Publications

cultural studies on mouth spirochaetae (treponema microdentium and macrodentium).	i have described the successful cultivation of two distinct species of treponema from the oral cavity of man. the species differ from one another morphologically and in respect to their cultural properties. as the two species have now been clearly separated and cultivated for the first time, i propose for them the names treponema microdentium and macrodentium, respectively. division along the longitudinal axis has been demonstrated for both treponema macrodentium and microdentium. when the micro ...	1912	19867507
morphological and pathogenic variations in treponema pallidum.	when many cultures of treponema pallidum, whether obtained from the testicular lesions produced in rabbits or directly from human cases of syphilis, are compared, certain definite differences in morphological character become apparent. the different specimens can be divided into thicker and thinner forms or types, and an average or normal form or type. the last is the common or most frequent variety, but the other two occur with sufficient frequency and retain their characters with such constanc ...	1912	19867516
pure cultivation of spirochaeta refringens.	a strain of spirochoeta refringens has been obtained in pure culture, and its morphological and cultural characteristics have been studied. the strain possessed no pathogenicity for rabbits or monkeys. it probably belongs to the genus treponema, but it is easily differentiated from treponema pallidum, treponema microdentium, and treponema macrodentium. its relation to spirochoeta balanitidis and spirochoeta buccalis is still undetermined.	1912	19867539
cultivation of treponema calligyrum (new species) from condylomata of man.	1. on the surface of genital or anal lesions, either syphilitic or non-syphilitic, there may be found occasionally a spirochaeta resembling treponema pallidum, but somewhat thicker than the latter. in general characteristics, this organism occupies an intermediary position between treponema pallidum and spirochaeta refringens. 2. the treponema was obtained in pure culture from two cases. for the organism the name of treponema calligyrum is proposed. 3. treponema calligyrum is non-pathogenic for ...	1913	19867628
the drug-fastness of spirochetes to arsenic, mercurial, and iodide compounds in vitro.	in the foregoing experiments we attempted to determine whether or not, by subjecting several varieties of spirochetes to increasing doses of certain chemotherapeutic agents, a gradual increase of resistance to the latter could be shown. for this purpose, pure cultures of treponema pallidum, treponema microdentium, and spirochoeta refringens were used against the action of salvarsan, neosalvarsan, bichloride of mercury, and iodine-iodide potassium solution in vitro. for culture media, the usual a ...	1917	19868093
the influence of carbohydrates on the cultivation of spirochetes.	various carbohydrates have been added to the fluid cultures of different strains of spirochetes in order to determine the behavior of the latter toward the carbohydrates. in the present experiment, amygdalin, arabinose, beerwort, dextrin, galactose, glycogen, glucose, inulin, lactose, levulose, maltose, mannite, raffinose, saccharose, and starch were tested with seven strains of treponema pallidum and one strain each of treponema calligyrum, treponema microdentium, treponema mucosum, and spiroch ...	1917	19868095
immunological studies on pure cultures of various spirochetes.	experiments were carried out for the study of culture spirochetes in their relation to various immunity reactions in vitro. several strains of treponema pallidum and one each of treponema calligyrum, spirochata refringens, treponema microdentium, and treponema mucosum were used. tests were made of immune substances responsible for agglutination, complement fixation, spirocheticidosis, and opsonization. in cases of agglutination and complement fixation, cross titrations were made. 1. in the sera ...	1917	19868122
the cultivation of treponema microdentium as surface colonies.		1959	13832418
morphology of treponema microdentium as revealed by electron microscopy of ultrathin sections.	listgarten, m. a. (harvard school of dental medicine and forsyth dental infirmary, boston, mass.), w. j. loesche, and s. s. socransky. morphology of treponema microdentium as revealed by electron microscopy of ultrathin sections. j. bacteriol. 85:932-939. 1963.-broth cultures of a strain of treponema microdentium were harvested on millipore filters, fixed in osmic acid, and sectioned for electron microscopy. the sections revealed that the spirochetes had an axial filament, made up of two fibrils ...	1963	14044965
dependency of treponema microdentium on other oral organisms for isobutyrate, polyamines, and a controlled oxidation-reduction potential.	socransky, s. s. (forsyth dental center, boston, mass.), w. j. loesche, c. hubersak, and j. b. macdonald. dependency of treponema microdentium on other oral organisms for isobutyrate, polyamines, and a controlled oxidation-reduction potential. j. bacteriol. 88:200-209. 1964.-strains of treponema microdentium can be cultivated on a variety of autoclaved commercially available media in the presence of other oral organisms. organisms supporting growth in these circumstances include a facultative di ...	1964	14197888
electron microscopy of axial fibrils, outer envelope, and cell division of certain oral spirochetes.	listgarten, m. a. (harvard school of dental medicine and forsyth dental center, boston, mass.), and s. s. socransky. electron microscopy of axial fibrils, outer envelope, and cell division of certain oral spirochetes. j. bacteriol. 88:1087-1103. 1964.-the ultrastructure of axial fibrils and outer envelopes of a number of oral spirochetes was studied in thin sections and by negative contrast. the axial fibrils measured 150 to 200 a in diameter. only one end of each fibril was inserted subterminal ...	1964	14219024
establishment of human indigenous bacteria in germ-free mice.	gibbons, r. j. (forsyth dental center and harvard school of dental medicine, boston, mass.), s. s. socransky, and b. kapsimalis. establishment of human indigenous bacteria in germ-free mice. j. bacteriol. 88:1316-1323. 1964.-thirteen strains of bacteria indigenous to the gingival crevice area of man were tested for their ability to establish as monocontaminants in germ-free mice. three facultative organisms, streptococcus mitis, staphylococcus albus, and a "diphtheroid," established, as well as ...	1964	14234787
ultrastructure of treponema microdentium and borrelia vincentii.	bladen, howard a. (national institute of dental health, bethesda, md.), and edward g. hampp. ultrastructure of treponema microdentium and borrelia vincentii. j. bacteriol. 87:1180-1191.-a small oral treponema (fm) and borrelia vincentii (n9) were harvested after 3 to 7 days of incubation and either embedded in vestopal w or negatively stained with phosphotungstate. the protoplasmic cylinders of both strains were identical except for size, and had a triple-structured cell wall as well as intracel ...	1964	5874540
[studies on effects of treponema microdentium on cultured cells. i. effects of tissue culture medium 199 and eagle's minimum essential medium on the growth and survival of treponema microdentium].		1965	5218829
[electron microscopical studies on ultrathin sections of treponema microdentium].		1966	5222883
nutritional requirements of anaerobic spirochetes. i. demonstration of isobutyrate and bicarbonate as growth factors for a strain of treponema microdentium.	hardy, paul h., jr. (the johns hopkins university school of medicine, baltimore, md.), and carole o. munro. nutritional requirements of anaerobic spirochetes. i. demonstration of isobutyrate and bicarbonate as growth factors for a strain of treponema microdentium. j. bacteriol. 91:27-32. 1966.-the previously reported ability of a microaerophilic diphtheroid to support the growth of some oral spirochetes resides in the acid-distillable fraction of the culture fluid. this fraction can be replaced ...	1966	5903097
complement-fixing and hemagglutinating antibodies to treponema microdentium.		1967	6019894
replacement of ascitic fluid or rabbit serum requirement of treponema dentium by alpha-globulin.		1967	4169224
oxygen sensitivity of various anaerobic bacteria.	anaerobes differ in their sensitivity to oxygen, as two patterns were recognizable in the organisms included in this study. strict anaerobes were species incapable of agar surface growth at po(2) levels greater than 0.5%. species that were found to be strict anaerobes were treponema macrodentium, treponema denticola, treponema oralis n. sp., clostridium haemolyticum, selenomonas ruminatium, butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, succinivibrio dextrinosolvens, and lachnospira multiparus. moderate anaerobes w ...	1969	5370458
morphological and biochemical differentiation of three types of small oral spirochetes.	thirty strains of human oral anaerobic spirochetes were isolated in three different media: veal heart infusion-ascitic fluid, spirolate-brain heart infusion-rabbit serum, and supplemented pplo broth. the morphological and biochemical characteristics of the isolates permitted their differentiation into three distinct species: treponema denticola, t. macrodentium, and t. oralis (proposed new species). these species could be differentiated as follows. organisms of the t. denticola type had a "2-4-2 ...	1969	5788714
amino acid and glucose fermentation by treponema denticola.		1971	4938689
ultrastructural studies of treponemes: location of axial filaments and some dimensions of treponema pallidum (nichols strain), treponema denticola, and treponema reiteri.	ultrathin sections of treponema pallidum (nichols strain), t. denticola (microdentium), and t. reiteri have been studied in the electron microscope to determine the location of the axial filaments and some of the dimensions of these organisms. the axial filaments of t. pallidum (nichols strain) have been seen to be tubular in cross section with an overall diameter of 21.0 +/- 0.73 nm, and an electron-lucent core of 8.0 nm. the filaments were found to lie on the outside of the organism which had ...	1973	4570277
the ultrastructure of cultivable treponemes. 2. treponema calligyrum, treponema minutum and treponema microdentium.		1974	4528816
immunity in syphilis. studies in active immunity.	support for the concept of the development of immunity during the course of syphilis is avaiable in the literature. in experimental syphilis in rabbits, some immunity is present approximately 3 weeks after infection with treponema pallidum. resistance to re-infection increases to a maximum at approximately 3 months after infection. termination of this state by penicillin treatment within this 3-month period may enable re-infection to be accomplished. attempts to reproduce this state of immunity ...	1976	791454
arginine catabolism by treponema denticola.	treponema denticola, an anaerobe commonly present in the human mouth, ferments various amino acids and glucose. amino acid analyses indicated that substrate amounts of arginine were utilized by t. denticola growing in a complex, serum-containing medium. cell suspensions metabolized l-arginine to citrulline, nh3, co2, proline, and small amounts of ornithine. co2, nh3, ornithine, and proline were produced from l-citrulline by cell suspensions. determinations of radioactivity in products formed fro ...	1976	977548
immune responses to soluble antigens of treponemes.	sonicates from five cultivable treponemes were used as antigens in delayed hypersensitivity tests and macrophage inhibition assays. immunodiffusion analysis showed that the sonicate comprised two major antigenic components which were not distinguishable in the skin tests. the sonicate antigens elicited significant cell-mediated immunity in guinea-pigs. treponema refringens biotype nichols proved to induce the strongest delayed response. delayed skin hypersensitivity to the antigens of treponema ...	1977	402976
lymphoproliferative responses to oral bacteria in humans with varying severities of periodontal disease.	we assessed in vitro the lymphocyte blastogenic resp onsess of peripheral blood lymphocytes to antigen extracts of a large battery of oral microorganisms in a population of humans with varying severities of periodontal disease. when the magnitudes and frequencies of statistically positive blastogenic responses to various oral microorganisms were compared, three general patterns emerged. the actinomyces species proved to be potent stimulators of lymphocyte blastogenesis in most subjects tested, w ...	1980	7399694
helical conformation of treponema pallidum (nichols strain), treponema paraluis-cuniculi, treponema denticola, borrelia turicatae, and unidentified oral spirochetes.	borrelia turicatae (mouse virulent) and treponema denticola, a small oral treponeme, formed right-handed helices as determined by scanning electron microscopy. treponema pallidum (nichols strain), treponema paraluis-cuniculi, and two unidentified oral spirochetes displayed left-handed helices.	1981	7019083
in vitro lymphocyte blastogenic responses and titers of humoral antibodies from periodontitis patients to oral spirochete isolates.	humoral antibodies and in vitro blastogenic responses of patients with moderate to advanced periodontitis and of orally healthy (control) individuals to 11 spirochetes were assayed. eight isolates of treponema denticola, two isolates of t. vincentii, and one isolate of t. phagedenis were grown anaerobically, sonicated, and centrifuged to remove cellular debris. the blastogenic responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes were measured by [3h]-thymidine uptake. antibody titers (immunoglobulins a, g, ...	1982	7118245
fumarate reduction and product formation by the reiter strain of treponema phagedenis.	the catabolic pathways for butyrate, acetate, succinate, and ethanol formation by the reiter strain of treponema phagedenis were investigated. enzyme activities were demonstrated for glucose catabolism to pyruvate by the embden-meyerhof-parnas pathway. butyrate formation from acetyl-coenzyme a (acetyl-coa) does not generate atp by substrate level phosphorylation and involves nad+-dependent 3-hydroxybutyryl-coa dehydrogenase and nad(p)+-independent butyryl-coa dehydrogenase activities. butyrate i ...	1982	7142104
pyruvate oxidation by the reiter strain of treponema phagedenis.	spectrophotometric assays of pyruvate oxidation catalyzed by extracts of the reiter strain of treponema phagedenis indicated that viologen dyes, flavin nucleotides, and a ferric iron chelate, but not pyridine nucleotides, were utilized as electron acceptors. benzyl viologen-linked activity partially sedimented during ultracentrifugation and appeared similar to clostridial pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase with respect to the spectral properties of the enzyme chromophore. electron carrier activi ...	1982	7142105
api zym system for identification of bacteroides spp., capnocytophaga spp., and spirochetes of oral origin.	a total of 80 oral strains of bacteroides gingivalis, b. asaccharolyticus, b. melaninogenicus subsp. intermedius, b. melaninogenicus subsp. melaninogenicus, capnocytophaga, treponema denticola, and t. vincentii were characterized with the api zym system for 19 enzyme activities. comparison of anaerobic and aerobic incubation with nine reference strains of these organisms showed no important differences. the key differential tests for black-pigmented bacteroides strains and treponemes of oral ori ...	1982	6764781
common antigens of treponema denticola: chemical, physical, and serological characterization.	a sodium deoxycholate-ethanol extractable antigen (des-ag) was obtained from four serotypes of treponema denticola and characterized by chemical, physical, and serological procedures. the cross-reactivity of these antigens was demonstrated by indirect microhemagglutination, immunodiffusion, and immunoelectrophoresis with hyperimmune rabbit antiserum against each of the t. denticola serotypes. antiserum against two nonoral treponemes, t. phagedenis biotype reieter and t. pallidum nichols strain, ...	1982	6811433
fatty acid requirement of treponema denticola and treponema vincentii.	treponema denticola and treponema vincentii were cultured in a medium supplemented with either 0.2 or 0.4% (w/v) alpha globulin in place of serum. the active factor(s) in alpha globulin was stable at ph 7.0 to autoclaving and was nondialyzable. extraction of lipids from alpha globulin showed that both protein and lipid, supplied by the alpha globulin, were required for maximal growth of these two oral treponemes. the lipid component was investigated by adding sodium salts of long-chain fatty aci ...	1982	6177390
detection of elevated serum antibodies to treponema denticola in humans with advanced periodontitis by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.		1982	6212660
enzymatic activities for interconversion of purines in spirochetes.	enzymatic activities that catalyze the interconversion of purines and purine derivatives were detected in cell extracts of spirochaeta aurantia, spirochaeta stenostrepta, treponema succinifaciens, and treponema denticola. phosphoribosyltransferase activities present in cell extracts of each of the four spirochete species functioned in the conversion of adenine, hypoxanthine, and guanine to amp, imp, and gmp, respectively. nucleotidase activities in the extracts mediated the formation of nucleosi ...	1982	6292162
demonstration of the in vitro phagocytosis of treponema denticola by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils.	a method has been developed for the study of phagocytosis of the oral treponeme t. denticola by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. t. denticola was labelled with 32p-orthophosphate, and phagocytosis, expressed as counts per mg cell protein, was measured after 15, 60 and 120 min of interaction between neutrophils and treponemes. four different cell cultures were used as controls, and phagocytosis of e. coli was used as reference. the uptake of radiolabelled t. denticola was significantly larger ...	1983	6362326
on the genesis of "dry socket".	one major school of thought regarding the pathogenesis of a dry socket occurring following tooth extraction is based on the concept that a blood clot fails to form, a concept that is, however, refuted by the clinical symptoms associated with the phenomena of a dry socket. a second theory maintains that, initially, clot formation takes place, but that the clot is subsequently lysed, bringing about the severe symptoms of a dry socket. fibrinolysis generated by tissue activators only partly explain ...	1983	6579255
albumin requirement of treponema denticola and treponema vincentii.	treponema denticola and treponema vincentii were found to require albumin, oleic acid, and thiamine pyrophosphate (tpp) for growth. previous studies indicated that commercial human alpha globulin, which is 50% albumin, was the only serum fraction that supported growth of these two oral treponemes. the alpha-globulin proteins were separated from the contaminating albumin with affi-gel blue affinity chromatography. both the albumin fraction and one of the alpha-globulin fractions were required for ...	1983	6652579
suppression of human lymphocyte responses by oral spirochetes: a monocyte-dependent phenomenon.	spirochetes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several human infections including syphilis, yaws, lyme disease, and periodontal diseases. we examined soluble sonic extracts of oral spirochetes (treponema denticola and t. vincentii) for their ability to alter human lymphocyte function. these organisms were isolated from subgingival plaque of patients with periodontitis. we found that sonicates of several but not all strains of t. denticola caused a dose-dependent inhibition of human lymp ...	1984	6699406
suppression of fibroblast proliferation by oral spirochetes.	soluble sonic extracts of several strains of treponema denticola and treponema vincentii were examined for their abilities to alter proliferation of both murine and human fibroblasts. we found that sonic extracts of all tested strains of t. denticola caused a dose-dependent inhibition of murine and human fibroblast proliferation when assessed by both dna synthesis ([3h]thymidine incorporation) and direct cell counts. t. vincentii had only a minimal inhibitory effect at comparable doses. no inhib ...	1984	6735466
attachment of treponema denticola to cultured human epithelial cells.	the present electron microscopic study visualizes adherence of treponema denticola, the most common treponeme of the gingival crevice in man, to human epithelial cells in vitro. the number of organisms adhering to the cells increased with increase in the treponemal concentration from 10(6) cells/ml through 10(8) cells/ml. epithelial cells immediately after mitosis were particularly rich in treponemes. the number of adsorbing treponemes was reduced after pretreatment of the epithelial cells with ...	1984	6585912
immunologic profile of juvenile periodontitis. i. lymphocyte blastogenesis and the autologous mixed lymphocyte response.	studies of blastogenesis of lymphocytes in culture from juvenile periodontitis (jp) patients have been inconclusive. experiments demonstrating differences in lymphocyte blastogenesis to preparations of putative periodontopathogens in jp and phytohaemagglutinin (pha) were performed. variables in the blastogenesis assay system recently reported were controlled which included using a range of cell and activator concentrations, incubation times of 3, 5 and 7 days, conical-bottomed microtest wells an ...	1984	6592318
scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the phagocytosis of treponema denticola and escherichia coli by human neutrophils in vitro.	in the present in vitro study, scanning and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that human neutrophils are able to phagocytize treponema denticola cells. two major modes of particle engulfment were detected, both of which seemed unaffected by opsonization or atmosphere (aerobic or anaerobic). the occasional finding of rather intact treponemes as long as 2 h after onset of the phagocytosis experiment, suggested that digestion could be a relatively slow process. expulsion of digested mat ...	1984	6382567
neutrophil phagocytosis of treponema denticola as indicated by extracellular release of lactoferrin.	lysosomal enzyme release from viable human neutrophils occurs during phagocytic activity in vivo. phagocytosis of a strain of t. denticola, an oral spirochete, was indicated by the finding of lactoferrin in the extracellular medium of neutrophils challenged with this organism. the extracellular release of lactoferrin was dependent on duration of bacterial challenge, but peak concentration appeared at a later stage than seen in phagocytosis experiments with escherichia coli, which served as a con ...	1984	6385616
comparative study of six random oral spirochete isolates. serological heterogeneity of treponema denticola.		1985	2935615
serospecificity of a cloned protease-resistant treponema pallidum--specific antigen expressed in escherichia coli.	we evaluated the serological reactivity of a protease-resistant antigen designated 4d which was encoded by treponema pallidum dna and was expressed in escherichia coli from recombinant plasmid paw329. this 19,000-molecular-weight antigen was purified in its native, non-protease-treated form from e. coli sonic extracts by molecular sieving and ion-exchange chromatography. antibody binding to antigen 4d was detected by a radioimmunoassay. antigen 4d-specific antibody was detected in 95% of the ser ...	1986	3514656
effect of fluoride on treponema denticola.	the effect of fluoride on the growth of treponema denticola was studied. fluoride, at a concentration of 20 micrograms/ml, was found to suppress the growth of all three strains tested. growth was completely inhibited by 40 micrograms of fluoride per ml.	1986	3710591
microscopic agglutination and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analyses of oral anaerobic spirochetes.	microscopic agglutination (ma) analysis and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) were used to determine strain and species similarities and dissimilarities among three species of oral anaerobic spirochetes, treponema denticola, treponema pectinovorum, and treponema vincentii. the ma analysis revealed a diversity of serologic reactivity or sharing of common antigens within each species. however, there was no cross-reactivity or sharing of common antigens among the ...	1986	3745424
adherence of oral treponemes and their effect on morphological damage and detachment of epithelial cells in vitro.	the present study shows adherence of treponema denticola l12d and treponema vincentii ritza to guinea pig ear epithelial cells in vitro. the number of adhering organisms was positively related with the treponemal concentration and contact time. incubation of washed t. denticola l12d and t. vincentii ritza organisms or their culture supernatants with the epithelial cells induced morphological damage and detachment of these cells. in addition, indications for inhibition of epithelial cell prolifer ...	1986	3943904
purification and characterization of an enzyme produced by treponema denticola capable of hydrolyzing synthetic trypsin substrates.	an enzyme from treponema denticola that hydrolyzes a synthetic trypsin substrate, n-alpha-benzoyl-l-arginine-p-nitroanilide (bapna), was purified to near homogeneity, as judged by gel electrophoresis. the molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be ca. 69,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ca. 50,000 by gel filtration on sephadex g-100. the ph optimum for the hydrolysis of bapna was around 8.5. the enzyme was heat labile and irreversibly inactivated at lo ...	1986	3013780
serum iga and igg antibodies to treponema vincentii and treponema denticola in adult periodontitis, juvenile periodontitis and periodontally healthy subjects.	13 patients with untreated adult periodontitis (ap) were compared to 8 subjects free of periodontal disease (h) with respect to plaque index (pli), gingival index (gi), probing depth (pd) and differential counts of subgingival bacterial morphotypes from a pooled sample of 6 surfaces with the greatest probing depth. serum antibody levels to t. vincentii and t. denticola strains were also determined in these subjects as well as in the sera from 5 subjects with localized juvenile periodontitis (ljp ...	1986	3464620
trypsin-like activity in subgingival plaque. a diagnostic marker for spirochetes and periodontal disease?	taxonomic screening of subgingival plaque organisms with various enzyme assays have shown that treponema denticola, bacteroides gingivalis and an unspeciated capnocytophaga species possess a trypsin-like enzyme (tle) that can be detected by the hydrolysis of n-benzoyl-dl-arginine-2-naphthylamide (bana). as these organisms can be considered to be periodontopathic, it was of interest to determine whether this bana hydrolyzing enzyme could be detected directly in subgingival plaque samples. subging ...	1987	3473222
comparison of three dispersion procedures for quantitative recovery of cultivable species of subgingival spirochetes.	spirochetes are usually the predominant organisms observed microscopically in subgingival plaques removed from tooth sites associated with periodontitis, but these organisms are rarely isolated by cultural means, presumably because the media do not support their growth and/or because these fragile organisms are disrupted by the various procedures used to disperse plaque samples. in the present investigation, three dispersal procedures, sonification, mechanical mixing, and homogenization, were co ...	1987	3320092
molecular cloning of treponema pallidum outer envelope fibronectin binding proteins, p1 and p2.	phages directing the synthesis of treponema pallidum fibronectin binding adhesin proteins, p1 and p2, were isolated from an embl-3 bacteriophage lambda library of t pallidum deoxyribonucleic acid (dna). the recombinant phages were identified using antisera generated to treponemal proteins purified in fibronectin-sepharose. recombinant p1 and p2 proteins possessed the same relative molecular weights as the native surface polypeptides of spirochaetes. the structural genes for these proteins were s ...	1987	2962928
adherence of treponema denticola to modified hydroxyapatite.	small samples of hydroxyapatite (ha) beads were coated with 10 microl of either saliva, serum, human crevicular fluid, or a preparation of lysosomal enzymes from human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (pmn), before being added to suspensions of treponema denticola. the beads were then observed with the scanning electron microscope. abundant t. denticola were found to adhere to ha or ha coated with saliva, serum, or crevicular fluid. coating the beads with lysosomal enzymes consistently prevented the ...	1987	2824585
keratinolytic activity of cutaneous and oral bacteria.	a test was developed to measure the keratinolytic activity of cutaneous and oral bacteria. keratin, labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate, was used in a phosphate buffer (ph 7.2) with 1 mm dithiothreitol. the degradation of keratin was estimated by measuring the fluorescence of the degradation products in the supernatant of the reaction mixtures in a luminescence spectrometer. several oral and cutaneous bacteria were investigated: bacteroides gingivalis, bacteroides intermedius, treponema dent ...	1987	2434427
taxonomic study of spirochetes isolated from human periodontal lesions.	nineteen strains of spirochetes obtained from subgingival plaque of 19 patients with advanced periodontitis were studied morphologically, biochemically, and genetically and compared with type strains of treponema denticola and treponema socranskii. the results showed that 16 strains which biochemically resembled t. denticola could be divided into two groups based on g + c content and dna homology. two isolates appeared to belong to the t. socranskii species. one intermediate size isolate did not ...	1987	10870473
monoclonal antibodies that recognize a specific surface antigen of treponema denticola.	spirochetes have been implicated as potential etiologic agents of periodontitis in humans. murine monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific for a serogroup of treponema denticola, an oral spirochete, were developed and characterized in this study. antibodies secreted by clone iaa11 were judged to be the most useful, since they were able to detect 8 of 15 t. denticola strains. this mab consisted of an immunoglobulin g3 heavy chain and a kappa light chain. mab iaa11 was found to react with an epitope ...	1988	2447020
quantitative relationship of treponema denticola to severity of periodontal disease.	the treponema denticola content of plaque was quantitatively estimated for samples taken from periodontitis patients as well as periodontally healthy subjects among two separate human populations. the populations studied included military volunteers and civilians at a university dental clinic. the plaque samples from each population were grouped according to pocket depth measurements at the collection site. a biotin-avidin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay procedure was developed with a monoclon ...	1988	3346072
[beta-d-galactosidase produced in treponema denticola].		1988	3152414
isolation of a chymotrypsinlike enzyme from treponema denticola.	a chymotrypsinlike protease with an mr of 95,000 was extracted from treponema denticola atcc 35405 and was partially purified by preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the proteolytic activity was detected in an electrophoretogram containing polyacrylamide that was conjugated to bovine serum albumin. a single band of activity was detected when the t. denticola extract was solubilized and electrophoresed in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. no activity was fo ...	1988	3166451
enzyme profiles of oral spirochetes in rapid-ana system.	enzyme profiles of oral treponema species were determined by using rapid-ana (innovative diagnostic system, atlanta, ga.), a 4-h test system which detects 18 enzymatic reactions, including aminopeptidases and glycosidases. seventy-two clinical isolates of treponema denticola, four reference strains of t. denticola (atcc 35404, atcc 35405, atcc 35520, and atcc 33521), one strain of t. vincentii (atcc 35580), and two strains of t. socranskii subspecies (t. socranskii subsp. buccale atcc 35534 and ...	1988	3183013
locomotory characteristics of treponema denticola.	locomotion of pathogenic spirochetes has been suggested as a virulence factor in their pathogenesis. little is known of the locomotory characteristics of oral anaerobic spirochetes. we have determined the optimal conditions for motility of seven strains of treponema denticola in menstrua of different viscosities. the viscosity for optimum motility for all strains was found to be 9.57 centipoises at 25 degrees c. under these conditions the average speeds for each strain was computed from the moti ...	1988	3203255
susceptibility of fibronectin to degradation by various gram-negative and gram-positive oral micro-organisms.	the degradative effects on tritiated human plasma fibronectin (fn) of proteases associated with twenty five gram-negative (gn) and fifteen gram-positive (gp) oral microbial isolates were examined. ninety-two per cent of the gn and 20% of the gp isolates degraded the fn. in the gn group, the degradative effects were greatest for bacteroides gingivalis and treponema denticola, while in the gp group streptococcus faecalis produced appreciable, and the two lactobacillus casei isolates moderate and l ...	1988	3287100
[chemiluminescence response and phagocytic activity of murine polymorphonuclear leukocytes to various species of oral bacteria].	polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn) are predominant cells in the gingival crevice and saliva, and may play an important role in oral bacteria. murine peritoneal pmn was used and stimulated with 9 genera, 17 species of oral bacteria, including cariogenic and periodontal pathogens. the pmn response to the bacteria was measured by the luminol mediated chemiluminescence (cl) response and phagocytic activities, and the activities of lysozyme in the reaction medium after the cl response were also measu ...	1989	2489336
in vitro susceptibilities of oral bacterial isolates to spiramycin.	four hundred strains of oral bacteria were tested for their susceptibility to spiramycin. actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and most species of lactobacillus were resistant to the antibiotic. all strains of cariogenic streptococcus mutans and most strains of bacterial species implicated in adult chronic periodontitis (bacteroides gingivalis, b. intermedius, and treponema denticola) were susceptible to spiramycin.	1989	2610512
antigenic and structural analysis of treponema denticola.	polypeptide and western immunoblot profiles of subcellular fractions of treponema denticola atcc 33520 have been determined by sds-page of triton x-100-soluble and -insoluble fractions, a lipopolysaccharide-enriched fraction and purified flagella. major triton x-100-soluble polypeptides of 72, 68, 54 and 52 kda were detected. the 54 kda polypeptide appeared to be a breakdown product of a larger, heat-modifiable polypeptide. based on the results of sds-page analysis and immunoblotting of proteina ...	1989	2636257
[nutritional requirements for oral treponema].	oral treponema is still difficult to cultivate in vitro because of lacking of our knowledge about what they require for growth. the aim of this study was to find what were the nutritional requirements for them. treponema denticola, t. vincentii, and t. socranskii were cultivated in various broths to seek which fractions of tryptone and rabbit serum, or serum proteins were stimulatory. treponemal growth was assessed by turbidity readings. it was obvious that a weakly negative-charged peptide isol ...	1989	2637426
clinical, microbiological and immunological studies of post-juvenile periodontitis.	the present study includes the clinical, microbiological and immunological examinations of 2 patients with post-juvenile periodontitis. bacteroides intermedius was the predominant isolate from periodontal pockets with post-localized juvenile periodontitis. bacteroides gingivalis, bacteroides forsythus and actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans were detected in samples from periodontal pockets with post-generalized juvenile periodontitis. igg antibody levels to b. gingivalis were significantly high ...	1989	2640920
outer membrane ultrastructure explains the limited antigenicity of virulent treponema pallidum.	freeze fracture and deep etching were used to investigate the ultrastructural basis for the observation that anti-treponemal antibodies bind poorly to the surface of virulent treponema pallidum. fractures of t. pallidum outer membranes contained scarce, uniformly sized intramembranous particles (imps). imps on the convex faces often appeared to form linear arrays that wound in spirals about the organism. in contrast to the outer membrane, imps of the cytoplasmic membrane were randomly distribute ...	1989	2648388
[microbial flora of periodontitis and monitoring of the effect of initial preparation by immunofluorescence microscopy].	the effect of initial preparation in adult periodontitis was evaluated by changes in clinical parameters and immunofluorescence microscopic counts of periodontal disease associated bacteria. subgingival plaque samples were taken with sterilized paper points from 10 sites of 5 periodontally healthy persons and 44 sites of 23 adult periodontitis patients. twenty-one diseased sites were periodically examined after plaque control and scaling, root planing. the direct immunofluorescence technique was ...	1989	2700361
[correlation between subgingival microflora and peptidase activity in periodontal pockets measured with synthetic substrates].	the activity of peptidases in periodontal pockets of patients were examined by using four different synthetic enzyme substrates, and surveyed their correlation with the microbial populations of subgingival plaque and clinical symptoms. the substrates were (1) alpha-n-benzoyl-dl-arginine-beta-naphthylamide (bana), (2) n-carbobenzoxy-glycylglycyl-arginine-4-methoxy-beta-naphthylamide, (3) alpha-n-benzoyl-l-arginylglycyl-l-phenylalanyl-l-proline-4-methoxy -beta-naphthylamide and (4) n-carbobenzoxy- ...	1989	2700363
a major antigen on the outer envelope of a human oral spirochete, treponema denticola.	human oral spirochetes are prominent inhabitants of subgingival plaque in patients with periodontal disease. by immunoelectron microscopy using protein a-gold complexes and either polyclonal mouse antiserum against the 53-kda antigen or 53-kda-antigen-specific monoclonal antibody, a major polypeptide antigen, with a molecular weight of 53,000 (molecular size, 53 kilodaltons [kda]), of a human oral spirochete, treponema denticola atcc 33520, was found to localize on the surface of the outer envel ...	1989	2744855
a common antigen of treponema denticola and other treponema species detected by monoclonal antibody.	murine monoclonal antibodies against treponema denticola were produced. one monoclonal antibody (msa257) reacted with 34,000 dalton antigens of all t. denticola strains, including atcc strains and our isolates. this monoclonal antibody also reacted with antigens of other treponema strains tested.	1989	2762014
ceruloplasmin can substitute for rabbit serum in stimulating the growth of treponema denticola.	the growth of treponema denticola in a complex medium was stimulated by human ceruloplasmin and, to a lesser extent, albumin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, and alpha-2-macroglobulin. human ceruloplasmin could stimulate growth of t. denticola as well as or better than 5% rabbit serum, with a dose-response relationship of between 1 and 5 mg of ceruloplasmin per ml of culture medium. these results suggest that ceruloplasmin could substitute for rabbit serum in stimulating the grow ...	1989	2912901
the formation of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan by oral bacteria.	the capacity to form volatile sulfur compounds was tested in bacteria isolated from subgingival microbiotas and in a representative number of reference strains. a majority of the 75 tested oral bacterial species and 7 unnamed bacterial taxa formed significant amounts of hydrogen sulfide from l-cysteine. the most active bacteria were found in the genera peptostreptococcus, eubacterium, selenomonas, centipeda, bacteroides and fusobacterium. methyl mercaptan from l-methionine was formed by some mem ...	1990	2082242
a study of the acid phosphatase of treponema denticola.	this study describes some of the properties of the acid phosphatase of the potential periodontopathogen treponema denticola. the highest enzyme activity was found in 87 h old cells. two optimum phs for enzyme activity were detected, one at ph 4.8 and another at ph 6.2. divalent cations did not influence the acid phosphatase of t. denticola. the anion f- added in the form of naf and at a level greater than 20 micrograms/ml f- diminished the activity of the acid phosphatase of intact cells of t. d ...	1990	2085369
[isolation and identification of oral spirochaetes and fusobacterium in juvenile periodontitis].	periodontal pocket specimens of 40 juveniles periodontitis (jp) and specimens from gingival sulcus in 40 normal juveniles (np) were examined. 25 strains of anaerobic oral spirochaete (62.5%) (17 strains were treponema microdentium, 3 strains macrodentium, 2 strains t orale, 3 strains borrelia) and 21 strains of fusobacterium were isolated in 40 jp. in 40 np, 2 strains of spirochaetes (5%) and 3 strains fusobacterium (7.5%) were found. this study shows that there is a relationship between the inf ...	1990	2098228
benzoyl-arginine naphthylamide (bana) hydrolysis by treponema denticola and/or bacteroides gingivalis in periodontal plaques.	treponema denticola and bacteroides gingivalis are among the few recognized species found in periodontal pockets that can hydrolyze the synthetic peptide n-benzoyl-dl-arginine-2-naphthylamide (bana). we determined the presence of these periodontal pathogens in bana-positive and -negative plaque samples through the use of indirect immunofluorescent antibody techniques. eighteen of 27 diseased sites gave bana-positive reactions, and 9 gave bana-negative reactions. t. denticola was present in 16 of ...	1990	2098702
[a rapid diagnosis (sk-013) for periodontitis based on the enzymatic activity of periodontopathic bacteria. study on the characterization of the sk-013 and the enzyme specificity].	we present studies for development of an enzymatic diagnostic method for periodontitis. a rapid and sensitive diagnostic method named sk-013 was provided by sunstar inc. to evaluate the peptidase activities specifically derived from periodontopathic bacteria such as bacteroides gingivalis, bacteroides forsythus and treponema denticola and some strains of capnocytophaga species. the results obtained indicated the specificity of the enzymatic reaction in this system.	1990	2133684
[a rapid diagnosis (sk-013) for periodontitis based on the enzymatic activity of periodontopathic bacteria. the relationship between the enzymatic activity (sk-013) and b. gingivalis, b. forsythus, t. denticola in subgingival microflora].	sk-013 was developed for rapid detection of the peptidase activity in subgingival plaque samples. the purpose of this study was to determine whether sk-013 could be a marker for the presence of periodontopathic bacteria including treponema denticola, bacteroides gingivalis and bacteroides forsythus which produce trypsin-like enzyme. subgingival plaque samples were taken with 3 paper points from 10 clinically healthy sites and 30 periodontal diseased sites. the sk-013 activity of plaque sample wa ...	1990	2133685
[a rapid diagnosis for periodontitis based on enzymatic activity of periodontopathic bacteria. correlation between enzymatic activity, clinical periodontal parameters, and subgingival level of microorganisms].	there have been various laboratory methods for the microbiological diagnosis of periodontal disease. however, there have been some disadvantages in these methods. in this study of the application of a chair-side test for microbiological diagnosis, the activity of peptidases in periodontal pockets of patients was examined by using the assay system sk-013. sk-013 consists of synthetic substrates and is capable of rapidly (in 15 min) evaluating the activity of specific peptidase from treponema dent ...	1990	2133686
[a rapid diagnosis for periodontitis based on the enzymatic activity of periodontopathic bacteria. the application of the sk-013 to the judgement on the effect of initial preparation].	the purpose of the present study was to examine the diagnostic value of the sk-013 (sunstar, osaka) in evaluating the effect of initial preparation. the sk-013 is a highly sensitive reagent to measure peptidase activity specifically produced by bacteroides gingivalis. bacteroides forsythus, and treponema denticola. thirty-six sites in 16 periodontitis patients were monitored in this study. the clinical status of each site was assessed using the clinical indices such as gingival index (gi), plaqu ...	1990	2133687
[chemical composition and biological activities of lipopolysaccharides extracted from treponema denticola and treponema vincentii].	lipopolysaccharides (lpss) were isolated from treponema denticola (t. denticola) and treponema vincentii (t. vincentii) by the phenol/water (pw) and the phenol/chloroform/petroleum-ether (pcp) procedures. 1) t. denticola pw-lps (lps isolated by the pw procedure), pcp-sup-lps (lps isolated by the pcp procedure in the supernates of ultracentrifugation), pcp-ppt-lps (precipitated lps isolated by the pcp procedure, obtained after ultracentrifugation), and t. vincentii pcp-ppt-lps were composed of ca ...	1990	2134963
inhibition of protease activities of periodontopathic bacteria by extracts of plants used in kenya as chewing sticks (mswaki).	extracts from five plants used as chewing sticks, and tannic acid, gallic acid and methyl ester of gallic acid, were tested for their ability to inhibit proteolytic activities of three strains of bacteroides gingivalis, three strains of bacteroides intermedius and two strains of treponema denticola. aqueous extract from the plants rhus natalensis and euclea divinorum were the most inhibitory of those tested, inhibiting by 50% the proteolytic activity of the test organisms, at concentrations of u ...	1990	2142592
interaction of treponema denticola td-4, gm-1, and ms25 with human gingival fibroblasts.	the adherence of treponema denticola gm-1, td-4, and ms25 to human gingival fibroblasts (hgfs) was studied to serve as an introduction to investigations into the interactions of these oral bacteria with human host cells. under both aerobic (5% co2) and anaerobic (85% n2 plus 10% h2 plus 5% co2) environments, the interactions with the hgfs were such that strains gm-1 and ms25 were consistently more adherent than strain td-4. polyclonal antibodies to gm-1 inhibited gm-1 adherence by 70%, while ms2 ...	1990	2160430
isolation and characterization of the treponema denticola prta gene coding for chymotrypsinlike protease activity and detection of a closely linked gene encoding pz-plgpa-hydrolyzing activity.	the chymotrypsinlike protease gene (prta) from treponema denticola atcc 35405 was isolated from a lambda gt11 clone bank as one of several clones expressing protease activity. the dna from one positive clone capable of hydrolyzing type iv collagen was subcloned into plasmid vector puc119 for further analysis. deletion analysis of subclone pxq27.2 revealed the approximate location of the prta gene on the dna insert. deae-sephadex chromatography of crude cell extracts of the subclone revealed two ...	1990	2174832
multi-center clinical evaluation of a chairside method for detecting certain periodontopathic bacteria in periodontal disease.	the association of bacteroides gingivalis, bacteroides forsythus, treponema denticola, and actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans among others with periodontal disease offers the opportunity for the development of diagnostic tests that are based upon the detection and/or quantification of one or more of these organisms or their by-products in the plaque. three of the putative periodontal pathogens namely, t. denticola, b. gingivalis, and b. forsythus, can hydrolyze the synthetic trypsin substrate, ...	1990	2181111
the utility of the bana test for monitoring anaerobic infections due to spirochetes (treponema denticola) in periodontal disease.	treponema denticola, porphyromonas gingivalis, and bacteroides forsythus each possesses an enzyme(s) that hydrolyzes the synthetic substrate benzoyl-dl-arginine-naphthylamide (bana). the presence of these organisms in a subgingival plaque sample can be determined by the ability of the plaque to hydrolyze bana. in the present study, we describe the usefulness of the bana test at various stages of a clinical trial of the efficacy of metronidazole in the treatment of periodontal disease. a bana-pos ...	1990	2212216
tip-oriented adherence of treponema denticola to fibronectin.	the adherence of treponema denticola to ligands on cell surfaces or in basement membranes of periodontal tissues might play an important role in its pathogenicity. a direct microscopic assay was used to examine the binding of t. denticola to fibronectin and other protein substrates adsorbed on plastic cover slips. all strains of t. denticola that were tested adhered to fibronectin but to different degrees. the strains which bound in high numbers frequently bound by their tips. type strain atcc 3 ...	1990	2254019
the benzoylarginine peptidase from treponema denticola (strain aslm), a human oral spirochaete: evidence for active-site carboxyl groups.	the benzoylarginine peptidase of treponema denticola (strain aslm; a human oral spirochaete) was progressively and irreversibly inactivated by 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-2-ethoxy-1, 2-dihydroquinoline, a carboxyl-group reagent. at acidic ph values, reaction of one mole of the modifier per active site of the enzyme resulted in total inactivation of the enzyme. assuming that this modifier is a specific carboxyl reagent, the data suggest that the inactivation of the t. denticola benzoylarginine peptidase w ...	1990	2280691
growth stimulation of treponema denticola by periodontal microorganisms.	previous experiments have indicated that enrichment of subgingival plaque in human serum can lead to the accumulation of treponema denticola. t. denticola depends on bacterial interactions for its growth in serum. aim of the present study was to identify specific microorganisms involved in the growth stimulation of t. denticola. to this end, strains isolated from previous plaque enrichment cultures were tested for growth stimulation in co-cultures with t. denticola. in addition, growth of t. den ...	1990	2321929
cross-reactivity of nonspecific treponemal antibody in serologic tests for lyme disease.	serum samples obtained from 59 persons who had acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, periodontitis, syphilis, or lyme disease were tested against treponema phagedenis biotype reiter, treponema denticola, treponema vincentii, and treponema scoliodontum by indirect fluorescent-antibody staining methods. although there were positive reactions for sera representing each of these study groups and for 20 (13%) of 156 samples collected from the general population (premarital screening for syphilis), ...	1990	2380356
quantitative immunoassay of treponema denticola serovar c in adult periodontitis.	murine monoclonal antibodies specific for treponema denticola serovar c were produced and characterized in this study. an immunoassay was then developed by using these monoclonal antibodies, and the t. denticola serovar c antigen content of subgingival plaque was quantitated for samples taken from patients with periodontitis and healthy volunteers. the human subgingival plaque samples were grouped by severity of disease and pocket depth measurements at the collection site. the t. denticola serov ...	1990	2380374
development of a diagnostic test for anaerobic periodontal infections based on plaque hydrolysis of benzoyl-dl-arginine-naphthylamide.	treponema denticola, porphyromonas (bacteroides) gingivalis, and bacteroides forsythus are among the anaerobic species frequently associated with adult forms of periodontal disease. these organisms hydrolyze the synthetic peptide benzoyl-dl-arginine-naphthylamide (bana), and such enzyme activity can be detected in the plaque and related to clinical disease and the presence of spirochetes. in this investigation, the liquid bana assay was compared with a commercially developed bana assay which emp ...	1990	2380379
cellular location of a treponema denticola chymotrypsinlike protease and importance of the protease in migration through the basement membrane.	a number of immunological methods were used to localize a cell-associated treponema denticola chymotrypsinlike protease. indirect immunofluorescence staining, immunogold labeling, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay all indicated that the protease was attached to the outside of the cell envelope. the invasive capability of t. denticola was evaluated by following the degradation of a reconstituted basement membrane material (matrigel) and the release of spirochetes from the gel. under condit ...	1990	2404867
qualitative assessment of treponema denticola and bacteroides gingivalis in human subgingival plaque.		1991	1668639
use of randomly cloned dna fragments for the identification of oral spirochetes.	dna probes were produced for the detection and identification of 4 cultivable species of oral spirochetes, treponema denticola, treponema socranskii, treponema vincentii and treponema pectinovorum. to obtain probe sequences, chromosomal dna, isolated from representative strains within each species, was cloned in escherichia coli k-12. cloned dna fragments were screened for the ability to hybridize to dna only from homologous strains. several such fragments were identified and shown to be specifi ...	1991	1682869
specific immunofluorescence staining of treponema pallidum in smears and tissues.	to date, tissue sections prepared from formalin-fixed tissues have not been successfully stained with treponema pallidum subspecies-specific antibody in a direct fluorescent-antibody assay. while current methods stain t. pallidum, they do not distinguish t. pallidum from other spirochetes such as borrelia burgdorferi (e. f. hunter, p. w. greer, b. l. swisher, a. r. simons, c. e. farshy, j. a. crawford, and k. r. sulzer, arch. pathol. lab. med. 108:878-880, 1984). because trypsin pretreatment of ...	1991	1709944