Publications

controlling the fall armyworm in sweet corn and popcorn with ddt.		1946	20286305
comparative histopathology of a granulosis and a nuclear polyhedrosis of spodoptera frugiperda.		1968	5655351
synthesis of cis-9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate, the sex pheromone of the fall armyworm.		1968	5690959
sex pheromones of the southern armyworm moth: isolation, identification, and synthesis.	two sex pheromones have been isolated from the female southern armyworm moth, prodenia eridania (cramer), and identified as cis-9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate, identical with the sex pheromone of the fall armyworm moth, spodoptera frugiperda (j. e. smith), and cis-9,trans-12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate.	1970	5507205
flight performance and metabolism of the moth spodoptera frugiperda.		1971	5158369
characterization of deoxyribonucleic acid isolated from the granulosis viruses of the cabbage looper, trichoplusia ni and the fall armyworm, spodoptera frugiperda.		1972	4636117
characterization of nuclear polyhedrosis virus dnas.	the nuclear polyhedrosis virus dnas characterized and compared in this study consist of the singly-enveloped nucleocapsids (snpv) of trichoplusia ni and the bundles of nucleocapsids common to a single envelope (mnpv) from spodoptera frugiperda and rachiplusia ou. the snpv and mnpv dnas are very similar in hydrodynamic properties and molecular weights. in addition, the npv dnas are similar in size to those extracted from the granulosis viruses that infect t. ni and s. frugiperda. as isolated from ...	1973	4761726
fatty acid profiles of cells from the insect cell line iprl-21 (spodoptera frugiperda) and of the tissue culture medium after repeated use.		1973	4353540
some genetic aspects of the resistance of spodoptera frugiperda to a nuclear polyhedrosis virus.		1974	4597766
replication of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus in a continuous cell culture of spodoptera frugiperda: purification, assay of infectivity, and growth characteristics of the virus.	nonoccluded virus, polyhedra, and occluded virus were purified from a continuous cell culture of spodopera frugiperda infected with nuclear polyhedrosis virus. the optimal temperature for the replication and lateral transmission of infectivity for the nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (npv) in cell culture was 27 c. end-point dilution and plaque assay procedures for the measurement of infectivity are described and compared. dose-response data demonstrated that a single particle could initiate an infe ...	1974	4608299
replication of nuclear polyhedrosis virus in a continuous cell culture of spodoptera frugiperda: microscopy study of the sequence of events of the virus infection.	a microscopy study of the sequence of morphogenic events of spodoptera frugiperda nuclear polyhedrosis virus infection of s. frugiperda cells is presented which orders the sequence of replication and establishes the time scale within which the events occur. the virus entered the cell by 1 h postinfection and was uncoated. the eclipse period was 9 h and the latent period was 12 h. polyhedron formation was detected by 18 h postinfection and continued until the deposition of the polyhedron membrane ...	1975	1107597
characteristics of the non-occluded form of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus.	non-occluded virions of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the alfalfa looper, autographa californica, found in the medium of cell cultures of infected fall armyworm, spodopter frugiperda, and in the hemolymph of infected s. frugiperda larvae were partially characterized by biological, chemical and physical methods. also, the rate of appearance of the virions was studied in cell culture and the host insect to determine maximum virion production. virions obtained from both sources were heat-sensitiv ...	1975	343
insect cell culture: improved media and methods for initiating attached cell lines from the lepidoptera.	several cell lines from the pupae of the noctuid moth species spodoptera frugiperda, heliothis zea, and trichoplusia ni were isolated on a synthetic medium containing insect hemolymph and turkey serum. these lines were progressively adapted to improved media free of insect hemolymph but containing one or more of the following sera: turkey, chicken, and fetal calf. primary culture tissue disruption was improved by substituting collagenase for trypsin. primary culture survival was improved by cont ...	1975	172433
the effects of inhibitors of nucleic acid and protein synthesis on the replication of spodoptera frugiperda nuclear polyhedrosis virus in cultured spodoptera frugiperda cells.	the effects of inhibitors of nucleic acid and protein synthesis on the replication of spodoptera frugiperda nuclear polyhedrosis virus have been determined. two inhibitors of protein synthesis-cycloheximide and puromycin-were irreversible inhibitors of virus multiplication. three inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis-actinomycin d, cytosine arabinoside and camptothecin- prevented virus multiplication; only camptothecin was reversible. rifampicin had no effect on virus multiplication.	1976	799627
"oryctes" virus replication: electron microscopic observations on infected moth and mosquito cells.	"oryctes" virus replicates efficiently in continuous moth (spodoptera frugiperda) and mosquito (aedes albopictus) cell cultures. progeny virus was detected by bioassay and electron microscopy 15 hr after infection in both cell cultures. s. frugiperda cells permitted replication morphologically similar to that observed in vivo occurring in the cell nucleus. a. albopictus cells permitted replication of the virus solely in the cytoplasm.	1976	18621357
aggressive chemical mimicry by a bolas spider.	mature female mastophora sp. spiders attract prey with a volatile substance which apparently mimics the female sex attractant pheromone of the fall armyworm spodoptera frugiperda (lepidoptera). the rate of prey capture is similar to that of a conventional orb weaver of comparable body size.	1977	17818935
the establishment of two cell lines from the insect spodoptera frugiperda (lepidoptera; noctuidae).	the history and characteristics of two cells lines developed from primary explants of pupal tissue from the insect, spodoptera frugiperda (j.e. smith), are described. one cell line, iplb-sf 21, was developed with hemolymph-supplemented medium and has been maintained continuously on the medium. the second cell line, iplb-sf-1254, was developed with a medium containing a combination of vertebrate sera plus hemolymph and was adapted to hemolyphn-free medium at the 6th passage. the iplb-sf-21 cell l ...	1977	68913
replication of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus in a continuous cell line of spodoptera frugiperda: partial characterization of the viral dna, comparative dna-dna hybridization, and patterns of dna synthesis.		1978	351928
the replication and titration of iridescent virus type 22 in spodoptera frugiperda cells.	a plaque assay for iridescent virus type 22 (from simulium sp.) using spodoptera frugiperda cells has been devised, and the kinetics of growth of the virus in this cell line have been determined. the virus particle/p.f.u. ratio was 75 +/- 8, and the p.f.u./tcid50 ratio was 0.56 +/- 0.11.	1978	621497
plaque assay of nuclear polyhedrosis viruses in cell culture.	the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of autographa californica has been titrated in spodoptera frugiperda cells by the plaque method, using a solid overlay which does not require either the use of modified culture medium or expensive purified agarose or the addition of culture medium as a liquid layer above the solid agarose. this assay is more sensitive than that using a viscous methyl cellulose overlay but less sensitive than the end-point dilution technique. neither trichoplusia ni nor bombyx mori ...	1978	16345306
plaque assay of baculoviruses employing an agarose-nutrient overlay.	four baculoviruses produced visible plaques in the spodoptera frugiperda cell line when cell monolayers were infected and overlayed with a simplified, agarose-nutrient formulation. macroscopic plaques were first detected 4 days postinoculation, and by 10 days plaques ranging from 0.5 to 3 mm in diameter were seen. dose-response experiments indicated that a single particle initiated the formation of a plaque, because a linear response was demonstrated with increased dosage.	1979	429141
genetic analysis of a baculovirus, autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus i. isolation of temperature-sensitive mutants and assortment into complementation groups.	temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants were isolated from the baculovirus autographa californica (alfalfa looper) mnpv, grown in spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) cells in the presence of n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine. of 567 plaque isolates screened, 27 were temperature sensitive (ts), representing a mutation frequency of 4.8%. ten ts mutants were studied in detail: six failed to yield nonoccluded virus at 33 degrees c (nov mutants), whereas the other four produced nonoccluded virus but ...	1979	16789180
infection of spodoptera frugiperda cells with autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus i. synthesis of intracellular proteins after virus infection.	the replication of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv) in spodoptera frugiperda cells in culture has been studied with different methods. the first virus-induced polypeptides (with molecular weights of 46k, 30k, 29k) in infected cells appeared at 3 hr postinfection. viral dna synthesis started at about 5 hr postinfection. by electron microscopy, intranuclear nucleocapsids were detected at 10 hr postinfection and at about the same time, the titer of intracellular infectious ...	1979	16945842
infection of spodoptera frugiperda cells with autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus ii. the viral dna and the kinetics of its replication.	the kinetics of replication of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv) dna in spodoptera frugiperda cells in culture were studied. viral dna replication started at about 5 hr postinfection, the rate of viral dna replication reached a maximum at about 18 hr postinfection and thereafter decreased. parental viral dna could be detected within the first hour postinfection in the total intracellular dna by the southern technique. there was no evidence for the occurrence of acnpv dna ...	1979	16945843
infectious dna from autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus.	cells from the lepidopteran spodoptera frugiperda can be successfully transfected in culture with the dna from autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv). the calcium chloride precipitation procedure has been used in conjunction with dimethyl sulfoxide treatment of the transfected cells. the highest specific infectivity observed was 6.1 x 10(4) pfu/mug of acnpv dna. as judged from a comparison of the restriction patterns of viral dna preparations, the virus produced in transfectio ...	1980	16945844
characterization of an extremely basic protein derived from granulosis virus nucleocapsids.	nucleocapsids were isolated from purified enveloped nucleocapsids of plodia interpunctella granulosis virus by treatment with nonidet p-40. when analyzed on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, the nucleocapsids consisted of eight polypeptides. one of these, a major component with a molecular weight of 12,500 (vp12), was selectively extracted from the nucleocapsids with 0.25 m sulfuric acid. its electrophoretic mobility on acetic acid-urea gels was intermediate to that of cellular histone ...	1980	16789190
on the origin of the polyhedral protein of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. isolation, characterization, and translation of viral messenger rna.	virus-specific messenger rna was isolated 24 hr postinfection from spodoptera frugiperda cells infected with autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv) by means of hybridization with viral dna that was coupled to cellulose. viral mrna was analyzed on isokinetic sucrose gradients and on polyacrylamide gels containing 98% formamide. viral mrna was also translated in an in vitro protein-synthesizing system derived from wheat germ. one product comigrated with purified acnpv polyhedral ...	1980	18631636
autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus-induced proteins in tissue culture.	the multiplication of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus was studied in trichoplusia ni and spodoptera frugiperda insect cell lines. using pulse labeling, 18 viral-induced proteins were identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. based on infectivity curves and protein synthesis studies, replication could be divided into four phases. during the early phase of infection, four viral-induced proteins with molecular weights of 45, 35, 34, and 31 thousand daltons could be detecte ...	1980	18631644
radioimmunoassay analysis of baculovirus granulins and polyhedrins.	granulin and polyhedrin proteins were purified by preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis from the baculoviruses autographa californica, rachiplusia ou, heliothis zea, heliothis armigera, trichoplusia ni, and spodoptera frugiperda. antisera were raised against autographa californica (ac) polyhedrin and trichoplusia ni (tn) granulin and analyzed for homologous and heterologous immunoreactivity by immunodiffusion and radioimmunoassay (ria). ac polyhedrin and tn ...	1980	18631650
chemically-defined media for production of insect cells and viruses in vitro.	two chemically-defined media are described. they support the growth of a) an established cell line of spodoptera frugiperda cells and b) two established mosquito cell lines from aedes aegypti and anopheles gambiae. the replication of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv) in s. frugiperda cells grown in a defined medium is reported.	1980	6102531
improved replication of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus in roller bottles: characterization of the progeny virus.	a reproducible growth curve was established for the propagation of autographa californica (speyer) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acmnpv) in a continuous insect line from spodoptera frugiperda (j. e. smith) during large-volume production. a newly developed method for quantitation of polyhedra inclusion bodies (pib) by electron microscopy (em) during the growth cycle was compared to hemocytometer counts. the virus particles (vp) ratio to pfu and vp per pib were established by em methods. optimal yie ...	1981	7028679
induction of a nonoccluded baculovirus persistently infecting heliothis zea cells by heliothis armigera and trichoplusia ni nuclear polyhedrosis viruses.	a nonoccluded singly enveloped baculovirus (baculovirus x) persistently infects heliothis zea (imc-hz-1) cells in culture. singly enveloped nuclear polyhedrosis viruses from h. zea and heliothis armigera, and multiply enveloped nuclear polyhedrosis viruses from trichoplusia ni, spodoptera frugiperda, and spodoptera littoralis were all found to induce baculovirus x. experiments are reported which use metabolic inhibitors and inactivated inducing virus to show that it is probable that a structural ...	1981	18635066
investigation of genetic heterogeneity in wild isolates of spodoptera frugiperda nuclear polyhedrosis virus by restriction endonuclease analysis of plaque-purified variants.	spodoptera frugiperda nuclear polyhedrosis virus (sfmnpv was obtained from four different sources and each isolate was cultured in iplb-sf21 cells. viral dna from each isolate was analyzed with ecor1, xho1, and bamh1 restriction endonucleases. all four isolates could be distinguished on the basis of minor differences in ecor1 patterns. submolar dna restriction fragments were seen in all isolates indicating that each isolate consisted of a mixture of different genotypes. to investigate this, two ...	1981	18635067
attempts to obtain oryctes baculovirus replication in three insect cell cultures.	attempts were made to obtain oryctes baculovirus replication in three insect cell cultures. the cell cultures were derived from the dynastine beetle heteronychus arator, the fall armyworm spodoptera frugiperda, and the mosquito aedes albopictus. the criteria for virus replication were synthesis of virus-specific dna and presence of virus particles within cells. infection occurred in h. arator cells but not in s. frugiperda cells. when a. albopictus cells were inoculated with high concentrations ...	1981	18635075
alpha-amanitin-resistant viral rna synthesis in nuclei isolated from nuclear polyhedrosis virus-infected heliothis zea larvae and spodoptera frugiperda cells.	[(3)h]rna was synthesized in nuclei isolated at various times postinfection from the fat bodies of heliothis zea larvae infected with h. zea nuclear polyhedrosis virus and from cultured spodoptera frugiperda cells infected with autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. to detect virus-specific rna synthesis, the [(3)h]rna was hybridized to denatured viral dna immobilized on nitrocellulose filters. nuclear polyhedrosis virus-specific rna synthesis in the infected nuclei isolated from h. ...	1981	16789208
spodoptera frugiperda nuclear polyhedrosis virus genome: physical maps for restriction endonucleases bamhi and hindiii.	the physical map for the genome of spodoptera frugiperda nuclear polyhedrosis virus was constructed for restriction endonucleases bamhi and hindiii. the ordering of the restriction fragments was accomplished by cross-blot hybridization of bamhi, hindiii, and ecori fragments. the alignment of the hindiii fragments within the bamhi map was achieved by double digestion with the two restriction endonucleases followed by cross-blot hybridization. the results showed that the viral genome consisted of ...	1981	16789209
capping of viral rna in cultured spodoptera frugiperda cells infected with autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus.	viral rna from fall armyworm (spodoptera frugiperda) cells infected with autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus contains cap structures. most of the cap labeled in vivo with [(3)h]methionine or (32)p(i) cochromatographed on deae-cellulose with the -5 charge marker; a minor component appeared at -4 net charge. the former is probably a cap 1 structure (m(7)gpppx(m) (p)yp), and the latter is probably a cap 0 (m(7)gpppxp). on the basis of relative labeling of the two caps with [(3)h]adeno ...	1982	16789227
in vitro translation of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus early and late mrnas.	a preliminary translational map of the autographa californica genome was constructed. eighteen viral dna restriction fragments were either purified from agarose gels or obtained from pbr322 recombinant dna plasmids to locate specific gene products. the dnas were immobilized on nitrocellulose filters and used to select viral mrnas isolated from rna obtained from the cytoplasm of infected spodoptera frugiperda cells at 21 h postinfection. the fragment-specific mrnas were translated in vitro in the ...	1982	16789231
analysis of the spodoptera frugiperda nuclear polyhedrosis virus genome by restriction endonucleases and electron microscopy.	restriction endonuclease analysis was used to differentiate between four strains of spodoptera frugiperda nuclear polyhedrosis virus from different geographical areas. in addition, partial denaturation was performed, and a partial denaturation map was constructed for the ohio strain of this virus.	1982	16789233
[transfection conditions for baculovirus dna in an insect cell line].	the following conditions were found to be necessary to achieve infection of a spodoptera frugiperda cell line with purified dna of nuclear polyhedrosis virus of spodoptera exempta (npv): (1) cell monolayers shall be prepared one day before the experiment; the number of cells added to 35-mm wells of plastic clusters (falcon) shall be 1.0 x10(6)-1.1x10(6), and the cells shall be in the stage of logarythmic growth; dna shall be diluted in hebs-buffer (ph 6.95-7.05); the volume of the mixtures added ...	1982	7090350
the translational map of the autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv) genome.	we have mapped early and late viral gene products expressed in autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus ( acnpv )-infected spodoptera frugiperda cells by cell-free translation of virus-specific rna which was selected by hybridization to cloned restriction endonuclease fragments of acnpv dna. proteins synthesized in vitro were labeled with [35s]methionine and analyzed by sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by fluorography. at least four early acnpv -specific polypeptides were ...	1982	6327284
analysis of a mutant of autographa california nuclear polyhedrosis virus with a defect in the morphogenesis of the occlusion body macromolecular lattice.	a mutant (m-29) of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acmnpv) grew in spodoptera frugiperda and trichoplusia ni cells but did not form typical intranuclear occlusion bodies (ob); instead, small particles (95 to 180 nm diam.) were produced in copious amounts within nuclei. ultrastructural studies showed that the particles did not occlude enveloped nucleocapsids and that they lacked a macromolecular paracrystalline lattice and a structure equivalent to the occlusion body envelope. ...	1983	6306151
monoclonal antibodies to baculovirus structural proteins: determination of specificities by western blot analysis.	conventional mouse hybridoma technology was utilized to produce a panel of monoclonal antibodies which reacted with baculovirus proteins. using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), the hybridomas which were raised against polyhedrin from autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv) and choristoeura fumiferana nuclear polyhedrosis virus (cfnpv) were found to cross-react differentially with polyhedrins and granulins from several species of baculoviruses. hybridoma antibodies ...	1983	6340331
baculovirus replication: inhibition of trichoplusia ni multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus by [e]-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine.	[e]-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (bvdu) inhibits the replication of the baculovirus trichoplusia ni multiple nucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus in spodoptera frugiperda cells. virus-specific dna synthesis and late protein synthesis are suppressed by the drug. bvdu is phosphorylated by deoxythymidine (deoxycytidine) kinase present in both uninfected and virus-infected cells, and in its 5'-triphosphate form it inhibits dna polymerase activity in virus-infected cells. the effect of the bvd ...	1983	6343553
persistent baculovirus infections: spodoptera frugiperda npv and autographa californica npv in spodoptera frugiperda cells.	establishment of a persistent infection of spodoptera frugiperda nuclear polyhedrosis virus (npv) in spodoptera frugiperda (s.f.) cells occurred in three phases: the first phase was characterised by high levels of cell infection and death, the second phase by decreasing cell infection levels leading to the final phase where less than one per cent of the cells were infected during any subculture. the virus persisted at this level of infection provided the cells were maintained by regular subcultu ...	1983	6360080
bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis crystal delta-endotoxin: effects on insect and mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo.	bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis parasporal crystal delta-endotoxin was purified by ultracentrifugation on a discontinuous sucrose gradient. native delta-endotoxin crystals showed no detectable toxicity in the vitro and in vivo systems that are described. by contrast alkali-solubilized crystal delta-endotoxin caused rapid cytological and cytopathological changes in aedes albopictus, choristoneura fumiferana 63 cf1, spodoptera frugiperda and trichoplusia ni cell lines as observed by phase-c ...	1983	6874728
molecular engineering of the autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus genome: deletion mutations within the polyhedrin gene.	we describe a method to introduce site-specific mutations into the genome of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. specifically, the a. californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus gene for polyhedrin, the major protein that forms viral occlusions in infected cells, was mutagenized by introducing deletions into the cloned dna fragment containing the gene. the mutagenized polyhedrin gene was transferred to the intact viral dna by mixing fragment and viral dnas, cotransfecting spodoptera fr ...	1983	16789242
viral transcription during autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus infection: a novel rna polymerase induced in infected spodoptera frugiperda cells.	autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus-specific rna synthesis in isolated nuclei of spodoptera frugiperda cells in culture was monitored at different times postinfection. up to 8 h postinfection viral rna synthesis remained sensitive to 5 mug of alpha-amanitin per ml. during the course of infection this sensitivity decreased, and at 24 h postinfection rna synthesis was completely resistant to alpha-amanitin. deae-sephadex profiles of rna polymerase isolated at 24 h postinfection showe ...	1983	16789246
characterization of two abundant mrnas of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus present late in infection.	cytoplasmic poly(a)(+) rna isolated from spodoptera frugiperda cells late after infection with autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (30-40 hr pi) was fractionated according to size on denaturing methyl mercury gels. two major rna species (1.4 kb and 0.75 kb) and several minor rna species were detected by ethidium bromide staining. the predominant rna species of about 1.4 kb was considered to be polyhedrin mrna because (1) in vitro translation of the rna, which was eluted from methyl ...	1983	18638868
serological analysis of 17 baculoviruses from subgroups a and b using protein blot immunoassay.	we used the protein blot radioimmunoassay technique (smith and summers, 1981) to evaluate the immunoreactivity of antisera made against sds-disrupted baculovirus structural proteins. eight antisera (six for npvs and two for gvs) were tested against eleven nuclear polyhedrosis (npv) and six granulosis viruses (gv). homologous reactions revealed that sds-disrupted baculovirus antigens elicited antibodies which reacted with several of the virus proteins. heterologous reactions of each viral antiser ...	1983	18638912
mapping early transcription products of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus.	the regions of the acmnpv genome represented as cytoplasmic transcripts early after infection of spodoptera frugiperda cells prior to and encompassing the initiation of dna replication were mapped. in vivo(32)p pulse-labeled cytoplasmic rna from infected cells at various times postinfection was used to probe southern blots of cloned ecori acmnpv dna fragments. at the earliest time point studied (0.5 - 2.5 hr p.i.) transcripts represented a large proportion of the genome although specific regions ...	1983	18638940
a semipermissive nuclear polyhedrosis virus infection: characterization of infection kinetics and morphogenesis.	an in vitro host-range model system, designated system ii, was developed for the multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus spodoptera frugiperda (sf-mnpv). this system consisted of sf-mnpv-infected s. frugiperda cells (permissive system) and sf-mnpv-infected trichoplusia ni cells (semipermissive system). infection kinetic studies revealed that while progeny virus was produced in the semipermissive system, the infectious virus yield was at least 700-fold lower than that in positive controls. electro ...	1983	18639138
a study of the glycoproteins of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv).	pulse labeling with tritiated mannose was used to follow the time course of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv) glycoprotein synthesis in spodoptera frugiperda iplb-21 cells. nine viral-induced intracellular glycoproteins were first detected from as early as 2 hr postinoculation (67k, early phase) to as late as 14 hr (36k and 19k glycoproteins, intermediate phase). glycosylation of these proteins was observed to continue to the end of the experiment (28 hr postinoculation). ...	1983	18639173
sources of fall armyworm,spodoptera frugiperda (lepidoptera: noctuidae), kairomones eliciting host-finding behavior incotesia (=apanteles) marginivenitris (hymenoptera: braconidae).	bioassay responses incotesia marginiventris (cresson) females to materials derived from fall armyworm (faw) larvae,spodoptera frugiperda (j. e. smith), were most intense for frass and somewhat less intense for larval and pupal cutical materials, scales, exuviae, silk, and oral secretion, with faw larval hemolymph eliciting only a slight response. the highest percentage of ovipositor probing was caused by frass (100%) and moth scales (90%). various types of corn-leaf damage when assayed alone did ...	1984	24318846
baculovirus replication: phosphorylation of polypeptides synthesized in trichoplusia ni nuclear polyhedrosis virus-infected cells.	a number of polypeptides synthesized specifically in trichoplusia ni multiple nucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (t. ni mnpv)-infected spodoptera frugiperda cells are phosphorylated both early and late in infection. certain non-structural proteins and the major basic internal protein are the main phosphoproteins detected in infected cells. the polyhedron protein was not phosphorylated. many cell proteins continue to be phosphorylated throughout infection. pulse-chase experiments have shown ...	1984	6379101
purification of a human alternative complement pathway inhibitor from hemolymph of larval fall armyworm (spodoptera frugiperda).	larval spodoptera frugiperda hemolymph contains a specific inhibitor of the alternative pathway of human complement. this inhibitor was purified from larval hemolymph (hl) by 50% (nh4)2so4 precipitation, deae-sephacel chromatography and sequential gel-filtration on bio-gel 1.5m, 0.5m and sephacryl s-200. purified hl protein (mr = 110,000) was composed of two mr 55,000 polypeptide chains. addition of purified hl protein to human complement resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of rarbc lysis an ...	1984	6477568
physical maps of sfmnpv baculovirus dna and its genomic variants.	spodoptera frugiperda mnpv was plaque-purified, and the viral dna from the plaque-purified isolates was analyzed with restriction endonuclease enzymes. seven distinct variants were identified when the dna of the isolates were analyzed by ecori and hindiii. the dnas of the sfmnpv predominant type (prototype) and the variants were mapped with bamhi, bglii, bsteii, ecori, hindiii, kpni, and psti by multiple enzyme digestion and blot hybridization. the cleavage sites generated by the seven restricti ...	1984	6330992
microsomal biphenyl hydroxylase of fall armyworm larvae and its induction by allelochemicals and host plants.	biphenyl was hydroxylated to 4-hydroxybiphenyl by a mixed-function oxidase system from midgut microsomes of fall armyworm (spodoptera frugiperda) larvae. optimum conditions for assaying the enzyme were established. the microsomal biphenyl 4-hydroxylase activity increased during larval development and declined in the prepupa. allelochemicals (monoterpenes, indoles and flavones), drugs (phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene) and host plants were found to induce the hydroxylase. the enzyme was als ...	1984	6146463
transcription of overlapping sets of rnas from the genome of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus: a novel method for mapping rnas.	the insect baculovirus autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv) contains a double-stranded, supercoiled circular genome of 126 to 129 kilobase pairs in length. in cultured spodoptera frugiperda insect cells the virus replications, and early and late phases of viral genome expression are discernible. we previously mapped 5 early and at least 32 late different viral polypeptides on the viral genome (h. esche, h. lübbert, b. siegmann, and w. doerfler, embo j. 1:1629-1633, 1982). ho ...	1984	6090702
structural and functional similarities between the major hemolymph protein of fall armyworm and cat c4 binding protein of the complement system.	we have investigated the structural and functional similarities between insect (armyworm) major larval serum protein (lsp-i) and mammalian (cat) c4 binding protein (i) by comparing the major chymotryptic peptide patterns using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and (ii) their ability to prevent assembly of classical c3 convertase (eac142). both cat c4 bp and spodoptera lsp-i are composed of identical subunits of mr = 75,000 and mr = 80,000, respectively and generate the ch ...	1985	3850057
infectivity assays for the autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus using spodoptera littoralis cells.	tissue culture id50 and plaque assays for the autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus, using the spodoptera littoralis cell line hpb-sl, were developed. direct comparison using these assay methods showed that these cells were as susceptible to infection as the more commonly used spodoptera frugiperda cell line iplb-sf-21. both infectious tissue culture supernatants or virus isolated directly from polyhedra could be titrated. it was important to use low cell seeding densities in the ass ...	1985	3882730
the promoter of the late p10 gene in the insect nuclear polyhedrosis virus autographa californica: activation by viral gene products and sensitivity to dna methylation.	in lepidopteran insect cells infected with the baculovirus autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv), two major late viral gene products are expressed: the polyhedrin, a 28 000 mol. wt. protein which makes up the mass of the nuclear inclusion bodies, and a 10 000 mol. wt. protein (p10) whose function is unknown. the nucleotide sequences of these strong promoters conform to those of other eukaryotic promoters and are rich in at base pairs. we used the psvo-cat construct containing ...	1985	3891327
isolation of large and small plaque variants of the autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. brief report.	variants of the autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus which produce large (1.4 mm) or small (0.5 mm) plaques on spodoptera littoralis cells have been isolated. yields of extracellular virus and polyhedra by the large plaque variant were six-fold higher and 140-fold lower, respectively, than those obtained with the small plaque variant. however the two variants could not be distinguished when spodoptera frugiperda cells were used.	1985	3893392
growth inhibitory, insecticidal and antifeedant effects of some antileukemic and cytotoxic quassinoids on two species of agricultural pests.	several quassinoids, obtained by isolation and derivatization from simaba multiflora and soulamea soulameoides, were evaluated for growth inhibitory and insecticidal effects against the tobacco budworm (heliothis virescens) and for antifeedant effects against h. virescens and the fall armyworm (spodoptera frugiperda). the relative activity of the quassinoids as insect growth inhibitors generally paralleled their known relative potency as antileukemic and cytotoxic agents.	1985	3972085
in vitro host range of five baculoviruses in lepidopteran cell lines.	the in vitro host range of five nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (npv) was assessed in five lepidopteran cell lines from three genera. multiple-enveloped baculoviruses of autographa californica (acmnpv), trichoplusia ni (tnmnpv), and galleria mellonella (gmmnpv) replicated in cells of t. ni, spodoptera frugiperda, and heliothis virescens to a titer of approximately 10(7) tcid50/ml. the multiple-enveloped baculovirus of s. frugiperda (sfmnpv) replicated only in s. frugiperda cells. the single-envelop ...	1985	3988484
hemagglutinin activity in the hemolymph of anticarsia gemmatalis larvae infected with the fungus nomuraea rileyi.	hemolymph samples from larvae of 3 lepidopteran species (anticarsia gemmatalis, trichoplusia ni and spodoptera frugiperda) were tested for hemagglutination activity. samples from a. gemmatalis larvae which had been injected 12-24 hrs previously with hyphal bodies of the entomopathogenic fungus nomuraea rileyi showed agglutination activity against human 0, rabbit and sheep erythrocytes. little or no activity was detected in samples from the other 2 larval species. low titers (approximately 1:2) w ...	1985	3996705
studies on autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus replication in spodoptera littoralis cells including virus-induced protein synthesis.	the replication of the autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus in spodoptera littoralis cells has been investigated. various cytopathic changes were detected by light and electron microscopy and progeny enveloped virus particles, some occluded within polyhedra, were later seen in the nucleus of infected cells. infectious virus was released into the growth medium and increased exponentially from ca. 10 to 24 hours post infection and then slowly increased over the next 4 days. in compari ...	1986	3510608
changes in the nucleoprotein complexes of a baculovirus dna during infection.	the nature of the dna-protein complexes assumed by autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv) dna during infection of spodoptera frugiperda cells was investigated by micrococcal nuclease digestion of infected nuclei. both parental viral dna and progeny viral dna assumed a chromatin-like structure early in infection. by late times (24 hr) p.i., the viral dna acquired a unique nucleoprotein structure. in addition to fragments of mononucleosome size (185 bp), two subnucleosomal bands ...	1986	3518228
expression of the s-coded genes of lymphocytic choriomeningitis arenavirus using a baculovirus vector.	a dna copy of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (lcmv, we strain)s rna species has been inserted in both orientations into plasmids containing a 7.1 kb dna sequence of the baculovirus autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv). the inserts were placed behind the polyhedrin gene promoter of acnpv and in the place of the nucleotide sequences including and flanking the polyhedrin gene translation initiation codon. the derived plasmids were used to obtain recombinant acnpv viruse ...	1986	3525745
fatty acid composition of whole bodies, specific tissues and cell lines of two lepidopteran insects.	we detail the fatty acid compositions of last larval instars of two lepidopterans, spodoptera frugiperda and trichoplusia ni, two tissues from t. ni, a cell line derived from each species and the respective larval and cell culture media. larval whole-body and specific tissue fatty acid profiles exhibited the major features commonly found in previous lepidopteran analyses, whereas the cell-line fatty acid compositions were substantially different from the compositions of both their growth media a ...	1986	3780187
specificity of bacillus thuringiensis var. colmeri insecticidal delta-endotoxin is determined by differential proteolytic processing of the protoxin by larval gut proteases.	the native crystal delta-endotoxin produced by bacillus thuringiensis var. colmeri, serotype 21, is toxic to both lepidopteran (pieris brassicae) and dipteran (aedes aegypti) larvae. solubilization of the crystal delta-endotoxin in alkaline reducing conditions and activation with trypsin and gut extracts from susceptible insects yielded a preparation whose toxicity could be assayed in vitro against a range of insect cell lines. after activation with aedes aegypti gut extract the preparation was ...	1986	3009187
expression of the influenza virus haemagglutinin in insect cells by a baculovirus vector.	the insect baculovirus autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv) has played a major role in studies on the molecular biology of insect dna viruses. recently, this system has been effectively adapted as a highly efficient vector in insect cells for the expression of several mammalian genes. a cdna sequence of the influenza (fowl plague) virus haemagglutinin gene has been inserted into the bamhi site of the pac373 polyhedrin vector. spodoptera frugiperda cells were co-transfected w ...	1986	3015601
baculovirus transcription in the presence of inhibitors and in nonpermissive drosophila cells.	regulation of transcription within four well-defined regions of the dna genome of the baculovirus autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv) was studied in a permissive lepidopteran cell line. spodoptera frugiperda iplb-sf-21 and a nonpermissive dipteran cell line, drosophila melanogaster dl-1. cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, was used to identify immediate early transcripts and aphidicolin, an effective inhibitor of dna replication, was used to distinguish early ...	1986	3099497
sensitivity of the entomogenous fungus beauveria bassiana to selected plant growth regulators and spray additives.	mefluidide was the only one of four plant growth regulators that caused little to no significant inhibition of in vitro germination and growth of the entomogenous fungus beauveria bassiana. silaid, paclobutrazol, and flurprimidol significantly inhibited germination and growth. mortality of fall armyworm, spodoptera frugiperda, resulting from b. bassiana was significantly reduced when larvae were exposed to conidia plus soil treated with paclobutrazol. larval mortality resulting from conidia plus ...	1986	16347095
identification of the n and nss proteins coded by the ambisense s rna of punta toro phlebovirus using monospecific antisera raised to baculovirus expressed n and nss proteins.	an essentially complete dna copy of the ambisense s rna species of punta toro (pt) phlebovirus (t. ihara, h. akashi, and d.h.l. bishop, 1984, virology 136, 293-306) has been inserted in either orientation into autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis baculovirus (acnpv) in lieu of the 5' coding region of the acnpv polyhedrin gene (g.e. smith, m.d. summers, and m.j. fraser, 1983, mol. cell. biol. 3, 2156-2165). the two types of recombinant viruses were used to infect spodoptera frugiperda cell ...	1987	2950650
active human erythropoietin expressed in insect cells using a baculovirus vector: a role for n-linked oligosaccharide.	biologically active recombinant human erythropoietin has been expressed at high levels in an insect cell background. expression involved the preparation of a human erythropoietin cdna, the transfer of this cdna to the autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv) genome under the polyhedrin gene promoter, and the subsequent infection of spodoptera frugiperda cells with recombinant acnpv. erythropoietin cdna was prepared through the expression of the human erythropoietin gene in cos c ...	1987	2960381
secretion of particles of hepatitis b surface antigen from insect cells using a baculovirus vector.	the coding sequences of the hepatitis b virus surface antigen were inserted into a baculovirus transfer vector produced from autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv) so that the foreign gene was under the control of the acnpv polyhedrin promoter. spodoptera frugiperda cells infected with the derived recombinant baculovirus produced and secreted 22 nm particles containing the hepatitis b surface antigen. the particles had morphological and antigenic properties identical to those ...	1987	3312490
in vivo and in vitro host range of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus and spodoptera frugiperda nuclear polyhedrosis virus.		1987	3320215
characterization of the toxicity and cytopathic specificity of a cloned bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein using insect cell culture.	an insecticidal protein gene from bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai was cloned in escherichia coli. the cloned gene expressed at a high level and the synthesized protein appeared as an insoluble, phase-bright inclusion in the cytoplasm. these inclusions were isolated by density gradient centrifugation, the isolated protein was activated in vitro by different proteolytic regimes and the toxicity of the resulting preparations was studied using insect cells grown in tissue culture. the inclusions ...	1987	3330756
the development of multiple expression vectors for high level synthesis of eukaryotic proteins: expression of lcmv-n and acnpv polyhedrin protein by a recombinant baculovirus.	a copy of the polyhedrin gene promoter of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv), in association with the coding region of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus n protein (lcmv-n) and the relevant polyhedrin transcription termination signals, has been cloned into the unique ecorv site of a plasmid representing an ecori derived fragment of the acnpv genome. the cloning site is upstream (but in the opposite orientation) of the natural acnpv polyhedrin gene. the derived pacvc2 trans ...	1987	3334094
abundant synthesis of functional human t-cell leukemia virus type i p40x protein in eucaryotic cells by using a baculovirus expression vector.	the human t-cell leukemia virus type i (htlv-i) p40x protein is a 40-kilodalton polypeptide encoded in the 3'-terminal region of the virus. this protein is responsible for positive transcriptional trans-activation of promoter elements located within the htlv-i long terminal repeat. we introduced the protein-coding region of htlv-i p40x into the genome of the baculovirus autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. after infection of the insect spodoptera frugiperda (sf9) cell line, this re ...	1987	3027397
production and characterization of the neutralization antigen vp2 of bluetongue virus serotype 10 using a baculovirus expression vector.	dna representing rna segment 2 of bluetongue virus (btv) serotype 10, corresponding to the gene that codes for the btv neutralization antigen vp2, has been inserted into a baculovirus transfer vector in lieu of the 5' coding region of the polyhedrin gene of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv). after cotransfection of spodoptera frugiperda cells with wild-type acnpv dna in the presence of the derived recombinant transfer vector dna, polyhedrin-negative recombinant baculoviru ...	1987	3029984
synthesis and immunogenicity of the rotavirus major capsid antigen using a baculovirus expression system.	rotaviruses are the major pathogens that cause life-threatening diarrhea in young children and animals. we inserted a simian rotavirus sa11 gene 6 cdna into the genome of the baculovirus autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus adjacent to the strong polyhedrin promoter. the major capsid antigen (vp6) was expressed in high yields (20 to 150 micrograms/10(6) cells) when spodoptera frugiperda cells were infected with baculovirus recombinants containing sa11 gene 6 inserts. reactivity with ...	1987	3033276
a baculovirus vector can express intron-containing genes.	a simjan virus 40 genomic fragment containing the genes coding for the large t and small t antigens was inserted into the genome of the baculovirus autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus downstream of the strong polyhedrin promoter. infection of eucaryotic spodoptera frugiperda (sf9) cells with this recombinant virus produced significant amounts of small t antigen and little or no large t protein. analysis by northern blotting and s1 nuclease digestion revealed correct and preferentia ...	1987	3033307
expression of bluetongue virus group-specific antigen vp3 in insect cells by a baculovirus vector: its use for the detection of bluetongue virus antibodies.	dna representing rna segment 3 of bluetongue virus (btv) serotype 17, corresponding to the gene that codes for a group-specific antigen vp3, has been inserted into a baculovirus transfer vector in lieu of the 5' coding region of the polyhedrin gene of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv). after cotransfection of spodoptera frugiperda cells with wild-type acnpv dna in the presence of the derived recombinant transfer vector dna, polyhedrin-negative recombinant baculoviruses we ...	1987	3035063
identification and nucleotide sequence of the regions of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus genome carrying insertion elements derived from spodoptera frugiperda.	a morphology mutant of the baculovirus autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus called m5 was previously shown to synthesize two size classes of viral dna, one of which had a deletion of 42% of the genome. it was hypothesized that the presence of the smaller m5 circular dna resulted from the specific deletion of the region located between two sites carrying short dna insertions. these sites have now been identified by dna-dna hybridization using cloned ecori fragments of m5 dna. one clo ...	1987	2823472
two of the three influenza viral polymerase proteins expressed by using baculovirus vectors form a complex in insect cells.	each of the influenza virus polymerase (p) genes pb1, pb2, and pa was inserted into a baculovirus vector under the control of the polyhedrin promoter. in insect (spodoptera frugiperda) cells infected by each baculovirus recombinant containing a p gene insert, a large amount of the encoded p protein was synthesized. gel electrophoretic analysis of the total proteins in infected cells revealed the presence of a new protein band corresponding to the encoded p protein that was abundant enough to be ...	1987	3543398
baculovirus expression vectors: the requirements for high level expression of proteins, including glycoproteins.	the requirements for high level expression of three foreign proteins using the polyhedrin gene promoter of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv, baculoviridae) have been investigated. in spodoptera frugiperda cells infected with the appropriate recombinant baculoviruses, the synthesis of the two s rna coded genes of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (lcmv; i.e. the nucleoprotein, n, and glycoprotein precursor, gpc), or the haemagglutinin gene of influenza a virus, appears to ...	1987	3553425
extractives of seeds of the meliaceae: effects onspodoptera frugiperda (j.e. smith),acalymma vittatum (f.), andartemia salina leach.	hexane and ethanol extracts of seeds from 22 species of plants of the family meliaceae from a number of countries were prepared. the extracts were submitted to antifeedant and toxicity bioassays utilizing fall armyworm [spodoptera frugiperda (j.e. smith)] (lepidoptera: noctuidae) larvae and striped cucumber beetle [acalymma vittatum (f.)] (coleoptera: chrysomelidae) adults. toxicity tests were also performed with brine shrimp,anemia salina leach. feeding inhibition and mortality produced by some ...	1987	24301362
microsomal oxidation of allelochemicals in generalist (spodoptera frugiperda) and semispecialist (anticarsia gemmatalis) insect.	midgut microsomes prepared from larvae of the fall armyworm [spodoptera frugiperda (j.e smith)], a generalist insect, and the velvetbean caterpillar (anticarsia gemmatalis hubner), a semispecialist, were used to study their oxidative activity toward a variety of allelochemicals. allelochemicals such as terpenoids, alkaloids, indoles, glucosinolates, flavonoids, coumarins, cardenolides, phenylpropenes, and a ketohydrocarbon were all metabolized by the microsomal cytochrome p-450 monooxygenases in ...	1987	24301885
detoxification of isothiocyanate allelochemicals by glutathione transferase in three lepidopterous species.	glutathione transferase activity towards various plant isothiocyanates was studied in larvae of the two generalists, fall armyworm [spodoptera frugiperda (j.e. smith)], and cabbage looper [trichoplusia ni (hübner)], and the specialist, velvetbean caterpillar (anticarsia gemmatalis hübner) using the midgut soluble fraction as enzyme source. the generalists, but not the specialist, are adapted to feeding on isothiocyanate-containing crucifers. allyl and benzyl isothiocyanate were found to be metab ...	1988	24276210
effect of host age and nematode strain on susceptibility of spodoptera frugiperda to steinernema feltiae.	median lethal concentrations (lc) were determined for four nematode populations (two strains of steinernema feltiae, a s. feltiae hybrid, and s. bibionis) against fifth-instar fall armyworm (spodoptera frugiperda) larvae and for the most virulent of these nematodes against different instars and stages of the insect. based on lack of overlap of 95% fiducial limits, there were significant differences in virulence among the four nematodes. the lc ranged from 7.6 to 33.3 nematodes/ 0.7 ml water, and ...	1988	19290189
functional mapping of autographa california nuclear polyhedrosis virus genes required for late gene expression.	a plasmid containing the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) gene under the control of an autographa california nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv) late gene promoter was constructed. this plasmid (pl2cat) also contained the acnpv hr5 enhancer element. transient-expression assay experiments indicated that the late promoter was active in spodoptera frugiperda cells cotransfected with pl2cat and acnpv dna but not when pl2cat was transfected alone. low levels of cat activity were obser ...	1988	2826808
comparisons of host cell dna insertions and altered transcription at the site of insertions in few polyhedra bacilovirus mutants.	few polyhedgra (fp) mutants of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv) and the closely related strain galleria mellonella (gm)npv have been reported which contain trichoplusia ni host cell dna sequences inserted into the viral genome between map units 35.0 and 37.7. new fp mutants are described with alterations of the hindiii-i restriction enzyme fragment (33.8 to 37.7 map units) of acnpv, either deletions of viral dna sequences or insertions of spodoptera frugiperda host cell ...	1988	2829419
efficient expression in insect cells of a soluble, active human insulin receptor protein-tyrosine kinase domain by use of a baculovirus vector.	the human insulin receptor (ir) is a transmembrane glycoprotein, whose cytoplasmic domain contains an insulin-activated protein-tyrosine kinase (ec 2.7.1.112). by the use of an appropriately engineered baculovirus expression vector, a soluble cytoplasmic derivative of this domain was expressed in the insect cell line spodoptera frugiperda (sf9). at 24 to 48 h after sf9 cells were infected with recombinant virus, a protein of the size expected for this domain (approximately 48 kilodaltons) consti ...	1988	2833613
differential specificity of two insecticidal toxins from bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai.	bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai hd-249 produces more than one protein of 130-135 kd in its insecticidal crystal delta-endotoxin. we describe an indirect method of assessing the relative contribution to toxicity of two of these protoxins using monospecific antibodies directed against their active proteolytic products. our results show that one toxin is active against spodoptera frugiperda but not choristoneura fumiferana cells in vitro, while the other lyses c. fumiferana but not s. frugiperd ...	1988	2835588
functional analysis of the p10 gene 5' leader sequence of the autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus.	deletions were made in the 5' non-coding (leader) sequence of the autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv) p10 gene which progressively removed nucleotides upstream from the atg translation initiation codon. the effect of these deletions on p10 gene expression was studied using a transient expression assay. fragments containing the putative promoter and the entire or partly deleted 5' leader sequence of the p10 gene were inserted in front of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase ...	1988	2836797
synthesis of functional human immunodeficiency virus tat protein in baculovirus as determined by a cell-cell fusion assay.	the human immunodeficiency virus tat protein is a strong trans-activator of the expression of mrnas originating from the viral long terminal repeat. we have expressed the first 72 amino acids (coding exon 1) of this protein in eucaryotic spodoptera frugiperda sf9 cells by using a baculovirus vector, autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. we show that the baculovirus vector stably produced the 72-amino-acid form of the tat protein but was unable to stably synthesize a larger 101-amino ...	1988	2843682
bluetongue virus tubules made in insect cells by recombinant baculoviruses: expression of the ns1 gene of bluetongue virus serotype 10.	bluetongue virus (btv) forms tubules in mammalian cells. these tubules appear to be composed of only one type of protein, ns1, a major nonstructural protein of the virus. to obtain direct evidence for the origin of the tubules, the complete m6 gene of btv serotype 10 was inserted into the baculovirus transfer vector pacym1, so that it was under the control of the polyhedrin promoter of autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. after cotransfection of spodoptera frugiperda cells with wil ...	1988	2845115
overproduction of the protein encoded by the maize transposable element ac in insect cells by a baculovirus vector.	the polypeptide encoded in the activator (ac) element of zea mays l. has been expressed in spodoptera frugiperda insect cells using plasmids which carry the strong polyhedrin promoter of the baculovirus autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (acnpv). recombinant acnpvs with the ac-cdna integrated and under the control of the viral polyhedrin promoter have been isolated and their genomes have been partly characterized as to the location of the foreign dna insert. upon infection of s. f ...	1988	2851092