania chagasi). the domestic dog (canis familiaris) is considered the main reservoir of the etiologic agent of vl in domestic and peridomestic environments. in the past three years, although control actions involving domestic dogs are routinely performed in endemic areas of the rio de janeiro state, new cases of canin ...026603233
participation of ticks in the infectious cycle of canine visceral leishmaniasis, in teresina, piauí, brazil.in this study, we detected leishmania spp. infection in r. sanguineus collected from dogs that were naturally infected with l. (l.) infantum. we examined 35 dogs of both sexes and unknown ages. the infected dogs were serologically positive by the immunofluorescence antibody test (ifat), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), and quick test-dpp (dual path platform), as well as parasitological examination of a positive skin biopsy or sternal bone marrow aspiration. ten negative dogs were inclu ...025076429
when population and evolutionary genetics met behaviour.in this review, we analyse the impact of a population and evolutionary genetics approach on the study of insect behaviour. our attention is focused on the model organism drosophila melanogaster and several other insect species. in particular, we explore the relationship between rhythmic behaviours and the molecular evolution of clock and ion channel genes.024473805
effect of mouse antisera targeting the phlebotomus papatasi midgut chitinase ppchit1 on sandfly physiology and fitness.in sandflies, the absence of the peritrophic matrix (pm) affects the rate of blood digestion. also, the kinetics of pm secretion varies according to species. we previously characterised ppchit1, a midgut-specific chitinase secreted in phlebotomus papatasi (ppis) that is involved in the maturation of the pm and showed that antibodies against ppchit1 reduce the chitinolytic activity in the midgut of several sandfly species. here, sandflies were fed on red blood cells reconstituted with naïve or an ...025591111
surface polar lipids differ in male and female phlebotomus papatasi (diptera: psychodidae).the polar lipids on the surface of the old world sand fly, phlebotomus papatasi (scopoli), were analyzed by high-resolution mass spectrometry. blood-fed females and nonblood-fed females and males were separately analyzed and compared. the major polar lipids were found to be long-chain diols and fatty acids. relatively high levels of diacylglycerols were found in blood-fed females and in males. a wide variety of lipids were found at low levels, including esters, sterols, monoacylglycerols, and hy ...025814772
the flagellar protein flag1/smp1 is a candidate for leishmania-sand fly interaction.leishmaniasis is a serious problem that affects mostly poor countries. various species of leishmania are the agents of the disease, which take different clinical manifestations. the parasite is transmitted by sandflies, predominantly from the phlebotomus genus in the old world and lutzomyia in the new world. during development in the gut, leishmania must survive various challenges, which include avoiding being expelled with blood remnants after digestion. it is believed that attachment to the gu ...025793476
identifying vaccine targets for anti-leishmanial vaccine development.leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease spread by an arthropod vector. it remains a significant health problem with an incidence of 0.2–0.4 million visceral leishmaniasis and 0.7–1.2 million cutaneous leishmaniasis cases each year. there are limitations associated with the current therapeutic regimens for leishmaniasis and the fact that after recovery from infection the host becomes immune to subsequent infection therefore, these factors force the feasibility of a vaccine for leishmaniasis ...024606556
genomic, rnaseq, and molecular modeling evidence suggests that the major allergen domain in insects evolved from a homodimeric origin.the major allergen domain (ma) is widely distributed in insects. the crystal structure of a single bla g 1 ma revealed a novel protein fold in which the fundamental structure was a duplex of two subsequences (monomers), which had diverged over time. this suggested that the evolutionary origin of the ma structure may have been a homodimer of this smaller subsequence. using publicly available genomic data, the distribution of the basic unit of this class of proteins was determined to better unders ...024253356
kazal-type serine proteinase inhibitors in the midgut of phlebotomus papatasi.sandflies (diptera: psychodidae) are important disease vectors of parasites of the genus leishmania, as well as bacteria and viruses. following studies of the midgut transcriptome of phlebotomus papatasi, the principal vector of leishmania major, two non-classical kazal-type serine proteinase inhibitors were identified (ppkzl1 and ppkzl2). analyses of expression profiles indicated that ppkzl1 and ppkzl2 transcripts are both regulated by blood-feeding in the midgut of p. papatasi and are also exp ...024037187
development of leishmania (leishmania) infantum chagasi in its natural sandfly vector lutzomyia longipalpis.we analyzed the development of leishmania (leishmania) infantum chagasi in its natural sandfly vector lutzomyia longipalpis. in addition, we compared sandfly infections initiated with axenic amastigotes or promastigotes. our data showed no important difference between lu. longipalpis infection rates resulting from either type of infections. furthermore, development of infection was equivalent in both cases. all promastigote forms were found inside the sandfly and, after blood digestion, most of ...022492144
sand fly-leishmania interactions: long relationships are not necessarily easy.sand fly and leishmania are one of the best studied vector-parasite models. much is known about the development of these parasites within the sand fly, and how transmission to a suitable vertebrate host takes place. various molecules secreted by the vector assist the establishment of the infection in a vertebrate, and changes to the vector are promoted by the parasites in order to facilitate or enhance transmission. despite a generally accepted view that sand flies and leishmania are also one of ...024159365
salivary apyrases of triatoma infestans are assembled into homo-oligomers.apyrase activity is present in the saliva of haematophagous arthropods. it is related to blood-feeding because of the apyrase ability to hydrolyse adp, a key component of platelet aggregation. five apyrases with apparent molecular masses of 88, 82, 79, 68 and 67 kda were identified in the saliva of the vector of chagas disease, triatoma infestans. the large size observed during purification of these enzymes suggested oligomerization. in the present study, we confirmed, using gel-filtration and a ...016542158
light-emitting diode technology improves insect trapping.in a climate of increased funding for vaccines, chemotherapy, and prevention of vector-borne diseases, fewer resources have been directed toward improving disease and vector surveillance. recently developed light-emitting diode (led) technology was applied to standard insect-vector traps to produce a more effective lighting system. this approach improved phlebotomine sand fly capture rates by 50%, and simultaneously reduced the energy consumption by 50-60%. the leds were incorporated into 2 ligh ...018666546
heterogeneities in the transmission of infectious agents: implications for the design of control programs.from an analysis of the distributions of measures of transmission rates among hosts, we identify an empirical relationship suggesting that, typically, 20% of the host population contributes at least 80% of the net transmission potential, as measured by the basic reproduction number, r0. this is an example of a statistical pattern known as the 20/80 rule. the rule applies to a variety of disease systems, including vector-borne parasites and sexually transmitted pathogens. the rule implies that co ...08990210
foreword. 024473796
essential oil composition, antimicrobial and pharmacological activities of lippia sidoides cham. (verbenaceae) from são gonçalo do abaeté, minas gerais, brazil.lippia sidoides (verbenaceae) is used in brazilian folk medicine as an antiseptic, and it is usually applied topically on skin, mucous membranes, mouth, and throat, or used for vaginal washings.027867267
insights into the preservation of the homomorphic sex-determining chromosome of aedes aegypti from the discovery of a male-biased gene tightly linked to the m-locus.the preservation of a homomorphic sex-determining chromosome in some organisms without transformation into a heteromorphic sex chromosome is a long-standing enigma in evolutionary biology. a dominant sex-determining locus (or m-locus) in an undifferentiated homomorphic chromosome confers the male phenotype in the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti. genetic evidence suggests that the m-locus is in a nonrecombining region. however, the molecular nature of the m-locus has not been characterized. u ...024398378
countermeasure development for rift valley fever: deletion, modification or targeting of major virulence factor nss.rift valley fever (rvf) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease characterized by a high rate of abortion in ruminants, and febrile illness, hemorrhagic fever, retinitis and encephalitis in humans. rvf is caused by the rvf virus (rvfv), belonging to the genus phlebovirus of the family bunyaviridae. rvfv encodes a major virulence factor, nss, which is dispensable for viral replication, yet required for evasion of host innate immune responses. rvfv nss inhibits host gene upregulation at the transcript ...024910709
circadian clock of aedes aegypti: effects of blood-feeding, insemination and rna interference.mosquitoes are the culprits of some of the most important vector borne diseases. a species' potential as a vector is directly dependent on their pattern of behaviour, which is known to change according to the female's physiological status such as whether the female is virgin/mated and unfed/blood-fed. however, the molecular mechanism triggered by and/or responsible for such modulations in behaviour is poorly understood. clock genes are known to be responsible for the control of circadian behavio ...024473806
circadian rhythms in insect disease vectors.organisms from bacteria to humans have evolved under predictable daily environmental cycles owing to the earth's rotation. this strong selection pressure has generated endogenous circadian clocks that regulate many aspects of behaviour, physiology and metabolism, anticipating and synchronising internal time-keeping to changes in the cyclical environment. in haematophagous insect vectors the circadian clock coordinates feeding activity, which is important for the dynamics of pathogen transmission ...024473802
cloning and expression analysis of the bombyx mori α-amylase gene (amy) from the indigenous thai silkworm strain, nanglai.α-amylase is a common enzyme for hydrolyzing starch. in the silkworm, bombyx mori l. (lepidoptera: bombycidae), α-amylase is found in both digestive fluid and hemolymph. here, the complete genomic sequence of the amy gene encoding α-amylase from a local thai silkworm, the nanglai strain, was obtained. this gene was 7981 bp long with 9 exons. the full length amy cdna sequence was 1749 bp containing a 1503 bp open reading frame. the orf encoded 500 amino acid residues. the deduced protein showed 8 ...021529256
leishmania amazonensis exhibits phosphatidylserine-dependent procoagulant activity, a process that is counteracted by sandfly saliva.leishmania parasites expose phosphatidylserine (ps) on their surface, a process that has been associated with regulation of host's immune responses. in this study we demonstrate that ps exposure by metacyclic promastigotes of leishmania amazonensis favours blood coagulation. l. amazonensis accelerates in vitro coagulation of human plasma. in addition, l. amazonensis supports the assembly of the prothrombinase complex, thus promoting thrombin formation. this process was reversed by annexin v whic ...024037188
genome-wide analysis of the odorant-binding protein gene family in drosophila melanogaster.olfaction is of considerable importance to many insects in behaviors critical for survival and reproduction, including location of food sources, selection of mates, recognition of colony con-specifics, and determination of oviposition sites. an ubiquitous, but poorly understood, component of the insect's olfactory system is a group of odorant-binding proteins (obps) that are present at high concentrations in the aqueous lymph surrounding the dendrites of olfactory receptor neurons. obps are beli ...012213773
peptides encoded by short orfs control development and define a new eukaryotic gene family.despite recent advances in developmental biology, and the sequencing and annotation of genomes, key questions regarding the organisation of cells into embryos remain. one possibility is that uncharacterised genes having nonstandard coding arrangements and functions could provide some of the answers. here we present the characterisation of tarsal-less (tal), a new type of noncanonical gene that had been previously classified as a putative noncoding rna. we show that tal controls gene expression a ...017439302
the harmonic convergence of fathers predicts the mating success of sons in aedes aegypti.during courtship males often communicate information about their fitness to females. the matching of harmonic components of flight tone in male-female pairs of flying mosquitoes, or harmonic convergence, was recently described. this behaviour occurs prior to mating and has been suggested to function in mate selection. we investigated the hypothesis that harmonic convergence is a component of mosquito courtship. a key prediction of this hypothesis is that harmonic convergence should provide infor ...022003255
canine visceral leishmaniasis case investigation in the jacare region of niteroi, rio de janeiro, brazil.american visceral leishmaniasis is a vector-borne zoonosis in expansion in brazil. dogs are the main urban reservoir. departing from a case of canine visceral leishmaniasis (cvl) in jacaré, niterói, rio de janeiro state, an epidemiological canine and entomological study was performed to assess the extension of the disease at the location. sample was collected around the case and the dogs identified by serological tests (rapid double platform immunochromatographic exams, immunoenzymatic assay/eli ...026422157
plant-derived compounds in treatment of leishmaniasis.leishmaniasis is a neglected public health problem caused by the protozoan species belonging to the genus leishmania affecting mostly the poor populations of developing countries. the causative organism is transmitted by female sandflies. cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral clinical manifestations are the most frequent forms of leishmaniasis. chemotherapy still relies on the use of pentavalent antimonials, amphotericin b, paromomycin, miltefosin and liposomal amphotericin b. however, the appl ...027175144
update on fogo selvagem, an endemic form of pemphigus foliaceus.pemphigus are organ-specific autoimmune diseases, where autoantibodies (mainly immunoglobulin [ig]g) directed against epidermal targets (glycoproteins of the desmosomal core) are detected. endemic pemphigus foliaceus or fogo selvagem (fs) is one of the variants of pemphigus foliaceus pemphigus foliaceus that shares the same clinical and immunopathological features of the classic non-endemic pemphigus foliaceus form, including pathogenic igg (mainly igg4) autoantibodies directed against the ectod ...025558948
identification of leishmania infantum in puerto iguazú, misiones, argentina.the emergence of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (zvl) in latin america is a growing public health problem. the urbanization of zvl has been observed in different countries around the world, and there are a growing number of reports drawing attention to the emergence of this infection in new locations, as well as its increase in previously established areas of endemicity. in the city of posadas, misiones province, northeastern argentina, the transmission of zvl associated with canines and lutzom ...025923899
occurrence of two autochthonous cases of american cutaneous leishmaniasis in the neighborhood of caju, city of rio de janeiro, brazil.american cutaneous leishmaniasis is in full geographic expansion in brazil and it is considered among the infectious and parasitic diseases of utmost importance worldwide, not only by its frequency, but mainly by therapeutic difficulties, deformities and sequelae that may result. in the state of rio de janeiro, the first autochthonous case of american cutaneous leishmaniasis was registered by rabello in 1913. the authors report two cases of the disease in the region around the cemetery são franc ...025184938
cultivation of parasites.parasite cultivation techniques constitute a substantial segment of present-day study of parasites, especially of protozoa. success in establishing in vitro and in vivo culture of parasites not only allows their physiology, behavior and metabolism to be studied dynamically, but also allows the nature of the antigenic molecules in the excretory and secretory products to be vigorously pursued and analyzed. the complex life-cycles of various parasites having different stages and host species requir ...025250227
expansion of visceral leishmaniasis in the state of rio de janeiro, brazil: report of the first autochthonous case in the municipality of volta redonda and the difficulty of diagnosis.visceral leishmaniasis has been showing remarkable epidemiological changes in recent decades, with marked expansion and an emergence of cases in urban areas of the north, southeast and midwest regions of brazil. the kala-azar cases reported here, despite being very characteristic, presented a great difficulty of diagnosis, because the disease is not endemic in volta redonda. the child underwent two hospitalizations in different hospitals, but got the correct diagnosis only after 11 months of sym ...024879008
oviposition behaviour of phlebotomus argentipes--a laboratory-based study.the breeding habitat of sandflies is a little studied and poorly understood phenomenon. more importantly, oviposition behaviour is a largely neglected aspect of sandfly biology and this knowledge gap further undermines our understanding of the biology of sandflies. pheromones released by the eggs play an important role in identifying good sites for oviposition by female insects. several recent studies have examined the oviposition pheromone. the present study provides a preliminary report on the ...024141963
first case of autochthonous human visceral leishmaniasis in the urban center of rio de janeiro: case report.visceral leishmaniasis is an anthropozoonosis that is caused by protozoa of the genus leishmania, especially leishmania (leishmania) infantum, and is transmitted to humans by the bite of sandflies of the genus lutzomyia, such as lutzomyia longipalpis. there are many reservoirs, including canis familiaris. it is a chronic infectious disease with systemic involvement that is characterized by three phases: the initial period, the state period and the final period. the main symptoms are fever, malnu ...024553614
distinct cellular migration induced by leishmania infantum chagasi and saliva from lutzomyia longipalpis in a hemorrhagic pool model.recruitment of a specific cell population after leishmania infection can influence the outcome of the disease. cellular migration in response to leishmania or vector saliva has been reported in air pouch model, however, cellular migration induced by leishmania associated with host's blood and vector saliva in this model has not been described. herein we investigated cellular migration into air pouch of hamster after stimulation with combination of l. chagasi and host's blood and lutzomyia longip ...024553604
the concise guide to pharmacology 2013/14: g protein-coupled receptors.the concise guide to pharmacology 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. the full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. g protein-coupled receptors are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into ...024517644
molecular analysis of an odorant-binding protein gene in two sympatric species of lutzomyia longipalpis s.l.lutzomyia longipalpis s.l. is the main vector of american visceral leishmaniasis (avl) and occurs as a species complex. dna samples from two brazilian sympatric species that differ in pheromone and courtship song production were used to analyse molecular polymorphisms in an odorant-binding protein (obp29) gene. obps are proteins related to olfaction and are involved in activities fundamental to survival, such as foraging, mating and choice of oviposition site. in this study, the marker obp29 was ...024473807
the effect of removing potentially infectious dogs on the numbers of canine leishmania infantum infections in an endemic area with high transmission rates.to assess the effect of the rapid removal of potentially infectious dogs on the prevalence and incidence of canine infections, a prospective study was undertaken in an area endemic for leishmania infantum. we used serological testing based on the rapid dpp rk28 fusion protein chromatographic immunoassay for this dog screening-and-culling intervention trial. the outcome was evaluated by measuring seropositivity and sero-conversion/-reversion rates for canine infection. our estimates indicated tha ...022665602
pharmacology and functions of receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide: iuphar review 1.vasoactive intestinal peptide (vip) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (pacap) are members of a superfamily of structurally related peptide hormones that includes glucagon, glucagon-like peptides, secretin, gastric inhibitory peptide (gip) and growth hormone-releasing hormone (ghrh). vip and pacap exert their actions through three gpcrs - pac(1) , vpac(1) and vpac(2) - belonging to class b (also referred to as class ii, or secretin receptor-like gpcrs). this family comprises ...022289055
leishmania infantum and human visceral leishmaniasis, argentina. 022305425
comparison of optical microscopy and quantitative polymerase chain reaction for estimating parasitaemia in patients with kala-azar and modelling infectiousness to the vector lutzomyia longipalpis.currently, the only method for identifying infective hosts with leishmania infantum to the vector lutzomyia longipalpis is xenodiagnosis. more recently, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) has been used to model human reservoir competence by assuming that detection of parasite dna indicates the presence of viable parasites for infecting vectors. since this assumption has not been proven, this study aimed to verify this hypothesis. the concentration of amastigotes in the peripheral bloo ...027439033
human and canine visceral leishmaniasis in an emerging focus in araçuaí, minas gerais: spatial distribution and socio-environmental factors.this study aimed to analyse the spatial distribution of human (2007-2013) and canine (2013) visceral leishmaniasis (vl) in the city of araçuaí, minas gerais, brazil, and identify the socio-environmental factors related to their occurrence. the spatial distribution of human and canine cases was analysed by kernel density estimation (kde) and the k function. the kde values were analysed for correlation between human and canine lv and for normalised difference vegetation index (ndvi). socio-environ ...027384080
impact of the el niño/southern oscillation on visceral leishmaniasis, brazil.we used time-series analysis and linear regression to investigate the relationship between the annual niño-3 index from 1980 to 1998 and the annual incidence of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) in the state of bahia, brazil, during 1985-1999. an increase in vl incidence was observed in the post-el niño years 1989 (+38.7%) and 1995 (+33.5%). the regression model demonstrates that the previous year's mean niño-3 index and the temporal trend account for approximately 50% of the variance in the annual in ...012194766
adaptive female choice for middle-aged mates in a lekking sandfly.most theoretical models of age-related mate choice predict that females should prefer older males because they have proven survival ability. an alternative view is that older males represent inferior mates because of negative genetic correlations between early and late fitness components, or because older males have traded off longevity against other fitness components, have accumulated deleterious germ-line mutations, or are less well adapted to current conditions than more recently born indivi ...010821613
the concise guide to pharmacology 2015/16: g protein-coupled receptors.the concise guide to pharmacology 2015/16 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 1750 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. the full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.13348/full. g protein-coupled receptors are one of the eight major pharmacological targets into ...026650439
insecticidal effect of plant extracts on phlebotomus argentipes (diptera: psychodidae) in bihar, india.phlebotomus argentipes (diptera: psychodidae), the established vector for kala-azar is presently being controlled by indoor residual spray of ddt in kala-azar endemic areas in india. search for non-hazardous and non-toxic biodegradable active molecules from botanicals may provide cost-effective and eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic insecticides. the present study was aimed at evaluating various plant extracts from endemic and non-endemic areas of bihar for their insecticidal activity agains ...026905249
vectorborne transmission of leishmania infantum from hounds, united states.leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease caused by predominantly vectorborne leishmania spp. in the united states, canine visceral leishmaniasis is common among hounds, and l. infantum vertical transmission among hounds has been confirmed. we found that l. infantum from hounds remains infective in sandflies, underscoring the risk for human exposure by vectorborne transmission.026583260
leishmania infantum chagasi in northeastern brazil: asymptomatic infection at the urban perimeter.visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is endemic in large cities in brazil, including natal. we determined the prevalence of asymptomatic human infection with leishmania infantum chagasi and associated environmental risks around natal. infection was detected by leishmania skin test (lst) and anti-leishmanial antibodies in humans and anti-leishmanial antibodies in dogs. amongst 345 humans, 24.6% were seropositive, and 38.6% were lst-positive. prevalence of positive serology was similar in both sexes and ac ...022232458
identification of risk areas for visceral leishmaniasis in teresina, piaui state, brazil.this study used spatial analysis to identify areas at greatest risk of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) in the urban area of teresina, brazil during 2001-2006. the results from kernel ratios showed that peripheral census tracts were the most heavily affected. local spatial analysis showed that in the beginning of the study period local clusters of high incidence of vl were mostly located in the southern and northeastern parts of the city, but in subsequent years those clusters also appeared in the no ...021540375
standardization of a continuous assay for glycosidases and its use for screening insect gut samples at individual and populational levels.glycoside hydrolases (ghs) are enzymes able to recognize and cleave glycosidic bonds. insect ghs play decisive roles in digestion, in plant-herbivore, and host-pathogen interactions. gh activity is normally measured by the detection of a release from the substrate of products as sugars units, colored, or fluorescent groups. in most cases, the conditions for product release and detection differ, resulting in discontinuous assays. the current protocols result in using large amounts of reaction mix ...028553236
pheromones in mate choice and sexual isolation between siblings of lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera:psychodidae).pheromone-disc contact experiments are described in which different populations of the sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis from brazil were exposed to each others male pheromone extracts. the jacobina population reacted only to the conspecific pheromone. the sobral 2s population, however, would respond to the pheromone of jacobina males, but if given a choice showed a preference for conspecific extract. mate choice experiments are also described using sandflies of two pheromone types from sobral. one ...19671841255
[the finding of lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz and neiva, 1912) in the state of são paulo, brazil. report]. 19705528214
a laboratory culture of lutzomyia longipalpis. 19734801753
proceedings: demonstration of giant chromosomes in the sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz and neiva, 1912). 19751216303
leishmania in phlebotomid sandflies. iii. the ultrastructure of leishmania mexicana amazonensis in the midgut and pharynx of lutzomyia longipalpis. 1975240164
[new finding of phlebotom uses in the state of são paulo with special reference to lutzomyia longipalpis]. 1976945607
leishmania in phlebotomid sandflies. iv. the transmission of leishmania mexicana amazonensis to hamsters by the bite of experimentally infected lutzomyia longipalpis. 197715270
experimental transmission of leishmania chagasi, causative agent of neotropical visceral leishmaniasis, by the sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis. 1977859627
the establishment, maintenance and productivity of a laboratory colony of lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae). 1977845881
the feeding habits of laboratory-bred lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae). 1978633293
some methods for membrane feeding of laboratory reared, neotropical sandflies (diptera: psychodidae).a brief introduction to the history and applications of membrane feeding is given, together with its use to feed and infect sandflies with leishmania. the present paper describes methods for feeding lutzomyia longipalpis and lu. flaviscutellata through membranes. of the membranes tested, chick skins and bat wings gave the best results. membranes stored at -20 degrees c for over a year were found to be less effective than fresh ones. blood meals were maintained at temperatures between 24 degrees ...1978666397
leishmania in phlebotomid sandflies. vii. on the taxonomic status of leishmania peruviana, causative agent of peruvian 'uta', as indicated by its development in the sandfly, lutzomyia longipalpis.the name leishmania peruviana was given by velez (1913) to the parasite responsible for a form of cutaneous leishmaniasis known as 'uta'; this disease occurs in the peruvian andes. clinical similarities between uta and 'oriental sore', which is caused by leishmania tropica of the eastern hemisphere, have, however, led to the suggestion that uta is simply due to l. tropica, which was introduced into latin america by african slaves or european immigrants. leishmania species are divisible into thre ...197943976
factors affecting egg production of laboratory-bred lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae). 1979541814
the susceptibility of the sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva), diptera, phlebotomidae, to laboratory infection with bluetongue virus.bluetongue virus multiplied in the sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis after intrathoracic inoculation but not after oral ingestion of virus. the level of virus multiplication was lower than that observed in similar experiments with the north american vector of bluetongue, culicoides variipennis. inoculated sandflies did not transmit virus after 6 to 9 days incubation at 25 degrees c. it is unlikely that l. longipalpis would be important in the maintenance of bluetongue virus in the wild.19806247994
the susceptibility of lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz and neiva), diptera, psychodidae, to artificial infection with three viruses of the phlebotomus fever group. 19806257191
laboratory tests of repellents against lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae). 19827086853
functional morphology of the midgut of a sandfly as compared to other hematophagous nematocera.the midgut epithelium of female lutzomyia longipalpis was investigated by means of electron microscopic morphometry before and during blood digestion. ultrastructure and cytological changes of the stomach cells upon blood feeding were generally similar to the ones described for phlebotomus longipes (gemetchu, 1974) and for mosquitoes (hecker, 1977). in addition, the quantitative composition of the cells resembled the one of mosquitoes in many respects. despite some morphological differences in t ...19827170711
detection of promastigote stage-specific antigens on leishmania mexicana amazonensis developing in the midgut of lutzomyia longipalpis.previously described monoclonal antibodies ix-if9-d8, ix-2h7-e10 and ix-5h9-c1 recognize promastigote stage-specific determinants present on externally exposed membrane proteins of axenically cultured leishmania mexicana amazonensis. in the present study, these antigens were demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence to be present on promastigotes found in the gut lumen of infected lutzoymia longipalpis. the presence of these antigens on promastigotes found in infected sandflies suggests that t ...19836359907
leishmaniasis in brazil. xix: visceral leishmaniasis in the amazon region, and the presence of lutzomyia longipalpis on the island of marajó, pará state.sporadic cases of visceral leishmaniasis in amazonian brazil appear limited to pará state, in the lower amazon valley and principally near the atlantic coast. the fox cerdocyon thous (l.) has been incriminated as a natural host of the causative parasite, leishmania donovani chagasi, but past doubts have existed over the identification of the most likely vector as lutzomyia (lutzomyia) longipalpis (lutz & neiva, 1912). investigations on two of five recent cases of visceral leishmaniasis of man in ...19836623589
a simple technique for mass rearing lutzomyia longipalpis and phlebotomus papatasi (diptera: psychodidae) in the laboratory. 19836644754
development of a continuous cell line from the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae), and its susceptibility to infection with arboviruses. 19836842527
a simple method for experimental infection of phlebotomine sand flies with leishmania.mouse macrophages, grown in continuous cell culture at 37 degrees c, were inoculated with the promastigote stage of various human pathogenic leishmania species. under these culture conditions, the parasites rapidly entered the cells and transformed into amastigotes. two or 3 days after inoculation, the infected macrophages were mixed with washed human erythrocytes and were fed to female sand flies (phlebotomus papatasi and lutzomyia longipalpis) through a chick skin membrane. within 7-10 days af ...19846696182
replication of rift valley fever virus in the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis.rift valley fever virus was shown to replicate in lutzomyia longipalpis after intrathoracic inoculation. viral titers peaked at approximately 4 days postinoculation [mean titer = 10(4.0) plaque forming units (pfu)] and remained relatively constant through day 7. a minimum of 6 of 326 sand flies transmitted virus by bite to susceptible hamsters after 5-9 days of extrinsic incubation. viral titers of sand flies exposed per os declined steadily through day 9. none of 378 flies that had ingested app ...19846711746
blood leukocyte response in hosts parasitized by the hematophagous arthropods triatoma protracta and lutzomyia longipalpis.the kinetics of peripheral blood basophil and eosinophil responses in guinea pigs to multiple infestation by nymphal and adult triatoma protracta (vessel feeder) and adult lutzomyia longipalpis (pool feeder) were examined. hosts exhibited significant blood basophil and eosinophil responses to feeding by both arthropods. basophilia was slow to develop and mild in intensity following primary triatoma infestation but exhibited immediate anamnestic-type responses to secondary infestation, with marke ...19846375409
leishmanial infections in lutzomyia longipalpis and lu. antunesi (diptera: psychodidae) on the island of marajó, pará state, brazil. 19846485061
[ecology of lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva, 1912) and possibilities of the existence of visceral leishmaniasis in costa rica].a semiarid area of northwest costa rica where lutzomyia longipalpis is common in corrals around houses is described. monthly captures of the sandfly during two consecutive years for fixed periods of time indicated that the insect bites avidly cows, horses, pigs, dogs and humans. from a total of 14,215 specimens, 90.5% were males and the species is markedly more abundant during the dry season decreasing considerably when rain comes. the possibility that visceral leishmaniasis could become in the ...19846533420
leishmania infections in lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera:psychodidae) on the island of são luis, maranhão state, brazil.dissection of lutzomyia longipalpis, captured in the são luis focus of visceral leishmaniasis revealed a 1.8% promastigote infection rate.19846535920
studies on the biology of phleboviruses in sand flies (diptera: psychodidae). i. experimental infection of the vector.this paper describes a series of experiments which were done to determine the behavior of 14 different phleboviruses in laboratory-reared sand flies (phlebotomus papatasi, p. perniciosus and lutzomyia longipalpis) after oral and parenteral infection. most of the viruses replicated in the sand flies after intrathoracic inoculation; however, the insects were quite refractory to oral infection. six of 11 phleboviruses tested were transovarially transmitted in one or more sand fly species. the perce ...19846091466
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