Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
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| a molecular study on babesia spp. in cattle and ticks in west-azerbaijan province, iran. | a total number of 450 blood samples were collected from 45 different randomly selected cattle herds. light microscopic examination of blood smears revealed babesia spp. infection in 4.2%, while 8.9% of blood samples were positive using pcr. upon multiplex-pcr (mpcr), b. bigemina and b. bovis infections were detected in 37/40 (92.5%) and 3/40 (7.5%) samples, respectively. 530 ticks of 10 ixodid species were collected from the same cattle. hyalomma anatolicum was the most prevalent tick species (1 ... | 2017 | 29326788 |
| seasonal distribution and faunistic of ticks in the alashtar county (lorestan province), iran. | ticks are non-permanent obligate parasites that have considerable medical-veterinary and zoonosis importance. in this regard a study designed to investigate the distribution and fauna of ticks in the alashtar county in iran from april and march 2014. | 2017 | 29187953 |
| ticks circulate anaplasma, ehrlichia, babesia and theileria parasites in north of iran. | ticks serve as important vectors of some pathogens of medical importance all over the world and identification of their rate of infection plays an important role for further control of diseases. in the current study, we investigated on ticks collected from north of iran where raising and caring livestock are the main task of the people in order to find evidences of infection of babesia, theileria, anaplasma and ehrlichia microbial agents. totally, 609 hard tick species from two genera hyalomma a ... | 2017 | 29173535 |
| co-circulation of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus strains asia 1 and 2 between the border of iran and pakistan. | crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) is a tick-borne viral disease that is transmitted by numerous species of ticks, which serve both as a reservoir and vector of cchf virus (cchfv). molecular and serological tests were undertaken on hard ticks (ixodidae spp.) and samples from livestock were collected in 2015 from chabahar county in southeast iran. using rt-pcr, the ticks were tested for the presence of cchfv. in addition, seven livestock were serologically tested for the presence of igg antib ... | 2017 | 29159319 |
| identification and molecular characterization of spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks collected from farm ruminants in lebanon. | tick-borne diseases have become a world health concern, emerging with increasing incidence in recent decades. spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae are tick-borne pathogens recognized as important agents of human tick-borne diseases worldwide. in this study, 88 adult ticks from the species hyalomma anatolicum, rhipicephalus annulatus, rh. bursa, rh. sanguineus sensu lato, and rh. turanicus, were collected from farm ruminants in lebanon, and sfg rickettsiae were molecularly identified and charact ... | 2018 | 29054546 |
| functional characterization of candidate antigens of hyalomma anatolicum and evaluation of its cross-protective efficacy against rhipicephalus microplus. | hyalomma anatolicum and rhipicephalus microplus seriously affect dairy animals and immunization of host is considered as a sustainable option for the management of the tick species. identification and validation of protective molecules are the major challenges in developing a cross-protective vaccine. the subolesin (sub), calreticulin (crt) and cathepsin l-like cysteine proteinase (cathl) genes of h. anatolicum were cloned, sequenced and analysed for sequence homology. both ha-sub and ha-crt gen ... | 2017 | 28911904 |
| comparative study of esterases in deltamethrin and diazinon resistant rhipicephalus microplus and hyalomma anatolicum ticks collected from the trans-gangetic plains of india. | a comparative analysis of esterases in susceptible and resistant ticks revealed six types of esterases (est-1b, est-2b, est-3b, est-4b, est-5b and est-6b) in rhipicephalus microplus and four types (est-1h, est-2h, est-3h, est-4h) in hyalomma anatolicum using α-naphthyl acetate substrate. inhibition studies with eserine sulfate, p-chloromercuribenzoate, copper sulphate and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride revealed a marked variation in band intensity between susceptible and resistant ticks, with the ... | 2017 | 28894981 |
| molecular evidence of tick-borne pathogens in hyalomma anatolicum ticks infesting cattle in xinjiang uygur autonomous region, northwestern china. | although tick-borne pathogens have been widely reported in ticks in china, there is little information available on the prevalence of information in hyalomma ticks from cattle. this study aims to determine the occurrence of pathogens in hyalomma anatolicum collected from cattle in xinjiang uygur autonomous region, china, by pcr, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. borrelia burgdorferi s.s., rickettsia massiliae and anaplasma bovis were identified, whereas dna of ehrlichia species and an anapla ... | 2017 | 28875270 |
| epidemiological study of tick infestation in buffalo of various regions of district khairpur, pakistan. | the aim of this study was to determine the epidemiological infestation and identification of ixodidae and argasidae ticks species in buffalo of different parts of district khairpur, pakistan. | 2017 | 28717323 |
| diversity and distribution of ticks from domestic ruminants in lebanon. | ticks (acari: ixodidae) are ectoparasites infesting livestock in every geographic area in the world and they are vectors of several viral, bacterial, and protozoan pathogens to animals and humans worldwide. a deep knowledge of the geographical distribution of these arthropods would have a key role in the control of tick-borne diseases. few data are available about tick presence in domestic ruminants in lebanon. the study aimed at providing an analysis of tick presence and distribution in lebanon ... | 2017 | 28675252 |
| a study of ticks and tick-borne livestock pathogens in pakistan. | as obligate blood-feeding arthropods, ticks transmit pathogens to humans and domestic animals more often than other arthropod vectors. livestock farming plays a vital role in the rural economy of pakistan, and tick infestation causes serious problems with it. however, research on tick species diversity and tick-borne pathogens has rarely been conducted in pakistan. in this study, a systematic investigation of the tick species infesting livestock in different ecological regions of pakistan was co ... | 2017 | 28650978 |
| experimental theileria lestoquardi infection in sheep: biochemical and hematological changes. | malignant theileriosis (theileria lestoquardi infection) is a hemoparasitic tick-borne disease that affects both wild and domestic small ruminants. the aim of this study was to evaluate biochemical and hematological characteristics of sheep after being experimentally infected by t. lestoquardi. t. lestoquardi infection was induced in seven baluchi sheep of six-to-eight months old via experimentally-infected hyalomma anatolicum adult ticks. biochemical and hematological parameters were measured t ... | 2017 | 28571746 |
| molecular surveillance of theileria parasites of livestock in oman. | theileriosis is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases of livestock in the arabian peninsula, and causes high rates of mortality and morbidity in sheep and cattle. however, there is a paucity of information on the distribution of theileria spp. over the whole region and their impact on different hosts. the present study carried out a country-wide molecular survey for theileria spp. of livestock in oman across four governorates. the aim of the survey was to define the prevalence of theiler ... | 2017 | 28558992 |
| distribution of ticks infesting ruminants and risk factors associated with high tick prevalence in livestock farms in the semi-arid and arid agro-ecological zones of pakistan. | tick infestation is the major problem for animal health that causes substantial economic losses, particularly in tropical and subtropical countries. to better understand the spatial distribution of tick species and risk factors associated with tick prevalence in livestock in pakistan, ticks were counted and collected from 471 animals, including 179 cattle, 194 buffaloes, 80 goats and 18 sheep, on 108 livestock farms in nine districts, covering both semi-arid and arid agro-ecological zones. | 2017 | 28420420 |
| sexual alteration in antioxidant response and esterase profile in hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (acari: ixodidae) ticks. | the objective of the study was to reveal physiological link between sex specific engorgement pattern and evading mechanism of ticks against oxidative stress as well as acaricides. quantitative determination of nitric oxide radical scavenging, superoxide dismutase activity and reduced glutathione (gsh) concentrations in salivary gland and gut extracts of male and female hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (acari: ixodidae) ticks established significant variation in antioxidant responses between two se ... | 2017 | 28316396 |
| in vitro assessment of the acaricidal activity of piper longum, piper nigrum, and zingiber officinale extracts against hyalomma anatolicum ticks. | ticks and tick-borne diseases are a major constraint for the sustainable cattle industry in the tropical and subtropical regions including the indian subcontinent. the development of resistance to most of the commonly used acaricides leads to an attempt to screen plant extracts and their combinations for their possible acaricidal activity to develop an eco-friendly tick control alternative. an alcoholic and various aqueous extracts of piper longum, piper nigrum and zingiber officinale and their ... | 2017 | 28251408 |
| genetic characterization and molecular survey of babesia sp. xinjiang infection in small ruminants and ixodid ticks in china. | babesia sp. xinjiang is a large ovine babesia species that was recently isolated in china. compared with other ovine babesia species, it has different morphological features, pathogenicity and vector tick species. the known transmitting vector is hyalomma anatolicum. in this study, the distribution and the presence of babesia sp. xinjiang in small ruminants and ixodid ticks in china were assessed by specific nested-pcr assay based on the rap-1a gene. a total of 978 blood samples from sheep or go ... | 2017 | 28131866 |
| infestation and identification of ixodid tick in cattle: the case of arbegona district, southern ethiopia. | the study was conducted from october 2014 to june 2015 to estimate tick prevalence and identify major tick genera infesting cattle and the associated risk factors in arbegona district, southern ethiopia. a total of 2024 adult ticks were collected from main body parts of animals and eight species of ticks which belong to three genera were identified. questionnaire survey was employed concerning the general case on the tick infestation problems on the cattle. from 384 cattle examined, 291 (75.7%) ... | 2016 | 28105466 |
| studies on alterations of clinical and hemato-biochemical parameters before and after treatment in calves naturally infected with theileriosis. | the aim was to determine hemato-biochemical alterations and to determine the better treatment of theileriosis in naturally infected calves. | 2016 | 28096609 |
| diagnosis and management of bovine babesiosis outbreaks in cattle in punjab state. | the aim of the present study was to diagnose severe outbreaks of bovine babesiosis in punjab state, in the year 2015 and to suggest control and preventive measures to animal owners. | 2016 | 28096607 |
| molecular and parasitological survey of ovine piroplasmosis, including the first report of theileria annulata (apicomplexa: theileridae) in sheep and goats from turkey. | blood and tick samples were collected from 333 apparently healthy sheep and 257 goats as well as 10 sheep exhibiting clinical signs of babesiosis in adana, gaziantep, and adiyaman provinces in southern turkey. fully engorged female ticks were selected and maintained in an incubator until they oviposited. the tick carcasses and their egg masses were examined. piroplasms compatible with babesia spp. and theileria spp. were observed in both symptomatic and asymptomatic small ruminants. genomic dna ... | 2017 | 28082649 |
| establishment of an artificial tick feeding system to study theileria lestoquardi infection. | the establishment of good experimental models for theileria sp. infection is important for theileriosis research. routinely, infection of ticks is accomplished by feeding on parasite-infected animals (sheep, cows and horses), which raises practical and ethical problems, driving the search for alternative methods of tick infection. artificial tick feeding systems are based mainly on rearing ticks on host-derived or hand-made artificial membranes. we developed a modified feeding assay for infectin ... | 2016 | 28036364 |
| inhibition of bovine platelets aggregation in response to hyalomma anatolicum salivary gland proteins/peptides. | ticks are obligate ectoparasites that have an impact on wide range of vertebrates and also act as a potential vector for the transmission of tropical theileriosis, babesiosis, etc., causing significant loss to livestock production worldwide. while feeding, they introduce their saliva containing different bioactive molecules into the host. these molecules have the capability to counteract the host hemostatic mechanism to suck host blood successfully. therefore, the study was aimed to isolate anti ... | 2016 | 27956779 |
| seroprevalence of bovine theileriosis in northern china. | bovine theileriosis is a common disease transmitted by ticks, and can cause loss of beef and dairy cattle worldwide. here, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ielisa) based on theileria luwenshuni surface protein (tlsp) was developed and used to carry out a seroepidemiological survey of bovine theileriosis in northern china. | 2016 | 27863521 |
| neem oil and crop protection: from now to the future. | a major challenge of agriculture is to increase food production to meet the needs of the growing world population, without damaging the environment. in current agricultural practices, the control of pests is often accomplished by means of the excessive use of agrochemicals, which can result in environmental pollution and the development of resistant pests. in this context, biopesticides can offer a better alternative to synthetic pesticides, enabling safer control of pest populations. however, l ... | 2016 | 27790224 |
| genomic resources for a unique, low-virulence babesia taxon from china. | babesiosis is a socioeconomically important tick-borne disease of animals (including humans) caused by haemoprotozoan parasites. the severity of babesiosis relates to host and parasite factors, particularly virulence/pathogenicity. although babesia bovis is a particularly pathogenic species of cattle, there are species of babesia of ruminants that have limited pathogenicity. for instance, the operational taxonomic unit babesia sp. xinjiang (abbreviated here as bx) of sheep from china is substant ... | 2016 | 27784333 |
| comparative evaluation of polymerase chain reaction assay with microscopy for detection of asymptomatic carrier state of theileriosis in a herd of crossbred cattle. | this study aims to develop and to standardize a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay that will diagnose clinical as well as carrier state of the disease and to compare the results with conventional microscopy technique. | 2016 | 27733810 |
| identification of theileria lestoquardi antigens recognized by cd8+ t cells. | as part of an international effort to develop vaccines for theileria lestoquardi, we undertook a limited screen to test t. lestoquardi orthologues of antigens recognised by cd8+ t lymphocyte responses against t. annulata and t. parva in cattle. five mhc defined sheep were immunized by live t. lestoquardi infection and their cd8+ t lymphocyte responses determined. thirteen t. lestoquardi orthologues of t. parva and t. annulata genes, previously shown to be targets of cd8+ t lymphocyte responses o ... | 2016 | 27611868 |
| prevalence of ixodid ticks on cattle and sheep northeast of iran. | a survey was carried out to investigate the prevalence of hard tick species (acari: ixodidae) on cattle and sheep north of iran. the aim of study was to determine the prevalence of hard ticks on cattle and sheep in the mountainous areas of golestan province and their geographical distribution. a total of 26 ticks were collected from 22 infested cattle and 26 ticks were collected from 12 infested sheep during activating seasons of ticks in 2013-2014. the species collected from cattle and sheep we ... | 2016 | 27605782 |
| molecular and parasitological survey of ovine piroplasmosis, including the first report of theileria annulata (apicomplexa: theileridae) in sheep and goats from turkey. | blood and tick samples were collected from 333 apparently healthy sheep and 257 goats as well as 10 sheep exhibiting clinical signs of babesiosis in adana, gaziantep, and adiyaman provinces in southern turkey. fully engorged female ticks were selected and maintained in an incubator until they oviposited. the tick carcasses and their egg masses were examined. piroplasms compatible with babesia spp. and theileria spp. were observed in both symptomatic and asymptomatic small ruminants. genomic dna ... | 2016 | 27559124 |
| identification of a novel β-adrenergic octopamine receptor-like gene (βaor-like) and increased atp-binding cassette b10 (abcb10) expression in a rhipicephalus microplus cell line derived from acaricide-resistant ticks. | the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is an economically important parasite of livestock. effective control of ticks using acaricides is threatened by the emergence of resistance to many existing compounds. several continuous r. microplus cell lines have been established and provide an under-utilised resource for studies into acaricide targets and potential genetic mutations associated with resistance. as a first step to genetic studies using these resources, this study aimed to de ... | 2016 | 27484910 |
| pervasive microrna duplication in chelicerates: insights from the embryonic microrna repertoire of the spider parasteatoda tepidariorum. | micrornas are small (∼22 nt) noncoding rnas that repress translation and therefore regulate the production of proteins from specific target mrnas. micrornas have been found to function in diverse aspects of gene regulation within animal development and many other processes. among invertebrates, both conserved and novel, lineage specific, micrornas have been extensively studied predominantly in holometabolous insects such as drosophila melanogaster however little is known about microrna repertoir ... | 2016 | 27324919 |
| crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever in the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius) in east and northeast of iran. | this comprehensive study was conducted on multi-purpose one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius) sera and ticks to assess the epidemiological aspects of the crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) in northeast iran. | 2016 | 27308275 |
| an experimental ovine theileriosis: the effect of theileria lestoquardi infection on cardiovascular system in sheep. | the malignant ovine theileriosis is caused by theileria lestoquardi, which is highly pathogenic in sheep. theileriosis involves different organs in ruminants, but the effect of the disease on the cardiovascular system is unclear. to understand the pathogenesis of t. lestoquardi on the cardiovascular system, baluchi breed sheep were infected with the mentioned parasite by releasing unfed adults of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, which were infected with t. lestoquardi. the infected sheep were cli ... | 2016 | 27242073 |
| tick repellents and acaricides of botanical origin: a green roadmap to control tick-borne diseases? | arthropods are dangerous vectors of agents of deadly diseases, which may hit as epidemics or pandemics in the increasing world population of humans and animals. among them, ticks transmit more pathogen species than any other group of blood-feeding arthropods worldwide. thus, the effective and eco-friendly control of tick vectors in a constantly changing environment is a crucial challenge. a number of novel routes have been attempted to prevent and control tick-borne diseases, including the devel ... | 2016 | 27146901 |
| acaricide resistance in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus and hyalomma anatolicum collected from haryana and rajasthan states of india. | acaricide resistance status of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus and hyalomma anatolicum ticks against deltamethrin and diazinon was assessed in hisar (haryana) and its adjoining district churu (rajasthan) using adult immersion test (ait) and larval packet test (lpt). the mortality slope, lc50, lc95, 95 % confidence limit and resistance factor of field ticks were determined. results showed that r. (b.) microplus ticks collected from tohana (hisar) were found resistant to both the acaricides wh ... | 2016 | 27100113 |
| laboratory scale production of recombinant haa86 tick protein in pichia pastoris and in escherichia coli system. | the commercial recombinant bm86-based vaccines against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus in australia (tickgard™, tickgard plus™) and in cuba (gavac™) provided significant impetus to researchers globally to work on anti-tick vaccines. the bm86 homologue of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum izatnagar isolate, rhaa86, is considered a potent vaccine candidate against hyalomma tick species, transmitting animal and human diseases. the two expression systems, prokaryotic, using bacterial expression pla ... | 2016 | 27076316 |
| partial characterization of a novel anti-inflammatory protein from salivary gland extract of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum 77acari: ixodidae) ticks. | hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks transmit theileria annulata, causative agent of tropical theileriosis to cattle and buffaloes causing a major economic loss in terms of production and mortality in tropical countries. ticks have evolved several immune evading strategies to circumvent hosts' rejection and achieve engorgement. successful feeding of ticks relies on a pharmacy of chemicals located in their complex salivary glands and secreted saliva. these chemicals in saliva could inhibit host i ... | 2015 | 27065646 |
| control and therapeutic management of bovine tropical theileriosis in crossbred cattle. | bovine tropical theileriosis (btt) is a disease of worldwide economic importance in cattle, caused by theileria annulata, a protozoan parasite, and transmitted cyclically by ticks. the disease is one of the serious constraints to dairy industry in endemic areas like india, leading to fatal infections in exotic cattle and significant mortality in cross-bred cattle and zebu cattle. the present report demonstrates the clinical manifestation, haematological alteration and therapeutic management of t ... | 2016 | 27065628 |
| emergence of oriental theileriosis in cattle and its transmission through rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus in assam, india. | the aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of theileria in blood samples of crossbred and indigenous adult cows raised under unorganized small scale farming system in a babesia and anaplasma endemic geographical area from assam, india and to see its transmission through rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus ticks. | 2015 | 27047205 |
| tick-borne infections in human and animal population worldwide. | the abundance and activity of ectoparasites and its hosts are affected by various abiotic factors, such as climate and other organisms (predators, pathogens and competitors) presenting thus multiples forms of association (obligate to facultative, permanent to intermittent and superficial to subcutaneous) developed during long co-evolving processes. ticks are ectoparasites widespread globally and its eco epidemiology are closely related to the environmental conditions. they are obligatory hematop ... | 2015 | 27047089 |
| matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry for comprehensive indexing of east african ixodid tick species. | the tick population of africa includes several important genera belonging to the family ixodidae. many of these ticks are vectors of protozoan and rickettsial pathogens including theileria parva that causes east coast fever, a debilitating cattle disease endemic to eastern, central and southern africa. effective surveillance of tick-borne pathogens depends on accurate identification and mapping of their tick vectors. a simple and reproducible technique for rapid and reliable differentiation of l ... | 2016 | 26979606 |
| sero-epidemiological survey of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in tunisia. | crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) is a tick-borne disease associated with a high case fatality rate and transmitted mainly by hyalomma marginatum. the geographical distribution of h. marginatum covers most of the western mediterranean basin. we aimed to investigate whether cchf virus (cchfv) is circulating in tunisia. samples from unexplained acute febrile patients (n = 181) and a high risk group of humans, mainly slaughter workers (n = 38), were collected in the summer of 2014 and analyzed ... | 2016 | 26956221 |
| missed retained tick: "look for the legs". | 2015 | 26900234 | |
| detection of malathion resistance in hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum from bathinda district, punjab. | the resistance status against malathion in hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks collected from bathinda district, punjab, was evaluated by adult immersion test (ait). | 0 | 26862273 |
| growth of ehrlichia canis, the causative agent of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis, in vector and non-vector ixodid tick cell lines. | canine monocytic ehrlichiosis is caused by ehrlichia canis, a small gram-negative coccoid bacterium that infects circulating monocytes. the disease is transmitted by the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. and is acknowledged as an important infectious disease of dogs and other members of the family canidae worldwide. e. canis is routinely cultured in vitro in the canine monocyte-macrophage cell line dh82 and in non-vector ixodes scapularis tick cell lines, but not in cells derived from ... | 2016 | 26837859 |
| screening and identification of antigenic proteins from the hard tick dermacentor silvarum (acari: ixodidae). | in order to explore tick proteins as potential targets for further developing vaccine against ticks, the total proteins of unfed female dermacentor silvarum were screened with anti-d. silvarum serum produced from rabbits. the results of western blot showed that 3 antigenic proteins of about 100, 68, and 52 kda were detected by polyclonal antibodies, which means that they probably have immunogenicity. then, unfed female tick proteins were separated by 12% sds-page, and target proteins (100, 68, a ... | 2015 | 26797451 |
| detection of bartonella tamiae, coxiella burnetii and rickettsiae in arthropods and tissues from wild and domestic animals in northeastern algeria. | in recent years, the scope and importance of emergent vector-borne diseases has increased dramatically. in algeria, only limited information is currently available concerning the presence and prevalence of these zoonotic diseases. for this reason, we conducted a survey of hematophagous ectoparasites of domestic mammals and/or spleens of wild animals in el tarf and souk ahras, algeria. | 2016 | 26791781 |
| molecular detection of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus in ticks collected from infested livestock populations in a new endemic area, south of iran. | crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf) is a viral zoonotic disease with potentially fatal systemic effects on man. we aimed to determine the presence of cchf virus among collected ticks from domestic livestock from october 2012 to september 2013. | 2016 | 26758985 |
| molecular detection of babesia bigemina infection in apparently healthy cattle of central plain zone of punjab. | bovine babesiosis is an important tick-borne disease caused by the parasites belonging to the genus babesia, distributed worldwide and infecting a wide range of domesticated and wild cattle, occasionally man. the present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of b. bigemina infection in apparently healthy cattle from central plain zone of punjab, india. examination of giemsa-stained peripheral thin blood smears revealed 2.45 % (5/204) animals to be positive for piroplasms of b. bigemina ... | 2014 | 26688628 |
| assessment of the first commercial elisa kit for the diagnosis of theileria annulata. | the present study assesses the efficacy of svanovir theileria annulata-ab, the first commercial elisa kit for the diagnosis of theileria annulata infection in cattle based on a recombinant protein known as t. annulata surface protein (tasp). as a reference test, a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay depending on t. annulata merozoite surface antigen (tams-1) was applied. a total of 468 blood samples as well as serum samples were randomly collected from cattle and tested in the pcr as well as i ... | 2015 | 26640700 |
| vectors of crimean congo hemorrhagic fever virus in iran. | ticks are important vectors and reservoirs of crimean congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus. human beings may be infected whenever the normal life cycle of the infected ticks on non-human vertebrate hosts is interrupted by the undesirable presence of humans in the cycle. a total of 26 species of argasid and ixodid ticks have been recorded in iran; including nine hyalomma, two rhipicephalus, two dermacentor, five haemaphysalis, two boophilus, one ixodes and two argas as well as three ornithodoros ... | 2015 | 26623426 |
| zahedan rhabdovirus, a novel virus detected in ticks from iran. | rhabdoviridae infect a wide range of vertebrates, invertebrates and plants. their transmission can occur via various arthropod vectors. in recent years, a number of novel rhabdoviruses have been identified from various animal species, but so far only few tick-transmitted rhabdoviruses have been described. | 2015 | 26542354 |
| genetic diversity and population structure of theileria annulata in oman. | theileriosis, caused by a number of species within the genus theileria, is a common disease of livestock in oman. it is a major constraint to the development of the livestock industry due to a high rate of morbidity and mortality in both cattle and sheep. since little is currently known about the genetic diversity of the parasites causing theileriosis in oman, the present study was designed to address this issue with specific regard to t. annulata in cattle. | 2015 | 26469349 |
| emerging tick-borne infections in mainland china: an increasing public health threat. | since the beginning of the 1980s, 33 emerging tick-borne agents have been identified in mainland china, including eight species of spotted fever group rickettsiae, seven species in the family anaplasmataceae, six genospecies in the complex borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, 11 species of babesia, and the virus causing severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. in this review we have mapped the geographical distributions of human cases of infection. 15 of the 33 emerging tick-borne agents have be ... | 2015 | 26453241 |
| genetic characterization and molecular survey of babesia bovis, babesia bigemina and babesia ovata in cattle, dairy cattle and yaks in china. | babesiosis is an important haemoparasitic disease, caused by the infection and subsequent intra-erythrocytic multiplication of protozoa of the genus babesia that impacts the livestock industry and animal health. the distribution, epidemiology and genetic characterization of b. bigemina, b. bovis, and b. ovata in cattle in china as well as the prevalence of these protozoan agents were assessed. | 2015 | 26452623 |
| lipopolysaccharide-induced differential expression of mirnas in male and female rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides ticks. | lipopolysaccharide (lps) stimulates the innate immune response in arthropods. in tick vectors, lps activates expression of immune genes, including those for antibacterial peptides. mirnas are 21-24 nt non-coding small rnas that regulate target mrnas at the post-transcriptional level. however, our understanding of tick innate immunity is limited to a few cellular immune reactions and some characterized immune molecules. moreover, there is little information on the regulation of the immune system ... | 2015 | 26430879 |
| a pcr-rflp assay targeting rps8 gene for the discrimination between bovine babesia and theileria species in china. | bovine babesiosis and theileriosis is an important hemoprotozoal disease in cattles and yaks in tropical and subtropical regions leading to significant economic losses. in the field, the risk of co-infection between the bovine babesia and theileria species is very high. thus, it is necessary to develop a simple, accurate, rapid and cost-effective method for large-scale epidemic investigation, in particular for the detection of co-infection in field. | 2015 | 26382041 |
| detection of acaricidal resistance in hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum from banaskantha district, gujarat. | the resistance status in hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum collected from banaskantha district, gujarat (india) was estimated by larval packet test (lpt) with different concentrations of amitraz (125, 250, 500, 750 and 1,000 ppm) and cypermethrin (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm). the regression graphs of mean mortality of larvae ticks were plotted against values of progressively increasing concentrations of amitraz and cypermethrin for the estimation of lc95 values and were determined as 1,529.39 a ... | 2013 | 26345072 |
| salvage of theileria infected calves with clinical manifestation of exophthalmia. | two crossbred female calves aged between 30 and 35 days were presented with bilateral exophthalmia, inappetence, pyrexia and cachexia since last 15 days. clinical examination revealed mainly bilateral exophthalmia with dry and pulpy cornea, generalized enlargement of superficial lymph nodes, pallor mucous, petechiae, high rectal temperature and sternal recumbency. the calves were severely infested with hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks and thin layer blood smears revealed presence of piroplas ... | 2013 | 26345050 |
| crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus clade iv (asia 1) in ticks of western iran. | crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) is transmitted through the bite of an infected tick, or by direct contact with cchfv-infected patients' blood or the products of infected livestock. in 2012, ticks were collected in eight regions of lorestan province, iran. in total, 434 ticks were collected. reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used for the detection of cchfv rna. of 434 ticks, 419 (96.6%) ticks were from the family ixodidae (hard ticks) and 15 (3.5%) ticks were from ... | 2015 | 26336221 |
| nanoparticles as potential new generation broad spectrum antimicrobial agents. | the rapid emergence of antimicrobial resistant strains to conventional antimicrobial agents has complicated and prolonged infection treatment and increased mortality risk globally. furthermore, some of the conventional antimicrobial agents are unable to cross certain cell membranes thus, restricting treatment of intracellular pathogens. therefore, the disease-causing-organisms tend to persist in these cells. however, the emergence of nanoparticle (np) technology has come with the promising broad ... | 2015 | 26329777 |
| propagation of the israeli vaccine strain of anaplasma centrale in tick cell lines. | anaplasma centrale has been used in cattle as a live blood vaccine against the more pathogenic anaplasma marginale for over 100 years. while a. marginale can be propagated in vitro in tick cell lines, facilitating studies on antigen production, immunisation and vector-pathogen interaction, to date there has been no in vitro culture system for a. centrale. in the present study, 25 cell lines derived from 13 ixodid tick species were inoculated with the israeli vaccine strain of a. centrale and mon ... | 2015 | 26210950 |
| molecular evidence of theileria equi infection in hyalomma anatolicum ticks infested on sero-positive indian horses. | a sizeable indian equine population is considered to be pre-immune carrier of theileria equi infection. in this study we confirmed the presence of t. equi specific dna in hyalomma anatolicum ticks which were infested on sero-positive horses. fifty two indigenous horses were randomly selected from endemic areas and their blood and tick samples were collected. tick salivary glands and blood samples were processed for separation of dna and serum, respectively. serum samples were analyzed by ema-2el ... | 2015 | 26204002 |
| modulation of host immunity by tick saliva. | next generation sequencing and proteomics have helped to comprehensively characterize gene expression in tick salivary glands at both the transcriptome and the proteome level. functional data are, however, lacking. given that tick salivary secretions are critical to the success of the tick transmission lifecycle and, as a consequence, for host colonization by the pathogens they spread, we thoroughly review here the literature on the known interactions between tick saliva (or tick salivary gland ... | 2015 | 26189360 |
| hedgehogs (erinaceus europaeus) as a source of ectoparasites in urban-suburban areas of northwest of iran. | hedgehogs are small, nocturnal mammals which become popular in the world and have important role in transmission of zoonotic agents. thus, the present study aimed to survey ectoparasite infestation from april 2010 to december 2011 in urban and suburban parts of urmia and tabriz cities, northwest of iran. | 2014 | 26114147 |
| species diversity and distribution of ticks (acari: ixodidae) in zabol county, eastern iran. | ticks are important vectors of human and animal pathogens. they are considered as main vectors for transmission of many viral, bacterial, rickettsial and parasitical pathogens. the aim of the present study was to find out species diversity of ticks, which infested the domestic ruminants in zabol county, eastern iran in 2012. | 2014 | 26114136 |
| immune responses against rhaa86 in cross-bred cattle. | tick vaccines are important component of integrated pest management for sustainable control of tick and tick born diseases. immune responses against rhaa86 (homologue of bm86) recombinant hyalomma tick antigen were determined in experimental crossbred calves. the humoral antibody responses of the calves were measured against rhaa86 in an optimized elisa format. the expression of the interferon gamma (ifn-γ), was also evaluated in the culture supernatant of blood culture from blood samples of the ... | 2013 | 26064021 |
| tick-borne diseases of bovines in pakistan: major scope for future research and improved control. | ticks and tick-borne diseases (tbds) affect the productivity of bovines in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, leading to a significant adverse impact on the livelihoods of resource-poor farming communities. globally, four main tbds, namely anaplasmosis, babesiosis, theileriosis, and cowdriosis (heartwater) affect bovines, and the former three are of major economic importance in bovines in pakistan. given that the livestock sector has become an integral part of pakistan's economy and ... | 2015 | 25994588 |
| vaccination against bm86 homologues in rabbits does not impair ixodes ricinus feeding or oviposition. | human tick-borne diseases that are transmitted by ixodes ricinus, such as lyme borreliosis and tick borne encephalitis, are on the rise in europe. diminishing i. ricinus populations in nature can reduce tick exposure to humans, and one way to do so is by developing an anti-vector vaccine against tick antigens. currently, there is only one anti-vector vaccine available against ticks, which is a veterinary vaccine based on the tick antigen bm86 in the gut of rhipicephalus microplus. bm86 vaccine f ... | 2015 | 25919587 |
| orcokinin-like immunoreactivity in central neurons innervating the salivary glands and hindgut of ixodid ticks. | orcokinins are conserved neuropeptides within the arthropoda but their cellular distribution and functions in ticks are unknown. we use an antibody against the highly conserved n-terminal (nfdeidr) of mature orcokinin peptides to examine their distribution in six ixodid species: amblyomma variegatum, dermacentor reticulatus, hyalomma anatolicum, ixodes scapularis, ixodes ricinus and rhipicephalus appendiculatus. numerous immunoreactive neurons (~100) were detected in various regions of the synga ... | 2015 | 25792509 |
| assessment of cell mediated immune response in rabbits immunized with affinity purified 35 kda midgut antigen of rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides ticks. | cell mediated immune response to immunoaffinity chromatography purified midgut antigen of rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides ticks in rabbits was studied by using lymphocyte transformation test. this test was carried out by using 5-bromo-2'-deoxy-uridine kit method. the blastogenic response of peripheral blood lymphocytes of normal rabbit to different concentrations of antigen and mitogen (con a) showed that 2 μg of antigen and 2 μg of mitogen gave maximum stimulation index. the antigen specific res ... | 2013 | 25698868 |
| prevalence of theileria annulata infection in hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum collected from crossbred cattle of ludhiana, punjab. | the prevalence of theileria infection in tick vector hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum collected from healthy animals of ludhiana district, punjab was recorded to assess the natural infection level of theilerial parasite in the field condition. a total of 60 semi-engorged h. a. anatolicum were collected from cattle and their salivary glands were dissected out. one half of the salivary gland was stained with methyl green pyronin (mgp) and the other half was utilized for dna isolation for molecular d ... | 2013 | 25698861 |
| prevalence of ixodid ticks on cattle, sheep and goats in ilam county, ilam province, iran. | this survey was performed to find out the infestation rate of ixodidae ticks in domestic ruminants in ilam county during 21 march 2009 to 23 august 2009. sampling was performed in 25 villages and 15 animal farm from different areas of this county. a total of 1,316 ticks were collected from 416 cattle, 208 sheep and 147 goats. the overall prevalence of ticks was recorded: 43, 23.5, and 49/6 % in cattle, sheep, and goats respectively. the number of ticks that collected from cattle, sheep, and goat ... | 2013 | 25698857 |
| breeding strategies for tick resistance in tropical cattle: a sustainable approach for tick control. | about 80 % of world cattle population is under the risk of ticks and tick borne diseases (ttbds). losses caused by bovine tick burdens in tropical countries have a tremendous economic impact on production systems. chemical control of disease has been found to be ineffective and also involving large cost. to reduce our reliance on these chemical products, it is necessary to embark on programs that include habitat management, genetic selection of hosts, and development of a strain capable of induc ... | 2013 | 25698850 |
| esterase and glutathione s-transferase levels associated with synthetic pyrethroid resistance in hyalomma anatolicum and rhipicephalus microplus ticks from punjab, india. | larval packet test was used for assessment of resistance status against cypermethrin and deltamethrin in hyalomma anatolicum and rhipicephalus microplus from various districts of punjab (india). among the various field isolates of h. anatolicum susceptible status was recorded against cypermethrin in all isolates, whereas against deltamethrin resistance status (level i-iii) was recorded. in r. microplus lower resistance levels (i-ii) were recorded against cypermethrin in comparison to deltamethri ... | 2015 | 25652614 |
| identification and characterization of micrornas by deep-sequencing in hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (acari: ixodidae) ticks. | hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (h.a. anatolicum) (acari: ixodidae) ticks are globally distributed ectoparasites with veterinary and medical importance. these ticks not only weaken animals by sucking their blood but also transmit different species of parasitic protozoans. multiple factors influence these parasitic infections including mirnas, which are non-coding, small regulatory rna molecules essential for the complex life cycle of parasites. to identify and characterize mirnas in h.a. anatolic ... | 2015 | 25592818 |
| tick-borne pathogens and the vector potential of ticks in china. | ticks, as obligate blood-sucking ectoparasites, attack a broad range of vertebrates and transmit a great diversity of pathogenic microorganisms. they are considered second only to mosquitoes as vectors of human disease, and the most important vector of pathogens of domestic and wild animals. of the 117 described species in the chinese tick fauna, 60 are known to transmit one or more diseases: 36 species isolated within china and 24 species isolated outside china. moreover, 38 of these species ca ... | 2015 | 25586007 |
| amblyomma americanum tick calreticulin binds c1q but does not inhibit activation of the classical complement cascade. | in this study we characterized amblyomma americanum (aam) tick calreticulin (crt) homolog in tick feeding physiology. in nature, different tick species can be found feeding on the same animal host. this suggests that different tick species found feeding on the same host can modulate the same host anti-tick defense pathways to successfully feed. from this perspective it's plausible that different tick species can utilize universally conserved proteins such as crt to regulate and facilitate feedin ... | 0 | 25454607 |
| efficacy of larvicidal activity of green synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles using mangifera indica extract against blood-feeding parasites. | titanium dioxide nanoparticles (tio2 nps) are considered to be among the best photocatalytic materials due to their long-term thermodynamic stability, strong oxidizing power, and relative non-toxicity. nano-preparations with tio2 nps are currently under investigation as novel treatments for acne vulgaris, recurrent condyloma acuminata, atopic dermatitis, hyperpigmented skin lesions, and other non-dermatologic diseases. the present study was to investigate the acaricidal and larvicidal activity o ... | 2015 | 25403378 |
| emerging vector-borne zoonoses: eco-epidemiology and public health implications in india. | the diseases originating from animals or associated with man and animals are remerging and have resulted in considerable morbidity and mortality. the present review highlights the re-emergence of emerging mainly zoonotic diseases like chikungunya, scrub typhus, and extension of spatial distribution of cutaneous leishmaniasis from western rajasthan to himachal pradesh, kerala, and haryana states; west nile virus to assam, and non-endemic areas of japanese encephalitis (je) like maharashtra and je ... | 2014 | 25325052 |
| distribution of ticks (acari: ixodidae) infesting domestic ruminants in mountainous areas of golestan province, iran. | to determine the prevalence of ticks on cattle in the mountainous areas of golestan province and their geographical distribution. | 0 | 25183090 |
| survey on cattle ticks in nur, north of iran. | to survey the prevalence of cattle ticks in nur county and prepare a list of tick fauna in this district. | 2014 | 25182439 |
| acaricidal activity of ethanolic extract of artemisia absinthium against hyalomma anatolicum ticks. | the aim of the study was to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of different concentrations of ethanolic extract obtained from the aerial parts of artemisia absinthium in comparison to amitraz on adults, eggs and larvae of hyalomma anatolicum using the adult immersion test (ait), egg hatchability test and larval packet test (lpt), respectively. four concentrations of the extract (2.5, 5, 10 and 20%) with three replications for each concentration were used in all the bioassays. in ait, the mortality r ... | 2015 | 25039005 |
| partial sequencing of bm86 gene for studying the phylogeny of an indian isolate of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus tick. | tick gut glycoprotein, designated as bm86, found on the luminal surface of the plasma membrane of gut epithelial cells of boophilus microplus, which is a concealed antigen, has been used as vaccine candidate molecule for immunization against ticks. to better understand the molecular diversity of bm86 gene in ticks, a portion of the cdna was sequenced from an indian isolate of b. microplus. comparison of nucleotide sequence revealed that indian isolate had 97 % homology (18 polymorphisms) with th ... | 2013 | 25035581 |
| subolesin: a candidate vaccine antigen for the control of cattle tick infestations in indian situation. | identification of cross-protective tick vaccine antigens is a challenging area of veterinary research. to address this challenge, a recently identified candidate tick protective antigen, subolesin (sub), was targeted in this research. the conservation of subolesin ortholog of hyalomma anatolicum and rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus across different indian strains was 98.1-99.4% (within species), while at the amino acid level sub sequence homology was ≥53.2% (between tick species). recombinant ... | 2014 | 24795229 |
| ixodidae ticks in cattle and sheep in sistan and baluchestan province (iran). | this survey was conducted to investigate the presence and abundance of hard tick species (acari: ixodidae) on cattle and sheep in sistan and baluchestan province (iran). between 2010 and 2011, a total of 1,403 ticks was collected from 332 infested cattle and 1,480 ticks were collected from 602 infested sheep during the seasons of tick activity. the species collected from cattle were hyalomma marginatum (46.04%), hyalomma excavatum (25.51%), hyalomma anatolicum (10.33%), hyalomma asiaticum (6.34% ... | 2014 | 24715595 |
| laboratory assessment of acaricidal activity of cymbopogon winterianus, vitex negundo and withania somnifera extracts against deltamethrin resistant hyalomma anatolicum. | larval packet test was used for detection of resistance levels against cypermethrin and deltamethrin, the most commonly used synthetic pyrethroids, in the multi-host tick hyalomma anatolicum collected from district moga, punjab (india). results indicated the presence of level i resistance against deltamethrin (rf = 2.81), whereas the tick isolate was susceptible to cypermethrin (rf = 0.2). the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of leaves of cymbopogon winterianus, vitex negundo and withania somnifer ... | 2014 | 24647800 |
| comparison of in vitro acaricidal effects of commercial preparations of cypermethrin and fenvalerate against rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatus. | commercially available preparations of cypermethrin (clinar and ectomin) and fenvalerate (flytik and ticomax, 20% e.c) were compared for their acaricidal activity against rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatus using adult immersion test. adult tick mortality was higher with ectomin compared to clinar. complete eclosion blocking was observed at all the tested concentrations with ectomin while it was observed only at the highest concentration tested for clinar. compared to flytik, adult tick mortalit ... | 2014 | 24570856 |
| molecular and serological detection of theileria equi and babesia caballi infection in horses and ixodid ticks in iran. | equine piroplasmosis is a hemoprotozoan tick-borne disease with worldwide distribution that is caused by theileria equi and babesia caballi. however, the geographical distribution of equine piroplasmosis in iran is unknown. the aim of the current study was to determine the causative agents and vector ticks of equine piroplasmosis in horses in the north khorasan province. in the year 2011, 100 horses were randomly selected from 14 villages. blood samples and ixodid ticks were collected and examin ... | 2014 | 24556274 |
| re-occurrence of crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever in ahmedabad, gujarat, india (2012): a fatal case report. | 0 | 24521654 | |
| metarhizium anisopliae as a biological control agent against hyalomma anatolicum (acari: ixodidae). | in the sudan, ticks and tick-borne diseases (tbds) with subsequent costs of control and treatment are causing substantial economic loss. control of ticks is mainly by chemical insecticides. the rising environmental hazards and problem of resistance has motivated research on biological agents as alternative methods of control. the present study aims at controlling livestock ticks using fungi for their unique mode of action besides their ability to adhere to the cuticle, to germinate and penetrate ... | 2013 | 24517010 |
| diagnosis of tropical bovine theileriosis by elisa with recombinant merozoite surface protein of theileria annulata (tams1). | theileria annulata merozoite surface protein (tams1) and native soluble piroplasm antigen of an indian isolate of t. annulata were used to optimize an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to detect anti-theileria antibodies in cross-bred cattle experimentally infected with sporozoites or immunized with macroschizonts of the homologous strain of the parasite. the recombinant protein has showed similar antibody titre when compared with the sonicated merozoite/piroplasm antigen in an elisa. if ... | 2012 | 24505176 |
| prevalence and seasonal variation in ixodid ticks on cattle of mathura district, uttar pradesh. | considering the economic impact of various ticks species on livestock, the present study was conducted for epidemiological characterize of common ticks infesting indian zebu cattle between july 2010 and june 2011 period at various locations of mathura region of india. a total of 2,515 zebu cattle were examined on random basis throughout the year. the overall prevalence of ticks infestation in cattle was 60.07 %. the highest prevalence was reported in september (75 %) while the lowest was in janu ... | 2012 | 24431564 |
| a survey of ixodid tick species and molecular identification of tick-borne pathogens. | this study was undertaken in two different climatic areas of turkey to determine the presence of tick-borne pathogens of medical and veterinary importance. the ticks were removed from humans, pooled according to species and developmental stages, and analyzed by pcr, reverse line blot (rlb) and sequencing. of the 2333 removed ticks from 10 species, 1238 (53.06%) were obtained from the arid cold zone, and the remaining 1095 (46.93%) were obtained from the humid zone. the removed ticks were identif ... | 2014 | 24424312 |
| detection of naturally infected vector ticks (acari: ixodidae) by different species of babesia and theileria agents from three different enzootic parts of iran. | diagnostic study of vector ticks for different pathogens transmitted specifically have been done by iranian old scientists working on the basis of biological transmission of pathogens. in this study we decided to confirm natural infection of different collected ticks from three different provinces of iran. | 2013 | 24409442 |
| pcr-based detection of babesia spp. infection in collected ticks from cattle in west and north-west of iran. | babesiosis is a haemoparasitic disease of domestic and wild animals caused by species of the genus babesia. babesia bigemina, b. bovis and b. divergens are known to be pathogenic in cattle. the disease is transmitted during blood feeding by infected ticks and is the most economically important tick-borne disease in tropical and subtropical areas. ixodid ticks are vectors in the transmission of babesiosis. the classic presentation is a febrile syndrome with apparent anemia and hemoglobinuria. thi ... | 2013 | 24409438 |
| molecular surveillance of theileria ovis, theileria lestoquardi and theileria annulata infection in sheep and ixodid ticks in iran. | a molecular study was undertaken to detect theileria ovis, theileria lestoquardi and theileria annulata in sheep and tick vectors. investigation was conducted from 2010 to 2011 in the south of khorasan razavi province, iran. a total of 150 blood samples were collected from 30 different sheep flocks. in addition, ixodid ticks were sampled from the same flocks. the stained blood smears were microscopically examined for the presence of piroplasms and a semi-nested polymerase chain reaction-restrict ... | 2013 | 24396911 |
| [genetic variants of the crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus circulating in endemic areas of the southern tajikistan in 2009]. | 506 hyalomma anatolicum ticks were collected and assayed in two crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) endemic regions of tajikistan. antigen and rna of cchf virus were detected in 3.4% of tick pools from rudaki district using elisa and rt-pcr tests. as of tursunzade district, viral antigen was identified in 9.0% of samples and viral rna was identified in 8.1% of samples. the multiple alignment of the obtained nucleotide sequences of cchf virus genome s-segment 287-nt region (996-1282) and multi ... | 2013 | 24364143 |
| acaricidal properties of two extracts from guiera senegalensis j.f. gmel. (combrataceae) against hyalomma anatolicum (acari: ixodidae). | laboratory test were carried out on eggs, larvae, nymphs and adults of hyalomma anatolicum to determine the acaricidal activities of petroleum ether (pe) and crude ethanolic extracts (ee) from the leaves of guiera senegalensis j.f. gmel. (combrataceae) using immersion method. stock solutions, of 300 mg/ml (30%) of the each two extract, were prepared. six two-fold serial dilutions each with three replicates were used. both extracts, at the highest concentration 150 mg/ml (15%), induced 100% failu ... | 2014 | 24315188 |