Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| trichinellosis outbreak due to wild boar meat consumption in southern italy. | we report a trichinella britovi outbreak investigated during february-march 2016 in southern italy. the source of infection was meat from infected wild boars that were illegally hunted and, hence, not submitted to post-mortem veterinary inspection. thirty persons reported having eaten raw dried homemade sausages; five cases of trichinellosis were confirmed. wild game meat consumers need to be educated about the risk for trichinellosis. | 2017 | 28241860 |
| first report of a mixed infection of <i>trichinella nelsoni</i> and <i>trichinella</i> t8 in a leopard (<i>panthera pardus</i>) from the greater kruger national park, south africa. | at least three trichinella species, namely trichinella nelsoni, trichinella britovi and trichinella zimbabwensis, and one genotype (trichinella t8), have been isolated from sylvatic carnivores on the african continent. with the exception of t. britovi, the other species are known to circulate in wildlife of the kruger national park (knp), south africa, and knp neighbouring game reserves (collectively known as the greater knp area). lions (panthera leo) and spotted hyenas (crocuta crocuta) appear ... | 2014 | 28235280 |
| population expansion and individual age affect endoparasite richness and diversity in a recolonising large carnivore population. | the recent recolonisation of the central european lowland (cel) by the grey wolf (canis lupus) provides an excellent opportunity to study the effect of founder events on endoparasite diversity. which role do prey and predator populations play in the re-establishment of endoparasite life cycles? which intrinsic and extrinsic factors control individual endoparasite diversity in an expanding host population? in 53 individually known cel wolves sampled in germany, we revealed a community of four ces ... | 2017 | 28128348 |
| t-cell clones in human trichinellosis: evidence for a mixed th1/th2 response. | in humans, studies on the cellular immune response against trichinella are scarce. aim of this study was to characterize the cytokine profile of t cells specific for trichinella britovi in trichinellosis patients. peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) were obtained from five patients involved in a trichinellosis outbreak caused by t. britovi, which occurred in 2013 in tuscany (italy). all the patients resulted positive for trichinella-specific igg, ige and presented eosinophilia. t cells wer ... | 2017 | 28106258 |
| the role of the wolf in endemic sylvatic trichinella britovi infection in the abruzzi region of central italy. | during the period 2004-2014 in the abruzzi region (central italy), muscle samples gathered from hunted wild boars (n=16,323) and retrieved from carcasses of other susceptible wild mammals (n=838) and birds (n=438) were tested for trichinella larvae according to european union regulations. although no positive samples were found from wild birds, 91 wild mammals tested positive. six species were found to harbor trichinella spp. infections, namely wolf (canis lupus, 59 positive samples out of 218), ... | 2016 | 27522469 |
| inadequate labeling of pork sausages prepared in corsica causing a trichinellosis outbreak in france. | three cases of human trichinellosis due to trichinella britovi were reported in 2015 in the southeast of france resulting from consumption of raw pork sausages (figatelli) prepared in corsica. fourteen other people ate figatelli from the same batch but were not infected due to the figatelli being well cooked. this is the first reported human trichinellosis outbreak due to consumption of corsican sausages prepared from uncontrolled pork. consumption of raw figatelli is a common tradition in corsi ... | 2016 | 27317463 |
| trichinella britovi biomass in naturally infected pine martens (martes martes) of latvia. | parasites of the genus trichinella are cosmopolitan nematodes infecting primarily wild animals, which represent the main reservoirs of these zoonotic pathogens. to investigate the transmission patterns of trichinella spp. from wild to domestic animals and to humans and for the risk assessment of these parasites in a geographical area, it is important to know the number of possible transmission events deriving from carcasses of infected hosts. for this purpose, the evaluation of the larval biomas ... | 2016 | 27265552 |
| study on the occurrence of trichinella spp. in raccoon dogs in brandenburg, germany. | in recent years the raccoon dog population in germany has risen dramatically and a steady westward expansion can still be seen. in addition to the highest trichinella prevalence in wild boar and the most reported trichinella cases in domestic swine from backyard farms, the north-eastern part of germany also has the highest raccoon dog density in the country. due to their distinct scavenging behavior, raccoon dogs play a significant role as trichinella reservoir. therefore, to increase the knowle ... | 2016 | 27133501 |
| matrix metalloproteinase (mmp)-9: a realiable marker for inflammation in early human trichinellosis. | matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) are involved in many physiological and pathological processes. as regards parasitic infections, the role of these proteins has been particularly studied in malaria, neurocysticercosis and angiostrongyloidosis. recently, we evaluated serum levels of mmp-9 and -2 (gelatinases) in mice experimentally infected with trichinella spiralis or trichinella pseudospiralis, which cause different degrees of myositis and we found their significant increase in the former and, a ... | 2016 | 27117947 |
| the occurrence of nematodes of the genus trichinella in wolves (canis lupus) from the bieszczady mountains and augustowska forest in poland. | the aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of trichinella infection in wolves (canis lupus) in two regions in poland. muscle samples were collected from 21 wolves between 1999 and 2015 and processed by artificial digestion. in two cases, the muscle larvae (ml) were obtained and stored in alcohol. ml were detected in 12 wolves and genotyped by multiplex pcr. trichinella britovi was confirmed in 12 wolves (54.5%). the larval burdens in infected animals ranged from 0.009 to 27 l ... | 2016 | 27103397 |
| high prevalence of trichinella spp. in sylvatic carnivore mammals of latvia. | trichinella spp. are zoonotic parasites transmitted to humans by the consumption of raw or insufficiently cooked meat of different animal species. carnivore mammals are important reservoir hosts of these nematodes. the aims of this work were to establish the prevalence of trichinella spp. and infection intensity in sylvatic carnivore mammals of latvia, to identify the etiological agents at the species level and their circulation in the latvian regions. from 2010 to 2014, muscle samples were coll ... | 2016 | 27091108 |
| the dynamics of trichinella spiralis epidemiology: out to pasture? | the great public health success in prevention of human trichinellosis has resulted in a decades-long decline in the incidence and health impact of this zoonosis. the important elements of this achievement include improvement in animal husbandry practices, meat inspection, consumer education, and medical care. most outbreaks now involve consumption of infected game. however, domestic pork still accounts for many outbreaks, mostly in eastern europe and argentina, where traditional small, "backyard ... | 2016 | 27061788 |
| hunting dogs as sentinel animals for monitoring infections with trichinella spp. in wildlife. | nematode parasites of the genus trichinella are important foodborne pathogens transmitted by ingestion of striated muscles harbouring infective larvae. wild carnivorous and omnivorous animals are the most important reservoirs of these parasites. hunting activities play an important role in trichinella spp. | 2016 | 26984402 |
| genetic evidence of interspecies introgression of mitochondrial genomes between trichinella spiralis and trichinella britovi under natural conditions. | trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by trichinella muscle larvae (ml) through ingestion of raw or undercooked meat. to date, 12 taxa are recognized in this genus, of which four are circulating in europe (trichinella spiralis, trichinella nativa, trichinella britovi and trichinella pseudospiralis). t. spiralis and t. britovi circulate in european wildlife and occur simultaneously in the same host species. the possibility of hybrid formation between t. britovi and t. spiralis has hardly be ... | 2015 | 26458526 |
| trichinella britovi from domestic to wild animals of sardinia, italy. | the zoonotic nematode trichinella britovi has been documented in animals and/or humans of the mediterranean islands of corsica and sardinia since 2004. from 2005 to 2007 in the sardinia island, several surveys had shown that t. britovi was circulating among backyard and free-ranging pigs reared in the orgosolo municipality but all attempts had failed to detect this parasite in wild susceptible animals. the aim of the present work was to investigate the circulation of t. britovi in pigs and wildl ... | 2015 | 26264251 |
| a large-scale study of the trichinella genus in the golden jackal (canis aureus) population in serbia. | over the last decades the golden jackal (canis aureus) has significantly expanded its range throughout southeast and central europe, and the balkan peninsula is considered to be a core area of the species distribution in this part of the range. due to its increasing number, ability of long distance movement through a wide range of landscapes and opportunistic feeding habits, the golden jackal may represent an important reservoir and transmitter of a variety of zoonotic agents, including parasite ... | 2015 | 26260409 |
| new insights into the molecular epidemiology of trichinella infection in domestic pigs, wild boars, and bears in romania. | trichinellosis is a food-borne zoonosis caused by the parasitic nematode trichinella, characterized by an extremely wide host range and geographical distribution. in romania, it is recognized as one of the most serious zoonotic diseases. a cross-sectional study, covering all regions of romania, was conducted in 2014 to investigate and update the prevalence of trichinella infection among domestic pigs, wild boars, and bears. additional, molecular identification of trichinella species circulating ... | 2015 | 26238657 |
| new finding of trichinella britovi in a european beaver (castor fiber) in latvia. | we report the first finding of trichinella britovi in a european beaver. in latvia, beaver is a common game animal and frequently used in human diet. a high prevalence of trichinella infections in latvia is present in the most common hosts-carnivores and omnivores. in total, 182 european beaver muscle samples were tested for trichinella larvae accordingly to the reference method of european communities commission regulation (ec) no. 2075/2005 (2005). trichinella britovi larvae were detected in o ... | 2015 | 26122989 |
| trichinella britovi in a red fox (vulpes vulpes) from portugal. | trichinellosis is one of the most important foodborne parasitic zoonoses, caused by nematodes of the genus trichinella. pigs and other domestic and wild animals, including red foxes (vulpes vulpes), are sources of trichinella infection for human beings. trichinella britovi is the major agent of infection in sylvatic animals and the most important species circulating in the european wildlife. the present study aimed at assessing trichinella spp. infection in red foxes from the north of portugal. ... | 2015 | 25934252 |
| trichinella pseudospiralis in the iberian peninsula. | nematode worms of the genus trichinella are zoonotic parasites circulating in most continents, including europe. in spain, trichinella spiralis and trichinella britovi are highly prevalent in wildlife but seldom in domestic pigs. in portugal, only t. britovi was documented in wild carnivores. in the period 2006-2013 in spain, 384 (0.0001%) pigs and 1399 (0.20%) wild boars (sus scrofa) were positive for trichinella spp. larvae, which were identified as t. spiralis or t. britovi. in 2014, trichine ... | 2015 | 25913596 |
| a 38-year study on trichinella spp. in wild boar (sus scrofa) of latvia shows a stable incidence with an increased parasite biomass in the last decade. | trichinella spp. are zoonotic parasites transmitted to humans by the consumption of raw or insufficiently cooked meat of different animal species. the most common source of infection for humans is meat from pigs and wild boar (sus scrofa). the aim of the present work was to evaluate the incidence of trichinella spp. infections in wild boar hunted in latvia over a 38 year interval (1976 to 2013). | 2015 | 25886306 |
| wildlife reservoirs for vector-borne canine, feline and zoonotic infections in austria. | austria's mammalian wildlife comprises a large variety of species, acting and interacting in different ways as reservoir and intermediate and definitive hosts for different pathogens that can be transmitted to pets and/or humans. foxes and other wild canids are responsible for maintaining zoonotic agents, e.g. echinococcus multilocularis, as well as pet-relevant pathogens, e.g. hepatozoon canis. together with the canids, and less commonly felids, rodents play a major role as intermediate and par ... | 2014 | 25830102 |
| first report of a mixed infection of trichinella nelsoni and trichinella t8 in a leopard (panthera pardus) from the greater kruger national park, south africa. | at least three trichinella species, namely trichinella nelsoni, trichinella britovi and trichinella zimbabwensis, and one genotype (trichinella t8), have been isolated from sylvatic carnivores on the african continent. with the exception of t. britovi, the other species are known to circulate in wildlife of the kruger national park (knp), south africa, and knp neighbouring game reserves (collectively known as the greater knp area). lions (panthera leo) and spotted hyenas (crocuta crocuta) appear ... | 2014 | 25686214 |
| trend analysis of trichinella in a red fox population from a low endemic area using a validated artificial digestion and sequential sieving technique. | freezing of fox carcasses to minimize professional hazard of infection with echinococcus multilocularis is recommended in endemic areas, but this could influence the detection of trichinella larvae in the same host species. a method based on artificial digestion of frozen fox muscle, combined with larva isolation by a sequential sieving method (ssm), was validated using naturally infected foxes from latvia. the validated ssm was used to detect dead trichinella muscle larvae (ml) in frozen muscle ... | 2014 | 25431178 |
| the wolf (canis lupus) as an indicator species for the sylvatic trichinella cycle in the central balkans. | wildlife is the most important reservoir of trichinella spp. worldwide. although the balkans are a recognized european endemic region for trichinella infections, data on wildlife are scarce. to monitor the circulation of these zoonotic parasites in the central balkan region, the wolf (canis lupus) was selected because of its abundance (>2,000 individuals) and because it is at the top of the food chain. a total of 116 carcasses of wolves were collected in serbia and in the neighboring areas of ma ... | 2014 | 25105811 |
| trichinellosis outbreak caused by meat from a wild boar hunted in an italian region considered to be at negligible risk for trichinella. | the wild boar is an important source of trichinellosis for people in european countries as a large number of hunted animals escape veterinary control. in november 2012, uncooked sausages made with meat from wild boar were consumed by 38 persons in a village of the lucca province (tuscany region, italy). of them, 34 were serologically positive, 32 developed clinical signs and symptoms of trichinellosis, and two were asymptomatic. trichinella britovi larvae were detected in vacuum-packed sausages ... | 2015 | 25103623 |
| environmental determinants of the spatial distribution of trichinella britovi and trichinella spiralis in hungary. | trichinella spiralis and trichinella britovi are the two most common species of the genus trichinella persisting in the european wildlife. to investigate the spatial distribution of these trichinella spp. and the factors influencing their circulation in hungary, 3304 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and 0.29 million wild boars (sus scrofa) were tested for trichinella sp. infection in hungary from 2006 to 2013. trichinella spp. larvae from 68 (2.06%) foxes and 44 (0.015%) wild boars were identified by a ... | 2014 | 24867274 |
| indirect versus direct detection methods of trichinella spp. infection in wild boar (sus scrofa). | trichinella spp. infections in wild boar (sus scrofa), one of the main sources of human trichinellosis, continue to represent a public health problem. the detection of trichinella spp. larvae in muscles of wild boar by digestion can prevent the occurrence of clinical trichinellosis in humans. however, the analytical sensitivity of digestion in the detection process is dependent on the quantity of tested muscle. consequently, large quantities of muscle have to be digested to warrant surveillance ... | 2014 | 24708795 |
| polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis for the differentiation of trichinella nativa and trichinella britovi. | recently, trichinella nativa was identified in foxes in germany and poland, indicating that the geographical distribution of t. nativa is not restricted to areas north of the isotherm -4°c in january. in the european union, legislation requires that a regular monitoring of the occurrence of trichinella spp. in indicator animals such as foxes or raccoon dogs be carried out. the trichinella isolates must also be identified on a species level. the multiplex pcr recommended by the community referenc ... | 2014 | 24572044 |
| trichinella species circulating in wild boar (sus scrofa) populations in poland. | hunting in poland has a long tradition and became more popular after 1990. each year over 60,000 wild boar are hunted. some of them may act as trichinella carriers thus all carcasses of wild boar are systematically sampled in game-handling establishments as part of the post-mortem examination. the aim of the study was to determine the species of trichinella and to evaluate the year to year differences in the occurrence of those species in the populations of wild boar in poland. samples for the s ... | 2013 | 24533337 |
| emerging trichinella britovi infections in free ranging pigs of greece. | trichinella infections in humans and pigs have been documented in greece since 1945 and a high prevalence of infection in pigs occurred in the 1950s. up to 1984 only sporadic infections in humans were documented, and this zoonosis was not considered as a public health problem until 2009 when a human outbreak caused by the consumption of pork from an organic pig farm occurred. in the present study, we describe the re-emergence of trichinella spp. infections in free-ranging pigs from organic farms ... | 2014 | 24268582 |
| trichinella nativa in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) of germany and poland: possible different origins. | in germany and poland, the high population density of the red fox (vulpes vulpes) is considered a public health risk since this wild canid is one of the main reservoirs of trichinella spp. in 2010 in poland, a program to monitor the prevalence of trichinella spp. in the red fox population was launched. after two years, trichinella spp. larvae were detected in 44 (2.7%) out of 1634 foxes tested. in germany in the period 2002-2011, trichinella spp. larvae were in 27 foxes. the trichinella species ... | 2013 | 24011650 |
| trichinella britovi in the jackal canis aureus from south-west iran. | trichinellosis is an important helminthic food-borne zoonosis, which is caused by nematodes of the genus trichinella. although, trichinella spp. has been detected frequently in iranian wildlife, this parasitic infection is not considered a major public health problem. this is largely because islamic codes forbid consumption of pork meat in this country. however, knowledge about this zoonotic pathogen is important because human trichinellosis has been documented in countries where most of the pop ... | 2014 | 23656910 |
| freeze-tolerance of trichinella muscle larvae in experimentally infected wild boars. | freeze-tolerance of encapsulated trichinella muscle larvae (ml) is mainly determined by trichinella species, but is also influenced by host species, the age of the infection and the storage time and temperature of the infected meat. moreover, the freeze-tolerance of the encapsulated species appears to be correlated to the development of thick capsule walls which increases with age. an extended infection period and the muscle composition in some hosts (e.g. herbivores) may provide freeze-avoiding ... | 2013 | 23465440 |
| trichinella infections in different host species of an endemic district of serbia. | trichinella infections are endemic in the balkan region of europe. though trichinellosis and agents thereof are serious problems for human health and animal husbandry, only a limited number of trichinella isolates from serbia have been identified at the species level so far. the aim of the present study was the surveillance and monitoring of trichinella in domestic pigs and wild animals from the endemic district of branicevo. investigations performed during the 2009-2010 period revealed trichine ... | 2013 | 23453823 |
| trichinella infection in wildlife of northeast of iran. | the objective of this investigation was to detect the presence of trichinella in some carnivores of mashhad in northeast of iran and to identify trichinella species circulating in this area. | 2012 | 23323092 |
| molecular identification of trichinella britovi in martens (martes martes) and badgers (meles meles); new host records in poland. | trichinella larvae were detected in a marten (martes martes) and a badger (meles meles) in poland. the animals were found dead following car accidents. all examined animals derived from the mazurian lake district, north-east poland, near the village kosewo górne where trichinella infection were earlier confirmed in wildlife; red foxes and wild boars. the muscle samples were examined by artificial pepsin-hcl digestion method. the parasites were identified as trichinella britovi by multiplex polym ... | 2012 | 23129201 |
| trichinella infections in animals and humans in sub-saharan africa: a review. | the aim of this review is to provide information on trichinella infection in humans, livestock and wildlife in sub-saharan africa mainly focusing on geographical distribution of species/genotypes, biology, host range, life cycles and to identify research gaps. trichinella britovi, trichinella nelsoni and trichinella zimbabwensis and one genotype (trichinella t8) are known to occur in sub-saharan africa. distinct geographic ranges with overlapping of some taxa in some areas have been observed. ge ... | 2013 | 23041114 |
| [evaluation of trichinella cross-reactions in the serological diagnosis of toxocariasis]. | toxocariasis caused by the nematode larvae of the toxocara genus is a worldwide parasitic zoonosis. diagnosis of human toxocariasis commonly relies on serological tests since the symptoms and signs of toxocara infection are not pathognomonic. however toxocara larval excretory-secretory (tes) antigen used in serological tests may exhibit low specificity due to the cross-reactions between related helminth infections such as ascariasis, anisakiasis, strongyloidosis and filariasis. in this study, we ... | 2012 | 22951657 |
| trichinella patagoniensis n. sp. (nematoda), a new encapsulated species infecting carnivorous mammals in south america. | until a few years ago, trichinella spiralis was the only taxon of the genus trichinella detected in both domestic and wild animals of south america. recently, a new genotype, named trichinella t12, was identified in cougars (puma concolor) from argentina, on the basis of molecular studies using mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal markers. in the present study, cross-breeding experiments indicated that trichinella t12 is reproductively isolated from all other encapsulated trichinella spp. and sug ... | 2012 | 22921601 |
| detection and zoonotic potential of trichinella spp. from free-range pig farming in greece. | trichinellosis is a serious parasitic zoonosis, which is widely distributed around the world. pork meat is still the predominant source of outbreaks of human trichinellosis in many countries. the aim of this study is to examine the impact of trichinella spp. as an important risk factor on the free-range pig farming sector in greece. in 2009, during routine testing for the detection of trichinella larvae at slaughterhouses and the national reference laboratory for parasites (nrl), a total of 826, ... | 2012 | 22545958 |
| comparative analysis of excretory-secretory antigens of trichinella spiralis and trichinella britovi muscle larvae by two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. | trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease in humans caused by trichinella spp. the present study was undertaken to discover excretory-secretory (e-s) proteins from t. spiralis and t. britovi muscle larvae (ml) that hold promise for species-specific diagnostics. to that end, the purified e-s proteins were analyzed by fluorescent two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2-d dige) coupled with protein identification by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (lc-ms/ms). to search for immun ... | 2012 | 22325190 |
| screening for trichinella britovi infection in red fox (vulpes vulpes) and wild boar (sus scrofa) in southeastern france. | from 2006 to 2009 we screened 108 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and 894 wild boars (sus scrofa) in haut-var, france for trichinella britovi infection. prevalences were 2.7 and 0% respectively. the fox may be considered a predictive sentinel for trichinella in the haut-var ecosystem. | 2012 | 22247397 |
| strayed dogs sentinels of trichinella britovi infection in kosovo. | 2011 | 21904703 | |
| Spatial distribution of Trichinella britovi, T. spiralis and T. pseudospiralis of domestic pigs and wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Hungary. | Trichinellosis is a foodborne disease caused by the consumption of raw meat and raw meat-derived products from swine, horse and some game animals infected with nematode worms of the genus Trichinella. Between June 2006 and February 2011, 16 million domestic pigs and 0.22 million wild boars (Sus scrofa) were tested for Trichinella sp. in Hungary. Trichinella infection was not found in any pigs slaughtered for public consumption. Nevertheless, Trichinella spiralis was detected in four backyard pig ... | 2012 | 21852037 |
| investigation on a focus of human trichinellosis revealed by an atypical clinical case: after wild-boar (sus scrofa) pork consumption in northern italy. | trichinellosis is one of the most serious foodborne parasitic zoonoses in europe. wild carnivorous and omnivorous hosts are the main reservoirs of trichinella spp. nematodes in nature. in the winter of 2008-2009, an atypical clinical case of trichinellosis occurred for the consumption of pork from a wild boar (sus scrofa) hunted in southwestern alps in italy. the symptomatic individual showed delayed development of oedemas in the lower limbs and eosinophilia, which appeared three months after in ... | 2011 | 21395210 |
| trichinella sp. in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from catalonia, ne spain. | european legislation allows the official recognition of trichinella-free pig holdings, provided trichinella sp. infection is absent from humans and prevalence of trichinella sp. infection in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) is below 0.1% in the area, region or country. tibialis anterior muscle samples from 1,319 red foxes captured in catalonia (ne spain) between 1998 and 2007 were analyzed for trichinella sp. using the digestion method. four foxes resulted positive (one in 1999, one in 2002 and two in ... | 2011 | 21327993 |
| development of cellular immune response of mice to infection with low doses of trichinella spiralis, trichinella britovi and trichinella pseudospiralis larvae. | the murine cellular immune response to the infection with ten larvae of encapsulating (trichinella spiralis, trichinella britovi) and non-encapsulating species (trichinella pseudospiralis) was studied. both t. spiralis and t. britovi stimulated the proliferation of splenic t and b lymphocytes during the intestinal phase of infection, but t. spiralis activated the proliferative response also at the muscle phase, particularly in b cells. non-encapsulating t. pseudospiralis stimulated the prolifera ... | 2010 | 20967464 |
| [serum levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and leptin in patients with acute trichinellosis]. | the aim of this study was to examine the serum levels of mif and leptin in patients infected with trichinella britovi. thirtysix patients with acute trichinellosis and 20 healthy control subjects were included in the study. serum high sensitive c-reactive protein (hs-crp), mif and leptin levels were studied. assessments were performed in the patients group during acute infection and after the treatment periods and we also compared these values with healthy controls. in the patients, hs-crp, leuk ... | 2010 | 20954115 |
| incorrect sequencing and taxon misidentification: an example in the trichinella genus. | molecular analyses such as polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and sequencing are very useful for taxon identification, especially when morphological characters useful for identifying taxa are lacking. however, the use of molecular tools can be the source of taxon misidentification if they are not correctly applied and the results are not critically evaluated and compared with the literature and genbank data. we describe a case of misidentification of a taxon of the genus trichinella due to sequenci ... | 2010 | 20230655 |
| [occurrence of trichinella spp. in wild boar in switzerland]. | trichinellosis is a worldwide occurring zoonosis caused by the intracellular nematode trichinella spp. one of the main infection sources in europe is raw or undercooked meat from wild boar. trichinella britovi is prevalent in wild carnivores in switzerland, thus a possible inclusion of wild boar in this wildlife cycle cannot be excluded. in order to assess the prevalence of trichinella infection in wild boar, we tested 1,458 animals with both parasitological and serological methods. in none of t ... | 2009 | 19780009 |
| trichinella britovi in a leopard (panthera pardus saxicolor) in iran. | nematodes of the genus trichinella are zoonotic parasites with a cosmopolitan distribution. in iran, these parasites have mainly been detected in carnivorous mammals, yet information on the trichinella taxa circulating in this country date back to a time when biochemical and molecular tests were not available. we describe the first detection of trichinella larvae in a leopard (panthera pardus saxicolor) in asia and its identification at the species level. the larvae recovered from the leopard mu ... | 2009 | 19497675 |
| trichinella britovi and trichinella spiralis mixed infection in a horse from poland. | trichinella infections in horses continue to represent a health problem and, despite the rarity of infection, it is necessary to continue to control properly horse meat. in 2008, a 10-year-old horse imported from poland to italy for consumption found to have been positive at the digestion test. both trichinella britovi and trichinella spiralis larvae in a proportion of 4:1 were detected in the horse muscles. this is the first report of a mixed trichinella species infection in a horse. the epidem ... | 2009 | 19217211 |
| prevalence of trichinella spp. in north spain wild fauna and new variety of trichinella britovi identification. | trichinella spiralis and trichinella britovi live in apparent sympatry among wild fauna of the iberian peninsula. in the present study 105 trichinella isolates from wild mammals were typed by inter-sequence simple repeat pcr (issr-pcr). all isolates identified as t. spiralis were indistinguishable from the iss48 reference strain. among those belonging to t. britovi, four variations were clearly distinguishable; two of them, iss11 c-76 and iss86 mon, had been previously detected while the iss2 re ... | 2009 | 19084339 |
| trichinellosis in wolves from croatia. | the aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of trichinella infection in wolves (canis lupus) in a 17,468 km(2) area in croatia. muscle samples were collected from 67 wolves between 1996 and 2007 and analyzed by artificial digestion. muscle larvae were detected in 21 wolves (31%) and genotyped by multiplex pcr. trichinella britovi was the predominant species confirmed in 90% (19 wolves) while trichinella spiralis was detected in 9% (2 wolves). the presence of the so called "dom ... | 2009 | 19081193 |
| trichinella species circulating among wild and domestic animals in romania. | trichinellosis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases in romania. even though the disease is a serious public health concern, only a limited number of trichinella isolates have been identified at the species level; in the past, all larvae were assumed to be trichinella spiralis. the present study was conducted to identify trichinella spp. circulating among wild and domestic animals in romania, using pcr-based methods. trichinella spp. larvae originating from 54 wild and 23 domestic mamma ... | 2009 | 19059726 |
| trichinella pseudospiralis in pig from croatia. | trichinella spiralis and trichinella britovi are species that are frequently found in domestic pigs and various sylvatic animals in croatia. during routine trichinoscopy, non-encapsulated larvae were detected in the muscle tissue of a domestic pig. artificial digestion revealed a larvae burden of 602 muscle larvae per gram of tissue. tissue section analysis confirmed the presence of non-encapsulated larvae. multiplex pcr identified the larvae as t. pseudospiralis. this observation is consistent ... | 2009 | 19054619 |
| synanthropic trichinella infection in finland. | the first three human trichinellosis cases in finland were recorded around 1890, and altogether eight cases were registered until 2008. the first infected finnish swine was found in 1954. from the early 1980s, an increasing trend in the number of infected swine was seen, with the highest number registered in 1996, after which a decrease has been observed. infected pigs were found yearly until 2004. since 1954, all slaughtered pigs have been tested for trichinella, regardless of subsequent export ... | 2009 | 19054618 |
| identification of spanish trichinella isolates by issr-pcr: intra-specific variability of trichinella britovi. | in the present work, we investigated genetic variability of the spanish trichinella isolates by issr-pcr (inter-simple sequence repeat polymerase chain reaction), a technique that is being successfully used to study diversity among related populations. we recovered a total of 43 isolates from different host and geographic localization and identified them by molecular techniques (rapd and multiplex-pcr) and by western blot with monoclonal antibodies us5 and us9. nineteen (44.2%) out of 43 were id ... | 2009 | 19046813 |
| long-term survey on trichinella prevalence in wildlife of slovakia. | in slovakia, monitoring the prevalence of trichinella spp. in wildlife was performed since 2000 in the main reservoir animals, the red fox (vulpes vulpes) and wild boar (sus scrofa), using artificial digestion method as recommended by international commission on trichinellosis. the results of investigation performed in 5270 red foxes showed that trichinella infection is widespread across slovakia and prevalence increased significantly from 4.9% in 2000 to 20.5% in 2007. recently, a higher trichi ... | 2009 | 19042089 |
| trichinella nelsoni and trichinella t8 mixed infection in a lion (panthera leo) of the kruger national park (south africa). | in south africa, trichinella sp. was first discovered in 1966 in the wildlife of the kruger national park (knp). since then, both trichinella t8 and trichinella nelsoni have been detected in the knp, leading to a debate on the existence of a gene flow between the two taxa. in 2006-2008, four lions were killed in the manyeleti game reserve, the mthethomusha nature reserve, numbi gate, and skukuza, which border the knp. larvae were isolated from muscles by artificial digestion. the molecular ident ... | 2009 | 19041185 |
| the birth of a trichinella britovi focus on the mediterranean island of sardinia (italy). | for 60 years, the islands of the mediterranean basin were considered to be trichinella-free. in april 2005, an outbreak of human trichinellosis due to the consumption of infected pork involved 11 persons in the villages of orgosolo and lanusei (nuoro province) on the island of sardinia (italy). we conducted an investigation to identify free-range and backyard pigs and other humans with trichinella infection in the area of the 2005 outbreak. we also tested wild animals from various parts of sardi ... | 2009 | 19041178 |
| human dispersal of trichinella spiralis in domesticated pigs. | to investigate the human impact on the evolutionary ecology of animal pathogens, we compared genetic diversity of severe foodborne parasites contracted by eating infected pork or wild game. in particular, we characterized trichinella spp. from twenty-eight countries and four continents by genotyping nine microsatellite loci and sequencing one-fifth of the mitochondrial genome. all specimens of trichinella spiralis, a swine parasite that can infect many species of wildlife, were remarkably unifor ... | 2008 | 18718558 |
| hosts and habitats of trichinella spiralis and trichinella britovi in europe. | trichinella spiralis and trichinella britovi are the two most common species of trichinella circulating in europe. based on data provided to the international trichinella reference centre over the past 20 years (data referring to 540 isolates of t. spiralis and 776 isolates of t. britovi), we describe the host species and habitat characteristics for these two pathogens in europe. a geographical information system was constructed using administrative boundaries, a corine land cover (clc) map, and ... | 2009 | 18708065 |
| a large-scale outbreak of trichinellosis caused by trichinella britovi in turkey. | an outbreak of trichinellosis occurred in izmir, turkey, between january and march 2004. the outbreak was caused by the consumption of raw meat balls made of beef deceptively mixed with pork infected with trichinella britovi. a total of 1098 people who had consumed this food either in 14 restaurants or from the street vendors located in three different neighbourhoods, consulted six different healthcare centres with a wide range of clinical signs and symptoms. of them, 418 (38.1%) patients fulfil ... | 2009 | 18705658 |
| spatial distribution of trichinella britovi, t. pseudospiralis and t. spiralis in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in hungary. | the red fox (vulpes vulpes) is considered one of the main reservoir of trichinella spp. in europe. as limited information on trichinella infection in wildlife of hungary is available, 2116 red foxes, representing more than 3% of the estimated fox population of the country, were screened to detect trichinella larvae by a digestion method. trichinella larvae from the 35 positive foxes were identified by a multiplex pcr as trichinella britovi (30 isolates, 85.7%), trichinella spiralis (4 isolates, ... | 2008 | 18657367 |
| mixed infection, trichinella spiralis and trichinella britovi, in a wild boar hunted in the province of cáceres (spain). | the etiological agents of human trichinellosis are distributed worldwide in domestic and wild animals. in spain, two morphologically indistinguishable trichinella species have been described--trichinella spiralis and trichinella britovi--that are perpetuated in both domestic and sylvatic cycles. the present work reports a double natural infection involving these species in a wild boar killed by hunters in the province of cáceres, spain. after artificial digestion of the boar's muscles, nine larv ... | 2008 | 18466901 |
| first identification of trichinella sp. in golden jackal (canis aureus) in romania. | larvae of trichinella sp. were identified in a golden jackal (canis aureus) from romania by both trichinelloscopy and artificial digestion. the larvae were identified as trichinella britovi using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction biotyping method. this is the first report of trichinella sp. in a jackal in romania. | 2008 | 18436679 |
| specific igg4 response directed against the 45-kda glycoprotein in trichinellosis: a re-evaluation of patients 15 years after infection. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the humoral immune response in late human trichinellosis with particular attention to the presence of igg4 antibodies directed against the trichinella-45-kda glycoprotein (gp). this study re-evaluates subjects 15 years after they were involved in a trichinellosis outbreak that occurred in central italy following the consumption of raw boar meat infected with trichinella britovi. the results show that elisa tests using the e/s antigen identified five igm- and ... | 2007 | 17610096 |
| frequency and severity of musculoskeletal symptoms in humans during an outbreak of trichinellosis caused by trichinella britovi. | musculoskeletal symptoms such as myalgia are well-known features in the course of trichinellosis; however, the characteristics of musculoskeletal findings have been described in detail in only 1 study. the present study was aimed to determine the joint and muscle symptoms in subjects diagnosed with acute trichinellosis at our rheumatology unit during a trichinella britovi outbreak that occurred in izmir, turkey, in 2004. in total, 98 patients (55 females, 43 males; mean age 32.3 +/- 10.9 yr) wer ... | 2007 | 17539418 |
| [about two cases of trichinellosis caused by trichinella britovi]. | trichinellosis is a cosmopolitan zoonosis due to a nematode threadworm, trichinella, essentially trichinella spiralis. human cases mostly appeared sporadically, sometimes endemically, related with consumption of larva stinking meat. we report two cases of trichinellosis, including a myocarditis, caused by trichinella britovi after consumption of frozen wild boar meat. | 2007 | 17502306 |
| outbreak of trichinellosis in spain and sweden due to consumption of wild boar meat contaminated with trichinella britovi. | 2007 | 17439785 | |
| analysis of the epidemiological factors influencing vulpine trichinellosis in ecologically different regions of slovakia. | in the slovak republic, trichinellosis circulates almost exclusively in the sylvatic cycle, with main reservoir host red fox and wild boar and sporadic occurrence of human outbreaks. a detailed study was performed in five ecologically different regions of eastern slovakia with more profound regard to eco-geographical and anthropogenic influences to natural fox habitat. | 2006 | 17432245 |
| [epidemiology of human trichinellosis in poland--currently and in the past]. | since the xix century human trichinellosis has remained an unsolved problem of public healthcare in poland. this paper describes the past situation and analyses current changes in the epidemiological pattern of trichinellosis in poland. epidemiological data from the last 60 years, point out that the number of human cases as well as the number of deaths caused by trichinellosis has decreased significantly. up to 90s the main source of trichinella infection for people was pork. among other impleme ... | 2006 | 17432241 |
| [methods and tools for parasite differentiation within the genus trichinella]. | this review summarizes the major biological, biochemical and molecular methods which have been developed during last 20 years to distinguish parasites of the genus trichinella. from the time of the discovery of trichinella in 1835 until the 1970, it was assumed that trichinellosis was caused by a single species of parasite, trichinella spiralis. many biological parameters have been compared to differentiate the parasite, such as host specificity, geographical distribution, reproductive abilities ... | 2006 | 17432239 |
| irritable bowel syndrome in persons who acquired trichinellosis. | the postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome (pi-ibs) frequently follows bacterial infections. since people suffering from pi-ibs and trichinella spiralis-infected mice develop similar findings, this animal model has been successfully used for pi-ibs studies; however, ibs has never been studied in humans after trichinellosis. the aim of this study was to evaluate the ibs symptoms in people who had acquired trichinellosis. | 2007 | 17313500 |
| [methods for investigating trichinella infections in domestic and wild animals]. | trichinellosis is an important parasitic zoonosis that is caused by the intracellular nematode trichinella spp.. infection of humans occurs through consumption of raw (or undercooked) meat containing infectious larvae. in europe, meat from pork, horse, and wild boar have been identified as most important sources of trichinella infections in humans. in switzerland, both the domestic pig and wild boar population are considered free of trichinella. conversely, swiss foxes, lynxs and recently a wolf ... | 2006 | 17024975 |
| molecular epidemiology of trichinella spp. in three baltic countries: lithuania, latvia, and estonia. | meat of domestic pigs and wild boars has been the significant source of emerged human trichinellosis in lithuania, latvia, and estonia over the past two decades. however, there is very little known on the occurrence of trichinella spp. in main wildlife reservoirs and its transmission in domestic and sylvatic cycles in these countries. the present study demonstrated considerably higher endemicity of trichinella spp. in main sylvatic reservoirs (28.9-42% in foxes (vulpes vulpes) and raccoon dogs ( ... | 2007 | 17013647 |
| an evolutionary 'intermediate state' of mitochondrial translation systems found in trichinella species of parasitic nematodes: co-evolution of trna and ef-tu. | ef-tu delivers aminoacyl-trnas to ribosomes in the translation system. however, unusual truncations found in some animal mitochondrial trnas seem to prevent recognition by a canonical ef-tu. we showed previously that the chromadorean nematode has two distinct ef-tus, one of which (ef-tu1) binds only to t-armless aminoacyl-trnas and the other (ef-tu2) binds to d-armless ser-trnas. neither of the ef-tus can bind to canonical cloverleaf trnas. in this study, by analyzing the translation system of e ... | 2006 | 17012285 |
| molecular characterization of trichinella genotypes by inter-simple sequence repeat polymerase chain reaction (issr-pcr). | a bulk analysis of inter-simple sequence repeat-polymerase chain reaction (issr-pcr) provides a quick, reliable, and highly informative system for dna banding patterns that permit species identification. the present study evaluates the applicability of this system to trichinella species identification. after a single amplification carried out on a single larva with the primer 816([ca]nry) under high stringency conditions, which provide high reproducibility, we were able to identify by consistent ... | 2006 | 16884006 |
| helminthologic survey of the wolf (canis lupus) in estonia, with an emphasis on echinococcus granulosus. | carcasses of 26 wolves were collected during the 2000/2001 and 2003/2004 hunting seasons and examined for helminths. thirteen helminth species were recorded: one trematode (alaria alata), seven cestodes (diphyllobothrium latum, mesocestoides lineatus, taenia hydatigena, taenia multiceps, taenia ovis, taenia pisiformis, and echinococcus granulosus), and five nematode species (uncinaria stenocephala, toxascaris leonina, toxocara canis, trichinella nativa, and trichinella britovi). the most common ... | 2006 | 16870858 |
| [first report of a human case of trichinellosis due to trichinella britovi after jackal (canis aureus) meat consumption in algeria]. | we report a single case of trichinellosis contracted in algeria (batna region), in a practising moslim. shortly after returning to france in november 2004, the patient developed the typical clinical and biological signs of the disease. although the patient claimed having only eaten mutton, an unusual host for trichinella, a meticulous investigation revealed that he also had eaten a grilled leg of jackal (canis aureus). one of the four trichinella larvae detected in a muscular biopsy enabled us t ... | 2006 | 16821437 |
| human outbreak of trichinellosis in the mediterranean island of sardinia, italy. | trichinella sp. infection has been documented in both humans and animals in most mediterranean countries, yet in the past 60 years no infections have been reported on the mediterranean islands. we describe the first outbreak of trichinella sp. infection to have been reported on the island of sardinia. the outbreak occurred in two villages in 2005 and involved 11 persons who had eaten raw sausages made from the same free-ranging sow. all 11 persons developed signs and symptoms of trichinellosis a ... | 2006 | 16621284 |
| epidemiological investigations on trichinella infections in farmed fur animals of estonia. | farming of fur animals represents an important income in estonia. even though trichinella worms does not induce a symptomatic disease in carnivores, the carcasses of skinned animals can increase the biomass of the parasite in the environment, if they are not properly destroyed. the aim of the present survey was to study the prevalence of trichinella worms in farmed fur animals of estonia. of 281 muscle samples from blue foxes (alopex lagopus), silver foxes (vulpes vulpes fulva), minks (mustela v ... | 2006 | 16564631 |
| prevalence of trichinella larvae and extra-intestinal nematodes in norwegian red foxes (vulpes vulpes). | a survey of the parasitic fauna of the norwegian red fox (vulpes vulpes) population was carried out in 1994/1995 and 2002-2005. all foxes were killed during the licensed hunting season from october to april and, in total, 393 animals from all regions of the country were examined. the present study details the results of extra-intestinal nematode and trichinella larvae examinations. all individuals were examined for trichinella, using routine digestion methods. parasitological examination of the ... | 2006 | 16378689 |
| acute trichinellosis in children compared with adults. | trichinellosis is a cosmopolitan parasite infection caused by trichinella nematodes that is acquired from consumption of raw meat from several animal species. knowledge of the clinical pattern and laboratory features of the disease in childhood is limited. the purpose is to study the clinical pattern of trichinellosis caused by trichinella britovi in children and to compare it in household adults. | 2005 | 16220088 |
| first isolation of trichinella britovi from a wild boar (sus scrofa) in belgium. | since 1992, when the european union council directive requires that wild boars (sus scrofa) hunted in eu for commercial purpose should be examined for trichinella, the infection has not been detected in wild boars from belgium, despite serological evidence of the presence of anti-trichinella antibodies in wildlife and previous reports of trichinella larvae in this host species. in november 2004, trichinella larvae were detected in a wild boar hunted near mettet, namur province (southern belgium) ... | 2006 | 16202536 |
| red fox (vulpes vulpes) cannibalistic behaviour and the prevalence of trichinella britovi in nw italian alps. | food habits of the red fox (vulpes vulpes) were studied in the aosta valley region (nw italian alps) and were related to the prevalence of trichinella infection in the red fox itself and in two mustelid species (the stone marten (martes foina) and the badger (meles meles)). the search of trichinella by the automatic digestion of muscles samples led us to determine a prevalence of 3.5+/-1.2% in red foxes, 7.9+/-4.3% in stone martens and 1.9+/-1.8% in badgers, with no significant differences among ... | 2005 | 16151732 |
| human trichinellosis due to trichinella britovi in southern france after consumption of frozen wild boar meat. | six patients were infected with trichinella britovi in southern france following consumption of frozen wild boar meat, which had been frozen at -35 degrees c for 7 days. microscopic examination of a sample of frozen wild boar muscle revealed the presence of rare encapsulated trichinella larvae, identified as t. britovi. people eating wild boar must follow individual prophylactic rules such as efficient cooking of meat (at least 65 degrees c at the core for 1 minute) as recommended by the interna ... | 2005 | 16077211 |
| two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry for the identification of species-specific trichinella antigens. | a proteomic approach was utilized for fine antigenic characterization of the closely related trichinella genotypes trichinella britovi t3 and trichinella t8. crude extract of muscle larvae l1 (lce) from both isolates were analyzed by 2d-page. over 500 protein spots were reproducibly separated in both genotypes. these separated proteins were identified in western blot with igg1 and igg3 from homologous and heterologous hyperimmune sera raised in balb/c mice. a group of 20 and 15 spots migrating a ... | 2005 | 15994008 |
| re-evaluation of patients involved in a trichinellosis outbreak caused by trichinella britovi 15 years after infection. | this study re-evaluates 13 out of 48 subjects involved in a trichinellosis outbreak that occurred in central italy (umbria region) in 1988 resulting from the consumption of raw boar meat harboring trichinella britovi. during the outbreak, 28 of 48 serologically positive subjects were asymptomatic, whereas 20 subjects presented one or more clinical signs including but not limited to fever, myalgia, periorbital oedema and conjunctivitis. several patients were hospitalized with severe clinical sign ... | 2005 | 15990231 |
| muscle distribution of sylvatic and domestic trichinella larvae in production animals and wildlife. | only a few studies have compared the muscle distribution of the different trichinella genotypes. in this study, data were obtained from a series of experimental infections in pigs, wild boars, foxes and horses, with the aim of evaluating the predilection sites of nine well-defined genotypes of trichinella. necropsy was performed at 5, 10, 20 and 40 weeks post inoculation. from all host species, corresponding muscles/muscle groups were examined by artificial digestion. in foxes where all trichine ... | 2005 | 15979801 |
| trichinella britovi etiological agent of sylvatic trichinellosis in the republic of guinea (west africa) and a re-evaluation of geographical distribution for encapsulated species in africa. | in west africa, trichinella infection was documented in humans and animals from senegal in the 1960s, and the biological characters of one isolate showed a lower infectivity to domestic pigs and rodents when compared with that of a trichinella spiralis pig isolate from europe. to identify the trichinella species present in west africa, a survey was conducted in a total of 160 wild animals in the republic of guinea. three viverridae, one true civet (viverra civetta) and two african palm civets (n ... | 2005 | 15964575 |
| intestinal establishment and reproduction of adult trichinella spp. in single and mixed species infections in foxes (vulpes vulpes). | intestinal establishment and reproduction of adult trichinella spiralis, trichinella nativa, trichinella britovi and trichinella pseudospiralis were examined as single species or mixed species infections in foxes. this is the first study of intestinal dynamics of trichinella spp. in a carnivore model and the results suggest that the intestinal phase is relatively short as only very few worms were recovered 10 days post-inoculation (dpi). in mixed species infection with equal doses of t. nativa a ... | 2005 | 15925724 |
| first record of trichinella pseudospiralis in the slovak republic found in domestic focus. | infection of trichinella spp. is widespread among wildlife in slovakia and the red fox (vulpes vulpes) is the main reservoir of trichinella britovi. trichinella spiralis has been rarely documented in sylvatic and domestic animals of this country. during routine examination of domestic pigs at the slaughter, trichinella larvae were detected by artificial digestion in a domestic pig of a large-scale breeding farm in eastern slovakia. the parasite has been identified by molecular (pcr) and biochemi ... | 2004 | 15725537 |
| [current knowledge on human trichinellosis]. | until the beginning of the nineties, the control of trichinellosis was thought to be a solved problem in europe. however, as a consequence of social, economical and ecological changes in central eastern and eastern europe in the past decade, trichinellosis became a re-emerging infectious disease in the region. molecular genetic studies demonstrated that at least two trichinella species can be responsible for trichinellosis outbreaks in the region, and the epidemiology of trichinellosis is more c ... | 2005 | 15693443 |
| characterisation of trichinella isolates from bulgaria by molecular typing and cross-breeding. | trichinella spp. larvae were collected from domestic and wild-life animals in association with 15 human trichinellosis outbreaks registered between 1999-2002 in bulgaria. furthermore, trichinella spp. isolates were obtained from 62 naturally infected wild animals and of a rat. all isolates were subjected to speciation by both multiplex pcr and cross-breeding experiments. epidemiological and clinical data were collected and analysed using standard protocols for epidemiological surveillance and co ... | 2004 | 15325044 |
| minor interspecies variations in the sequence of the gp53 tsl-1 antigen of trichinella define species-specific immunodominant epitopes. | among the trichinella tsl-1 antigens, whose antigenicity is generally due mainly to tyvelose-containing epitopes, gp53 is unusual in that its antigenicity is due mainly to protein epitopes. in the present study we mapped two of these epitopes, recognized by monoclonal antibodies (mabs) that specifically recognize gp53 from all encysting trichinella species (mab us9), or gp53 from trichinella spiralis alone (mab us5). based on previously published sequences of this glycoprotein [mol. biochem. par ... | 2004 | 15163539 |
| nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in the nematode trichinella britovi. evidence for nitric oxide production by the parasite. | nitric oxide has been extensively studied as an effector molecule of the host immune response against both protozoa and helminths, but parasites can also produce this molecule, through the action of nitric oxide (no) synthases or no synthases-like enzymes. the aim of this study was to verify the possible production of no by trichinella britovi l(1) larvae and the enzymes involved in this process. the no synthase immunoreactivity and putative nitric oxide synthase-activity was analysed using anti ... | 2004 | 15111093 |
| environmental contamination with helminth infective stages implicated in water and foodborne diseases. | the number of parasites increased followed the rapid growing of human population on the earth. zoonoses with other medical disorders such allergy accompanied to the parasitic infection are under very carefull investigation. a zoonosis can be transmitted from animals to humans in various ways, depending on life cycle of parasite, the kind of hosts and geographical distribution of species. there are many diseases that can be linked to transmission from not only domestic but also from wild animals ... | 2003 | 15058813 |