Publications

the cultivation of malarial plasmodia (plasmodium vivax and plasmodium falciparum) in vitro.	the asexual cycle of plasmodium vivax and plasmodium falciparum has been cultivated in vitro in human blood. the parasites have been grown also in red blood cells in the presence of locke's solution, free of calcium chlorid and in the presence of ascitic fluid. the parasites grow within red blood cells and there is no evidence that they can be grown outside of these cells. the parasites are destroyed in a very few minutes in vitro by normal human serum or by all modifications of serum that we ha ...	1912	19867597
experiments on the development of malaria parasites in three american species of anopheles.	since a knowledge of the susceptibility of any species of anopheles to infection with malaria parasites is of great importance in determining its part in the transmission of malaria, the experiments reported here were undertaken, and included the three most prevalent species of this genus occurring in the united states. as a result of these experiments anopheles punctipennis is shown to be an efficient host of the organisms of tertian and estivo-autumnal malaria, anopheles crucians of estivo-aut ...	1916	19868018
distortion of the malarial parasite. an interpretation of "plasmodium tenue" (stephens.).	1. the correct interpretation of the form described by stephens under the name of plasmodium tenue is as follows: it is not a new species of parasite or an ameboid form, but a parasite attached to the external surface of red corpuscles and distorted by technique. 2. evidence against a new species of parasite is: (a) they may be found in all known malarial infections and at any stage in the development of the parasite; and (b) they show evidence of distortion. 3. evidence against ameboid forms an ...	1916	19868042
plasmodium malariae (quartan)-a type new to california: report of two cases.		1916	18736969
experiments on the complement fixation in malaria with antigens prepared from cultures of malarial parasites: (plas odium falciparum and plasmodium vivax).		1919	19980570
experimental inoculation of malaria by means of anopheles ludlowi.	three persons were experimentally inoculated with malaria by means of anopheles ludlowi reared from larvae and infected with a pure strain of subtertian plasmodium (plasmodium falciparum), thus proving that there exists no mechanical impediment or obstacle to the free exit of sporozoites from the salivary ducts or proboscis. in the dissection of infected mosquitoes there were no evidences of degenerated zygotes. sporozoites appeared promptly in the salivary glands (9 to 12 days). inoculation occ ...	1920	19868447
the electrical conductivity of pure protoplasm.	the electrical conductivity of the plasmodium of the slime-mold brefeldia maxima (fr.) rost., which constitutes practically pure protoplasm, was found to be approximately equivalent under normal conditions to that of a 0.00145 n nacl solution, and about 2.8 times that of the liquid in contact with which it developed. when bathed in 1 per cent sea water, the conductivity was much increased, becoming greater than that of the surrounding fluid. these preliminary tests are in agreement with the supp ...	1925	19872138
the relative numbers of male and female gametocytes in human malaria (plasmodium vivax, plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium malariae) and hoemoproteus in birds.		1927	19985510
the relative numbers of male and female gametocytes in human malaria (plasmodium vivax, plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium malariæ) and hœmoproteus in birds.		1927	20909907
etiology of oroya fever : xii. influence of malarial infection (plasmodium inui?), splenectomy, or both, upon experimental carrion's disease in monkeys.	the experiments reported were designed to determine the influence of malarial infection (plasmodium inui?), splenectomy, or both combined, upon the course and character of experimental infection with bartonella bacilliformis in monkeys (macacus rhesus and m. cynomolgus). blood withdrawn from a monkey showing spontaneous malarial infection was inoculated intravenously into monkeys (a) 1 month prior to inoculation with virulent verruga material, (b) simultaneously with the verruga material, and (c ...	1928	19869445
a case of malaria due to plasmodium ovale stephens 1922.		1933	20777666
malaria from a zoological point of view: (section of comparative medicine).	protozoal parasites occurring in the red cells of mammals are: hepatozoon, babesia, theileria and plasmodium. the frequency with which these forms occur differs considerably in the different mammalian orders. but whilst there is a relationship apparent between the mammalian stem and the form of parasite, there appears to be an even closer association with the type of blood-sucking arthropods which the mode of life of the animals in a particular stem favours. ungulates in the days of their greate ...	1934	19989868
observations on infection by plasmodium knowlesi (ape malaria) in the treatment of general paralysis of the insane.		1935	20779410
demonstration of passive immunity in experimental monkey malaria.	a plasmodium knowlesi infection in rhesus monkeys is almost invariably fatal. this infection, however, may be made chronic by the early administration of antimalarial drugs. the animals then will harbor a chronic infection for an indefinite period. the serum taken from monkeys with chronic infection and injected into those suffering from an acute attack was found to have a definite depressing effect upon the course of the experimental disease. in some instances death was prevented and the acute ...	1937	19870655
plasmodium ovale infection in africa.		1937	20780443
the agglutination of plasmodium knowlesi by immune serum.	a specific agglutination of plasmodium knowlesi detectable both by macroscopic and by microscopic methods is described. agglutinins for plasmodium knowlesi appear in the sera of monkeys between 15 and 45 days after the onset of the infection and become progressively stronger as the malarial infection gradually subsides. agglutinins persist in the sera of chronically infected animals for a year or longer. the sera of animals which have been repeatedly superinfected agglutinate parasites at diluti ...	1938	19870761
the complement fixation reaction in monkey malaria.	1. a specific complement fixation reaction test for plasmodium knowlesi malaria in rhesus monkeys is reported with details involved in the preparation of the antigen and procedures employed in setting up the test. 2. it was found that specific complement-fixing antibodies appeared early in the course of the experimental disease and persisted during the course of the chronic infection. 3. the first appearance of complement-fixing antibodies was generally followed by a temporary fall in titer. dur ...	1938	19870762
effect of repeated superinfection upon the potency of immune serum of monkeys harboring chronic infections of plasmodium knowlesi.	protection tests have been utilized to determine the effect of superinfection upon the potency of immune serum of monkeys with chronic plasmodium knowlesi infections. the results of these tests showed that: 1. in 2 groups of monkeys with comparable p. knowlesi infections the immune serum of 8 monkeys which had been superinfected on 7 separate occasions over a period of 2 months was much more potent than the immune serum of a group of 7 monkeys which were allowed to continue their chronic course ...	1938	19870772
the quantitative relationship between immune serum and infective dose of parasites as demonstrated by the protection test in monkey malaria.	the minimal infective dose of plasmodium knowlesi for rhesus monkeys was found in this study to be between 1 and 10 parasites when injected intraperitoneally. as the dose of parasites is increased, the length of time prior to the appearance of circulating parasites is decreased. however, the severity of the infection once it is established is independent of the initial dose of parasites. in passive protection experiments a quantitative relationship was demonstrated between the number of parasite ...	1938	19870773
complement fixation in human malaria with an antigen prepared from the monkey parasite plasmodium knowlesi.	in the studies of complement fixation described in this paper, the antigens were prepared from (a) normal monkey red cells, (b) parasitized red cells of monkeys dying with plasmodium knowlesi infection, (c) the spleens of monkeys dying with plasmodium knowlesi infection; the sera came from (a) normal human beings, (b) patients with syphilis, (c) patients with paresis who were receiving malaria therapy with plasmodium knowlesi, plasmodium vivax, or plasmodium falciparum, and (d) patients with mal ...	1939	19870853
the soluble malarial antigen in the serum of monkeys infected with plasmodium knowlesi.	a soluble malarial antigen which fixes complement with immune serum is found in the serum of monkeys infected with plasmodium knowlesi. the amount of antigen in the serum is related to the parasite count during the acute phase of the infection. the antigen is not excreted in the urine. intravenous injection into normal monkeys of serum containing the antigen stimulates the production of specific complement-fixing antibodies which react with antigens extracted from parasitized cells, as well as w ...	1939	19870861
immune response of rabbits to injection of plasmodium knowlesi.	specific complement-fixing antibodies are produced in the serum of rabbits in response to injections of living or dead plasmodium knowlesi. sera from rabbits receiving injections of either parasitized or normal monkey erythrocytes are parasiticidal in vitro for p. knowlesi. because absorption of parasiticidal rabbit sera with normal monkey erythrocytes abolishes the parasiticidal effect, it is concluded that the effect is largely due to an antibody to the red cells. normal rabbit serum is not pa ...	1939	19870895
production in monkeys of complement-fixing antibodies without active immunity by injection of killed plasmodium knowlesi.	injection into rhesus monkeys of plasmodium knowlesi killed by heat, formalin, drying, or freezing and thawing stimulates the production of complement-fixing antibodies, but no demonstrable agglutinating or protective antibodies are formed. possible differences in the immunity mechanisms concerned in active infection and in artificial immunization are discussed.	1939	19870896
the plasmodium of hemitrichia vesparium (batsch) macbr.		1939	17791416
the asexual life cycle of the avian malaria parasite, plasmodium circumflexum.		1939	17781202
passive immunity in avian malaria.	the effect of therapy with immune serum has been studied in thirty-two cases of plasmodium circumflexum infection, all of them produced by blood inoculation. eighteen of these cases never showed parasites, and seven others developed infections which were definitely milder than those of the controls. the therapeutic serum was in all cases obtained from chronic cases which had previously been superinfected to raise the immune titre. it seems justifiable to conclude that: 1. passive immunity can be ...	1940	19870971
the occurrence of malaria antibodies in human serum following induced infection with plasmodium knowlesi.	evidence has been presented which indicates that antibodies appear in the serum of individuals following an induced malaria infection with plasmodium knowlesi.	1940	19871005
studies on conditions affecting the survival in vitro of a malarial parasite (plasmodium lophurae).	the survival of plasmodium lophurae in vitro, at temperatures of 39.5-42 degrees c., is favored by a balanced salt solution having a high potassium content, by aeration but not by a very high oxygen tension, by an optimal density of parasites per cubic millimeter, by frequent renewal of the suspending medium, by concentrated red cell extract, by optimal concentrations of plasma or serum, of chick embryo extract, of glucose or glycogen, and of glutathione, and probably by yeast extract and a very ...	1941	19871147
anopheles (kerteszia) bellator d. & k., found naturally infected with plasmodium.		1941	17801499
culex quinquefasciatus, a new vector of plasmodium gallinaceum.		1941	17800213
the immunization of fowls against mosquito-borne plasmodium gallinaceum by injections of serum and of inactivated homologous sporozoites.	this paper reports attempts to immunize domestic fowls against mosquito-borne infections of plasmodium gallinaceum by means of (a) vaccination with inactivated homologous sporozoites; (b) injections of sera, both normal sheep serum, and serum from fowls chronically infected with the homologous plasmodium, (c) combinations of both sporozoite vaccine and serum. it was possible to reduce the normal malaria death rate (55.4 per cent) in these fowls by each of the above methods but most markedly by t ...	1942	19871251
further studies on the survival and development in vitro of a malarial parasite.	the survival of plasmodium lophurae in vitro is favored by the presence of calcium pantothenate (0.02 mg. per ml). survival of about 2 weeks in vitro at 40-41 degrees c. has been obtained under the following conditions: a medium consisting of duck red cell extract in balanced salt solution with glutathione and glucose or glycogen, serum, embryo extract, and calcium pantothenate; daily replacement of about half of the medium with fresh medium; addition of fresh uninfected erythrocytes every 2nd d ...	1943	19871293
the influence of biotin upon susceptibility to malaria.	biotin-deficient chickens and ducks developed much more severe infections with plasmodium lophurae than did non-deficient control animals. while a very mild degree of biotin deficiency sufficed to increase susceptibility, even an extreme degree of pantothenic acid deficiency had no effect. biotin deficiency also increased the susceptibility of ducks to p. cathemerium. in animals infected with p. lophurae, the concentration of biotin in the plasma as well as in the red cells rose during the cours ...	1943	19871304
the duration of immunity to plasmodium knowlesi malaria in rhesus monkeys.	rhesus monkeys with experimental plasmodium knowlesi infections of varying duration were treated with sodium sulfathiazole to sterilize the infection and after differing lengths of time were reinoculated intraperitoneally with homologous strains of the plasmodium, for the purpose of determining whether there is any acquired immunity to malaria in hosts from whom all parasites have been removed. two monkeys, one receiving sulfathiazole on the 2nd day of acute infection and the other on the 4th da ...	1944	19871378
in vitro growth and multiplication of the malaria parasite, plasmodium knowlesi.		1945	17799502
plasmodium vivax chesson strain.		1945	17780321
complement fixation in human malaria using an antigen prepared from the chicken parasite plasmodium gallinaceum.		1945	16695224
persistence of plasmodium ovale.		1945	20785964
[parasite carrying of plasmodium vivax in a new area of malaria under control measures].		1945	20280597
dividing forms of plasmodium falciparum in the peripheral blood of africans.		1945	20293960
a staining method for malaria parasites in thick blood-films.		1945	20293982
growth of protozoa in tissue culture; plasmodium gallinaceum, exoerythrocytic forms.		1945	20293996
[not available].		1945	20983189
some remarks on the nomenclature of the malaria parasites of man.		1945	20990722
a consideration of the problem of evolution of malarial parasites.		1945	20990725
a modification of the giemsa strain for malarial parasites.		1945	20991073
[not available].		1945	20985957
[differential diagnosis of plasmodial oocysts].		1945	21000996
increased parasitemia in chicken malaria (plasmodium gallinaceum and plasmodium lophurae) following x-irradiation.		1945	21003565
malaria due to plasmodium falciparum in new york.		1945	21003953
studies on plasmodium gallinaceum brumpt; the incidence and course of the infection in young chicks following the subcutaneous inoculation of pooled sporozoites.		1945	21005134
[not available].		1945	21005347
relation of plasma level of atabrine to morphology and motility of plasmodium vivax.		1945	21006309
continuous intravenous chemotherapy of plasmodium lophurae infection in ducks.		1945	21007923
studies on malarial parasites; the staining of two primate parasites by the feulgen technique.		1945	21007948
[not available].		1945	21008125
complement fixation in relapsing plasmodium vivax malaria.		1945	21010814
immunological relationships of plasmodium gallinaceum and plasmodium lophurae.		1945	21011060
plasma quinacrine concentration in treatment of plasmodium vivax malaria acquired in the south pacific.		1945	21011891
a preliminary note on the cultivation in vitro of new guinea strains of human malarial parasites.		1945	21013724
infection of chick embryos with non-pigmented forms of plasmodium gallinaceum.		1945	21016050
knowlesi malaria in monkeys; microscopic pathological circulatory physiology of rhesus monkeys during acute plasmodium knowlesi malaria.		1945	21016051
on the heterologous value of acquired immunity to plasmodium falciparum.		1945	21016052
the use of darkfield illumination in studies of malaria parasites.		1945	21016054
[not available].		1945	21018388
[not available].		1945	21018610
exoerythrocytic forms of plasmodium lophurae in turkeys.		1945	21020350
[not available].		1945	21024724
[not available].		1945	21026440
a high rate of natural plasmodium infection in anopheles crucians.		1946	17809745
correction on the nomenclature of human plasmodium.	in the nomenclatorial and zoological confusion in the names for the human malaria parasites (sabrosky and usinger. science, 1944, 100, 190-192; beltran. gaceta med. mexico, 1944, 74, 61-74), one further point has been discovered. it has usually been considered that there were only two different proposals involving malariae as a new specific name-oscillaria malariae laveran, 1881, and haemamoeba malariae feletti and grassi, 1890. actually it now appears that there were three!	1946	17842196
studies on malarial parasites : vi. the chemistry and metabolism of normal and parasitized (p. knowlesi) monkey blood.	1. normal monkey, macaca mulatta, plasma and red cells are similar in their inorganic composition to those of human beings. inorganic phosphate values of plasma and red cells from parasitized monkey blood are lower than normal. plasma potassium values are higher than normal particularly during segmentation. other inorganic components of parasitized blood show little variation from normal. 2. monkey red blood cells parasitized with p. knowlesi consume oxygen in the presence of glucose, lactate, g ...	1946	19871589
studies on malarial parasites : vii. methods and techniques for cultivation.	1. methods of recovering adequate amounts of plasmodium knowlesi from the monkey (macaca, mulatta) for biochemical studies and in vitro cultivation are described. concentrates of red blood cells parasitized with p. knowlesi can be obtained by differential sedimentation of parasitized blood because of physical and chemical changes produced by the parasites in the host cell and the plasma of the blood. 2. two different techniques, the rocker-dilution and the rocker-perfusion methods, are described ...	1946	19871590
studies on malarial parasites : viii. factors affecting the growth of plasmodium knowlesi in vitro.	1. methods have been described for the preparation and sterilization of a synthetic nutrient medium which supports normal growth during one 24 hour asexual cycle of the erythrocytic form of p. knowlesi. 2. successive subcultures with good multiplication can be carried out when whole blood or plasma is added to the medium. data are presented from two such experiments where the sixth and seventh generations, respectively, were injected into normal monkeys. in both cases, the injections produced cl ...	1946	19871591
[not available].		1946	21028595
in vitro development of p. falciparum gametocytes.		1946	21064278
the in vitro assay of suppressive antimalarial activity: p. falciparum.		1946	21064279
pamaquine naphthoate, quinacrine hydrochloride, and quinine bisulfate as curative agents in plasmodium cathemerium infections of the duck.		1946	21064461
a high rate of natural plasmodium infection in anopheles crucians.		1946	21065118
enzyme systems operating within the malarial parasite.		1946	21065207
the effects of quinine on saurian malarial parasites.		1946	21065838
adverse influence of increased oxygen pressure on malarial parasites in vitro and in vivo.		1946	21066420
acute malarial lesions produced in chicks by plasmodium gallinaceum.		1946	21066819
preparation and properties of plasmodium lophurae separated from the red cells of duck blood by means of saponin.		1946	21024922
the relation of natural and acquired immunity of various avian hosts to the cryptozoites and metacryptozoites of plasmodium gallinaceum and plasmodium relictum.		1946	21025253
changes in the infectiousness of gametocytes during the course of plasmodium gallinaceum infections.		1946	21025258
a note on staining plasmodia.		1946	21026148
studies in human malaria; the preparation of vaccines and suspensions containing plasmodia.		1946	21026415
the male gamete of plasmodium.		1946	21020525
plasmodium lacertiliae n. sp., and other saurian blood parasites from the new guinea area.		1946	21022156
homologous and heterologous strains of plasmodium vivax; a cross-inoculation study of malaria strain immunity.		1946	21022549
plasmodium falciparum malaria; the coronary and myocardial lesions observed at autopsy in two cases of acute fulminating p. falciparum infection.		1946	21019991
concentrating malaria parasites in thin films.		1946	21008534
plasmodium elongatum in the pekin duck.		1946	21003023
studies of plasmodium cynomolgi in the rhesus monkey, macaca mulatta.		1946	21003024
relationship between the number of parasites and parasitized erythrocytes in avian and simian malaria.		1946	21003025
plasmodium gallinaceum infection characterized by predominance of exo-erythrocytic forms.		1946	20987860
studies on malarial parasites; a procedure for preparing concentrates of plasmodium vivax.		1946	20988549
studies on malarial parasites; some observations regarding the age of the erythrocyte invaded by plasmodium vivax.		1946	20988550
the biochemistry of the malaria parasite; the in vitro effects of x-rays upon plasmodium gallinaceum.		1946	20988552