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published data do not support the notion that borrelia valaisiana is human pathogenic. 201728573415
approaches for reverse line blot-based detection of microbial pathogens in ixodes ricinus ticks collected in austria and impact of the chosen method.ticks transmit a large number of pathogens capable of causing human disease. in this study, the pcr-reverse line blot (rlb) method was used to screen for pathogens in a total of 554 ixodes ricinus ticks collected from all provinces of austria. these pathogens belong to the genera borrelia, rickettsiae, anaplasma/ehrlichia (including "candidatus neoehrlichia"), babesia, and coxiella the pathogens with the highest detected prevalence were spirochetes of the borrelia burgdorferisensu lato complex, ...201728455331
transmission differentials for multiple pathogens as inferred from their prevalence in larva, nymph and adult of ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae).ixodes ricinus serves as vector for a range of microorganisms capable of causing clinical illness in humans. the microorganisms occur in the same vector populations and are generally affected by the same tick-host interactions. still, the instars have different host preferences which should manifest in different transmission patterns for various microorganisms in the tick populations, i.e., most microorganisms increase in prevalence rate from larvae to nymphs because their reservoirs are among s ...201728255923
presence of borrelia turdi and borrelia valaisiana (spirochaetales: spirochaetaceae) in ticks removed from birds in the north of spain, 2009-2011.the genus borrelia includes species responsible for severe human diseases such as lyme disease. birds are involved in their epidemiology as dispersers of infected ticks (ixodida: ixodidae) and as reservoirs or amplifiers of the bacterium. herein, the presence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner in 336 ticks collected from birds in the north of spain from 2009 to 2011 was investigated. nucleic acid extracts from 174 ixodes frontalis (panzer), 108 ...201728082654
acarological risk of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infections across space and time in the netherlands.a longitudinal investigation on tick populations and their borrelia infections in the netherlands was undertaken between 2006 and 2011 with the aim to assess spatial and temporal patterns of the acarological risk in forested sites across the country and to assess variations in borrelia genospecies diversity. ticks were collected monthly in 11 sites and nymphs were examined for borrelia infections. tick populations expressed strong seasonal variations, with consistent and significant differences ...201727893309
presence of borrelia turdi and borrelia valaisiana (spirochaetales: spirochaetaceae) in ticks removed from birds in the north of spain, 2009-2011.the genus borrelia includes species responsible for severe human diseases such as lyme disease. birds are involved in their epidemiology as dispersers of infected ticks (ixodida: ixodidae) and as reservoirs or amplifiers of the bacterium. herein, the presence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner in 336 ticks collected from birds in the north of spain from 2009 to 2011 was investigated. nucleic acid extracts from 174 ixodes frontalis (panzer), 108 ...201627694146
imbalanced presence of borrelia burgdorferi s.l. multilocus sequence types in clinical manifestations of lyme borreliosis.in this study we used typing based on the eight multilocus sequence typing scheme housekeeping genes (mlst) and 5s-23s rdna intergenic spacer (igs) to explore the population structure of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates from patients with lyme borreliosis (lb) and to test the association between the b. burgdorferi s.l. sequence types (st) and the clinical manifestations they cause in humans. isolates of b. burgdorferi from 183 lb cases across europe, with distinct clinical manifestations ...201627125686
natural foci of borrelia lusitaniae in a mountain region of central europe.lyme borreliosis is the most prevalent tick-borne disease in europe. it is caused by spirochaetes of the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) complex and transmitted to humans by ticks of the genus ixodes. borrelia afzelii, borrelia garinii, and borrelia valaisiana are the most common genospecies in central europe. in contrast, borrelia lusitaniae predominates in mediterranean countries such as portugal, morocco, and tunisia. in slovakia, its prevalence is low and restricted to only a few site ...201626711673
borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato-infected ixodes ricinus collected from vegetation near the arctic circle.this is the first study to determine the density of questing ixodes ricinus in northern norway. it was performed at two sites in brønnøy, which has been known for its tick permissive habitats for decades and is one of the northernmost habitats with an abundant i. ricinus population in the world. from april to november 2011, all stages of host-seeking i. ricinus were collected from the two sites. the overall prevalence of nymphs infected with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was 21% and that of ad ...201526187417
patterns of tick infestation and their borrelia burgdorferi s.l. infection in wild birds in portugal.wild birds may act as reservoirs for zoonotic pathogens and may be mechanical carriers of pathogen infected vector ticks through long distances during migration. the aim of this study was to assess tick infestation patterns in birds in portugal and the prevalence of tick infection by borrelia burgdorferi s.l. using pcr techniques. seven tick species were collected from birds including haemaphysalis punctata, hyalomma spp., ixodes acuminatus, ixodes arboricola, ixodes frontalis, ixodes ricinus an ...201526159798
borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and co-infections with anaplasma phagocytophilum and rickettsia spp. in ixodes ricinus in hamburg, germany.to obtain initial data on borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (spirochaetales: spirochaetaceae) in ixodes ricinus (ixodida: ixodidae) ticks in hamburg, germany, 1400 questing ticks were collected by flagging at 10 different public recreation areas in 2011 and analysed using probe-based quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. the overall rate of infection with b. burgdorferi s.l. was 34.1%; 30.0% of adults were infected (36.7% of females and 26.0% of males), as were 34.5% of nymphs. signifi ...201526096626
prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks from eastern china.to explore the tick distribution and prevalence of borrelia in zhejiang province, we performed a survey in nine sites. a total of 447 adult ticks of 11 species were captured and the dominant tick species were haemaphysalis longicornis and ixodes sinensis and the abundance of tick species in different areas varied significantly. overall, 4.70% of the ticks were polymerase chain reaction (pcr) positive for borrelia. the average pcr positive rates were 5.19% for h. longicornis, 3.45% for amblyomma ...201525548382
complete genome sequencing of borrelia valaisiana and borrelia afzelii isolated from ixodes persulcatus ticks in western siberia.lyme disease, caused by bacteria of the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex, is the most frequent tick-borne infection in eurasia. here, we report the complete genome sequence of the borrelia valaisiana tom 4006 and borrelia afzelii tom 3107 strains isolated from ixodes persulcatus ticks in western siberia.201425540343
the heterogeneity, distribution, and environmental associations of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the agent of lyme borreliosis, in scotland.lyme borreliosis is an emerging infectious human disease caused by the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex of bacteria with reported cases increasing in many areas of europe and north america. to understand the drivers of disease risk and the distribution of symptoms, which may improve mitigation and diagnostics, here we characterize the genetics, distribution, and environmental associations of b. burgdorferi s.l. genospecies across scotland. in scotland, reported lyme borreliosis cases have ...201425221774
ticks infesting humans in italy and associated pathogens.ticks may transmit a large variety of pathogens, which cause illnesses in animals and humans, commonly referred to as to tick-borne diseases (tbds). the incidence of human tbds in italy is underestimated because of poor surveillance and the scant amount of studies available.201425023709
lyme borreliosis caused by diverse genospecies of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in northeastern china.the variety of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (b. burgdorferi) genospecies leads to distinction in clinical manifestations of lyme borreliosis (lb). there are reports of lb clinical characteristics in china, where the b. burgdorferi genospecies in ticks and animal hosts are different from those in europe and north america. during may to september in 2010 and 2011, all patients who had erythema migrans (em, more than 5 cm in diameter) after a recent tick-bite, and sought medical care at mudanjia ...201424438159
prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in ticks collected from migratory birds in latvia.migratory birds act as hosts and long-distance vectors for several tick-borne infectious agents. here, feeding ixodes ticks were collected from migratory birds during the autumn migration period in latvia and screened for the presence of epidemiologically important non-viral pathogens. a total of 93 dna samples of ticks (37 larvae and 56 nymphs) removed from 41 birds (order passeriformes, 9 species) was tested for lyme borreliosis spirochaetes, anaplasma phagocytophilum, rickettsia spp., and bab ...201424246709
songbirds as general transmitters but selective amplifiers of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genotypes in ixodes rinicus ticks.we investigated to what extent a european songbird (parus major) selectively transmits and amplifies borrelia burgdorferi s.l. bacteria. borrelia-naïve birds were recurrently exposed to ixodes ricinus nymphs carrying a community of more than 34 5s-23s genotypes belonging to five genospecies (borrelia garinii, borrelia valaisiana, borrelia afzelii, b. burgdorferi s.s. and borrelia spielmanii). fed ticks were screened for borrelia after moulting. we found evidence for co-feeding transmission of av ...201424118930
blackbirds turdus merula as competent reservoirs for borrelia turdi and borrelia valaisiana in portugal: evidence from a xenodiagnostic experiment.to confirm that thrushes, such as blackbirds turdus merula, play a role as reservoir for some borrelia genospecies, we performed a xenodiagnostic experiment with blackbirds captured in a mixed wood located in western portugal where borrelia turdi, an uncommon genospecies in europe, was the most prevalent genospecies associated with birds. two out of five birds harboured b. turdi infected ixodes frontalis at the time of capture. four out of five birds transmitted spirochaetes to ixodes ricinus xe ...201323864576
prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, borrelia afzelii, borrelia garinii, and borrelia valaisiana in ixodes ricinus ticks from the northwest of norway.over a 3-y period, ixodes ricinus ticks were randomly collected to study the prevalence of 4 borrelia species: b. burgdorferi sensu stricto, b. afzelii, b. garinii and b. valaisiana. while b. burgdorferi s. s., b. afzelii, and b. garinii have been associated with human borreliosis in norway for several years, b. valaisiana was reported in a norwegian tick for the first time in 2010.201323808719
multilocus sequence typing and dna similarity analysis implicates that a borrelia valaisiana-related sp. isolated in japan is distinguishable from european b. valaisiana.lyme disease borrelia spp. are transmitted by ixodes ticks, and more than 10 species of borreliae have been identified around the world. recently, another borrelia sp. has been reported in asia (japan, korea, china, taiwan and thailand) as borrelia valaisiana-related sp. in the present study, we obtained and genetically characterized 19 b. valaisiana-related sp. strains from mammals and ticks. genetic analyses showed that the borrelia strains were distinct from b. valaisiana found in europe. mul ...201323665530
geodemographic analysis of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato using the 5s-23s rdna spacer region.lyme borreliosis is the predominant tick-borne disease in the northern hemisphere, with considerable heterogeneity in clinical manifestations. here, we evaluated one genetic marker for its use in population genetic based analysis. for that we collected molecular and epidemiological records of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates from ticks, animals and humans at various sites in the netherlands and worldwide.201323602839
distribution of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ricinus populations across central britain.lyme borreliosis is rapidly emerging in the united kingdom, with over 1000 cases per annum now reported. lyme borreliosis is caused by the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) group of spirochetes, which are transmitted by ixodid ticks. in the united kingdom, ixodes ricinus is recognized as the principal vector of the spirochetes, and this tick species is widely distributed across the country. however, as yet, it is unclear whether the distribution of b. burgdorferi essentially mirrors that of ...201323421892
borrelia valaisiana resist complement-mediated killing independently of the recruitment of immune regulators and inactivation of complement components.spirochetes belonging to the borrelia (b.) burgdorferi sensu lato complex differ in their resistance to complement-mediated killing, particularly in regard to human serum. in the present study, we elucidate the serum and complement susceptibility of b. valaisiana, a genospecies with the potential to cause lyme disease in europe as well as in asia. among the investigated isolates, growth of zwu3 ny3 was not affected while growth of vs116 and bv9 was strongly inhibited in the presence of 50% human ...201323320099
lyme borreliosis spirochetes and spotted fever group rickettsiae in ixodid ticks from pianosa island, tuscany archipelago, italy.a study on tick fauna and tick-borne pathogens was undertaken in pianosa, an island in the tuscany archipelago that constitutes an important stopping and nesting point for migratory birds. ticks were removed from feral cats and a few terrestrial birds, and host-seeking ticks were collected by dragging. a total of 89 ticks were found on animals: 57 ixodes ventalloi gil collado, 1936 and 32 ixodes acuminatus neumann, 1901. host-seeking ticks were 354 hyalomma spp. larvae and 18 hyalomma spp. adult ...201323289398
spatial spread and demographic expansion of lyme borreliosis spirochaetes in eurasia.the lyme borreliosis (lb) group of spirochaetes currently comprises 18 named species that vary in their geographic distribution, host specificity and ability to cause disease in humans. in europe three species are most abundant, borrelia afzelii, borrelia garinii and borrelia valaisiana but only two of these (b. garinii and b. afzelii) are regularly found in asia as well. a recently published study has shown that borrelia species associated with birds, such as b. garinii, showed limited geograph ...201323219915
rickettsiae of spotted fever group, borrelia valaisiana, and coxiella burnetii in ticks on passerine birds and mammals from the camargue in the south of france.ticks are obligate hematophagous arthropods that have a limited mobility, but can be transported over large geographical distances by wild and domestic mammals and birds. in this study, we analyze the presence of emerging zoonotic bacteria in ticks collected from passerine birds and mammals present in the camargue, in the south of france, which is a major rallying point for birds migrating from eurasia and africa. the presence of coxiella burnetii, rickettsia, borrelia, and bartonella was examin ...201223141104
prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi s. l. in ixodes ricinus ticks from four localities in bavaria, germany.as a part of a larger survey a total of 599 ixodes ricinus ticks collected from four locations (neustadt an der waldnaab, amberg, poppenricht and lintach) in the north of the upper palatinate in bavaria were investigated for infection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s. l.) species using the 5s-23s intergenic spacer of rrna gene as a target in a nested pcr (rijpkema et al., 1995) and a sequencing method. overall, 15.8% ticks were infected with b. burgdorferi s. i. borrelia afzelii (43.1%) w ...201223045802
whole-genome sequences of borrelia bissettii, borrelia valaisiana, and borrelia spielmanii.it has been known for decades that human lyme disease is caused by the three spirochete species borrelia burgdorferi, borrelia afzelii, and borrelia garinii. recently, borrelia valaisiana, borrelia spielmanii, and borrelia bissettii have been associated with lyme disease. we report the complete genome sequences of b. valaisiana vs116, b. spielmanii a14s, and b. bissettii dn127.201222207749
the importance of ixodes arboricola in transmission of rickettsia spp., anaplasma phagocytophilum, and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the czech republic, central europe.abstract wild birds are known to be a reservoir of infectious disease agents and disseminatory hosts of ticks. the purpose of this work was to obtain information about the occurrence of rickettsial, anaplasmal, and borrelial infections in some ticks that parasitize wild birds in the czech republic. a total of 549 subadult ticks of three species ixodes arboricola (75.0%), ixodes ricinus (23.1%), and haemaphysalis concinna (1.8%) were collected from 20 species of birds (passeriformes). rickettsiae ...201121612531
the expanding lyme borrelia complex--clinical significance of genomic species?ten years after the discovery of spirochaetes as agents of lyme disease in 1982 in the usa, three genomic species had diverged from the phenotypically heterogeneous strains of borrelia burgdorferi isolated in north america and europe: borrelia afzelii, b. burgdorferi sensu stricto (further b. burgdorferi), and borrelia garinii. whereas b. burgdorferi remained the only human pathogen in north america, all three species are aetiological agents of lyme borreliosis in europe. another seven genospeci ...201121414082
evaluation of a real-time pcr assay for the detection, genotyping, and quantification of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ticks in a routine laboratory setting.testing of saved ixodes ticks for the presence of borrelia burgdorferi after biting a patient may be helpful to assess the risk of bacterial transmission and to decide upon preventive antibiotic treatment. a commercially available real-time pcr assay for the identification and quantification of borrelia burdorferi sensu lato species (lightmix kit for the detection of borrelia spp., tib molbiol) was evaluated.201121391467
[isolation and identification of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato from ticks in six provinces in china.]objective: to understand the carrying status of borrelia burgdorferi in ticks from the mountain areas from six representative provinces, including jilin, shanxi, gansu, qinghai, guizhou and hunan in china. methods: flagging and trapping methods were used to collect ticks in forest area and culture medium was used to isolate the pathogen. nested-pcr was used to detect the germ-carrying rate of ticks. results: more than 2200 ticks from six representative provinces were collected and 1000 ticks wer ...201021223661
the presence of borrelia valaisiana-related genospecies in ticks and a rodent in taiwan.a field survey was conducted to investigate the presence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) in six counties of taiwan. spirochetes were successfully isolated from one rodent ear sample out of 485 rodent ears and 53 live, fed tick (ixodes granulatus) samples. the spirochetes were confirmed to be b. burgdorferi s.l. by real-time pcr. in addition, 23 of 113 tick samples were tested positive for borrelia dna according to real-time pcr. the borrelia isolate from the rodent and the 23 borrelia ...201021221950
synanthropic birds influence the distribution of borrelia species: analysis of ixodes ricinus ticks feeding on passerine birds.ixodes ricinus ticks collected from 835 birds and from vegetation in the czech republic were analyzed. host-seeking ticks (n = 427) were infected predominantly by borrelia afzelii (25%). ticks (n = 1,012) from songbirds (passeriformes) were infected commonly by borrelia garinii (12.1%) and borrelia valaisiana (13.4%). juveniles of synanthropic birds, eurasian blackbirds (turdus merula) and song thrushes (turdus philomelos), were major reservoir hosts of b. garinii.201021148704
prevalence and genetic heterogeneity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ticks in belgium.borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato is a genetically diverse group of spirochetes that includes the agent of lyme borreliosis in which genospecies tend to be associated with specific clinical features. the aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in 524 ticks collected in woods of a western province of belgium. presence of spirochetes in ticks was determined by phase contrast microscopy. the mean infection rate of ticks was 12.0%. vari ...201021128558
distribution of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in china.we genotyped 102 borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato strains isolated from ticks, animals, and patients in 11 provinces in china by pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) amplification of 5s (rrf)-23s (rrl) rrna gene spacer amplicons and multilocus sequence analysis (mlsa). the results showed that borrelia garinii was the main genotype in china (65/102) and that it was distributed mainly in northern china. borrelia afzelii was the second most frequently found species (22/102), and i ...201021106783
molecular detection of borrelia valaisiana-related spirochetes from ixodes granulatus ticks in taiwan.borrelia valaisiana-related spirochetes were detected for the first time in ixodes granulatus ticks collected in taiwan. the genetic identities of these detected spirochetes were determined by analyzing the gene sequences amplified by a genospecies-specific polymerase chain reaction assay based on the outer surface protein a (ospa) gene of b. burgdorferi sensu lato. phylogenetic relationships were analyzed by comparing the sequences of ospa gene obtained from 35 strains of borrelia spirochetes r ...201020585840
a comparative analysis of molecular markers for the detection and identification of borrelia spirochaetes in ixodes ricinus.borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, carried by ixodes ticks, is one of the most significant human pathogens, causing lyme disease. as there is no standardized pcr method for detection and identification of spirochaete dna, we carried out a comparative analysis using a set of complementary primers for three regions in the genomic dna of these bacteria (genes fla and rrs and the non-coding rrs-rrla region). dna extracted from 579 ixodes ricinus ticks was subjected to nested pcr. dna of the examined s ...201020007765
integration of a tick-borne encephalitis virus and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato into mountain ecosystems, following a shift in the altitudinal limit of distribution of their vector, ixodes ricinus (krkonose mountains, czech republic).the altitudinal shift in the limit of ixodes ricinus occurrence above the previously established altitude of 750 m above sea level has been monitored over the long-term (2002-2008) in the krkonose mts. (giant mts.), the highest in the czech republic, along two vertical transects in their eastern and central parts (600-1020 and 600-1270 m). ticks were collected by flagging three times annually, and examined individually by pcr or rt-pcr for the presence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato or tick- ...201019492952
molecular detection of borrelia bissettii dna in serum samples from patients in the czech republic with suspected borreliosis.until recently, three spirochete genospecies were considered to be the causative agents of lyme borreliosis (lb) in europe: borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, borrelia afzelii and borrelia garinii. however, the dna of borrelia valaisiana, borrelia lusitaniae, borrelia spielmanii and borrelia bissettii has already been detected in samples of human origin, or the spirochetes were isolated from the patients with symptoms of lb. molecular analysis of 12 selected serum samples collected in the regio ...200919187198
[detection of co-infection with lyme spirochetes and spotted fever group rickettsiae in a group of haemaphysalis longicornis].the present study was conducted to investigate the infection of lyme disease, spotted fever, ehrlichiosis (anaplasmosisin) in wild animals and ticks in the mountain areas of zhejiang province.200819173967
differential role of passerine birds in distribution of borrelia spirochetes, based on data from ticks collected from birds during the postbreeding migration period in central europe.borrelia spirochetes in bird-feeding ticks were studied in the czech republic. during the postbreeding period (july to september 2005), 1,080 passerine birds infested by 2,240 ixodes ricinus subadult ticks were examined. borrelia garinii was detected in 22.2% of the ticks, borrelia valaisiana was detected in 12.8% of the ticks, borrelia afzelii was detected in 1.6% of the ticks, and borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto was detected in 0.3% of the ticks. after analysis of infections in which the bl ...200919060160
presence of pathogenic borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks and rodents in zhejiang, south-east china.a molecular epidemiological survey was conducted to investigate the presence of pathogenic borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) species in the forest areas of zhejiang province, south-east china. a total of 182 ticks of 6 species and 200 rodents of 8 species were collected and individually examined for the presence of b. burgdorferi s.l. dna by nested pcr targeting the 5s-23s rrna intergenic spacer. forty-one ticks of four species, haemaphysalis concinna, haemaphysalis longicornis, rhipicephal ...200818628499
novel genospecies of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato from rodents and ticks in southwestern china.by using multilocus sequence analysis, five borrelia valaisiana-related strains isolated from rodents and ticks in southwestern china were eventually classified as a new genospecies of b. burgdorferi sensu lato rather than b. valaisiana. the finding explained the differences in transmission cycle and phenotype between b. valaisiana strains from europe and b. valaisiana-related strains from eastern asia.200818614645
characterization of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis after mlui restriction of genomic dna.at least three borrelia species (borrelia afzelii, borrelia garinii and borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto) cause disease in humans, but borrelia spielmanii, borrelia valaisiana, borrelia lusitaniae and borrelia bissettii have also been reported to be rare or potential causes of human disease in europe. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis after mlui restriction of the genomic dna (mlui large restriction fragment patterns, lrfps) represents one of several approaches that have been used to assess bor ...200818586084
diversity of ixodes ricinus tick-associated bacterial communities from different forests.nymphal ixodes ricinus ticks (n=180) were collected from three different areas in the netherlands to investigate the effect of forest composition on tick-associated microbial communities. sampled habitats differed in thickness of leaf litter and humus layers and vegetation associations and were located near amsterdam (beech-oak), ede (birch-oak) and veldhoven (birch-oak). analysis of nine 16s rrna gene clone libraries made from individual ticks showed nearest matches with presumed pathogens cand ...200818355299
case report: borrelia valaisiana infection in a japanese man associated with traveling to foreign countries.a 78-year-old japanese man who had clinical symptoms and a flu-like illness with fever, chills, diarrhea, and arthralgia had traveled to cambodia and khabarovsk, russia, before the onset of symptoms and illness. he had been bitten by an ixodes persulcatus tick in which the dna of borrelia valaisiana was detected. the patient's symptoms improved rapidly after treatment with minocycline. serologic examination detected antibodies to lyme disease borrelia. an flab polymerase chain reaction with the ...200718165534
blackbirds and song thrushes constitute a key reservoir of borrelia garinii, the causative agent of borreliosis in central europe.blackbirds (turdus merula) and song thrushes (turdus philomelos) were found to carry 95% of all spirochete-infected tick larvae among 40 bird species captured in central europe. more than 90% of the infections were typed as borrelia garinii and borrelia valaisiana. we conclude that thrushes are key players in the maintenance of these spirochete species in this region of central europe.200818156328
borrelia lusitaniae in immature ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) feeding on common wall lizards in tuscany, central italy.lizards and small rodents were live captured in tuscany, central italy, from may through august 2005. prevalence of infestation by larval ixodes ricinus l. (acari: ixodidae) and mean numbers of larvae per host were not significantly different for common wall lizards, podarcis muralis laurenti, and apodemus spp. mice, whereas infestation levels by nymphs were significantly greater on lizards. borrelia lusitaniae, which was previously shown to be dominant in host-seeking i. ricinus in the same stu ...200717427701
detection of borrelia garinii, borrelia tanukii and borrelia sp. closely related to borrelia valaisiana in ixodes ticks removed from dogs and cats in japan.ticks removed from 1136 dogs and 134 cats all over japan were examined for borrelia infection by pcr and sequencing. the 5s-23s rdna intergenic spacer of borrelia was detected from two ixodes persulcatus ticks from two dogs and two unidentified ixodes spp. from another two dogs in hokkaido, and two ixodes granulatus ticks from two cats in okinawa. additional 2 i. granulatus from the same cats also showed positive. sequence analysis of the pcr products revealed that the one from hokkaido was simi ...200717049744
evaluation of an internally controlled real-time pcr targeting the ospa gene for detection of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato dna in cerebrospinal fluid.this study reports the development and evaluation of an internally controlled real-time pcr targeting the ospa gene for detection of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, borrelia garinii, borrelia afzelii and borrelia valaisiana. dna was extracted using qiaamp dna blood mini kit columns. dna from 33 b. burgdorferi sensu lato strains reacted in the assay, whereas no reactivity was observed with dna from four relapsing fever borrelia spp., 11 unrelated spirochaetes, and 31 unrelated microorganisms. ...200616882295
prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks collected from migratory birds in switzerland.the prevalence of ticks infected by borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato on birds during their migrations was studied in switzerland. a total of 1,270 birds captured at two sites were examined for tick infestation. ixodes ricinus was the dominant tick species. prevalences of tick infestation were 6% and 18.2% for birds migrating northward and southward, respectively. borrelia valaisiana was the species detected most frequently in ticks, followed by borrelia garinii and borrelia lusitaniae. among bird ...200616391149
borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection in larval ixodes ricinus (acari: ixodidae) feeding on blackbirds in northwestern italy.birds belonging to 59 species (n = 1,206) were live captured in piemonte, northwestern italy, in 2001. ixodes ricinus (l.) larvae were collected from 59 birds belonging to nine species, and nymphs were recovered on 79 birds belonging to 10 species. eurasian blackbirds, turdus merula l., had significantly higher levels of infestation by ticks than other passerine species. larval i. ricinus of blackbirds peaked in summer, when prevalence was 39% (95% confidence interval 24.2-55.5) and mean number ...200515799526
identification of a new borrelia species among small mammals in areas of northern spain where lyme disease is endemic.the role of small mammals as reservoir hosts for borrelia burgdorferi was investigated in several areas where lyme disease is endemic in northern spain. a low rate of infestation by ixodes ricinus nymphs was found in the small mammal populations studied that correlated with the near-absence of b. burgdorferi sensu lato in 184 animals tested and with the lack of transmission of b. burgdorferi sensu lato to i. ricinus larvae that fed on them. in contrast, questing ticks collected at the same time ...200515746336
characterization of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolated in moscow province--a sympatric region for ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus.the relationships between borrelia species and the vector ticks, ixodes persulcatus and ixodes ricinus were examined in a molecular epidemiological study. we conducted a survey in the moscow region which is a sympatric region for both species of tick. we examined 630 unfed i. ricinus and i. persulcatus, ticks collected from four different regions around moscow within an area of 250 km2. eighty-four ticks were culture positive (13.3%) and the prevalence rate varied in each region from 5.7% to 42. ...200515715174
terrestrial distribution of the lyme borreliosis agent borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in east asia.lyme borreliosis is the most prevalent tick-borne zoonosis and an important emerging infection in europe, north america, and far eastern countries. the geographical distribution of borrelia spp. and the relationship between borrelia spp. and tick spp. in east asian countries have been studied. in northern asian countries, ixodes persulcatus carries eurasian-type borrelia garinii (20047 type), borrelia afzelii, and asian-type b. garinii (variant nt29), whereas borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto h ...200415623946
borrelia valaisiana in cerebrospinal fluid. 200415503409
diversity within borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies in switzerland by reca gene sequence.a total of 874 ixodes ricinus ticks were collected in switzerland to investigate the genetic diversity of the borrelia population. we integrated to the rt-pcr method the dna sequence analysis of a 162-bp fragment of the reca gene. five genospecies were detected: borrelia afzelii, borrelia burgdorferi s.s., borrelia garinii, borrelia valaisiana, and borrelia lusitaniae. a heterogeneous distribution was observed within the b. burgdorferi s.l. genospecies. the most prevalent and diverse genospecies ...200415336411
new genomospecies related to borrelia valaisiana, isolated from mammals in okinawa archipelago, japan.in 2000 and 2001, a survey was conducted of borrelia isolated from various mammals in the southernmost islands of japan, including okinawa (main island), izena, iriomote and ishigaki. isolates obtained from the ear tissues of suncus murinus (10 isolates), mus calori (four isolates), rattus norvegicus (one isolate) and crocidura watasei (one isolate), were characterized by rflp of the 5s-23s rdna intergenic spacer and sequence analysis of the intergenic spacer, 16s rdna and flagellin gene. while ...200415096552
[study on ribotyping of lyme borreliosis spirochete in guizhou province].to define the main genotypes in guizhou agricultural areas by molecular epidemiologic investigation of 21 borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato of lyme disease spirochetes and to provide the scientific bases for formulating a preventive policy.200314761632
detection and identification of pathogens and host dna in unfed host-seeking ixodes ricinus l. (acari: ixodidae).in this study, we have developed molecular methods for the identification of reservoir hosts of sylvatic tick-borne zoonoses. the methods are based on the analysis of the blood meal remnant in the tick gut and include detection of pathogens and identification of the host origin of the blood meal. for host identification, a universal primer pair was used to amplify part of the vertebrate 18s rrna gene followed by reverse line blot hybridization using subgroup-specific probes. analyses of dna from ...200314596289
first isolation and characterization of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato strains from ixodes ricinus ticks in turkey.in order to investigate the presence and prevalence of lyme borreliosis (lyme disease) borrelia species, 312 unfed ticks were collected by flagging at a woodland area in trakya, in the european side of turkey, in may 2002. twelve of 299 ixodes ricinus ticks were infected with borrelia spp., as determined by cultivation in bsk medium (prevalence rate 4.0 %). ten pure cultures were subjected to further characterization by sequencing analysis of the 5s-23s rdna intergenic spacer, 16s rdna and flage ...200312909659
pcr-reverse line blot typing method underscores the genomic heterogeneity of borrelia valaisiana species and suggests its potential involvement in lyme disease.detection of the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex in biological samples is currently done by conventional immunological and molecular biological methods. to improve on the accuracy of these methods and to simplify the procedure for testing large numbers of samples, a solid-phase sandwich hybridization system readily applicable to the detection of pcr products has been designed. this colorimetric detection system relies on the use of polybiotinylated detection probes and of specific captur ...200312904377
ospa heterogeneity of borrelia valaisiana confirmed by phenotypic and genotypic analyses.although european borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates have been divided into five genospecies, specific tools for the serotype characterization of only three genospecies are available. monoclonals antibodies (mabs) h3ts, d6 and i17.3 identify b. burgdorferi sensu stricto (ss.), b. garinii and b. afzelii respectively, but no mabs are available to identify b. valaisiana. in the same way, specific primers exist to amplify the ospa gene of b. burgdorferi ss., b. garinii and b. afzelii. the aim ...200312823864
diversity of ixodes-borne borrelia species--clinical, pathogenetic, and diagnostic implications and impact on vaccine development.among borrelia spirochetes carried by hard ticks belonging to the various ixodes species, at least 10 species can be distinguished. of these, borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto is involved in human lyme borreliosis in north america and europe, and borrelia garinii and borrelia afzelii in human disease in europe and asia. the pathogenetic significance of the other species is uncertain. although some of the borrelia species are restricted to certain tick species, ixodes ricinus, the vector of lyme ...200212804166
prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genomospecies and of the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) agent in ixodes ricinus ticks collected in the area of monti lepini, italy.ticks are obligate hematophagous arthropods that are parasites in every class of vertebrates in most regions of the world. they are also considered to be important vectors for the transmission of human infectious diseases. in the present study we used polymer chain reaction (pcr) amplification analysis to determine the prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi and ehrlichia phagocytophila, the agents of, respectively, lyme borreliosis and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, among ticks inhabiting the area ...200312797900
prevalence of four species of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and coinfection with anaplasma phagocytophila in ixodes ricinus ticks in central germany.a total of 305 ixodes ricinus ticks collected from three areas of thuringia in central germany were investigated for infection with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species and anaplasma phagocytophila. overall, 11.1% were infected with borrelia burgdorferi and 2.3% with anaplasma phagocytophila. adult ticks showed a significantly higher rate of infection with both borreliae and anaplasma phagocytophila. borrelia garinii (55.9%) was detected most frequently, followed by borrelia burgdorferi sensu ...200312783276
prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi species and identification of borrelia valaisiana in questing ixodes ricinus in the lyon region of france as determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism.many cases of lyme borreliosis have been reported over the years in the region of lyon, france. the identification and prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ricinus were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) of the flagellin gene and restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis. questing ixodes ricinus larvae, nymphs and adults were collected by the flagging method from deciduous forests in four areas in the lyon region of france between october 1994 and s ...200312649714
genetic variability within borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies established by pcr-single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of the rrfa-rrlb intergenic spacer in ixodes ricinus ticks from the czech republic.in europe the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex is represented by five distinct genospecies: borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, borrelia afzelii, borrelia garinii, borrelia valaisiana, and borrelia lusitaniae. these taxonomic entities are known to differ in their specific associations with vertebrate hosts and to provoke distinct clinical manifestations in human patients. however, exceptions to these rules have often been observed, indicating that strains belonging to a single genospecies ...200312514035
horses and borrelia: immunoblot patterns with five borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato strains and sera from horses of various stud farms in austria and from the spanish riding school in vienna.grazing animals are continuously exposed to tick bites. consequently, one may expect that horses will become infected with the various pathogens carried by ticks including borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. whether horses may develop clinical disease due to this pathogen is controversially discussed. we were interested to learn about the infection of horses with borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato within one season by studying the dynamics of the humoral immune response in paired blood samples. the ma ...200212141766
molecular identification of borrelia valaisiana and hge-like ehrlichia in ixodes ricinus ticks sampled in north-eastern italy: first report in veneto region.pcr amplification was applied to screen the presence of both borrelia burgdorferi s.l. and ehrlichia species in pools of field-collected ixodes ricinus ticks. the specimens so far analysed (n = 55), grouped in 11 pools, were sampled in feltre area (veneto region, ne italy). five pools proved positive for b. valaisiana (45%) and one of them (9%) was also positive for ehrlichia, that was further characterised as a hge-like ehrlichia. this is the first report of the two bacteria in the veneto regio ...200111921543
routine diagnosis of borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato) infections using a real-time pcr assay.to establish a one-tube fluorogenic real-time pcr assay for routine detection of borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato) dna in various clinical specimens.200111678928
borrelia sinica sp. nov., a lyme disease-related borrelia species isolated in china.a survey was performed for lyme disease borrelia in the southern part of china, in zhejiang, sichuan and anhui provinces, along the yangtze river valley, in may of 1997 and 1998. twenty isolates from ixodes granulatus, ixodes ovatus, apodemus agrarius and niviventer confucianus were obtained. these isolates were characterized by rflp of the 5s-23s rdna intergenic spacer, sequence analysis of the intergenic spacer, 16s rdna and flagellin gene, dna-dna hybridization analysis, sds-page and western ...200111594614
in vitro activities of fluoroquinolones against the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi.little is known to date about the in vitro activity of fluoroquinolones against borrelia species. our study aimed at determining the in vitro activities of 15 quinolones against nine isolates of the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex in addition to one borrelia valaisiana and one borrelia bissettii tick isolate. for the determination of mics, a standardized colorimetric microdilution method was applied. determination of minimal borreliacidal concentrations providing 100% killing of the fina ...200111502519
visualization of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato by fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) on whole-body sections of ixodes ricinus ticks and gerbil skin biopsies.the objective of this study was to visualize borreliae directly in whole-body sections of ixodes ricinus by fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish). borrelia afzelii mono-infected or borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (ss)/b. afzelii double-infected nymphs were fixed, embedded in cold polymerizing resin and sectioned. the same sample processing was applied to skin biopsies taken from a mongolian gerbil after an infectious tick-bite. fish was carried out using 16s-rrna-directed, fluorescence-la ...200111390674
identification of ehrlichia spp. and borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes ticks in the baltic regions of russia.the presence and distribution of ehrlichia spp. and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was demonstrated among ixodid ticks collected in the baltic regions of russia, where lyme borreliosis is endemic. a total of 3,426 ixodes ricinus and 1,267 ixodes persulcatus specimens were collected, and dark-field microscopy showed that 265 (11.5%) i. ricinus and 333 (26.3%) i. persulcatus ticks were positive. from these samples, 472 dark-field-positive and 159 dark-field-negative ticks were subjected to pcr an ...200111376063
first records of tick-borne pathogens, borrelia, and spotted fever group rickettsiae in okinawajima island, japan.in early april 2000, tick-borne pathogens were surveyed in the northern area of okinawajima island, okinawa prefecture, which is the southernmost area of japan. borrelia valaisiana, a lyme disease spirochete, was isolated from a field mouse mus calori, and unidentified rickettsiae of the spotted fever group were isolated from all stages of amblyomma testudinarium. these are the first reports of these pathogens on okinawajima island.200111293483
characterization and identification of borrelia isolates as borrelia valaisiana in taiwan and kinmen islands.eleven pure cultures of borrelia from 3 species of wild rodents (apodemus agrarius, mus formosanus, rattus losea) captured in taichung, located in the center of taiwan island, and on kinmen island were characterized. five isolates showed restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) patterns of 5s-23s rrna gene intergenic spacer sequences identical to those of strains 5mt and 10mt, identified as borrelia valaisiana, which were isolated in the southern tip of south korea. although the remaining ...200011220673
tick bite and lyme borreliosis risk at a recreational site in england.the risk of tick bite and lyme borreliosis in a forested area in england with public access was studied over a two-year period. tick infestation levels were high with more than 1000 members of the public reporting for tick removal at a local clinic. most of the attached ticks were nymphs (82%) and distinct differences in anatomical sites of attachment were observed in children and adults. children sustained nymphal bites to the head, neck and axilla region much more frequently than adults (48 vs ...200011078122
two distinct ospa genes among borrelia valaisiana strains.borrelia valaisiana is a recently described bacterial species in the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. to further characterize this bacterium, the plasmid-encoded ospa genes from eight b. valaisiana isolates were amplified by pcr, cloned and sequenced. all b. valaisiana isolates studied possessed an ospa gene with a size of 822-825 bp. the identity of the predicted amino acid sequences of the ospa proteins among b. valaisiana isolates was 69.1-100%, and ranged from 68.2 to 79.1% between b ...200010919512
colorimetric in vitro susceptibility testing of penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, streptogramins, tetracyclines, and aminoglycosides against borrelia burgdorferi isolates.the spectrum of antibiotic susceptibility of borrelia burgdorferi has been only partially defined. in the present study the effectiveness of 12 antimicrobials, belonging to six different antibiotic classes have been tested against borrelia burgdorferi s.s. (n=3), borrelia garinii (n=3), borrelia afzelii (n=3), borrelia valaisiana (n=1), and borrelia bissettii (n=1) isolates. these isolates were analysed by a new standardised colorimetric minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) method based upon c ...200010856671
new colorimetric microdilution method for in vitro susceptibility testing of borrelia burgdorferi against antimicrobial substances.a newly developed colorimetric microdilution method was used to analyze the activity of 12 antimicrobial agents against nine borrelia burgdorferi isolates, including all three genospecies pathogenic for humans. in addition, in vitro antimicrobial resistance patterns of borrelia valaisiana and borrelia bissettii tick isolates were investigated. the applied test system is based upon color changes that occur in the presence of phenol red and result from the accumulation of nonvolatile acid produced ...200010706176
determination of members of a borrelia afzelii-related group isolated from ixodes nipponensis in korea as borrelia valaisiana.the 16s rrna sequences of the korean borrelia strains 5mt and 9mt, isolated from ixodes nipponensis, showed identities of 99.0-99.1% to that of b. afzelii. the strains were tentatively classified as belonging to the b. afzelii-related group. in this study, korean isolates, including these strains, were characterized further and compared with recently described new species. these strains generated a rflp pattern that has not been found previously in rflp analysis of the 5s-23s rrna intergenic spa ...199910555320
molecular typing of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: taxonomic, epidemiological, and clinical implications.borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the spirochete that causes human lyme borreliosis (lb), is a genetically and phenotypically divergent species. in the past several years, various molecular approaches have been developed and used to determine the phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity within the lb-related spirochetes and their potential association with distinct clinical syndromes. these methods include serotyping, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, dna-dna reassociation analysis, rrna gene restri ...199910515907
evidence for frequent ospc gene transfer between borrelia valaisiana sp. nov. and other lyme disease spirochetes.molecular polymorphism of the ospc gene has been reported in borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, borrelia garinii and borrelia afzelii, the spirochetes causing human lyme borreliosis. to assess the genetic relationship between ospc genes from the recently described borrelia valaisiana sp. nov. and other b. burgdorferi sensu lato species, the ospc genes from eight b. valaisiana isolates were amplified by pcr, cloned and sequenced. the ospc genes of three b. valaisiana isolates were identical, but ...199910474195
clinical features of lyme borreliosis in the middle urals and distribution of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species in local ixodes persulcatus ticks.from 1991 to 1993, we investigated the clinical features of lyme borreliosis (lb) in 864 patients from the sverdlovsk region (population 4.5 million) in the middle urals. ixodes persulcatus ticks were collected in the vicinity of yekaterinburg to determine the presence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species. from 1991 to 1993, the number of patients with lb increased from 91 to 320 and 453, respectively. nearly all lb patients (97%) recalled a tick bite and the first signs of lb developed be ...19989728411
differential transmission of the genospecies of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato by game birds and small rodents in england.the genetic diversity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was assessed in a focus of lyme borreliosis in southern britain dominated by game birds. ticks, rodents, and pheasants were analyzed for spirochete infections by pcr-targeting the 23s-5s rrna genes, followed by genotyping by the reverse line blot method. in questing ixodes ricinus ticks, three genospecies of b. burgdorferi sensu lato were detected, with the highest prevalences found for borrelia garinii and borrelia valaisiana. b. burgdorf ...19989546150
molecular typing of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato by randomly amplified polymorphic dna fingerprinting analysis.to study whether pathogenic clusters of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato strains occur, we typed 136 isolates, cultured from specimens from patients (n = 49) with various clinical entities and from ticks (n = 83) or dogs (n = 4) from different geographic regions, by randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) fingerprinting with four arbitrary primers. the rapd patterns were reproducible up to the 95% similarity level as shown in duplicate experiments. in these experiments the purified dnas prepare ...19989508310
genetic and phenotypic analysis of borrelia valaisiana sp. nov. (borrelia genomic groups vs116 and m19).to clarify the taxonomic status of two recently described borrelia genomic groups, groups vs116 and m19, three group vs116 strains and eight group m19 strains isolated from ixodes ricinus ticks in switzerland, the netherlands, and the united kingdom were characterized. pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of the 5s-23s intergenic spacer amplicon, rrna gene restriction analysis, 16s rrna gene sequence analysis, randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) fingerprinting, sodi ...19979336888
characterization of borrelia lusitaniae sp. nov. by 16s ribosomal dna sequence analysis.we determined the complete sequence of the rrs gene from five strains of genomic species potib2. both distance and parsimony methods were used to infer the evolutionary relationships of the rrs gene sequence of this genomic species in comparison with the rrs gene sequence of borrelia valaisiana and the rrs gene sequences of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species obtained from sequence databases. the phylogenetic analysis revealed that the genomic species potib2 strains clustered in a separate l ...19979336887
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