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foodborne transmission of hepatitis a and hepatitis e viruses: a literature review.foodborne viruses have been recognized as a growing concern to the food industry and a serious public health problem. hepatitis a virus (hav) is responsible for the majority of viral outbreaks of food origin worldwide, while hepatitis e virus (hev) has also been gaining prominence as a foodborne viral agent in the last years, due to its zoonotic transmission through the consumption of uncooked or undercooked infected meat or derivatives. however, there is a lack of scientific reports that gather ...202033257099
enzootic hepatitis a infection in cynomolgus monkeys (macaca fascicularis).during a toxicology study in cynomolgus (long-tailed or crab-eating) monkeys (macaca fascicularis), a randomly distributed incidence of significantly increased hepatic enzyme activity was observed. premedication hepatic enzyme activity in all monkeys of this study was normal, but increased alanine aminotransferase (alt) activity was found in 4 of the 24 animals 2 weeks after initiation of the study and in 10 of 24 at 4 weeks. a drug-related effect was considered unlikely initially because the in ...198832093430
studies on transmission of hepatitis a virus to squirrel monkeys.non-human primates have been playing an essential role in the study of hepatitis a virus (hav) biology, pathogenesis and for testing candidate hav vaccines. this study was to determine the suitability of squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) as animal model for hav infection. animals were inoculated, either intragastrically or intravenously, with a brazilian hav isolate (haf-203). alanine aminotransferase (alt) and anti-hav antibodies (igm and total) were monitored. feces were daily collected for ...200030545165
a novel marsupial hepatitis a virus corroborates complex evolutionary patterns shaping the genus hepatovirus.the discovery of highly diverse nonprimate hepatoviruses illuminated the evolutionary origins of hepatitis a virus (hav) ancestors in mammals other than primates. marsupials are ancient mammals that diverged from other eutheria during the jurassic. viruses from marsupials may thus provide important insight into virus evolution. to investigate hepatovirus macroevolutionary patterns, we sampled 112 opossums in northeastern brazil. a novel marsupial hav (mhav) in the brazilian common opossum (didel ...201829695421
havcr1 (cd365) and its mouse ortholog are functional hepatitis a virus (hav) cellular receptors that mediate hav infection.the hepatitis a virus (hav) cellular receptor 1 (havcr1), classified as cd365, was initially discovered as a hav cellular receptor using an expression cloning strategy. due to the lack of hav receptor-negative replication-competent cells, it was not possible to fully prove that havcr1 was a functional hav receptor. however, biochemistry, classical virology, and epidemiology studies further supported the functional role of havcr1 as a hav receptor. here, we show that an anti-havcr1 monoclonal ant ...201829437974
molecular genetic identification of isolates of the hepatitis a virus (hav) from monkeys at adler primate center.the aim of this study was to assess prevalence and genetic variability of hepatitis a virus (hav) isolates in monkeys born and kept at adler primate center, as well as in imported animals.201829380396
inactivation of murine norovirus-1 and hepatitis a virus on fresh meats by atmospheric pressure plasma jets.in the current study, inactivation effect of atmospheric pressure plasma (app) jets (10s-20min) was investigated against murine norovirus (mnv-1), as a norovirus (nov) surrogate and hepatitis a virus (hav) associated with three types of fresh meats (beef loin, pork shoulder and chicken breast). the quality characteristics of fresh meats, such as surface color, moisture content and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (tbars) were also examined. after 5-20min of treatment with app jets, the red ...201528455013
cynomolgus monkeys (macaca fascicularis) experimentally infected with b19v and hepatitis a virus: no evidence of the co-infection as a cause of acute liver failure.this study was conducted to analyse the course and the outcome of the liver disease in the co-infected animals in order to evaluate a possible synergic effect of human parvovirus b19 (b19v) and hepatitis a virus (hav) co-infection. nine adult cynomolgus monkeys were inoculated with serum obtained from a fatal case of b19v infection and/or a faecal suspension of acute hav. the presence of specific antibodies to hav and b19v, liver enzyme levels, viraemia, haematological changes, and necroinflamma ...201627074255
a novel hepatovirus identified in wild woodchuck marmota himalayana.hepatitis a virus (hav) is a hepatotropic picornavirus that causes acute liver disease worldwide. here, we report on the identification of a novel hepatovirus tentatively named marmota himalayana hepatovirus (mhhav) in wild woodchucks (marmota himalayana) in china. the genomic and molecular characterization of mhhav indicated that it is most closely related genetically to hav. mhhav has wide tissue distribution but shows tropism for the liver. the virus is morphologically and structurally simila ...201626924426
serological detection of hepatitis a virus in free-ranging neotropical primates (sapajus spp., alouatta caraya) from the paraná river basin, brazil.nonhuman primates are considered as the natural hosts of hepatitis a virus (hav), as well as other pathogens, and can serve as natural sentinels to investigate epizootics and endemic diseases that are of public health importance. during this study, blood samples were collected from 112 neotropical primates (ntps) (sapajus nigritus and s. cay, n = 75; alouatta caraya, n = 37) trap-captured at the paraná river basin, brazil, located between the states of paraná and mato grosso do sul. anti-hav igg ...201626910453
cellular localization and effects of ectopically expressed hepatitis a virus proteins 2b, 2c, 3a and their intermediates 2bc, 3ab and 3abc.in the course of hepatitis a virus (hav) infections, the seven nonstructural proteins and their intermediates are barely detectable. therefore, little is known about their functions and mechanisms of action. ectopic expression of the presumably membrane-associated proteins 2b, 2c, 3a and their intermediates 2bc, 3ab and 3abc allowed the intracellular localization of these proteins and their possible function during the replication cycle of hav to be investigated. in this study, we used rhesus mo ...201626711455
discovery of a novel hepatovirus (phopivirus of seals) related to human hepatitis a virus.describing the viral diversity of wildlife can provide interesting and useful insights into the natural history of established human pathogens. in this study, we describe a previously unknown picornavirus in harbor seals (tentatively named phopivirus) that is related to human hepatitis a virus (hav). we show that phopivirus shares several genetic and phenotypic characteristics with hav, including phylogenetic relatedness across the genome, a specific and seemingly quiescent tropism for hepatocyt ...201526307166
using immunoglobulin y as an alternative antibody for the detection of hepatitis a virus in frozen liver sections.an increasing amount of research has been conducted on immunoglobulin y (igy) because the use of igy offers several advantages with respect to diagnostic testing, including its easy accessibility, low cost and translatability to large-scale production, in addition to the fact that it can be ethically produced. in a previous work, immunoglobulin was produced and purified from egg yolks (igy) reactive to hepatitis a virus (hav) antigens. in the present work, this anti-hav-specific igy was used in ...201525993400
seroprevalence and molecular characterisation of human hepatitis a virus in serum samples of tunisian patients with clinical symptoms of viral hepatitis.the aim of the present study was to investigate the seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus antibodies in patients with clinical symptoms of viral hepatitis and molecular characterization of the detected isolates. the present study deals with the seroprevalence and the genetic diversity of hav in 400 tunisian patients presenting in dispensaries (160 patients) and in university hospitals (240 patients) with hepatitis symptoms between 2006 and 2008. the patients with acute hepatitis were mainly from r ...201223729999
[detection of hepatitis a virus rna with an improved loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay].to establish a novel improved loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) technique to detect hepatitis a virus (hav).201223627037
grape seed extract for foodborne virus reduction on produce.grape seed extract (gse) is reported to have antibacterial properties with few current studies on antiviral activity. recently, we reported the effects of gse against foodborne viral surrogates in vitro. this study evaluated the application of gse (commercial gravinol-s) against hepatitis a virus (hav) and human norovirus surrogates, feline calicivirus (fcv-f9) and murine norovirus (mnv-1), on model produce. washed and air-dried lettuce (3 × 3 cm(2)) and jalapeno peppers (25-30 g) were inoculate ...201223498171
potential risk of norovirus infection due to the consumption of "ready to eat" food.in this study, we investigated the presence of enteric viruses such as norovirus (nov), hepatitis a virus (hav), hepatitis e virus (hev), and adenovirus (hadv), in vegetables available on the italian markets. for this aim, 110 national and international "ready to eat" samples were collected and analyzed by biomolecular tests and positive samples were confirmed by sequencing. all samples (100 %) were negative for hav, hev, and hadv, while 13.6 % (15/110) were positive for nov. actually there is n ...201223412835
occurrence of human enteric viruses in commercial mussels at retail level in three european countries.in this study, the prevalence of different enteric viruses in commercial mussels was evaluated at the retail level in three european countries (finland, greece and spain). a total of 153 mussel samples from different origins were analysed for human norovirus (nov) genogroups i and ii, hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev). human adenovirus (hadv) was also tested as an indicator of human faecal contamination. a full set of controls (such as sample process control, internal amplifica ...201223412813
comparative analysis of viral concentration methods for detecting the hav genome using real-time rt-pcr amplification.hepatitis a is a major infectious disease epidemiologically associated with foodborne and waterborne outbreaks. molecular detection using real-time rt-pcr to detect the hepatitis a virus (hav) in contaminated vegetables can be hindered by low-virus recoveries during the concentration process and by natural pcr inhibitors in vegetables. this study evaluated three virus concentration methods from vegetables: polyethylene glycol (peg) precipitation, ultrafiltration (uf), and immunomagnetic separati ...201223412812
discrimination of infectious hepatitis a viruses by propidium monoazide real-time rt-pcr.the discrimination of infectious and inactivated viruses remains a key obstacle when using quantitative rt-pcr (rt-qpcr) to quantify enteric viruses. in this study, propidium monoazide (pma) and rnase pretreatments were evaluated for the detection and quantification of infectious hepatitis a virus (hav). for thermally inactivated hav, pma treatment was more effective than rnase treatment for differentiating infectious and inactivated viruses, with hav titers reduced by more than 2.4 log(10) unit ...201123412764
the fate of murine norovirus and hepatitis a virus during preparation of fresh produce by cutting and grating.human noroviruses and hepatitis a virus (hav) are commonly associated with outbreaks occurring in restaurant establishments and catered events. food handlers are major contributing factors to foodborne illnesses initiated in the kitchen setting. in this study, transfer of hav and murine norovirus (mnv-1), a human norovirus surrogate, between produce (cucumbers, strawberries, tomatoes, cantaloupes, carrots, and honeydew melons) and common kitchen utensils (graters and knives) was investigated. th ...201223412721
comparative uptake of enteric viruses into spinach and green onions.root uptake of enteric pathogens and subsequent internalization has been a produce safety concern and is being investigated as a potential route of pre-harvest contamination. the objective of this study was to determine the ability of hepatitis a virus (hav) and the human norovirus surrogate, murine norovirus (mnv), to internalize in spinach and green onions through root uptake in both soil and hydroponic systems. hav or mnv was inoculated into soil matrices or into two hydroponic systems, float ...201223412715
development of a rapid total nucleic acid extraction method for the isolation of hepatitis a virus from fresh produce.recently, there have been increasing reports of foodborne illnesses associated with the consumption of fresh produce. among these, hepatitis a virus (hav) remains epidemiologically important and has been continually implicated in several outbreaks. we describe a rapid method (<8h) for the isolation and subsequent detection with real-time quantitative pcr (rt-qpcr) of the hav hm-175 cytopathic strain seeded onto baby spinach and sliced tomatoes using a total rna extraction method, utilizing a hig ...201223334093
multiplex polymerase chain reaction test for the diagnosis of acute viral hepatitis a.the early diagnosis of acute hepatitis a (aha) is hindered because serum igm against hepatitis a virus (hav) can yield false-negative results during the window period. this study evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) kit for hav rna for the diagnosis of aha.201223323256
hepatitis a vaccine response in hiv-infected patients: are twinrix and havrix interchangeable?hepatitis a virus (hav) infection remains a health risk for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected persons. seroconversion rates among hav vaccinated hiv-infected patients have been shown to be reduced compared to the general population. current guidelines regard hav vaccines as interchangeable, however there no published data comparing their efficacy in hiv patients. our study evaluated the impact of different factors, including type of vaccination, on the immunologic response to hepatitis ...201223277097
translation directed by hepatitis a virus ires in the absence of active eif4f complex and eif2.translation directed by several picornavirus ires elements can usually take place after cleavage of eif4g by picornavirus proteases 2a(pro) or l(pro). the hepatitis a virus (hav) ires is thought to be an exception to this rule because it requires intact eif4f complex for translation. in line with previous results we report that poliovirus (pv) 2a(pro) strongly blocks protein synthesis directed by hav ires. however, in contrast to previous findings we now demonstrate that eif4g cleavage by foot-a ...201223272212
hepatitis e virus and hepatitis a virus exposures in an apparently healthy high-risk population in italy.the prevalence of anti-hepatitis e virus (hev) and anti-hepatitis a virus (hav), as well as the possible links with socio-demographic and other viral risks factors, were evaluated in an inmates population.201223264095
work-related health effects among wastewater treatment plants workers.raw sewage contains various pathogenic organisms including bacteria, viruses, fungus, worms and protozoa. workers at wastewater treatment plants (wwtps) are exposed to these organisms as well as to h2s gas causing many health hazards.201123022842
seroprevalence study of hepatitis a virus in fars province, southern iran.there are several studies on seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) in adults in the middle east.201122706273
identification of acute vaccine-preventable hepatitis in individuals with chronic hepatitis in british columbia between 1991 and 2007.in british columbia (bc), hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) vaccines are provincially funded for persons with chronic hepatitis infections.201122379482
seroepidemiology of hepatitis a in the croatian population.hepatitis a virus (hav) has a worldwide distribution, although this distribution tends to be uneven among geographical regions and population groups. the prevalence of anti-hav antibodies in the general population varies widely among countries. in europe, the seroprevalence of hav is reported to range from 32% to 88%.201122368685
is evaluation of hepatitis a immunity required or not?hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is one of the most common causes of acute hepatitis and it is a serious health problem worldwide. hav infection is a vaccine preventable disease that can produce the lifelong immunity seen in many developed countries with the vaccination schedule administered to children; however this vaccine is not used in developing countries at the present time. improvements in food and water hygiene have caused a displacement of hepatitis a infection from children to adults ...201122368677
hepatitis a virus among drug users and the role of vaccination: a review.in countries with advanced economies better health and hygiene conditions, along with the introduction, in some cases, of global vaccination, have relegated most viral hepatitis to marginal social groups and, in particular, drug users (dus). the availability of safe and effective vaccines for hepatitis a virus (hav) and b (hbv) may play a major role in combating this phenomenon. despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine for over a decade and the recommendations of international he ...201122347865
coinfection of hepatitis a virus genotype ia and iiia complicated with autoimmune hemolytic anemia, prolonged cholestasis, and false-positive immunoglobulin m anti-hepatitis e virus: a case report.a 37-year-old male presented with fever and jaundice was diagnosed as hepatitis a complicated with progressive cholestasis and severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia. he was treated with high-dose prednisolone (1.5 mg/kg), and eventually recovered. his initial serum contained genotype ia hepatitis a virus (hav), which was subsequently replaced by genotype iiia hav. moreover, at the time of development of hemolytic anemia, he became positive for immunoglobulin m (igm) anti-hepatitis e virus (hev). we ...201122310798
clinico-laboratory study on children with auto-immune hepatitis in upper egypt.auto-immune hepatitis (aih) in children is a rare chronic progressive liver disorder. it is characterised serologically by high aminotransferase levels, elevated immunoglobulin g (igg) and the presence of autoantibodies. aih is divided into two types according to the autoantibody profile. this study aims to assess frequency, clinical manifestations, biochemical features and outcome of aih in children attending assuit university hospitals in upper egypt with acute icteric hepatitis and seronegati ...201122305497
presence and fate of coliphages and enteric viruses in three wastewater treatment plants effluents and activated sludge from tunisia.purpose: the role of water in the transmission of infectious diseases is well defined; it may act as a reservoir of different types of pathogens. enteric viruses can survive and persist for a long time in water, maintaining infectivity in many instances. this suggests the need to include virus detection in the evaluation of the microbiological quality of waters. methods: in this study, enteric viruses (enteroviru ...201222261843
age-specific seroprevalence of hepatitis a in sari, northern islamic republic of iran.the declining incidence of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in the islamic republic of iran may be reducing the population's natural immunity. this was the first systemized, population-based survey of the seroprevalence of hav antibodies in urban and rural inhabitants of sari, mazandaran province. serum from 1034 individuals aged 1-25 years in 2007 were tested for anti-hav lgg antibody using a commercial enzyme immunoassay kit. the overall seroprevalence was 38.9%. the lowest prevalence (5.2%) ...201122256409
changing epidemiological patterns of hepatitis a infection in singapore.introduction: singapore has experienced remarkable socioeconomic progress over the last few decades, with a corresponding rise in standards of sanitation and living conditions. we undertook a study to describe its epidemiological trends of hepatitis a over the last 2 decades. materials and methods: we analysed the epidemiological data on all laboratoryconfi rmed cases of hepatitis a from 1990 to 2009. we also described 3 outbreaks which occurred in 1991, 1992 and 2002. to determine the changing ...201122206052
Epidemiological and genetic analyses of a diffuse outbreak of hepatitis A in Japan, 2010.BACKGROUND: Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is still one of the most common causative agents of acute hepatitis in Japan. Although a relatively small number of annual acute hepatitis A cases (approximately 100-150, 0.78-1.17 per million) were recently reported, a larger number of cases (346, 2.71 per million) were reported in 2010. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the causes of the 2010 HAV resurgence in Japan by using molecular epidemiological and genetic analyses. STUDY DESIGN: HAV specimens were obtained f ...201122196871
the role of immunoglobulin a in prolonged and relapsing hepatitis a virus infections.hepatitis a virus infections result in different courses of the disease, varying between normal, prolonged and relapsing. however, the reason for these heterogeneous clinical appearances is not understood. as hav/anti-hav iga immunocomplexes (hav/iga) infect hepatocytes, iga was postulated as a carrier supporting hepatotropic transport of hav, and it was speculated that this carrier mechanism contributes to the various clinical outcomes. in this study the iga-carrier mechanism was investigated i ...201122170633
Functional binding of hexanucleotides to 3C protease of hepatitis A virus.Oligonucleotides as short as 6?nt in length have been shown to bind specifically and tightly to proteins and affect their biological function. Yet, sparse structural data are available for corresponding complexes. Employing a recently developed hexanucleotide array, we identified hexadeoxyribonucleotides that bind specifically to the 3C protease of hepatitis A virus (HAV 3C(pro)). Inhibition assays in vitro identified the hexanucleotide 5'-GGGGGT-3' (G(5)T) as a 3C(pro) protease inhibitor. Using ...201122156376
possible widespread presence of hepatitis a virus subgenotype iiia in japan: recent trend of hepatitis a causing acute liver failure.aim:  recently, the number of acute hepatitis a cases has decreased in japan. however, six patients with acute liver failure caused by hepatitis a virus (hav) have been admitted to chiba university hospital, japan, in the last 18 months, between 2010 and june 2011. the aim of this study is to characterize the recent hav genotypes from an urban hospital in japan and to compare the clinical differences. methods:  hepatitis a virus rna was detected by strand-specific reverse transcription. then, ha ...201122151794
Surveillance study of hepatitis A virus RNA on fig and date samples.Ninety-one fig and 185 date samples were analyzed by RT real time PCR for the presence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) RNA. Two batches of dates tested positive and HAV RNA detected was genotyped as IA. These findings warrant further development of methods applicable to food exported from HAV endemic countries which is consumed untreated.201122138987
variants in abcb1, tgfb1, and xrcc1 genes and susceptibility to viral hepatitis a infection in mexican americans.hepatitis a vaccination has dramatically reduced the incidence of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection, but new infections continue to occur. to identify human genetic variants conferring a risk for hav infection among the three major racial/ethnic populations in the united states, we assess associations between 67 genetic variants (single nucleotide polymorphisms, 'snps') among 31 candidate genes and serologic evidence of prior hav infection using a population-based, cross-sectional study of 6779 ...201122135187
microbiological and physicochemical analysis of the coastal waters of southern brazil.the aim of this study was to assess the impact of sewage discharge on coastal waters by evaluating the influence of physicochemical parameters on the presence of enteric microorganisms in seawater samples collected from 11 beaches in florianopolis, santa catarina, brazil, over a one-year period (august 2009 to july 2010). samples were assessed for the presence of human adenoviruses (hadv), polyomavirus (jcpyv), hepatitis a virus (hav), and noroviruses (hunov gi and gii). escherichia coli and phy ...201222104718
Cloning, purification and preliminary crystallographic studies of the 2AB protein from hepatitis A virus.The Picornaviridae family contains a large number of human pathogens such as rhinovirus, poliovirus and hepatitis A virus (HAV). Hepatitis A is an infectious disease that causes liver inflammation. It is highly endemic in developing countries with poor sanitation, where infections often occur in children. As in other picornaviruses, the genome of HAV contains one open reading frame encoding a single polyprotein that is subsequently processed by viral proteinases to originate mature viral protein ...201122102033
Monitoring the hepatitis A virus in urban wastewater from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.Hepatitis A is a viral disease with a significant public health impact, especially in developing countries. Improvements in sewage services could prevent hepatitis A virus (HAV) dissemination into the environment and minimize the risk of infection. The aim of this study was to monitor HAV for one year in urban sewage samples from the largest wastewater treatment plant in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil to assess environmental contamination with HAV and its dissemination after treatment by an activated sl ...201122100367
Duck Hepatitis A Virus Possesses a Distinct Type IV Internal Ribosome Entry Site Element of Picornavirus.Sequence analysis of duck hepatitis virus type 1 (DHV-1) led to its classification as the only member of a new genus, Avihepatovirus, of the family Picornaviridae, and so was renamed duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV). The 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) plays an important role in translation initiation and RNA synthesis of the picornavirus. Here, we provide evidence that the 651-nucleotide (nt)-long 5' UTR of DHAV genome contains an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) element that functions efficien ...201222090106
A shot at hepatitis prevention.Recent trends suggest that the prevalence of hepatitis infection has declined in populations vaccinated against the hepatitis viruses. Still, with an estimated 20,000 new infections annually in the United States from human hepatitis A virus, as many as 100,000 annual cases of acute infection from hepatitis B virus, and more than 1 million individuals with chronic hepatitis B virus infection, there is room for further improvement. Although hepatitis A virus infection causes debilitating symptoms ...201122086888
Anti-hepatitis A seroprevalence among chronic viral hepatitis patients in Kelantan, Malaysia.To determine the seroprevalence of anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV) antibodies in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) and to justify the need for hepatitis A vaccination.201122039329
A single method for recovery and concentration of enteric viruses and bacteria from fresh-cut vegetables.Fresh-cut vegetables are prone to be contaminated with foodborne pathogens during growth, harvest, transport and further processing and handling. As most of these products are generally eaten raw or mildly treated, there is an increase in the number of outbreaks caused by viruses and bacteria associated with fresh vegetables. Foodborne pathogens are usually present at very low levels and have to be concentrated (i.e. viruses) or enriched (i.e. bacteria) to enhance their detection. With this aim, ...201222036077
hepatitis b virus and hepatitis c virus services offered by substance abuse treatment programs in the united states.although substance abuse treatment programs are important contact points for providing health services for hepatitis b virus (hbv) and hepatitis c virus (hcv) infections, availability of services in these programs has not been well characterized. this study evaluated the spectrum of hbv and hcv services offered by substance abuse treatment programs within the national drug abuse treatment clinical trials network. our survey of substance abuse treatment program administrators covered availability ...201122035702
Complete coding sequence and molecular analysis of hepatitis A virus from a chimpanzee with fulminant hepatitis.Background Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infects both humans and non-human primates, in experimentally infected chimpanzees is typically milder than in humans. In 1982, Abe and Shikata reported a first case of a chimpanzee with fulminant hepatitis caused by spontaneous HAV infection, and the underlying mechanisms of the disease remain unknown. Methods To characterize denoted CFH-HAV, we conducted cloning and near full-length sequence analysis. Results Phylogenetic analyses of VP1-2A and complete se ...201122017331
Hepatitis A virus genotype and its correlation with the clinical outcome of acute hepatitis A in Korea: 2006-2008.Korea has recently experienced a nationwide outbreak of hepatitis A. This study aimed to investigate hepatitis A virus (HAV) genotypes and to compare clinical features between patients infected with HAV genotype IA and those with genotype IIIA. From September 2006 to August 2008, 595 patients with symptomatic hepatitis A were enrolled prospectively in four hospitals in Korea. Among them, 556 patients participated in this study by providing serum or stool samples for genotypic analysis. HAV RNA w ...201122012713
Challenges to mapping the health risk of hepatitis A virus infection.World maps are among the most effective ways to convey public health messages such as recommended vaccinations, but creating a useful and valid map requires careful deliberation. The changing epidemiology of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in many world regions heightens the need for up-to-date risk maps. HAV infection is usually asymptomatic in children, so low-income areas with high incidence rates usually have a low burden of disease. In higher-income areas, many adults remain susceptible to the viru ...201122008459
rapid detection method for hepatitis a virus from lettuce by a combination of filtration and integrated cell culture-real-time reverse transcription pcr.we have developed a rapid and simple method for filtration using a positively charged membrane to concentrate hepatitis a virus (hav) from lettuce and an integrated cell culture-real-time reverse transcription pcr (icc-real-time rt-pcr) to detect infectious hav. the most suitable buffer for hav concentration by filtration was 100 mm tris-hcl, 50 mm glycine (ph 9.5). filtration using the nanoceram matrix was compared with polyethylene glycol precipitation for viral concentration from lettuce ino ...201122004827
major human hepatitis a virus genotype in hong kong marine waters and detection by real-time pcr.marine waters from seven sites around hong kong with varying levels of sewage pollution were analyzed for hepatitis a virus (hav) by pcr cloning and dna sequencing of the highly variable vp1/2a junction of the hav genome. phylogenetic analysis of 10 pcr clones from each of the hav-positive marine sites indicated that human hav genotype ib is the most widely distributed type in hong kong waters. a sensitive and quantitative taqman-based pcr method targeting the 5'-noncoding region (5'-ncr) of hav ...201122001296
hemocytes are sites of enteric virus persistence within oysters.the goal of this study was to determine how enteric viruses persist within shellfish tissues. several lines of novel evidence show that phagocytic blood cells (hemocytes) of eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica) play an important role in the retention of virus particles. our results demonstrated an association of virus contamination with hemocytes but not with hemolymph. live oysters contaminated overnight with hepatitis a virus (hav) and murine norovirus (mnv) had 56% and 80% of extractable v ...201121948840
Survival of hepatitis A and E viruses in soil samples.Survival of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) in soil samples spiked with respective viruses was analysed using real-time PCR. Virus-spiked soil samples were incubated at environmental temperature (ET) and 37°C and processed weekly. Both HAV and HEV were less stable at fluctuating ET than at 37°C. Of the 403 soil samples collected in the vicinity of Mutha river, India, 19.1% and 4.9% were found to be contaminated with HAV and HEV, respectively.201121939469
disruption of tlr3 signaling due to cleavage of trif by the hepatitis a virus protease-polymerase processing intermediate, 3cd.toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3) and cytosolic rig-i-like helicases (rig-i and mda5) sense viral rnas and activate innate immune signaling pathways that induce expression of interferon (ifn) through specific adaptor proteins, tir domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon-β (trif), and mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (mavs), respectively. previously, we demonstrated that hepatitis a virus (hav), a unique hepatotropic human picornavirus, disrupts rig-i/mda5 signaling by targeting mavs for ...201121931545
surveillance of hepatitis a and e viruses contamination in shellfish in thailand.to survey for hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev) contamination in edible bivalve shellfish.201121929540
Comparison of chlorine and peroxyacetic-based disinfectant to inactivate Feline calicivirus, Murine norovirus and Hepatitis A virus on lettuce.In recent years, raw fruits and vegetables have frequently been involved in foodborne transmission to humans of enteric viruses, particularly noroviruses and hepatitis A virus (HAV). Although viral contamination can occur during all steps of food processing, primary production is a critical stage on which prevention measures must be focused to minimize the risk of infection to consumers. Postharvest sanitation may be a valid technological solution for decreasing the bacterial load on fresh raw m ...201121924791
Antibody persistence and immune memory in healthy adults following vaccination with a two-dose inactivated hepatitis A vaccine: long-term follow-up at 15 years.Long-term persistence of vaccine-induced immune response in adults was assessed annually for 15 years following primary immunization with a two-dose inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. In 1992, 119 and 194 subjects aged 17-40 years and naïve for hepatitis A virus (HAV) were enrolled in two studies to receive 1,440 ELISA units (El.U) of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine (Havrix™, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Belgium) according to a standard 0, 6 or an extended 0, 12 months schedule, respectively. Seru ...201121915861
[Role of hepatitis A and E viruses in the development of autoimmune diseases].The mechanisms of development of autoimmune diseases may be associated with a complex of genetic, immune, hormonal, and infectious factors. Autoimmune diseases include a wide range of systemic and organ-specific diseases, including autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). It is currently assumed that the pathogenesis of AIH is due to compromised immune regulation in the presence of an exogenous triggering factor. Exogenous factors, such as viruses, may be triggers of AIH. There may be different ways of initi ...201121899066
cost-effectiveness of additional blood screening tests in the netherlands.background: during the past decade, blood screening tests such as triplex nucleic acid amplification testing (nat) and human t-cell lymphotropic virus type i or i (htlv-i/ii) antibody testing were added to existing serologic testing for hepatitis b virus (hbv), human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), and hepatitis c virus (hcv). in some low-prevalence regions these additional tests yielded disputable benefits that can be valuated by cost-effectiveness analyses (ceas). ceas are used to support decisi ...201121880046
seroprevalence and correlates of hepatitis a among hiv-negative american men who have sex with men.hepatitis a outbreaks are well documented among men who have sex with men (msm). this analysis examines characteristics associated with hepatitis a virus (hav) infection among a large group of young adult msm from five usa cities.201121851774
the seroconversion rate of hepatitis a virus vaccination among patients with hepatitis b virus-related chronic liver disease in korea.the aim of this study was to evaluate the seroconversion rate of a hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccination in patients with hepatitis b virus (hbv)-related chronic liver disease (cld).201121814604
an engineered viral protease exhibiting substrate specificity for a polyglutamine stretch prevents polyglutamine-induced neuronal cell death.polyglutamine (polyq)-induced protein aggregation is the hallmark of a group of neurodegenerative diseases, including huntington's disease. we hypothesized that a protease that could cleave polyq stretches would intervene in the initial events leading to pathogenesis in these diseases. to prove this concept, we aimed to generate a protease possessing substrate specificity for polyq stretches.201121799895
molecular epidemiology of hepatitis a virus infections in catalonia, spain, 2005-2009: circulation of newly emerging strains.background: in spite of annual vaccination campaigns, hepatitis a cases increased in catalonia (north-east spain) in the period 2002-2005 calling for the elucidation of the underlying mechanisms associated to the epidemiological shifts. objective: the molecular characterization of the circulating strains to trace their origin and the study of the effects of vaccination on the incidence of sporadic and outbreak-associated cases. study design: forty-eight different hepatitis a virus (hav) strains ...201121798796
inactivation of hepatitis a variants during heat treatment (pasteurization) of human serum albumin.background: pasteurization of human serum albumin (hsa) is detailed in the us and european pharmacopoeial monographs and therefore a process that allows for little variation in physiochemical variables. nevertheless, differences of up to 3.9 log in hepatitis a virus (hav) inactivation by pasteurization have been reported. here, the hypothesis that the choice of hav variant used in the pasteurization might contribute to this inactivation variability is evaluated experimentally. study design and m ...201121790623
hepatitis a. 201121744525
determinants of anti-hepatitis a antibody seroprevalence in 2- to 19-year-olds in the usa using nhanes 2007-2008.summarythe aim of the study was to describe the epidemiology and determinants of anti-hepatitis a seroprevalence in 2- to 19-year-olds in the usa for 2007-2008. this study was conducted in a sample of 2621 individuals aged 2-19 years in the usa using data from national health and nutrition examination survey (nhanes) 2007-2008. the overall seroprevalence of anti- hepatitis a virus (hav) in this population was 39% (95% confidence interval 32-à6-45-à3). hav seroprevalence was higher in mexican ame ...201121733263
[molecular and clinical characterization of hepatitis a virus in gwangju and jeonnam province].dominant genotype of hepatitis a virus (hav) in korea had been known to be genotype 1a in 1990s. recently, the epidemiologic change of hav genotype was reported with an upsurge of acute hepatitis a in korea. the aim of this study was to investigate the change of hav genotypes and clinical characteristics in gwangju and jeonnam province.201121694486
acute on chronic liver disease in children from the developing world: recognition and prognosis.objectives:: a subset of children with chronic liver disease (cld) decompensate following an acute insult. however, data for children is not readily available. this study aims to characterize the clinical presentation, etiology, outcome and determinants of short-term mortality in children with an acute hepatic insult superimposed over cld methods:: children of acute on chronic liver disease (acld) were grouped as acute on chronic liver failure (aclf) and non-aclf. aclf was defined as per the def ...201121691224
acute hepatitis a virus infection is associated with a limited type i interferon response and persistence of intrahepatic viral rna.hepatitis a virus (hav) is an hepatotropic human picornavirus that is associated only with acute infection. its pathogenesis is not well understood because there are few studies in animal models using modern methodologies. we characterized hav infections in three chimpanzees, quantifying viral rna by quantitative rt-pcr and examining critical aspects of the innate immune response including intrahepatic ifn-stimulated gene expression. we compared these infection profiles with similar studies of c ...201121690403
hiv-related risk behaviors among a sample of men who have sex with men in puerto rico: an overview of substance use and sexual practices.despite the growing impact of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) epidemic in puerto rico (pr), limited epidemiological research on men who have sex with men (msm) has been conducted. the aim of this study was to describe hiv-related risk behaviors in a sample of msm in pr.201121682148
comparative analysis of disease severity between genotypes ia and iiia of hepatitis a virus.although hepatitis a is a major health problem worldwide, it has not yet been clarified whether or not viral factors affect the clinical characteristics. this study aimed to investigate if a genotype of hepatitis a virus (hav) affects disease severity among adolescent and adult populations. clinical data and specimens were collected from patients ôëñ16-years-of-age with acute hepatitis a at two university hospitals in korea during the two study periods: 1998 and 1999 (n = 45), and 2009 (nôçë=ôçë ...201121678434
seroepidemiology of hepatitis a in korea: changes over the past 30 years.this study aimed to assess the immune status of the korean population against hepatitis a virus (hav). residual serum samples from 2008 to 2010 were collected from diagnostic laboratories and a total of 1,872 samples were analyzed. anti-hav seroprevalence was 57.3% in subjects aged 1-4 yr, 69.8% at 5-9 yr and decreased to 38.8% at 10-14 yr, 13.0% at 15-19 yr, and 11.7% at 20-29 yr. seroprevalence increased with increasing age: 52.2% at 30-39 yr, 83.2% at 40-49 yr, 81.4% at 50-59 yr, 93.2% at 60- ...201121655066
analysis of timeliness of infectious disease reporting in the netherlands.abstract: background: timely reporting of infectious disease cases to public health authorities is essential to effective public health response. to evaluate the timeliness of reporting to the dutch municipal health services (mhs), we used as quantitative measures the intervals between onset of symptoms and mhs notification, and between laboratory diagnosis and notification with regard to six notifiable diseases. methods: we retrieved reporting data from june 2003 to december 2008 from the dutch ...201121624131
seroprevalence of hepatitis a among thai population residing near myanmar border.hen compared with thailand, the seroprevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) is extremely high among its neighbouring countries. to investigate the seroprevalence of hav among the thai people residing in the border area between thailand and myanmar, 308 residents in umphang, maesod district, tak, were recruited. sera were tested for hav igg antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. the overall seroprevalence among the thai people residing in the border area of thailand was significantly high ...201121608427
long-term durability of immune responses after hepatitis a vaccination among hiv-infected adults.background.  vaccination provides long-term immunity to hepatitis a virus (hav) among the general population, but there are no such data regarding vaccine durability among human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected adults. methods.  we retrospectively studied hiv-infected adults who had received 2 doses of hav vaccine. we analyzed blood specimens taken at 1 year, 3 years, and, when available, 6-10 years postvaccination. hav immunoglobulin g (igg) values of ≥10 miu/ml were considered seropositiv ...201121606540
immunogenicity of hepatitis a vaccine in children with celiac disease.objectives:: the response to hepatitis a vaccine has not been studied in children with celiac disease (cd). the aim of this study was to evaluate the immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccine and the effect of the hla type on immunogenicity in children with cd. methods:: thirty-three patients with cd and 62 healthy control subjects were enrolled. inactivated hav vaccine (havrix®) containing 720 elisa units of alum-adsorbed hepatitis a antigen was administered intramuscular ...201121587080
effective hepatitis a virus inactivation during low-heat dehydration of contaminated green onions.preserving fruits and vegetables by dehydration is common; however, information is limited concerning viral survival on the produce during the process. this work demonstrated the effects of low heat dehydration on inactivating hepatitis a virus (hav) on contaminated green onions. inoculated and uninoculated onion samples were dehydrated at target temperatures of 45-65 °c for 20 h. hav from artificially contaminated onions (fresh or dehydrated) was eluted by shaking at 145 rpm at 20 °c for 20 min ...201121569944
norovirus, hepatitis a virus and enterovirus presence in shellfish from high quality harvesting areas in portugal.this is the first report on the screening of shellfish from portugal for the presence of human enteropathogenic viruses. approximately 2000 shellfish (curbicula fluminea, ruditapes decussatus, tellina crassa, spisula solida, dosinia exoleta, ensis spp., mytilus spp., ostrea edulis and cerastoderma edule), organized in 49 batches, were collected between march 2008 and february 2009. they were tested for norovirus (nov), hepatitis a virus (hav) and enterovirus (ev) by rt-pcr followed by nucleotide ...201121569936
development of duplex rt-pcr-elisa for the simultaneous detection of hepatitis a virus and hepatitis e virus.this study aimed to develop a specific and sensitive duplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (duplex rt-pcr-elisa) for hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev). duplex rt-pcr-elisa could detect and differentiate hav and hev with specific probes. when elisa technique was used to detect probe-bound rt-pcr products, duplex rt-pcr-elisa could detect as little as 0.1ng/μl hav and hev from clinical samples. human norovirus, enterovirus, polio ...201121565222
[hepatitis a - combined prolonged biphasic and cholestatic course of disease.]history and admission findings: one month after a first manifestation of a hepatitis a infection and transaminases had become normal, a 44-year-old woman again became jaundiced with accompanied by weakness, nausea and nocturnal sweating. investigations: laboratory tests again showed features of hepatitis with decreased synthetic liver function and hyperbilirubinemia, changes which persisted for 12 weeks. serological and virological studies revealed a positive test for anti-hepatitis a virus (hav ...201121560106
evaluation of immune response to hepatitis a vaccination and vaccine safety in juvenile idiopathic arthritis.autoimmune mechanisms and drugs used in treatment increase the risk of liver disease in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (jia) and hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccination is important, especially in intermediate-endemicity areas like turkey. in our study, we aimed to evaluate the immune response to hepatitis a vaccine and vaccine safety in children with jia.201121550006
hepatitis a seroprevalence among infants aged 12 months in ankara.seroprevalence studies in various age groups contribute to a better understanding of hepatitis a infection and response to hepatitis a immunization. hepatitis a seroprevalence in 12-month-old infants from ankara was studied. among 601 healthy infants, overall hepatitis a seropositivity was found to be 23.5%. there were no gender differences in seropositivity (22.6% for male and 24.5% for female infants). although vaccination of infants would be an ideal prevention strategy, presence of maternal ...201121534354
genotyping of acute hepatitis a virus isolates from china, 2003-2008.hepatitis a virus (hav) is usually transmitted by an oral-fecal route and is prevalent not only in developing countries but also in developed countries. in the present study, the phylogenetic characterization of the vp1/2a junction region (321 nucleotides) of china hav isolates was examined. anti-hav igm-positive serum samples were collected from 8 provinces, including 20 cities or counties in china from 2003 to 2008; 337 isolates from 406 hav patients' serum samples were amplified by rt-pcr, se ...201121520140
[the seroprevalence rate, vaccination rate and seroconversion rate of hepatitis a in central region of korea.]background/aims: acute hepatitis a (hav) is markedly increasing recently on. some patients with acute hepatitis a show severe clinical course. the seroprevalence rate of igg anti-hav has been changing with the regions and the times. vaccination and seroconversion rate of hav are not well known. in this study, we aimed to study the difference of seroprevalence rate of igg anti-hav according to various clinical factors and to know the vaccination rate and seroconversion rate below 10 years old in ...201121519164
grape seed extract for the control of human enteric viruses.grape seed extract (gse) is reported to have many pharmacological benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, and antimicrobial properties. however, the effect of this inexpensive rich source of natural phenolic compounds on human enteric viruses has not been well documented. in the present study, the effect of commercial gse, gravinol-s, on the infectivity of human enteric virus surrogates (feline calicivirus, fcv-f9; murine norovirus, mnv-1; bacteriophage ms2) and hep ...201121498749
immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine when coadministered with diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis and haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines in children 15 months of age.background:: this study (nct00197236) evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of a hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccine when coadministered with diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (dtap) and haemophilusinfluenzae type b (hib) vaccines in children 15 months of age. methods:: this was an open-labeled, multicenter study with healthy subjects enrolled and randomized (1:1:1) into 3 treatment groups. a total of 394 subjects received the first study vaccinations at 15 months of age. group hav (n = 135) ...201121494175
a nationwide seroprevalence of total antibody to hepatitis a virus from 2005 to 2009: age and area-adjusted prevalence rates.recent outbreak of hepatitis a in korea is clearly related to the epidemiological shift of hepatitis a virus (hav). however, nationwide seroprevalence data have been limited. this study estimated the nationwide, age- and area-adjusted anti-hav prevalence from 2005 to 2009.201121494077
predictors of outcome in acute-on-chronic liver failure in children.acute-on-chronic liver failure (aclf) is associated with a high mortality rate in the absence of liver transplantation. there is limited data on predictors of survival in aclf in children. therefore, we prospectively studied the predictors of outcome of aclf in children.201121484110
seroprevalence of hepatitis a and associated socioeconomic factors in young healthy korean adults.an epidemiologic shift of hepatitis a virus (hav) seroprevalence is expected due to an improvement in socioeconomic status in young adults in korea. we investigated the age-specific seroprevalence and socioeconomic factors associated with hav seropositivity in young, healthy korean adults.201121461079
expression of a recombinant chimeric protein of hepatitis a virus vp1-fc using a replicating vector based on beet curly top virus in tobacco leaves and its immunogenicity in mice.we describe the expression and immunogenicity of a recombinant chimeric protein (hav vp1-fc) consisting of human hepatitis a virus vp1 and an fc antibody fragment using a replicating vector based on beet curly top virus (bctv) in agrobacterium-infiltrated nicotiana benthamiana leaves. recombinant hav vp1-fc was expressed with a molecular mass of approximately 68 kda. recombinant hav vp1-fc, purified using protein a sepharose affinity chromatography, elicited production of specific igg antibodies ...201121442402
prevalence of igg anti-hav in patients with chronic hepatitis b and in the general healthy population in korea.few studies have investigated hepatitis a virus (hav) seroepidemiology in koreans with chronic liver disease (cld). this study compared the prevalence of igg anti-hav between the general healthy population and patients with hepatitis b virus-related cld (hbv-cld), with the aim of identifying predictors of hav prior exposure.201021415579
exposure to multiple subgenotypes of hepatitis a virus during an outbreak using matched serum and saliva specimens.matched serum and saliva samples were collected simultaneously from 124 subjects exposed during a hepatitis a virus (hav) outbreak at a daycare center in rio de janeiro, brazil. all samples were tested for igm and total anti-hav antibodies by enzyme immunoassay (eia). hav was detected by nested pcr in serum, saliva, and water samples employing primers for the vp1/2a region of the viral rna; all positive products were then sequenced. the viral load of the matched samples was determined by real-ti ...201121412786
use of a catalytic model to estimate hepatitis a incidence in a low-endemicity country: implications for modeling immunization policies.background: evaluating the cost-effectiveness of vaccine programs with dynamic modeling requires accurate estimates of incidence over time. because infectious diseases are often underreported, supplementary data and statistical analyses are required to estimate true incidence. this study estimates the true incidence of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection in canada using a catalytic model. methods: a catalytic model was used to reconcile hav seroprevalence data with the corresponding true cumulativ ...201121393559
presence of enteric hepatitis viruses in the sewage and population of greater cairo.in egypt, the disease burden of viral hepatitis is one of the heaviest worldwide. we conducted a survey of hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev) in patients and sewage in cairo. our data showed that hav (genotype ib) was predominant over hev (genotype 3) and was circulating in the population and the environment.201121375654
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