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biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in transgenic tomatoes by constitutive expression of s-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase gene.recent findings have implicated the role of polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) in stress tolerance. therefore, the present work was carried out with the goal of generating transgenic tomato plants with human s-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (samdc) gene, a key gene involved in biosynthesis of polyamines, viz. spermidine and spermine and evaluating the transgenic plants for tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stresses. several putative transgenic tomato plants with normal phenoty ...201123573001
multilocus phylogeny and maldi-tof analysis of the plant pathogenic species alternaria dauci and relatives.the genus alternaria includes numerous phytopathogenic species, many of which are economically relevant. traditionally, identification has been based on morphology, but is often hampered by the tendency of some strains to become sterile in culture and by the existence of species-complexes of morphologically similar taxa. this study aimed to assess if strains of four closely-related plant pathogens, i.e., accurately alternaria dauci (ten strains), alternaria porri (six), alternaria solani (ten), ...201223332831
enhancing effect of shimizuomyces paradoxus on seed germination and seedling growth of canola, plant growth of cucumber, and harvest of tomato.shimizuomyces paradoxus showed no inhibitory effect against plant pathogen fungi, such as fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and alternaria solani. the s. paradoxus culture filtrate showed higher seed germination and seedling growth rates in canola than distilled water and potato-dextrose broth. a conidial suspension of 1.0×10(4)/ml resulted in the highest growth stimulating effects on total plant length, and fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots in cucumber, when compared to the highest s ...201122783066
[screening of three novel antimicrobial peptides with antifungal pathogens].in order to discover novel antimicrobial peptides against important crop pathogens, we designed and screened a high capacity random peptide library and isolated a number of clones expressing peptides with antifungal activity. we selected 96 peptides from the library and synthesized their sequence, which were used to assay their activity against crop fungal pathogens.201122379810
development and characterization of antimicrobial poly(l-lactic acid) containing trans-2-hexenal trapped in cyclodextrins.trans-2-hexenal, a naturally occurring plant volatile with antimicrobial capacity, was encapsulated into β-cyclodextrins (β-cds), enzymatically modified starch, and shown effective to control main microorganisms causing food spoilage (alternaria solani, aspergillus niger, botrytis cinerea, colletotrichum acutatum, penicillium sp). loaded β-cds were incorporated into a poly(l-lactic acid) (pla) matrix by extrusion and casting, and yielded antimicrobial polymers made from natural resources. a mast ...201122177713
polyamines attenuate ethylene-mediated defense responses to abrogate resistance to botrytis cinerea in tomato.transgenic tomato (solanum lycopersicum) lines over-expressing yeast spermidine synthase (yspdsyn), an enzyme involved in polyamine (pa) biosynthesis, were developed. these transgenic lines accumulate higher levels of spermidine (spd) than the wild type plants and were examined for responses to the fungal necrotrophs botrytis cinerea and alternaria solani, bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000, and larvae of the chewing insect tobacco hornworm manduca sexta. the spd-accumul ...201122128140
[mechanism of tomato plants enhanced disease resistance against early blight primed by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus glomus versiforme].arbuscular mycorrhiza (am) can not only improve host plants nutrient absorption, but also enhance their disease resistance. taking the tomato (lycopersicon esculentum) seedlings preinoculated with axbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (amf) glomus versiforme as test materials, this paper studied their protective enzyme activities and defense-related genes expression, and their resistance against a fungal pathogen alternaria solani sorauer which causes early blight. the seedlings pre-inoculated with amf ...201122126042
resistance to alternaria solani in hybrids between a solanum tuberosum haploid and s. raphanifolium.abstract early blight of potato (solanum tuberosum), caused by the foliar fungal pathogen alternaria solani, is a major cause of economic loss in many potato-growing regions. genetic resistance offers an opportunity to decrease fungicide usage while maintaining yield and quality. in this study, an early blight resistant clone of the diploid wild species s. raphanifolium was crossed as a male to a haploid (2n=2x) of cultivated potato. hybrids were backcrossed to both parents. eight families wer ...201122007613
Cloning and characterization of a bifunctional glycosyl hydrolase from an antagonistic Pseudomonas putida strain P3(4).A fluorescent pseudomonad strain P3(4) showing chitinolysis on chitinase detection agar and antagonism against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp dianthi causing vascular wilt of carnation was isolated from pea rhizosphere soil. PCR primers specific for glycosyl hydrolase family 5 (GH5) of Pseudomonas putida isolate KT2440 amplified a 947 bp fragment of the GH5 gene from P3(4). Cloning of this gene into Escherichia coli M15 using an expression vector pQE-30UA and screening on chitin and chitosan detection ...201121953214
synthesis and biological activity of novel 1-substituted phenyl-4-[n-[(2'-morpholinothoxy)phenyl]aminomethyl]-1h-1,2,3-triazoles.in an attempt to search for potent antifungal agents, a series of novel 1-substituted phenyl-4-[n-[(2'-morpholinothoxy)phenyl]aminomethyl]-1h-1,2,3-triazoles 5a-m was designed and synthesized via huisgen cycloaddition reaction between various (2-morpholinoethoxy)-n-(prop-2-ynyl)aniline and different azidobenzene. their chemical structures were characterized by (1) h nmr and elemental analysis. a cleaner reaction with milder conditions and satisfactory yields was observed in the micorwave-assiste ...201121736703
evaluation of the antimicrobial potential of two flavonoids isolated from limnophila plants.the antimicrobial potential of two bioflavonoids, i.e., 5,7-dihydroxy-4',6,8-trimethoxyflavone (1) and 5,6-dihydroxy-4',7,8-trimethoxyflavone (2), isolated from limnophila heterophylla benth. and l. indica (linn.) druce (scrophulariaceae), respectively, were evaluated against the microbial strains bacillus subtilis, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium, alternaria solani, and candida albicans. compounds 1 and 2 exhibited moderate but broad antimicrobial activities agai ...201121674786
isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers from the phytopathogenic fungus alternaria dauci.eleven polymorphic microsatellite markers were isolated from the necrotrophic phytopathogenic fungus alternaria dauci based on enriched genomic libraries. in order to assess allelic variability, the microsatellite loci were analysed in a collection of 43 isolates. the number of detected alleles in 11 loci ranged from two to 24 (mean 10.4). test of cross-species amplification and sequencing of the resulting amplicons showed that some of these microsatellites could be used in different species suc ...200921564659
abscisic acid enhances resistance to alternaria solani in tomato seedlings.the plant hormone abscisic acid (aba) is an important regulator in many aspects of plant growth and development, as well as stress resistance. here, we investigated the effects of exogenous aba application on the interaction between tomato (solanum lycopersicon l.) and alternaria solani (early blight). foliar spraying of 7.58 μm aba was effective in reducing disease severity in tomato plants. previously, increased activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (pal), polyphenol oxidase (ppo) and pero ...201121530290
selection and differentiation of bacillus spp. antagonistic to fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici and alternaria solani infecting tomato.antagonistic bacillus spp. displaying in vitro production of siderophore, chitinase, and β-1,3-glucanase were identified from dual culture assays. in independent greenhouse studies, seed bacterization and soil application of bacillus atrophaeus s2bc-2 challenge inoculated with fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (fol) and alternaria solani (as) recorded low percent disease index of 25.3 and 28.7, respectively, over nonbacterised pathogen control (44.3 and 56.4). the low disease incidence corrob ...201121503737
functional characterization of the recombinant antimicrobial peptide trx-ace-amp1 and its application on the control of tomato early blight disease.ace-amp1 is a potent antifungal peptide found in onion (allium cepa) seeds with sequence similarity to plant lipid transfer proteins. transgenic plants over-expressing ace-amp1 gene have enhanced disease resistance to some fungal pathogens. however, mass production in heterologous systems and in vitro application of this peptide have not been reported. in this study, ace-amp1 was highly expressed in a prokaryotic escherichia coli system as a fusion protein. the purified protein inhibited the gro ...201121380518
design, synthesis and antifungal activities of novel pyrrole alkaloid analogs.a series of novel analogs of pyrrole alkaloid were designed and synthesized by a facile method and their structures were characterized by 1h nmr, 13c nmr and high-resolution mass spectrometry (hrms). the structure of compound 2a was identified by 2d nmr including heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence (hmqc), heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation (hmbc) and h-h correlation spectrometry (h-h cosy) spectra. their antifungal activities against five fungi were evaluated, and the results indicate ...201121356570
development of disease-resistant marker-free tomato by r/rs site-specific recombination.the selection marker genes, imparting antibiotic or herbicide resistance, in the final transgenics have been criticized by the public and considered a hindrance in their commercialization. multi-auto-transformation (mat) vector system has been one of the strategies to produce marker-free transgenic plants without using selective chemicals and plant growth regulators (pgrs). in the study reported here, isopentenyltransferase (ipt) gene was used as a selection marker and wasabi defensin (wd) gene, ...201121293863
production of marker-free disease-resistant potato using isopentenyl transferase gene as a positive selection marker.the use of antibiotic or herbicide resistant genes as selection markers for production of transgenic plants and their continuous presence in the final transgenics has been a serious problem for their public acceptance and commercialization. mat (multi-auto-transformation) vector system has been one of the different strategies to excise the selection marker gene and produce marker-free transgenic plants. in the present study, ipt (isopentenyl transferase) gene was used as a selection marker gene. ...201021184230
[effect of plant extracts on growth and spore germination of alternaria solani (e. & m.) j. & g. under in vitro conditions]. 201021167298
interplant communication of tomato plants through underground common mycorrhizal networks.plants can defend themselves to pathogen and herbivore attack by responding to chemical signals that are emitted by attacked plants. it is well established that such signals can be transferred through the air. in theory, plants can also communicate with each other through underground common mycorrhizal networks (cmns) that interconnect roots of multiple plants. however, until now research focused on plant-to-plant carbon nutrient movement and there is no evidence that defense signals can be exch ...201020967206
allelochemical effects of volatile compounds and organic extracts from muscodor yucatanensis, a tropical endophytic fungus from bursera simaruba.muscodor yucatanensis, an endophytic fungus, was isolated from the leaves of bursera simaruba (burseraceae) in a dry, semideciduous tropical forest in the ecological reserve el eden, quintana roo, mexico. we tested the mixture of volatile organic compounds (vocs) produced by m. yucatanensis for allelochemical effects against other endophytic fungi, phytopathogenic fungi and fungoids, and plants. vocs were lethal to guignardia mangifera, colletotrichum sp., phomopsis sp., alternaria solani, rhizo ...201020809145
stable integration and expression of wasabi defensin gene in "egusi" melon (colocynthis citrullus l.) confers resistance to fusarium wilt and alternaria leaf spot.production of "egusi" melon (colocynthis citrullus l.) in west africa is limited by fungal diseases, such as alternaria leaf spot and fusarium wilt. in order to engineer "egusi" resistant to these diseases, cotyledonary explants of two "egusi" genotypes, 'ejagham' and nhc1-130, were transformed with agrobacterium tumefaciens strain eha101 harbouring wasabi defensin gene (isolated from wasabia japonica l.) in a binary vector pekh1. after co-cultivation for 3 days, infected explants were transferr ...201020552202
effects of meteorological factors on the levels of alternaria spores on a potato crop.alternaria solani soraeur produces early blight in solanum tuberosum l., leading to significant agricultural losses. the current study was carried out on the extensive potato crop situated in north-western of spain during 2007, 2008 and 2009. in this area potato crops are the most important source of income. in this work we used a hirst-type volumetric spore-trap for the aerobiological monitoring of alternaria spores. the highest spore concentrations were recorded during the 2009 cycle (10,555 s ...201120549521
solanapyrone synthase, a possible diels-alderase and iterative type i polyketide synthase encoded in a biosynthetic gene cluster from alternaria solani.the solanapyrone biosynthetic gene cluster was cloned from alternaria solani. it consists of six genes-sol1-6-coding for a polyketide synthase, an o-methyltransferase, a dehydrogenase, a transcription factor, a flavin-dependent oxidase, and cytochrome p450. the prosolanapyrone synthase (pss) encoded by sol1 was expressed in aspergillus oryzae and its product was identified as desmethylprosolanapyrone i (8). although pss is closely related to the pkss/diels-alderases lovb and mlca of lovastatin a ...201020486243
biochemical evaluation of resistance responses of potato to different isolates of alternaria solani.the resistance phenotypes of nine potato cultivars to five isolates of alternaria solani, causal agent of early blight, were studied after inoculation and growth under greenhouse conditions. we identified potato cultivars with both susceptible and resistant phenotypes as well as a. solani isolates with varying degrees of aggressiveness. two potato cultivars and two pathogen isolates were selected for biochemical analysis of phenol production and peroxidase activity after inoculation. phenol comp ...201020373966
functional analysis of fungal polyketide biosynthesis genes.fungal polyketides have huge structural diversity from simple aromatics to highly modified complex reduced-type compounds. despite such diversty, single modular iterative type i polyketide synthases (ipkss) are responsible for their carbon skeleton construction. using heterologous expression systems, we have studied on atx, a 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase from aspergillus terreus as a model ipks. in addition, ipks functions involved in fungal spore pigment biosynthesis were analyzed together w ...201020203700
synthesis and fungicidal activity of novel aminophenazine-1-carboxylate derivatives.a series of novel 6-aminophenazine-1-, 7-aminophenazine-1- and 8-aminophenazine-1-carboxylate derivatives were synthesized by a facile method, and their structures were characterized by (1)h nmr, (13)c nmr and high-resolution mass spectrometry. some unexpected byproducts v-7b-v-8d were noticed and isolated, and their structures were identified by 2d nmr spectra including heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence (hmqc), heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation (hmbc) and h-h correlation spectromet ...201020166721
[antifungal mechanism of bacillus marinus b-9987].we studied the antifungal effect of the metabolite bmme-1 from bacillus marinus b-9987, to reveal its antifungal mechanism.200920112679
synthesis and biological activity of organotin 4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole-5-carboxylates and benzo[1,2,3]thiadiazole-7-carboxylates.a series of organotin 4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole-5-carboxylates and benzo[1,2,3]thiadiazole-7-carboxylates have been synthesized and characterized by nmr ((1)h, (13)c, and (119)sn), ir, and elemental analyses. the structure of the dimeric complex {[(bthco(2))snet(2)](2)o}(2) (bth represents benzo[1,2,3]thiadiazol-7-yl) has been further confirmed by x-ray diffraction crystallography. assessment for fungicidal activity indicates that all of the newly synthesized compounds exhibit good growth inhib ...201020014765
synthesis, crystal structure, and biological activity of 4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole-containing 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles.heterocyclic compounds play an important role as the main sources of lead molecules of agrochemicals. synthesis and biological activity of thiadiazole-containing 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazoles were seldom reported. to find novel lead compounds with various biological activities, a series of 6-substituted-3-(4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazolyl)[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadizoles were rationally designed and synthesized according to the principle of combinations of bioactive substructures ...201020014761
effect of neem (azardirachta indica a. juss) seeds and leaves extract on some plant pathogenic fungi.in this study plant pathogenic fungi alternaria solani, fusarium oxysporum, rhizoctonia solani and sclerotinia sclerotiorum were chosen to study the effect of ethanolic, hexane and methanolic extracts of neem seeds and leaves. antifungal effects of neem leave and seed extracts obtained by ethanol, hexane and ptrolium ether were examined separately in vitro against fusarium oxysporum, rhizoctonia solani, alternaria solani and sclerotinia sclerotiorum. results indicated that seeds and leaves extra ...200919947185
implementation of bio-fungicides and seed treatment in organic rice cv. kdml 105 farming.this study was aimed to evaluate the several chemical compounds of relatively composite structure with antifungal activity from thai local medical plants. the antifungal activity of stemona curtisii hk. f., stemona tuberose l., acorus calamus l., eugenia caryophyllus, memmea siamensis kost. and an eugenol active compound were studied in vitro. four pathogenic seed borne fungi, alternaria solani, colletotrichum sp., fusarium moniliforme and rhizoctonia solani were used as target organisms. the ag ...200919899322
molecular mechanisms of generation for nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species, and role of the radical burst in plant immunity.rapid production of nitric oxide (no) and reactive oxygen species (ros) has been implicated in the regulation of innate immunity in plants. a potato calcium-dependent protein kinase (stcdpk5) activates an nadph oxidase strboha to d by direct phosphorylation of n-terminal regions, and heterologous expression of stcdpk5 and strbohs in nicotiana benthamiana results in oxidative burst. the transgenic potato plants that carry a constitutively active stcdpk5 driven by a pathogen-inducible promoter of ...200919830396
endophytic bacteria from ocimum sanctum and their yield enhancing capabilities.endophytes are beneficial microbes that reside intercellularly inside the plants. interaction of endophytes with the host plants and their function within their host are important to address ecological relevance of endophyte. four endophytic bacteria os-9, os-10, os-11, and os-12 were isolated from healthy leaves of ocimum sanctum. these isolated microbes were screened in dual culture against various phytopathogenic fungi viz. rhizoctonia solani, sclerotium rolfsii, fusarium solani, alternaria s ...201019826860
selective speciation and determination of inorganic arsenic in water, food and biological samples.a procedure for the speciation of arsenic(iii) and arsenic(v) in natural water samples has been established in the presented work. arsenic(iii) ions were quantitatively recovered on alternaria solani coated diaion hp-2mg resin at ph 7, while the recoveries of arsenic(v) was below 10%. arsenic(v) in the mixing solution containing as(iii) and as(v) was reduced by using ki and l(+) ascorbic acid solution, then the procedure was applied to determination of total arsenic. arsenic(v) was calculated as ...201019766692
design, synthesis, and fungicidal activity of novel analogues of pyrrolnitrin.a series of novel analogues of pyrrolnitrin containing a thiophene moiety were designed and synthesized by a facile method, and their structures were characterized by (1)h nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) and high-resolution mass spectrometry. the isomers iv-h and v-h were isolated, and their structures were identified by 2d nmr, including heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence (hmqc), heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation (hmbc), and nuclear overhauser effect spectrometry (noesy) spectra. t ...200919681615
antifungal activity of alkaloids from the seeds of chimonanthus praecox.two alkaloids, d-calycanthine (1) and l-folicanthine (2), were isolated from the active meoh extract of the seeds of chimonanthus praecox link. the structures of the two compounds were established by (1)h- and (13)c-nmr, and ms (fab, esi) analyses. in the in vitro tests, compounds 1 and 2 showed significant inhibitory activities against five plant pathogenic fungi exserohilum turcicum, bipolaris maydis, alternaria solani, sclerotinia sderotiorum, and fusarium oxysportium, among which b. maydis w ...200919551726
molecular diversity and evolutionary processes of alternaria solani in brazil inferred using genealogical and coalescent approaches.alternaria spp. form a heterogeneous group of saprophytic and plant-pathogenic fungi widespread in temperate and tropical regions. however, the relationship between evolutionary processes and genetic diversity with epidemics is unknown for several plant-pathogenic alternaria spp. the interaction of alternaria solani populations with potato and tomato plants is an interesting case study for addressing questions related to molecular evolution of an asexual fungus. gene genealogies based on the coa ...200919453237
inhibitory activity of indian spice plant cinnamomum zeylanicum extracts against alternaria solani and curvularia lunata, the pathogenic dematiaceous moulds.dematiaceous moulds are pathogenic microorganisms and act as etiological agents of mycoses with different degrees of severity in humans and animals. these moulds also cause loss of food crops and storage food products. the information regarding antimicrobial efficacy of the plant preparations on these moulds is scanty. the present study reveals phytochemical characterization and the effect of bark and leaf extracts of indian spice plant, cinnamomum zeylanicum (cz), against the growth of two spec ...200919267932
plant pathogen population dynamics in potato fields.modern technologies incorporating geographic information systems (gis), global positioning systems (gps), remote sensing, and geostatistics provide unique opportunities to advance ecological understanding of pests across a landscape. increased knowledge of the population dynamics of plant pathogens will promote management strategies, such as site-specific management, and cultural practices minimizing the introduction and impact of plant pathogens. the population dynamics of alternaria solani, ve ...200219265932
synthesis and antimicrobial activity of 1-benzhydryl-sulfonyl-4-(3-(piperidin-4-yl) propyl)piperidine derivatives against pathogens of lycopersicon esculentum: a structure-activity evaluation study.several 1-benzhydryl-sulfonyl-4-(3-(piperidin-4-yl)propyl)piperidine derivatives 8(a-j) were prepared by the treatment of substituted benzhydryl chlorides with 4-(3-(piperidin-4-yl)propyl)piperidine followed by n-sulfonation with sulfonyl chlorides in the presence of dry methylene dichloride and triethyl amine. the synthesized compounds were characterized by (1)h-nmr, ir, and elemental analysis. all the synthesized compounds were evaluated in vitro for their efficacy as antimicrobial agents by a ...200919183874
a new 24-membered lactone and a new polyene delta-lactone from the marine bacterium bacillus marinus.a new 24-membered macrolide macrolactin t (1), and a new polyene delta-lactone macrolactin u (2), along with macrolactins a, b, d, o, and s, were isolated from the cultured broth of the bacterium bacillus marinus, which was isolated from suaeda salsa collected in the coastline of bohai sea of china. the structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic data analyses. the inhibitory activity of macrolactins t, b and d against fungi pyricularia oryzae and alternaria sol ...200819168981
chemical composition and antifungal activity of volatiles from three opuntia species growing in tunisia.the chemical composition of the volatiles isolated by steam distillation from leaves, flowers and fruits of opuntia lindheimeri var. linguiformis l. benson, leaves and flowers of opuntia macrorhiza engelm and leaves of opuntia microdasys (lehmann) gathered in the sea cliff of monastir town (tunisia), has been studied by gc and gc-ms. remarkable differences were noted between the composition and the constituent percentage of the different studied organs. the most important compounds found in leav ...200719070119
bactericidal and fungicidal activities of calia secundiflora (ort.) yakovlev.calia secundiflora (ortega) yakovlev (fabaceae) is considered a medicinal plant in mexico but has scarcely been used because of the toxicity of its quinolizidine alkaloids. several quinolizidine alkaloids have shown bactericidal, nematicidal, and fungicidal activities. the purpose of this study was to identify the alkaloids in the seeds and evaluate the activity of the organic extract on several phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria. an in vitro bioassay was conducted with species of the following ...200819040102
a computer-controlled environmental chamber for the study of aerial fungal spore release.abstract an environmental chamber was designed to study aerial release of spores of ascomycetes and hyphomycetes, based on a device developed by c. m. leach. relative humidity (rh), temperature, red (660 nm) and infrared (880 nm) light, leaf wetness, wind speed, vibration, and rain events are controlled and monitored within the chamber via an rtc-hc11 real-time controller and data-acquisition system. a basic11 computer program is uploaded to and controls the system. the program requests values f ...199718945044
salicylic acid induces resistance to alternaria solani in hydroponically grown tomato.abstract alternaria solani is the causal agent of early blight disease in tomato and is responsible for significant economic losses sustained by tomato producers each year. because salicylic acid (sa) is an important signal molecule that plays a critical role in plant defense against pathogen invasion, we investigated if the exogenous application of sa would activate systemic acquired resistance (sar) against a. solani in tomato leaves. the addition of 200 mum sa to the root system significantly ...199918944699
a test of taxonomic predictivity: resistance to early blight in wild relatives of cultivated potato.host plant resistance offers an attractive method of control for early blight (caused by the foliar fungus alternaria solani), a widespread disease that appears annually in potato crops worldwide. we tested the assumed ability of taxonomy to predict the presence of early blight resistance genes in wild solanum species for which resistance was observed in related species. we also tested associations to ploidy, crossing group, breeding system, and geography. as in a prior study of sclerotinia scle ...200818944292
first isolation of a novel thermostable antifungal peptide secreted by aspergillus clavatus.a novel antifungal peptide produced by an indigenous fungal strain (vr) of aspergillus clavatus was purified. the antifungal peptide was enriched in the supernatant after heat treatment at 70 degrees c. the thermostable character was exploited in the first purification step, as purified peptide was obtained after ultrafiltration and reverse phase-hplc on c18 column application. the purified peptide named "acafp" for a. clavatus antifungal peptide, has molecular mass of 5773da determined by maldi ...200818687373
antimicrobial activity of globulol isolated from the fruits of eucalyptus globulus labill.an antimicrobial sesquiterpene was separated by bioassay-guided isolation from the petroleum ether fraction of the ethanol crude extract of eucalyptus globulus labill (myrtaceae) fruits, and was identified as globulol by physicochemical properties and spectroscopic analysis. mycelial growth method revealed that the median effective inhibitory concentration (ic50) values of globulol on alternaria solani, fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niverum, f. graminearum, rhizoctonia solani and venturia pirina were ...200818569693
isolation of two antifungal compounds fromneolitsea cuipala and their activity against some plant pathogenic fungi.zeylanidine and zeylanicine isolated fromneolitsea cuipala fruit peels are found to be potential antifungal agents againsthelminthosporium oryzae, fusarium oxysporum, alternaria solani, curvularia varuciformis andcolletotrichum gleosporioides.199918461489
biological control of phytopathogenic fungi by fatty acids.the aim of the present study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of fatty acids against phytopathogenic fungi. two pot experiments were conducted by mixing palmitic and oleic acids in the soil in which poor plant growth was observed. in addition, the antifungal activities of nine fatty acids (butyric acid, caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid) against four phytopathogenic fungi: alternaria solani, colletotrichum la ...200818443921
introduction a potato cultivar "sprit" as relatively resistant to main fungal pathogens causal agents of early blight and wilting on potato in iran.potato (solanum tubersum l.) is one of the most human food production cultured in iran especially zanjan province as a temperate region. some fungal pathogens caused severely infected on potato tubers or foliage in the majority grown areas and resulted yield losses in potato production. recent years from 2002 to 2004 infected samples were collected from different potato grown regions in zanjan province then cultured on pda after surface sterilization with sodium hypochlorite. isolated fungal pat ...200718396814
purification and n-terminal amino acid sequence of solanapyrone synthase, a natural diels-alderase from alternaria solani.the first natural diels-alderase, solanapyrone synthase, was purified 1,630-fold from a crude extract. the 41-kda protein on sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was identified as truncated solanapyrone synthase, and its n-terminal amino acid sequence was found to be qetqnlnnflesnainp.200818256508
naphthoquinone spiroketal with allelochemical activity from the newly discovered endophytic fungus edenia gomezpompae.chemical investigation of the mycelium of edenia gomezpompae, a newly discovered endophytic fungus isolated from the leaves of callicarpa acuminata (verbenaceae) collected from the ecological reserve el eden, quintana roo, mexico, resulted in the isolation of four naphthoquinone spiroketals, including three new compounds and palmarumycin cp2 (4). we elucidated the structures of the metabolites by extensive nmr spectroscopy studies, including dept, cosy, noesy, hsqc, hmbc, and chiroptical methods ...200818234248
alternaric acid, a biologically active metabolic product of the fungus alternaria solani. 194918229144
synthesis of acyl thiourea derivatives of chitosan and their antimicrobial activities in vitro.three different acyl thiourea derivatives of chitosan (cs) were synthesized and their structures were characterized by ft-ir spectroscopy and elemental analysis. the antimicrobial behaviors of cs and its derivatives against four species of bacteria (escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, and sarcina) and four crop-threatening pathogenic fungi (alternaria solani, fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, colletotrichum gloeosporioides (penz.) saec, and phyllisticta zingiber ...200818083151
potato protoplasts in crop improvement.clonal populations regenerated from single-leaf cell protoplasts of the potato cultivar ;russet burbank' display a high frequency of variation for several horticultural and disease resistance characters. observations over a period of three tuber generations suggest stable changes in tuber shape, yield, and maturity date, in photo-period requirements for flowering, and in plant morphology. enhanced resistance to early blight (alternaria solani) and late blight (phytophthora infestans) diseases al ...198017731550
variability among alternaria solani isolates associated with early blight of tomato.variability among isolates of alternaria solani, the causal agent of early blight of tomato, from northern and southern parts of india was determined based on conidial morphology, pathogenicity tests and random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) techniques. the isolates varied with respect to size of conidia and number of septa. the average size of conidia varied from 150-224.9 microm x 12.4-17.2 microm. the number of horizontal (4-14), vertical (0-3) and beak (0-8) septa also varied among the iso ...200617612350
culturable leaf-associated bacteria on tomato plants and their potential as biological control agents.culturable leaf-associated bacteria inhabiting a plant have been considered as promising biological control agent (bca) candidates because they can survive on the plant. we investigated the relationship between bacterial groups of culturable leaf-associated bacteria on greenhouse- and field-grown tomato leaves and their antifungal activities against tomato diseases in vitro and in vivo. in addition, the isolated bacteria were analyzed for n-acyl-homoserine lactone (ahl) and indole-3-acetic acid ...200717356949
exogenous systemin has a contrasting effect on disease resistance in mycorrhizal tomato (solanum lycopersicum) plants infected with necrotrophic or hemibiotrophic pathogens.a study was performed to determine the effect of the systemin polypeptide on the bio-protective effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) in tomato plants infected with alternaria solani, phytophthora infestans or p. parasitica. before infection, tomato plants were colonized with two different amf, glomus fasciculatum or g. clarum. in addition, a group of inoculated plants was treated with systemin, just after emergence. the exogenous application of systemin marginally suppressed the resistan ...200717356854
a novel antiproliferative and antifungal lectin from amaranthus viridis linn seeds.a lectin from the seeds of amaranthus viridis linn has been purified by affinity chromatography on asialofetuin-linked amino activated silica. amaranthus viridis lectin (avl) has a native molecular mass of 67 kda. it is a homodimer composed of two 36.6 kda subunits. the lectin gave a single band in non-denaturing page at ph 4.5 and ph 8.3 and a single peak on hplc size exclusion and cation exchange columns. the purified lectin was specific for both t-antigen and n-acetyl-d-lactosamine, markers f ...200617100645
qtl identification for early blight resistance (alternaria solani) in a solanum lycopersicum x s. arcanum cross.alternaria solani (ellis and martin) sorauer, the causal agent of early blight (eb) disease, infects aerial parts of tomato at both seedling and adult plant stages. resistant cultivars would facilitate a sustainable eb management. eb resistance is a quantitatively expressed character, a fact that has hampered effective breeding. in order to identify and estimate the effect of genes conditioning resistance to eb, a quantitative trait loci (qtl) mapping study was performed in f2 and f3 populations ...200717093974
modification of primary and secondary metabolism of potato plants by nitrogen application differentially affects resistance to phytophthora infestans and alternaria solani.potato plants ( solanum tuberosum l. cv. indira) were grown at two levels of n supply in the greenhouse. plants supplied with 0.8 g n per plant (high n variant) showed significantly increased biomass as compared to plants without additional n fertilisation (low n variant). c/n ratio was lower and protein content was higher in leaves of the high n variant. the concentration of chlorogenic acids and flavonols was significantly lower in leaves from the high n variant. whereas resistance to alternar ...200616821190
cytochrome b gene structure and consequences for resistance to qo inhibitor fungicides in plant pathogens.the cytochrome b (cyt b) gene structure was characterized for different agronomically important plant pathogens, such as puccinia recondita f sp tritici (erikss) co johnston, p graminis f sp tritici erikss and hennings, p striiformis f sp tritici erikss, p coronata f sp avenae p syd & syd, p hordei gh otth, p recondita f sp secalis roberge, p sorghi schwein, p horiana henn, uromyces appendiculatus (pers) unger, phakopsora pachyrhizi syd & p syd, hemileia vastatrix berk & broome, alternaria solan ...200616688790
effect of glucose and adenosine phosphates on production of extracellular carbohydrases of alternaria solani.production of carbohydrases by alternaria solani is inhibited by glucose under low growth conditions. in an enriched medium, glucose has little effect on the production of polygalacturonase and cellulase while it still suppresses production of beta-glucosidase. low levels of all three enzymes were produced in the absence of their respective substrates. such regulation has been found with many organisms. however, far greater production of these carbohydrases occurred with additions of adenosine p ...197416658949
expression of alternaria solani pksf generates a set of complex reduced-type polyketides with different carbon-lengths and cyclization. 200616642517
arbuscular mycorrhiza reduces susceptibility of tomato to alternaria solani.mycorrhiza frequently leads to the control of root pathogens, but appears to have the opposite effect on leaf pathogens. in this study, we studied mycorrhizal effects on the development of early blight in tomato (solanum lycopersicum) caused by the necrotrophic fungus alternaria solani. alternaria-induced necrosis and chlorosis of all leaves were studied in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants over time course and at different soil p levels. mycorrhizal tomato plants had significantly less a. ...200616614816
reaction to phytotoxins in a potato population derived from mesophyll protoplasts.alternaria solani, the causal agent of early blight disease in potato, produces two host-specific, lipidlike toxins in culture. both compounds are required in the leaf bioassay for the elicitation of typical early blight symptoms, but the compounds are individually inactive. the procedures for the preparation of both compounds are outlined. these compounds can be used effectively to select for toxin-insensitive and sensitive clones of a russet burbank potato cultivar that have been regenerated f ...197816592580
rewiring mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade by positive feedback confers potato blight resistance.late blight, caused by the notorious pathogen phytophthora infestans, is a devastating disease of potato (solanum tuberosum) and tomato (solanum lycopersicum), and during the 1840s caused the irish potato famine and over one million fatalities. currently, grown potato cultivars lack adequate blight tolerance. earlier cultivars bred for resistance used disease resistance genes that confer immunity only to some strains of the pathogen harboring corresponding avirulence gene. specific resistance ge ...200616407438
an iterative type i polyketide synthase pksn catalyzes synthesis of the decaketide alternapyrone with regio-specific octa-methylation.a biosynthetic gene cluster containing five genes, alt1-5, was cloned from alternaria solani, a causal fungus of early blight disease to tomato and potato. homology searching indicated that the alt1, 2, and 3 genes code for cytochrome p450s and the alt4 gene for a fad-dependent oxygenase/oxidase. the alt5 gene encodes a polyketide synthase (pks), named pksn, that was found to be an iterative type i complex reduced-type pks with a c-methyltransferase domain. to identify the pksn function, the alt ...200516356847
novel derivatives of chitosan and their antifungal activities in vitro.three kinds of schiff bases of carboxymethyl chitosan (cmcts) were prepared, and their antifungal activities were assessed according to jasso de rodríguez's method. the results indicated that 2-(2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)-6-carboxymethylchitosan (hncmcts) and 2-(5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)-6-carboxymethylchitosan (hccmcts) had better inhibitory effects than those of chitosan or cmcts against fusarium oxysporium f. sp. vasinfectum, alternaria solani, and valsa mali.200616343460
enhanced resistance to early blight in transgenic tomato lines expressing heterologous plant defense genes.genes coding for an iris ribosomal-inactivating protein (i-rip), a maize beta-glucanase (m-glu), and a mirabilis jalapa antimicrobial peptide (mj-amp1) were separately introduced into tomato (lycopersicon esculentum cv. sweet chelsea) cotyledons via agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. transgenic lines carrying each of the transgenes were confirmed for integration into the tomato genome using southern blot hybridization. transcription of i-rip, m-glu, and mj-amp1 genes in various t ...200516047198
two new zinniol-related phytotoxins from alternaria solani.bioassay-guided purification of the organic crude extract of alternaria solani resulted in the isolation of three metabolites responsible for causing necrosis on potato leaves. these phytotoxins were identified as 2-(2",3"-dimethyl-but-1-enyl)-zinniol (1), 8-zinniol methyl ether (2). and 8-zinniol methyl ether based on their spectroscopic data (ir, ms, 1h and 13cnmr). metabolites 1 and 2 have been identified as new phytotoxins structurally related to zinniol (4). additionally, 5-(3',3'-dimethyla ...200516010827
allelochemical potential of callicarpa acuminata.the allelochemical potential of callicarpa acuminata (verbenaceae) was investigated by using a biodirected fractionation study as part of a long-term project to search for bioactive compounds among the rich biodiversity of plant communities in the ecological reserve el eden, quintana roo, mexico. aqueous leachate, chloroform-methanol extract, and chromatographic fractions of the leaves of c. acuminata inhibited the root growth of test plants (23-70%). some of these treatments caused a moderate i ...200314969362
alternaric acid; a biologically active metabolic product of alternaria solani (ell. & mart.) jones & grout; its production, isolation and antifungal properties. 195114907999
expression of a magainin-type antimicrobial peptide gene (msi-99) in tomato enhances resistance to bacterial speck disease.msi-99 is a synthetic analog of magainin ii (mii), a small cationic peptide highly inhibitory to a wide spectrum of microbial organisms. tomato plants were transformed to express a gene encoding the msi-99 peptide and tested for possible enhancement of resistance to important pathogens of this crop. thirty-six tomato transformants carrying an msi-99 expression vector designed to target the peptide into extracellular spaces were obtained by agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. expre ...200413680135
a novel antimicrobial protein isolated from potato (solanum tuberosum) shares homology with an acid phosphatase.the nucleotide and amino acids sequences for ap(1) will appear in the genbank(r) and ncbi databases under accession number ay297449. a novel antimicrobial protein (ap(1)) was purified from leaves of the potato ( solanum tuberosum, variety ms-42.3) with a procedure involving ammonium sulphate fractionation, molecular sieve chromatography with sephacryl s-200 and hydrophobic chromatography with butyl-sepharose using a fplc system. the inhibition spectrum investigation showed that ap(1) had good in ...200312927022
enhanced resistance to phytophthora infestans and alternaria solani in leaves and tubers, respectively, of potato plants with decreased activity of the plastidic atp/adp transporter.recently, it has been reported that tubers of transgenic potato ( solanum tuberosum l.) plants with decreased activity of the plastidic atp/adp transporter (aatp1) contain less starch, despite having an increased glucose level [p. geigenberger et al. (2001) plant physiol 125:1667-1678]. the metabolic alterations correlated with enhanced resistance to the bacterium erwinia carotovora. here it is shown that transgenic potato tubers, possessing less starch yet increased glucose levels due to the ex ...200312721851
induction of protection against the necrotrophic pathogens phytophthora citrophthora and alternaria solani in lycopersicon esculentum mill. by a novel synthetic glycoside combined with amines.1,2,3,4-tetra-o-acetyl-6-ethyladipate-beta- d-glucopyranose (toge), a glycoside derivative of adipic acid monoethyl ester and 1,2,3,4-tetra-o-acetyl-beta- d-glucopyranose, was synthesized and the resistance-inducing activity shown by toge-1 (toge plus furfurylamine) and toge-2 (toge plus 1,3-diaminepropane) was assayed. toge-1 and toge-2 protected tomato plants against two different fungal pathogens phytophthora citrophthora and alternaria solani. foliar treatments at very low concentrations (2. ...200312687360
identification of qtls for early blight ( alternaria solani) resistance in tomato using backcross populations of a lycopersicon esculentum x l. hirsutum cross.most commercial cultivars of tomato, lycopersicon esculentum mill., are susceptible to early blight (eb), a devastating fungal ( alternaria solani sorauer) disease of tomato in the northern and eastern parts of the u.s. and elsewhere in the world. the disease causes plant defoliation, which reduces yield and fruit quality, and contributes to significant crop loss. sources of resistance have been identified within related wild species of tomato. the purpose of this study was to identify and valid ...200212582599
enzymatic specificity of three ribosome-inactivating proteins against fungal ribosomes, and correlation with antifungal activity.ribosome-inactivating proteins (rips) are enzymes that cleave a specific adenine base from the highly conserved sarcin/ricin (s/r) loop of the large ribosomal rna, thus arresting protein synthesis at the translocation step. in the present study, we employed three rips to dissect the antifungal activity of rips as plant defense proteins. we measured the catalytic activity of rat (the catalytic a-chain of ricin from ricinus communis l.), saporin-s6 (from saponaria officinalis l.), and me (rip from ...200212447536
developmental and pathogen-induced activation of the arabidopsis acidic chitinase promoter.expression of the arabidopsis acidic chitinase promoter was investigated during plant development and in response to inoculation with fungal pathogens. a chimeric gene composed of 1129 bp of 5[prime] upstream sequence from the acidic chitinase gene was fused to the [beta]-glucuronidase (gus) coding region and used to transform arabidopsis and tomato. promoter activity was monitored by histochemical and quantitative assays of gus activity. in healthy transgenic plants, the acidic chitinase promot ...199112324582
detection of alternaria fungal contamination in cereal grains by a polymerase chain reaction-based assay.alternaria sp. are important fungal contaminants of grain products; they secrete four structural classes of compounds that are toxic or carcinogenic to plants and animals and cause considerable economic losses to growers and the food-processing industry. alternaria toxins have been detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and other techniques. here, we report the development of a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based method for the detection o ...200212233854
sensitivity of bacterial and fungal plant pathogens to the lytic peptides, msi-99, magainin ii, and cecropin b.in vitro and leaf disk assays of bacterial and fungal plant pathogens were conducted using three cationic lytic peptides, msi-99, magainin ii (mii), and cecropin b (cb). growth of bacterial organisms was retarded or completely inhibited by low concentrations of these lytic peptides. the peptides also significantly reduced germination of fungal spores and growth of mycelia; however, higher concentrations of peptides were needed to inhibit fungal growth compared with those needed to inhibit bacter ...200212118886
efficacy of alkaloid (-)-corypalmine against spore germination of some fungi.inhibition activity of the alkaloid (-)-corypalmine on spore germination of plant pathogenic and saprophytic fungi (alternaria solani, a brassicicola, a. brassicae, a. melongenae, curvularia pallescens, c. lunata, c. maculans, curvularisa sp., colletotrichum sp., helminthosporium speciferum, h. frumentacei, h. pennisetti, heterosporium sp., penicillum sp., ustilago cynodontis) was determined. spore germination of all the tested fungi was inhibited, heterosporium sp. and ustilago cynodontis being ...200212094740
in vitro evaluation on inhibitory nature of some neem formulations against plant pathogenic fungi.different neem formulations derived from the neem tree (azadirachta indica) have been found to be potential fungicides against a broad spectrum of plant pathogenic fungi. some neem formulations viz. achook (0.15% ec), bioneem (0.03% ec), nimbecidine (0.03% ec) and neemark (0.03% ec) were examined against some plant pathogenic fungi such as (fusarium oxysporum, alternaria solani, curvularia lunata, helminthosporium sp. and sclerotium rolfsii). among these achook (0.15% ec) was found to be more ac ...199912024976
antimycotic activities of selected plant flora, growing wild in lebanon, against phytopathogenic fungi.petroleum ether (pe) and methanolic extracts of nine wild plant species were tested in vitro for their antimycotic activity against eight phytopathogenic fungi. the efficacy of pe extracts against all pathogens tested was higher than that of methanolic extracts. wild marjoram (origanum syriacum) pe extract showed the highest and widest range of activity. it resulted in complete inhibition of mycelial growth of six of eight fungi tested and also gave nearly complete inhibition of spore germinatio ...200212009988
microorganisms asssociated with withania somnifera leaves.microorganisms including bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi were recovered from the leaves of withania somnifera, which were collected from two altitudinal ranges (0-300 m and 1700-2000 m) in the asir region, saudi arabia. types and numbers of microorganisms varied according to the altitude and the month of collection. the number of microorganisms was higher on old leaves than that on young ones in most cases. low altitude exhibited more microorganisms than high altitude. the relationship between ...200111770847
removal of herbicides from liquid media by fungi isolated from a contaminated soil.fungi were isolated from soil samples corresponding to pesticide-contaminated soil (cs) and noncontaminated soil (ncs) in the annaba vicinity (algeria) and identified. the number of isolates obtained from cs and ncs were 263 and 288, respectively. the most frequent species (aspergillus fumigatus, a. niger, a. terreus, absidia corymbifera, and rhizopus microsporus var microsporus) were not sensitive to the pesticides. the growth of the genus trichoderma was inhibited by the pesticides, while gene ...200111285902
inhibition of fungal and bacterial plant pathogens by synthetic peptides: in vitro growth inhibition, interaction between peptides and inhibition of disease progression.four synthetic cationic peptides, pep6, pep7, pep11 and pep20, were tested alone and in combinations for their antimicrobial activities against economically important plant pathogenic fungi (phytophthora infestans and alternaria solani) and bacteria (erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora and e. carotovora subsp. atroseptica). in in vitro studies, p. infestans and a. solani were inhibited by all four peptides, while e. carotovora subsp. carotovora and e. carotovora subsp. atroseptica were inhibite ...200010939256
characterization of two novel type i ribosome-inactivating proteins from the storage roots of the andean crop mirabilis expansa.two novel type i ribosome-inactivating proteins (rips) were found in the storage roots of mirabilis expansa, an underutilized andean root crop. the two rips, named me1 and me2, were purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate precipitation, cation-exchange perfusion chromatography, and c4 reverse-phase chromatography. the two proteins were found to be similar in size (27 and 27.5 kd) by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and their isoelectric points were determined to be ...199910198104
enzymatic activity and partial purification of solanapyrone synthase: first enzyme catalyzing diels-alder reaction.in cell-free extracts of alternaria solani, an enzymatic activity converting prosolanapyrone ii to solanapyrones a and d via oxidation and subsequent diels-alder reaction has been found. chromatography with deae-sepharose provided two active fractions, pools 1 and 2. the former fraction converted prosolanapyrone ii to solanapyrones a and d in a ratio of 2.2:1 with optical purities of 99% and 45% ee, respectively. the latter fraction did so in a ratio of 7.6:1 with 99% and nearly 0% ee, respectiv ...19989659400
sequential expression of two 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase genes in response to biotic and abiotic stresses in potato (solanum tuberosum l.) leaves.plants produce ethylene in response to many biotic and abiotic stresses. in response to ozone the foliage of potato plants sequentially expressed two acc synthase genes (st-acs4, st-acs5). the same expression pattern of the two genes also occurred in response to cu2+ and infection with alternaria solani. st-acs5 expression increases very rapidly reaching a maximum earlier than st-acs4 transcripts, after which st-acs5 expression declines. st-acs4 expression increases at a slower rate and reaches ...19979426590
polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (pgips) with different specificities are expressed in phaseolus vulgaris.the pgip-1 gene of phaseolus vulgaris, encoding a polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (pgip), pgip-1 (p. toubart, a. desiderio, g. salvi, f. cervone, l. daroda, g. de lorenzo, c. bergmann, a. g. darvill, and p. albersheim, plant j. 2:367-373, 1992), was expressed under control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter in tomato plants via agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. transgenic tomato plants with different expression levels of pgip-1 were used in infection experiments w ...19979304859
antimicrobial activities of streptomyces pulcher, s. canescens and s. citreofluorescens against fungal and bacterial pathogens of tomato in vitro.thirty-seven actinomycete species isolated from fertile cultivated soils in egypt were screened for the production of antimicrobial compounds against a variety of test organisms. most of the isolates exhibited antimicrobial activities against gram-positive, gram-negative, and acid-fast bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi, with special attention to fungal and bacterial pathogens of tomato. on starch-nitrate agar, 14 strains were active against fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (the cause of ...19969131789
characterization and expression of an antifungal zeamatin-like protein (zlp) gene from zea mays.a cdna clone encoding a basic thaumatin-like protein of zea mays was recovered from a mid-development seed cdna library. the gene, zlp, encoded a protein that was nearly identical with maize zeamatin and alpha-amylase/trypsin inhibitor. expression of zlp mrna was highest in the endosperm tissue of seed 4 weeks after pollination. expression of zeamatin-like (zlp) protein correlated with mrna; also, a low basal level of zlp expression in leaf was not appreciably induced by abiotic stresses. zlp wa ...19947846159
the subchronic toxicity and teratogenicity of alternariol monomethyl ether produced by alternaria solani.alternariol monomethyl ether (ame), a metabolite of species of alternaria, was studied for subchronic toxicity to rats and teratogenic effects in golden hamsters. in rats no toxic effects were observed at the highest dosage tested (3.75 mg given by oral gavage daily for 30 days). however, ame was maternally toxic and foetotoxic to syrian golden hamsters when given ip at 200 mg/kg body weight on day 8 of gestation. no such effects were observed at dose levels of 50 or 100 mg/kg.19826891674
inducing sporulation in different strains of alternaria solani. ii. effect of ultraviolet light. 19676069317
inducing sporulation in different strains of alternaria solani. i. effect of visible light. 19676068038
the influence of nitrogen nutrition on growth and sporulation of alternaria solani (ell. & mart.) jones & grout. 19666009035
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