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transmission routes of african swine fever virus to domestic pigs: current knowledge and future research directions.african swine fever (asf) is a major threat to the pig industry in europe. since 2007, asf outbreaks have been ongoing in the caucasus, eastern europe and the baltic countries, causing severe economic losses for many pig farmers and pork producers. in addition, the number of asf cases in wild boar populations has dramatically increased over the past few years. evidence supports direct contact with infectious domestic pigs and wild boars, and consumption of contaminated feed, as the main transmis ...026966305
tissues expression, polymorphisms identification of fcrn gene and its relationship with serum classical swine fever virus antibody level in pigs.neonatal fc receptor (fcrn) gene encodes a receptor that binds the fc region of monomeric immunoglobulin g (igg) and is responsible for igg transport and stabilization. in this report, the 8,900 bp porcine fcrn genomic dna structure was identified and putative fcrn protein included 356 amino acids. alignment and phylogenetic analysis of the porcine fcrn amino acid sequences with their homologies of other species showed high identity. tissues expression of fcrn mrna was detected by real time quan ...025049667
bacilli of the hog-cholera group (bacillus cholerae suis) in man.1. the organisms isolated by hirschfeld from febrile cases resembling paratyphoid fever and named paratyphoid c can be placed in the hog-cholera bacillus group by their agglutination absorption properties though they are not typical culturally. 2. when fed to a pig a febrile disease resulted from which the animal recovered. after injection of hog-cholera virus the organisms fed were found generally, distributed and some of them had lost cultural characters so that they are brought into the class ...192019868429
variations in the plasma cholesterol and cholesterol ester content in hog cholera.1. the plasma cholesterol and cholesterol ester content of swine, experimentally infected with hog cholera, exhibit a regular succession of changes. during the period of incubation of the disease, for 3 or more days following inoculation with hog cholera virus, hypocholesterolemia prevails. this is followed by a period of hypercholesterolemia which is coincident with the onset of the clinical manifestations of the disease. the hypercholesterolemia after persisting for from 4 to 7 days, gives way ...193019869682
histological studies on hog cholera : i. lesions in the central nervous system.1. a more or less marked encephalomyelitis and meningitis was found in 33 out of 39 cases of virus hog cholera which had been infected either intramuscularly or by contact and killed between 6 and 49 days after infection. 2. this hog cholera encephalitis is characterized by a varying amount of vascular and perivascular infiltration with small lymphocytes, mononuclear elements, a few plasma cells, and occasionally a few eosinophilic leucocytes. the glia shows a proliferation surrounding infiltrat ...193119869840
the swine lungworm as a reservoir and intermediate host for swine influenza virus : ii. the transmission of swine influenza virus by the swine lungworm.1. the swine lungworm can serve as intermediate host in transmitting swine influenza virus to swine. the virus is present in a masked non-infective form in the lungworm, however, and, to induce infection, must be rendered active by the application of a provocative stimulus to the swine it infests. multiple intramuscular injections of h. influenzae suis furnish a means of provoking infection. swine influenza infections can be provoked in properly prepared swine during the autumn, winter, and spri ...194119871115
cultivation of the hog cholera virus.the work of hecke on the cultivation, of hog cholera virus was confirmed with ease. virus was grown in the presence of fresh minced swine testicle in flasks containing tyrode solution, on the chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated eggs, and on the surface of swine serum agar. in flasks it was grown for 14 transfers; while on eggs it was grown for 13 transfers, followed by an equal number of transfers on agar, making 26 transfers in all. only one strain of virus was used and we do not know wheth ...194119871145
propagation of hog cholera virus in rabbits. 194620274310
serial passage of hog cholera virus in rabbits. 194620274311
preliminary report on the propagation of hog cholera virus in vitro. 194620998692
concentration of hog-cholera virus in the blood of artificially infected swine at different stages of the disease. 194621014208
attenuation of hog-cholera virus by serial passage in rabbits. 194718897174
[hog cholera virus carriers]. 195014785542
morphologic studies of hog cholera virus by electron microscopy. 195114829762
variations (variants) of hog cholera virus. 195114832118
preservation of hog cholera virus at low temperatures. 195114836270
neutralization in vivo of hog cholera virus by serum. 195114855942
effect of exposure to hog cholera virus before and after vaccination with modified live vaccine. 195413129160
[the result of experimental studies of the culturability of the hog cholera virus in plants and of the behavior of the adapted virus in swine]. 195513350894
[moroccan variant of the hog cholera virus]. 195613328205
variations (variants) of hog cholera virus. iv. comparative potencies of crystal-violet glycerol vaccines prepared from regular hog cholera virus and variant hog cholera virus. 195713394827
the leech as a potential virus reservoir.leeches, fed on swine infected with hog cholera, contained virus for as long as 87 days after their infective blood meals. in three instances, infected leeches apparently transmitted hog cholera virus to susceptible swine in the process of normal feeding. myxoma virus persisted in leeches for as long as 154 days after the ingestion of a blood meal from rabbits with myxomatosis. leeches fed consecutively, first on swine with hog cholera, and later on rabbits with myxomatosis, acquired both viruse ...195713416474
experimental investigations on current strains of hog cholera virus. 195713438776
cytopathogenic effects of hog cholera virus on embryonic swine tissues in vitro. 195713444558
the swine lungworm as a reservoir and intermediate host for hog cholera virus. i. the provocation of masked hog cholera virus in lungworm-infested swine by ascaris larvae.evidence that the swine lungworm can serve as reservoir and intermediate host for the hog cholera virus has been presented. the virus, however, is ordinarily carried in a masked form and must be provoked to pathogenicity by some stress before it can cause apparent disease. in the present experiments, ascaris larvae supplied the provocation needed to induce hog cholera in swine carrying lungworms infected with masked hog cholera virus. provocation of the masked virus by ascaris larvae was seasona ...195813525573
the swine lungworm as a reservoir and intermediate host for hog cholera virus. ii. attempts to demonstrate the presence of hog cholera virus in lungworms derived from swine with cholera.suspensions of adult lungworms, procured from swine that were outwardly healthy but derived from eggs passed by swine with hog cholera, induced this disease in a small proportion of swine into which they were injected intramuscularly. this result was achieved in both lungworm-free and lungworm-infested swine, though perhaps slightly more regularly in the lungworm-infested animals. swine that had had an intramuscular injection of lungworm suspension and that had remained normal, developed hog cho ...195813549648
detection of hog cholera virus by its effect on newcastle disease virus in swine tissue culture. 195813568799
enhancement of infectivity of hog cholera virus. 196013811288
propagation of hog cholera virus in tissue culture and its application to vaccine. i. propagation of the virus in tissue culture. 196014400295
hemadsorption and cytopathic effect produced by african swine fever virus in swine bone marrow and buffy coat cultures. 196014420403
immunological studies on african swine fever virus. i. elimination of the procomplementary activity of swine serum with formalin. 196113696091
a new in vitro method (end) for detection and measurement of hog cholera virus and its antibody by means of effect of hc virus on newcastle disease virus in swine tissue culture. i. establishment of standard procedure. 196113755081
cultivation of hog cholera virus in subculturable swine buffy coat cells. 196113762932
a new in vitro method (end) for detection and measurement of hog cholera virus and its antibody by means of effect of hc virus on newcastle disease virus in swine tissue culture. ii. some characteristics of end method. 196113768332
an electron microscopic study of the cytopathologic changes in cells infected with hog cholera virus and grown in vitro. 196214463553
propagation, modification, and hemadsorption of african swine fever virus in cell cultures. 196214469017
detection of hog cholera virus by a hemagglutination test. 196213910269
relationship between hog cholera virus and virus diarrhea virus of cattle. 196213911585
serologic and immunologic studies with african swine fever virus. 196313932609
a hog cholera virus-fluorescent antibody system. its potential use in study of embryonic infection. 196313978737
quantity production of leukocyte cultures for use in hemadsorption tests with african swine fever virus. 196313994659
immunologic studies on african swine fever virus. ii. enhancing effect of normal bovine serum on the complement-fixation reaction. 196314023516
demonstration of the swine-fever virus in tissue culture by immunofluorescence. 196314108402
serological comparison with rabbit antisera of hog cholera virus and bovine virus diarrhea virus. 196314115270
demonstration of an antigenic relationship between hog cholera and bovine viral diarrhea viruses by immunofluorescence.specific staining of antigen within bovine embryo kidney tissue culture cells, infected with either oregon c24v or nadl-md bovine viral diarrhea virus, was accomplished using fluorescein-conjugated swine anti-hog cholera or bovine antiviral diarrhea globulin. also specific staining of antigen within pig kidney tissue culture cells, infected with hog cholera virus, was accomplished using the same two types of conjugates. specificity was confirmed by appropriate controls. the authors found immunof ...196317649449
identification of hog cholera viral antigen by immunofluorescence. application as a diagnostic and assay method.in the absence of detectable cytologic changes in hog cholera virus-infected tissue culture cells, hog cholera viral antigen was readily detected by immunofluorescence. the ability to detect hog cholera viral antigen by this method allowed for determination of infectivity titers and also for titration of homologous antibody. immunofluorescence made possible the identification, in tissue culture, of hog cholera virus from blood, serum, and spleen extracts of experimentally infected swine. further ...196317649467
use of the agar diffusion precipitation test in the diagnosis of hog cholera.the application of the agar diffusion precipitation (adp) test for diagnosing hog cholera was investigated. the test used as antigen, pancreatic tissue from 272 pigs that had been inoculated with hog cholera virus. the test was positive for 13.5% of the animals that were sick for 4 days or less, 40% of those sick for 5 days, and 77% of those sick for 6 days or more. the test was positive for 13.5% of all animals that had been vaccinated with crystal violet-glycerol hog cholera vaccine and had be ...196317649474
a soluble precipitating antigen from hog cholera virus propagated in tissue culture: i. preparation and characterization of the antigen.a precipitating hog cholera viral antigen was produced in a swine kidney tissue culture system. this antigen produced a single, sharp precipitin line with reference antiserum but no precipitin lines with nonimmune control sera. the precipitating antigen was present in the supernatant fluid after high-speed centrifugation, and was readily separated from infective virus by diethylaminoethyl cellulose (deae) chromatography. the antigen was found to be nondialyzable, stable to the action of chlorofo ...196417649522
hog cholera: i. investigation of the agar double-diffusion precipitation test for the detection of the virus in swine tissue.the agar double-diffusion precipitation test was investigated to detect hog cholera virus in splenic and pancreatic tissues of swine. special attention was given to the conditions influencing the sensitivity and specificity of the test. these studies emphasize the strict techniques and methods required in the test in order to detect specific antigen - antibody reaction. absorption studies performed on serum fractions prepared by deae cellulose chromatography and studied electrophoretically, indi ...196417649544
attenuation of hog cholera virus by means of continuous cell-virus propagation (ccvp) method. ii. preparatory experiments on the attenuated strain as a live vaccine. 196414314767
a new in vitro method (end) for detection and measurement of hog cholera virus and its antibody by means of effect of hc virus on newcastle disease virus in swine tissue culture. iii. end neutralization test. 196414141581
attenuation of hog cholera virus by means of continuous cell-virus propagation (ccvp) method. 196414181225
studies of the nucleic acid type and essential lipid content of hog cholera virus. 196414204818
persistent infections of subculturable swine buffy coat cells with hog cholera virus. 196414266856
immunology of newborn pigs: response to lapinized hog cholera virus in colostrum-deprived and suckling pigs. 196414266859
[cultivation of hog cholera virus in pig kidney cultures with cytopathogenic effect]. 19644953502
studies on the tissue culture of hog cholera virus. ii. neutralization test by means of the influence of hog cholera virus infection on newcastle disease virus infection (heic method). 19644969369
inactivation of hog cholera virus in blood and excreta with chemical disinfectants. 19645217517
circulating interferon production in pigs infected with hog cholera virus. 19655863379
the effect of stressor viruses on pigs inoculated with attenuated african swine fever virus. 19655892232
increased sensitivity of the end (exaltation of newcastle disease virus) test for hog cholera virus. 19655894731
separation of virus and soluble noninfectious antigens in african swine fever virus by isoelectric precipitation. 19654953582
[on the detection of swine fever virus in testicular cell cultures from young swine by means of additional inoculation of the culture with swine poliomyelitis virus]. 19654953722
[on changes in the virulence of swine fever virus during the course of infection. 1. virulence increase during the time up to the critical climax of the disease]. 19654953759
[purification of the african hog cholera virus by fluorocarbon]. 19654954677
contamination of various hog cholera virus strains with adenoviruses or virus diarrhoea virus. preliminary report. 19654955296
[control of the stability of a modified swine fever virus given in testicular cell culture]. 19654956638
isolation of african swine fever virus from a giant forest hog. 19654283999
interference of bovine viral diarrhea virus by hog cholera virus in swine kidney cell cultures. 19654286768
hog cholera. v. demonstration of the antigen in swine tissues by the fluorescent antibody technique.the fluorescent antibody technique was employed to detect hog cholera virus in tissue sections of various organs from experimentally infected swine. the method proved to be highly sensitive and infection could be detected in these animals as early as three days after inoculation with the virus. best results were obtained when tissues were collected from young animals in advanced disease rather than from sows or from pigs in the early febrile phase. tonsil, spleen and lymph node were the tissues ...19654221910
hog cholera iv. detection of the virus in tissue culture preparations by the fluorescent antibody technique.the fluorescent-antibody technique was employed for detection of hog cholera virus in tissue cultures inoculated with spleens of infected animals. as controls, cultures were also inoculated with material from normal swine and from those infected with other agents. in the first series 71 of 73 infected spleens, or 97 per cent, were detected. there were no false positive reactions among the controls. results obtained with the second series of pigs showed that spleens collected during advanced stag ...19654221990
propagation and modification of african swine fever virus in cell cultures. 196514266920
a soluble precipitating antigen (hca) from hog cholera virus propagated in tissue culture. ii. incidence of hca-antibodies in sera of hog cholera-immune and nonimmune swine.some conditions are presented under which swine develop antibodies for a soluble hog cholera viral antigen (hca). precipitating antibodies for hca were present in all of the immune and hyperimmune anti-hog cholera sera tested. antibodies for hca could not be detected in the sera from a large number of swine after vaccination with inactivated hog cholera virus. many of these same swine did produce hca-antibodies following challenge with virulent virus. the incidence of these antibodies was signif ...196514281075
the role of the hippopotamus in the epizootiology of african swine fever (a survey of the incidence of african swine fever virus in hippopotami in queen elizabeth national park uganda). 196514286145
hog cholera. ii. reliability of the agar double diffusion precipitation test for the differentiation of h.c. virus from other infectious agents in swine tissue.the specificity in the agar diffusion precipitation test of the reaction between the antigen of hog cholera virus diffusing from infected tissues and its homologous antibody was verified. alternate freezing and thawing of infected tissues was found to give optimum release of the antigen from fresh tissue frozen for 18 hours. a study of the effect of the size and age of pigs upon the diffusion of the antigen from tissues showed that tissues from pigs of less than 250 lbs. gave good results provid ...196514290949
hog cholera. 3. investigation of the complement-fixation test for the detection of the virus in swine tissue.the complement-fixation test was investigated as a means of detecting hog cholera virus in spleen from experimentally infected swine. various methods of extracting the tissue for production of antigen are described and emphasis is placed on the necessity of using the modified direct complement-fixation test to obtain reactions. the tissue should be obtained from animals showing advanced clinical manifestations of the disease. preferably, the tissue should be maintained frozen or at least well re ...196514318539
electron microscope observations of african swine fever virus in tissue culture cells.african swine fever virus, hinde isolate, grown in a stable pig kidney cell line and primary pig kidney cells, was examined for successive stages in the development of the virus particle. the mature particle has a hexagonal outer membrane structure (diameter 175-215 micron) surrounding an electron lucent region and a dense nucleoid (diameter 72-89 micron). the increase in particle production in the cell cytoplasm is consistent with both the rise in infectivity as measured in pig kidney cell cult ...196618611474
the transmission of hog cholera virus by trichinella spiralis larvae.studies have been carried out to determine (a) the possible role of t. spiralis larvae in the transmission of hog cholera virus and (b) to determine the effect of elevated swine temperature on the viability of trichinae. trichina larvae from hog cholera infected swine were freed from diaphragmatic tissue by artificial digestion. washed and disinfected larvae transmitted hog cholera virus while the supernatant digestive fluid did not transmit the virus. infectivity of the virus was lost when the ...19664223754
attempt to adapt the lapinized hog cholera virus strain "suvac" to sheep. 19664959424
occurrence of contaminant viruses in various hog cholera virus strains. i. adenoviruses. 19664959425
viability of virulent swine fever virus in cooked and uncooked ham and sausage casings. 19664959522
fluorescent antibody studies on african swine fever virus. 19664959954
extraction of infectious deoxyribonucleic acid from african swine fever virus. 19665928803
electron microscopy of african swine fever virus hemadsorption. 19665949565
chromosomal variations in a pig kidney cell line persistently infected with hog cholera virus. 19665961412
[studies on the problem of diaplacental transmission of hog cholera virus from immunized saws living in an environment susceptible to infection to their offspring]. 19666006822
[multiplication of swine fever virus with cytopathogenic effect in piglet testis culture]. 19664961290
the recovery of hog cholera virus from swine with an in utero infection. 19674961976
[on increasing the virulence of swine fever virus in pigs treated with serum. a contribution to the problem of immunological variants (c. n]. 19674963190
in vivo demonstration of lability of hog cholera virus to lipolytic agents. 19674965187
immunobiological study of lapinized hog cholera virus strains. 19674965564
detection of hog cholera virus in normal pigs salvaged from infected herds and hyperimmune pigs from biological companies. 19674895899
characterization of hog cholera virus. ii. determination of sedimentation coefficient. 19674971493
on the morphology of hog cholera virus. 19674971494
[demonstration of weak virulent swine fever virus by the heic method and by immunofluorescence after cell culture passage]. 19674965933
[the fluorescence serological demonstration of swine fever virus by means of tissue culture from experimentally infected swine]. 19674965934
identification and localization of genetic material of african swine fever virus by autoradiography. 19675341983
electron optical and buoyant density studies of hog cholera virus. 19675599736
[characters of swine fever virus in vitro]. 19675628221
the morphological characteristics of african swine fever virus and its resemblance to tipula iridescent virus. 19675628255
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