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differential expression of mirna in carassius auratus gibelio in response to cyprinid herpesvirus 2 infection.mirnas (micrornas), a small endogenous non-coding rnas, play crucial roles in post-transcriptional regulator of genes expression in various biological processes. cyprinid herpesvirus-2 (cyhv-2) is a highly pathogenic member of the alloherpesviridae that causes acute mass mortalities in populations of carassius auratus gibelio and carassius auratus auratus. however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenicity of cyhv-2 have not been fully determined. here, mirna expression profiles were ...201829305165
cyhv-2 transmission in traded goldfish stocks in germany-a case study. 201829068063
integrated analysis of mrna and viral mirnas in the kidney of carassius auratus gibelio response to cyprinid herpesvirus 2.micrornas (mirnas) are small, non-coding single stranded rnas that play crucial roles in numerous biological processes. vertebrate herpesviruses encode multiple viral mirnas that modulate host and viral genes. however, the roles of viral mirnas in lower vertebrates have not been fully determined. here, we used high-throughput sequencing to analyse the mirna and mrna expression profiles of carassius auratus gibelio in response to infection by cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2). rna sequencing obtain ...201729062054
importation of cyhv-2-infected goldfish into the netherlands.cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) is known as the causative agent of herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis in goldfish carassius auratus auratus. however, the virus has also been detected in prussian carp c. gibelio and crucian carp c. carassius from european and asian countries. to prevent spread of the causative virus to other areas, investigation of the risk factors of spread of this virus is important. in this study, 8 batches of goldfish imported into the netherlands by airfreight from asia and ...201728930085
changes in the intestinal microbiota of gibel carp (carassius gibelio) associated with cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) infection.gut microbiota are integral to the host, and have received increased attention in recent years. however, information regarding the intestinal microbiota of many aquaculture animals is insufficient; elucidating the dynamics of the intestinal microbiota can be beneficial for nutrition, immunity, and disease control. in this study, we used 16s rrna sequencing to observe changes in the intestinal microbiota of gibel carp (carassius auratus gibelio) associated with cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) inf ...201728748273
detection methods of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 infection in silver crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) via a porf72 monoclonal antibody.cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) is the main pathogen responsible for causing haematopoietic necrosis disease in carassius auratus gibelio. although many nucleic acid-based diagnostic methods have been applied, no stable and sensitive immunological diagnostic approaches have been reported. in this study, to detect cyhv-2 in clinical samples using immunological methods, recombinant orf72 protein (porf72), encoded by the cyhv-2 orf72 gene, was used as a capture antigen to identify blood and tissues ...201728548685
development of a pcr assay to detect cyprinid herpesvirus 1 in koi and common carp.cyprinid herpesvirus 1 (cyhv1) infects all scaled and color varieties of common carp cyprinus carpio, including koi. while it is most often associated with unsightly growths known as 'carp pox,' the underlying lesion (epidermal hyperplasia) can arise from a variety of disease processes. cyhv1-induced epidermal hyperplasia may occur transiently in response to water temperature, and thus histopathology cannot be used in isolation to assess cyhv1 infection status. to address this problem, here we d ...201728177290
hematological and histological changes in prussian carp carassius gibelio infected with cyprinid herpesvirus 2.outbreaks of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) disease, also known as herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis, among cultured prussian carp carassius gibelio has occurred each year in jiangsu province, china, since 2009. in autumn 2014, hematological, blood biochemical, and histological changes in naturally infected moribund prussian carp were investigated after cyhv-2 was confirmed as the sole etiologic agent by etiological analyses. total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count, hemoglobin concentra ...201627484729
new detection of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 in mass mortality event of carassius carassius (l.), in italy. 201627307189
detection of goldfish haematopoietic necrosis herpes virus (cyprinid herpesvirus-2) with multi-drug resistant aeromonas hydrophila infection in goldfish: first evidence of any viral disease outbreak in ornamental freshwater aquaculture farms in india.this outbreak report details of a mortality event where cyprinid herpes virus-2 (cyhv-2) was detected in association with multidrug-resistant aeromonas hydrophila infection in goldfish, carassius auratus, from commercial farms. the goldfish exhibited large scale haemorrhages on the body, fins and gills, lepidorthosis, necrosed gills, protruded anus and shrunken eyes. white nodular necrotic foci in spleen and kidneys were noticed, along with necrosis and fusion of gill lamellae. transmission elec ...201627172876
susceptibility of isogeneic ginbuna carassius auratus langsdorfii temminck et schlegel to cyprinid herpesvirus-2 (cyhv-2) as a model species.herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis (hvhn), caused by cyprinid herpesvirus-2 (cyhv-2), has affected the commercial production of the goldfish carassius auratus and gibelio carp carassius auratus gibelio. high water temperature treatments are reported to reduce the mortality rate of infected goldfish and elicit immunity in the survivors. to define the mechanism by which this intervention induces resistance, clonal ginbuna carassius auratus langsdorfii, which is closely related to both species and ...201727150547
immune response and protection in gibel carp, carassius gibelio, after vaccination with β-propiolactone inactivated cyprinid herpesvirus 2.herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis (hvhn) of gibel carp (carassius gibelio) is a newly emerged infectious disease caused by cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) and has caused huge economic losses in aquaculture operations. currently, no effective methods are available for the control of the disease. in this study, β-propiolactone inactivated cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) vaccine was prepared, and the immune response and protection in cultured gibel carp after vaccination was thoroughly investigat ...201626772479
protective immunity in gibel carp, carassius gibelio of the truncated proteins of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 expressed in pichia pastoris.cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) infection is a newly emerged infectious disease of farmed gibel carp (carassius gibelio) in china and causes huge economic losses to the aquaculture industry. in this study, the three membrane proteins encoded by genes orf25, orf25c, and orf25d of cyhv-2 were truncated and expressed in yeast, pichia pastoris. screening of the recombinant yeasts was done by detecting the truncated proteins using western blot. through immunogold labeling, it was shown that proteins ...201526564473
herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis in goldfish in switzerland: early lesions in clinically normal goldfish (carassius auratus).cyprinid herpesvirus 2 is a pathogen of goldfish, inducing a disease referred to as herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis. the disease is described so far in japan, north america, taiwan, australia, the united kingdom, and recently also italy. here the authors describe histologic lesions in clinically affected fish in comparison with clinically normal but virus dna-positive goldfish in switzerland. while necrosis or enhanced single-cell necrosis in the hematopoietic tissue in the pronephros or meso ...201626553521
establishment from the snout and kidney of goldfish, carassius auratus, of two new cell lines and their susceptibility to infectious pancreatic necrosis virus.goldfish carassius auratus are commonly used in scientific research and have a significant economic value in the pet trade. in this study, two cell lines were established from the snout and kidney tissue of goldfish, in order to create a biological monitoring tool for viral diseases. cell lines were optimally maintained at 25 °c in m199 medium supplemented with 15-20 % fetal bovine serum. chromosomal analysis indicated that both cell lines remained diploid, with a mean chromosomal count of 100. ...201626419476
in vitro characteristics of cyprinid herpesvirus 2: effect of kidney extract supplementation on growth.herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis caused by goldfish hematopoietic necrosis virus (now identified as cyprinid herpesvirus 2, cyhv-2) has contributed to economic losses in goldfish carassius auratus culture and is becoming a major obstacle in prussian carp c. gibelio aquaculture in china. several reports have described difficulties in culturing the virus, with the total loss of infectivity within several passages in cell culture. we succeeded in propagating cyhv-2 with a high infectious titer in ...201526290507
first detection of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) in goldfish (carassius auratus) in france.massive mortalities of carassius auratus (l.) occurred in a farm in france during summer 2014. fish presented anorexia, loss of scales and large amounts of mucus on the gills. necrosis of the distal tip of the filament and the lamellae, combined with fusion of the lamellae, was observed, as well as necrosis in the hematopoietic organs and in the digestive tract. the histological examination led to hypothesize the implication of a virus in the mortality. the presence of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cy ...201626173014
cyhv-2 orf104 activates the p38 mapk pathway.cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) is the pathogen responsible for herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis disease, which causes huge losses on aquaculture. so far the studies of cyhv-2 mainly focus on the identification and detection of this virus, but little is known about the role of specific cyhv-2 genes in the infection process. based on the genomic information, cyhv-2 orf104 encodes a kinase-like protein, which is highly conserved among the three cyhvs. our study was initiated to investigate the r ...201526072141
identification and characterization of cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) encoded micrornas.micrornas (mirnas) are a class of small non-coding rnas involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation. some viruses encode their own mirnas and these are increasingly being recognized as important modulators of viral and host gene expression. cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is a highly pathogenic agent that causes acute mass mortalities in carp (cyprinus carpio carpio) and koi (cyprinus carpio koi) worldwide. here, bioinformatic analyses of the cyhv-3 genome suggested the presence of non-cons ...201525928140
establishment of a novel and highly permissive cell line for the efficient replication of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2).haematopoietic necrosis of gibel carp (carassius auratus gibelio) is caused by cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) and has caused huge economic losses in aquaculture worldwide. currently the isolation and propagation of cyhv-2 in vitro is very difficult due to the lack of permissive cell lines. studies on the pathogenesis of cyhv-2 have been hampered because the virus has not been extensively characterized. in this study, a novel cell line from the brain of gibel carp, denoted gicb, has been establi ...201525912023
molecular characterisation and prevalence of a new genotype of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 in mainland china.cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2, species cyprinid herpesvirus 2) has been confirmed as a causative agent of the acute haematopoietic necrosis disease outbreak in farmed goldfish (carassius auratus l.) and gibel carp (carassius auratus gibelio bloch). in this study, we present the genomic characteristics of a variant cyhv-2 strain (sy-c1) isolated from farmed gibel carp in mainland china and its comparative genomics analysis with the cyhv-2 reference strain st-j1. overall, the full-length genome o ...201525900131
identification and rapid diagnosis of the pathogen responsible for haemorrhagic disease of the gill of allogynogenetic crucian carp.in recent years, an epizootic causing severe mortality among allogynogenetic crucian carp (acc), designated as haemorrhagic disease of acc gill, occurred in yancheng city of jiangsu province of china. obvious haemorrhage in the gills of moribund fish and a mortality rate of 100% were observed when accs were artificially infected with liver homogenate from diseased fish. a herpes-like virus, with enveloped virions ranged from 170 to 220 nm in diameter, could be observed in the tissues of challeng ...201525839411
molecular detection of a putatively novel cyprinid herpesvirus in sichel (pelecus cultratus) during a mass mortality event in hungary.in the early summer of 2014, mass mortality of sichel (pelecus cultratus) was observed in lake balaton, hungary. histological examination revealed degenerative changes within the tubular epithelium, mainly in the distal tubules and collecting ducts in the kidneys and multifocal vacuolisation in the brain stem and cerebellum. routine molecular investigations showed the presence of the dna of an unknown alloherpesvirus in some specimens. subsequently, three genes of the putative herpesviral genome ...201525643818
detection of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 in peripheral blood cells of silver crucian carp, carassius auratus gibelio (bloch), suggests its potential in viral diagnosis.epidemics caused by cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) in domestic cyprinid species have been reported in both european and asian countries. although the mechanisms remain unknown, acute cyhv-2 infections generally result in high mortality, and the surviving carps become chronic carriers displaying no external clinical signs. in this study, in situ hybridization analysis showed that cyhv-2 tended to infect peripheral blood cells during either acute or chronic infections in silver crucian carp, cara ...201625630360
effect of booster shot and investigation of vaccination efficacy period against herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis (hvhn) in goldfish carassius auratus.in this study, the efficacy period of an intraperitoneal vaccination and effect of a booster shot of vaccine against herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis (hvhn) in goldfish carassius auratus were investigated. cell culture supernatant of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2), causative agent of hvhn, propagated in goldfish fin (gff) cells was inactivated with formalin (0.1%, v/v) for 2 days at 4 °c. three groups of the variety ryukin were individually intraperitoneally injected with the vaccine and eac ...201525434995
characterization of myeloid-specific peroxidase, keratin 8, and dual specificity phosphatase 1 as innate immune genes involved in the resistance of crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) to cyprinid herpesvirus 2 infection.myeloid-specific peroxidase (mpo), keratin 8 (krt-8), and dual specificity phosphatase 1 (dusp-1) are believed to play essential roles in innate immunity. through suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh) analysis, we previously identified mpo, krt-8, and dusp-1 as the three genes that were the most significantly upregulated in crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) that survived cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) infection. here, we have further characterized these three genes and their respon ...201425312688
effects of experimentally induced infections of goldfish carassius auratus with cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) at various water temperatures.in this study, we examined the influence of water temperature on the development of herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis (hvhn) in goldfish carassius auratus after experimentally induced infection with cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2). in expt 1, ryukin goldfish were infected with cyhv-2 by intraperitoneal injection and maintained at 4 different water temperatures. cumulative mortalities of the 15, 20, 25 and 30°c groups were 10, 90, 90 and 60%, respectively. therefore, the temperature range of 20 ...201425114043
development of a rapid cyprinid herpesvirus 2 detection method by loop-mediated isothermal amplification.cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv2) is a pathogen that causes severe disease and high mortality in goldfish and prussian carp. we developed a six primer loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay targeting the intercapsomeric triplex protein gene. cyhv-2 dna was 10-fold serially diluted (10(8)-10(0) copies μl(-1)) and was used as the template to determine primer sensitivity. lamp assays were performed with dna templates from other pathogens to determine specificity. the lamp assay had an une ...201424935791
histopathological characterization and fluorescence in situ hybridization of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 in cultured prussian carp, carassius auratus gibelio in china.cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) is an emerging pathogen in the commercially exploited fish, prussian carp (carassius auratus gibelio), which has caused huge economic loss in china and appears to be spreading worldwide. in this article, cyhv-2 infection of prussian carp was confirmed for the first time by polymerase chain reaction (pcr), which gave positive results from the tissue samples dissected from moribund fish including kidney, spleen, liver, and gill. histological examination showed syste ...201424877901
different expression profiles of interleukin 11 (il-11), intelectin (itln) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase 5a (pnp 5a) in crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) in response to cyprinid herpesvirus 2 and aeromonas hydrophila.interleukin 11 (il-11), intelectin (itln) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase 5a (pnp5a) play important roles in innate immunity. in a previous study to identify differentially expressed immune-related genes, suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh) assay was used to characterize differentially expressed genes in crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) infected with cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) in which il-11, itln and pnp5a were identified to be the three most significantly up-regulated ...201424636855
comparative analysis of differential gene expression in kidney tissues of moribund and surviving crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) in response to cyprinid herpesvirus 2 infection.cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) has recently been associated with high mortality of cultured crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) in eastern china. in this study, we established a real-time pcr method to confirm viral infection of crucian carp and to quantify cyhv-2 particles obtained by sucrose gradient centrifugation from diseased fish. virus-free crucian carp were artificially infected with cyhv-2 using an injection method, which resulted in a dose-dependent death rate. in situ hybridizat ...201424585042
a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 in gibel carp (carassius auratus gibelio).a rapid and sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay for cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) detection in gibel carp was developed. following cloning and sequencing of the putative dna helicase gene of cyhv-2 isolate from china, a set of four specific primers was designed based on the sequence. the mgcl2 concentration and the reaction temperature were optimized to 6 mm, 64°c, respectively. lamp products were detected by visual inspection of a color change due to addition of sybr ...201424574914
cyprinid herpesvirus-2 causing mass mortality in goldfish: applying electron microscopy to histological samples for diagnostic virology.in june 2013, a major fish kill of adult goldfish carassius auratus occurred in runnemede lake, new jersey, usa: an estimated 3000 to 5000 fish died within ~5 d. necropsy of 4 moribund fish revealed severely pale gills, and histopathology showed type i and ii fusion of the gills, diffuse necrosis of hematopoietic tissue in anterior and posterior kidney, and multifocal necrosis of the spleen. within necrotic areas, pyknosis and enlarged nuclei with marginalized chromatin were observed. cyprinid h ...201424492049
susceptibility of japanese cyprininae fish species to cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2).cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) is known as the causative agent of herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis (hvhn) of goldfish (carassius auratus). recently, the virus has also been detected from prussian carp (c. gibelio) and crucian carp (c. carassius) from european and asian countries. to analyze the risk of spreading to new host species, the susceptibility of other fish species to the virus is essential. in this study experimental infections of indigenous cyprininae species in japan were performe ...201424480585
development and evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for diagnosis of cyprinid herpesvirus 2.goldfish haematopoietic necrosis caused by cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) is a severe fish disease with high level of mortality. this is the first study on detection of this disease by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp). a set of six primers targeting terminase gene (accession no. eu349285.1) was determined after a serial of tests. detection limit was 1.09 × 10(-4)μg/μl, which was superior to conventional pcr and real-time pcr. no cross reaction with 28 other viruses or bacteria comm ...201324012968
growth of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) in cell culture and experimental infection of goldfish carassius auratus.herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis has caused great economic damage to goldfish carassius auratus aquaculture in japan. the existence of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2), the causative agent, has also been reported from several other countries. to prevent spread to other areas, basic virological information such as viral kinetics in infected fish is essential. experimental infection trials using reliably prepared cyhv-2 for defining viral kinetics are difficult to carry out because successful an ...201323999703
cyprinid herpesvirus 2 infection emerged in cultured gibel carp, carassius auratus gibelio in china.an epizootic with severe mortality has emerged in cultured gibel carp, carassius auratus gibelio, in china since 2009, and caused huge economic loss. the signs and epidemiology background of the disease were investigated. parasite examination, bacteria and virus isolation were carried out for pathogen isolation. the causative pathogen was obtained and identified as cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) by experimental infection, electron microscopy, cell culture, pcr assay and sequence alignment, desi ...201323850442
haematopoietic necrosis of cultured prussian carp, carassius gibelio (bloch), associated with cyprinid herpesvirus 2. 201323617723
detection of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 in association with an aeromonas sobria infection of carassius carassius (l.), in italy.sixteen specimens of female crucian carp, carassius carassius (l.), during the breeding season, were investigated for post-mortem and full diagnostic examination during a mortality outbreak in a tributary stream of the arno river in tuscany in 2011. necropsy highlighted the presence of a swollen anus and widespread haemorrhages in the body, fins, gills and eyes. haemorrhages in internal organs and spleen granulomas were also observed. bacteria isolated from the brain, kidney and spleen of affect ...201323488630
comparative genomics of carp herpesviruses.three alloherpesviruses are known to cause disease in cyprinid fish: cyprinid herpesviruses 1 and 3 (cyhv1 and cyhv3) in common carp and koi and cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv2) in goldfish. we have determined the genome sequences of cyhv1 and cyhv2 and compared them with the published cyhv3 sequence. the cyhv1 and cyhv2 genomes are 291,144 and 290,304 bp, respectively, in size, and thus the cyhv3 genome, at 295,146 bp, remains the largest recorded among the herpesviruses. each of the three genome ...201223269803
massive mortality of prussian carp carassius gibelio in the upper elbe basin associated with herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis (cyhv-2).from 22 may to 10 june 2011 massive mortality of prussian carp carassius gibelio was observed in alluvial lake řehacˇka close to the elbe river in the czech republic. more than 1400 kg of dead fish were collected and no other fish species were affected. further molecular and cytogenetic investigation of fish (n = 232) revealed that the rˇehacˇka population of prussian carp consisted exclusively of gynogenetic triploid females. the causative agent was identified by means of molecular and electron ...201223269383
development of mrna-specific rt-pcr for the detection of koi herpesvirus (khv) replication stage.an mrna-specific reverse transcription (rt)-pcr primer set spanning the exon junction of a spliced putative terminase gene in the koi herpesvirus (khv) was developed to detect the replicating stage of the virus. the proposed rt-pcr amplified a target gene from the rna template, but not from a dna template extracted from common carp brain (ccb) cells infected with khv. in addition, the rt-pcr did not amplify the target gene of templates extracted from specific cell lines infected with either cyhv ...201222885509
coordinated and sequential transcription of the cyprinid herpesvirus-3 annotated genes.cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) is the cause of a fatal disease in carp and koi fish. the disease is seasonal and appears when water temperatures range from 18 to 28°c. cyhv-3 is a member of the alloherpesviridae, a family in the herpesvirales order that encompasses mammalian, avian and reptilian viruses. cyhv-3 is a large double-stranded dna (dsdna) herpesvirus with a genome of approximately 295kbp, divergent from other mammalian, avian and reptilian herpesviruses, but bearing several genes sim ...201222841491
rapid detection and identification of viral and bacterial fish pathogens using a dna array-based multiplex assay.fish diseases can be caused by a variety of diverse organisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa, and pose a universal threat to the ornamental fish industry and aquaculture. the lack of rapid, accurate and reliable means by which fish pathogens can be detected and identified has been one of the main limitations in fish pathogen diagnosis and fish disease management and has consequently stimulated the search for alternative diagnostic techniques. here, we describe a method based on ...201121988358
development of a polymerase chain reaction assay to detect cyprinid herpesvirus 2 in goldfish.cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv2) has been associated with epidemic mortality among cultured populations of goldfish carassius auratus. as the principal target tissues are hematopoietic cells in the kidney and spleen, the disease is designated herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis (hvhn). originally described from japan, the virus is present in at least five other countries and probably has a global distribution in goldfish. preventing the further spread of the virus via control programs that exploit ...200919485127
herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis virus (cyhv-2) infection: case studies from commercial goldfish farms.herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis is a disease of goldfish, carassius auratus, caused by cyprinid herpesvirus-2 (cyhv-2) infection. quantitative pcr was carried out on tissue homogenates from healthy goldfish fingerlings, broodfish, eggs and fry directly sampled from commercial farms, from moribund fish submitted to our laboratory for disease diagnosis, and on naturally-infected cyhv-2 carriers subjected to experimental stress treatments. healthy fish from 14 of 18 farms were positive with cop ...200919309419
detection of cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) dna in infected fish tissues by nested polymerase chain reaction.diagnostic tests with high analytical sensitivity are required to detect cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) in carriers that have been implicated in the dissemination of this important disease of koi and common carp cyprinus carpio. a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) test was developed to detect cyhv-3 dna in tissues of infected fish. the 2-round pcr amplified 529 and 379 bp segments of the cyhv-3 gene coding for the major capsid protein using specific external and internal primers, respectiv ...200718159669
isolation of a cyprinid herpesvirus 2 from goldfish, carassius auratus (l.), in the uk.haematopoietic necrosis virus [cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2)] was isolated during disease outbreaks in goldfish, carassius auratus, at an ornamental fish retail site in southern england in 2004. signs of disease included lethargy and inappetence and were first seen after water temperatures increased from 14-15 to 19-21 degrees c. external gross pathology included pale patches on the gills and skin and internally the spleen was enlarged, often with distinctive white nodules. the most prominent ...200717958608
detection of the herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis disease agent (cyprinid herpesvirus 2) in moribund and healthy goldfish: validation of a quantitative pcr diagnostic method.cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) is a pathogen of goldfish carassius auratus auratus l. that causes herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis (hvhn) disease. the disease is associated with necrosis of hematopoietic tissues and anemia with high mortality. we have developed a real time 5'-nuclease pcr method (taqman) that quantitatively detects cyhv-2 with a linear response over 8 logs of target concentration. the coefficient of variability on replicate samples tested on different days was 13% and the cal ...200616724557
koi herpesvirus represents a third cyprinid herpesvirus (cyhv-3) in the family herpesviridae.the sequences of four complete genes were analysed in order to determine the relatedness of koi herpesvirus (khv) to three fish viruses in the family herpesviridae: carp pox herpesvirus (cyprinid herpesvirus 1, cyhv-1), haematopoietic necrosis herpesvirus of goldfish (cyprinid herpesvirus 2, cyhv-2) and channel catfish virus (ictalurid herpesvirus 1, ichv-1). the genes were predicted to encode a helicase, an intercapsomeric triplex protein, the dna polymerase and the major capsid protein. the re ...200515914843
concentrations of a koi herpesvirus (khv) in tissues of experimentally infected cyprinus carpio koi as assessed by real-time taqman pcr.the koi herpesvirus (khv) is a herpes-like virus now recognized as a worldwide cause of mortality among populations of koi cyprinus carpio koi and common carp cyprinus carpio carpio. temperature is a key factor influencing virus replication both in cell culture and in the tissues of experimentally infected fish. genomic dna sequences were used to optimize a rapid real-time taqman pcr assay to detect and quantify khv dna as found in the tissues of virus-exposed fish. the assay allowed analytical ...200415521316
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