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modeling abundance of culicoides stellifer, a candidate orbivirus vector, indicates nonrandom hemorrhagic disease risk for white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus).(1) background: hemorrhagic diseases in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) are caused by orbiviruses and have significant economic impact on the deer ranching industry in the united states. culicoides stellifer is a suspected vector of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv), with recent field evidence from florida, but its natural history is poorly understood. studying the distribution and abundance of c. stellifer across the landscape can inform our knowledge of how virus ...202134372534
a duplex fluorescent microsphere immunoassay for detection of bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus antibodies in cattle sera.bluetongue virus (btv) causes internationally reportable hemorrhagic disease in cattle, sheep, and white-tailed deer. the closely related, and often co-circulating, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus causes a clinically similar devastating disease in white-tailed deer, with increasing levels of disease in cattle in the past 10 years. transmitted by culicoides biting midges, together, they constitute constant disease threats to the livelihood of livestock owners. in cattle, serious economic impa ...202133921013
vector competence of florida culicoides insignis (diptera: ceratopogonidae) for epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype-2.epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv; family reoviridae, genus orbivirus) is an arthropod-borne virus of ungulates, primarily white-tailed deer in north america. culicoides sonorensis, the only confirmed north american vector of ehdv, is rarely collected from florida despite annual virus outbreaks. culicoides insignis is an abundant species in florida and is also a confirmed vector of the closely related bluetongue virus. in this study, oral challenge of c. insignis was performed to determi ...202133807536
spatial analysis of the 2017 outbreak of hemorrhagic disease and physiographic region in the eastern united states.hemorrhagic disease (hd) is considered one of the most significant infectious diseases of white-tailed deer in north america. investigations into environmental conditions associated with outbreaks suggest drought conditions are strongly correlated with outbreaks in some regions of the united states. however, during 2017, an hd outbreak occurred in the eastern united states which appeared to be associated with a specific physiographic region, the appalachian plateau, and not drought conditions. t ...202133806137
the effect of maternal antibodies on clinical response to infection with epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) fawns.we investigated whether naturally acquired maternal antibodies to epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 2 (ehdv-2) would protect white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) fawns against infection and clinical disease following an ehdv-2 challenge. we compared viremia and clinical response in 27-47-d-old, experimentally infected fawns with and without maternally derived antibodies to ehdv-2. mild to moderate clinical signs were observed in four seronegative (maternal antibody-negative) faw ...202133635998
evidence of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus and bluetongue virus exposure in nonnative ruminant species in northern florida.epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) and bluetongue virus (btv) are vector-borne viruses of ruminants nearly worldwide. they can affect white-tailed deer (wtd; odocoileus virginianus), the ranching industry, and nonindigenous hoof stock species managed for conservation. one potential risk factor for ranched wtd is commingling with nonindigenous species on high-fenced properties. nonindigenous species provide novel viewing and hunting opportunities; however, their presence may create diseas ...202133480554
resource selection by wild and ranched white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) during the epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) transmission season in florida.epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) causes serious disease in wild and privately ranched white-tailed deer (odocoileusvirginianus) in the united states. in florida, there is high ehdv prevalence, yet no treatments. there are few management strategies for the disease due to limited knowledge of virus-vector-host interactions. we conducted a telemetry study on white-tailed deer to examine resource use by wild and ranched animals in the florida panhandle during the 2016 transmission risk per ...202133467117
genome sequence of a cheri orbivirus 3 strain isolated from a dead white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in florida, usa.we report the genome sequence of an orbivirus isolated from a dead farmed white-tailed deer in florida. the deer was coinfected with epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus type 2. phylogenetic and genetic analyses supported the virus as the fourth strain of the cheri orbivirus 3 species.202032586868
epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus and bluetongue virus seroprevalence in wild white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in florida, usa.a wild population of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) was surveyed for evidence of past or current epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) and current bluetongue virus (btv) infections. we collected 121 blood samples from hunter-harvested or live-captured deer from two state-managed properties in nw florida; live captures were in support of a movement ecology study. blood samples were tested for antibodies against titers to three ehdv serotypes (ehdv-1, ehdv-2, and ehdv-6), and mult ...202032544030
an embryonated egg transmission model for epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus.epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) is a vector-borne orbivirus of ruminants; in north america there are three serotypes (ehdv-1, -2, and -6) and these primarily affect white-tailed deer (odocoilus virginianus). ehdv is vectored by biting midges, culicoides spp. embryonated chicken eggs (ece) have recently been used as an experimental host to investigate the vector competence of australian culicoides spp. for bluetongue serotype virus 1 and 23. in this study, we evaluated the use of the e ...202032423316
living la vida t-locoh: site fidelity of florida ranched and wild white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) during the epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) transmission period.epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) is a pathogen vectored by culicoides midges that causes significant economic loss in the cervid farming industry and affects wild deer as well. despite this, its ecology is poorly understood. studying movement and space use by ruminant hosts during the transmission season may elucidate ehdv ecology by identifying behaviors that can increase exposure risk. here we compared home ranges (hrs) and site fidelity metrics within hrs using the t-locoh r package ...202032257219
prospective study of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus and bluetongue virus transmission in captive ruminants.bluetongue virus (btv) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) cause hemorrhagic disease (hd) in wild ruminants and bluetongue disease (bt) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease (ehd) in livestock. these viruses are transmitted by biting midges in the genus culicoides (family ceratopogonidae). mortality from this disease can reach 90% in certain breeds of sheep and in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). from january until december of 2012, we conducted a prospective study to determine ...202032083292
evaluation of a baculovirus-expressed vp2 subunit vaccine for the protection of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) from epizootic hemorrhagic disease.epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) is an arthropod-transmitted rna virus and the causative agent of epizootic hemorrhagic disease (ehd) in wild and domestic ruminants. in north america, white-tailed deer (wtd) experience the highest ehd-related morbidity and mortality, although clinical disease is reported in cattle during severe epizootics. no commercially licensed ehdv vaccine is available in north america. the objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a subunit vaccine candi ...202032023812
three new orbivirus species isolated from farmed white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in the united states.we report the detection and gene coding sequences of three novel orbivirus species found in six dead farmed white-tailed deer in the united states. phylogenetic analyses indicate that the new orbiviruses are genetically closely related to the guangxi, mobuck, peruvian horse sickness, and yunnan orbiviruses, which are thought to be solely borne by mosquitos. however, four of the six viruses analyzed in this work were found as co-infecting agents along with a known cervid pathogen, epizootic hemor ...201931861885
postmortem detection of bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses in the bone marrow of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus).we determined the temporal aspects of detecting bluetongue virus (btv) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) in postmortem bone marrow samples of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) using molecular and in vitro cell culture techniques. bone marrow samples from carcasses were collected and assayed on the day of death and at intervals up to 16 wk after death. we recovered btv and ehdv from fresh bone marrow collected at day 0 by isolation in vero and bhk-21 cell cultures. however, ...202031403899
antibodies to epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) in farmed and wild florida white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus).the transmission of multiple serotypes of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) between farmed and free-ranging wildlife is of interest to livestock industries and natural resource agencies. we compared the seroprevalence of ehdv-1, -2, and -6 in wild and farmed white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) herds in florida, us. we compared serological prevalence, circulating serotypes, antibody titers, and viremia with the use of 171 whole-blood samples from 150 unvaccinated white-tailed deer ...202031298969
epidemiology of bluetongue virus and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus in beef cattle on a ranch in south-central florida.bluetongue virus (btv) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) infect a variety of wild and domestic ruminant hosts in the united states, with outcomes ranging from subclinical infection to clinical disease resulting in mortality. because cattle have been suggested as a temporary reservoir for both btv and ehdv, ongoing national surveillance for these viruses may benefit from inclusion of domestic cattle as a supplement to current programs, such as surveillance of wild white-tailed deer. ...201931135300
field data implicating culicoides stellifer and culicoides venustus (diptera: ceratopogonidae) as vectors of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus.epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) is an orbivirus of veterinary importance which is transmitted by biting midges of the genus culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) to ruminants. culicoides sonorensis wirth & jones, the only confirmed vector of ehdv in the usa, is rare in the southeastern states where transmission persists, suggesting that other culicoides species transmit ehdv in this region. the present study aimed to determine which culicoides species transmitted ehdv in florida and a ...201931122295
ehdv-2 infection prevalence varies in culicoides sonorensis after feeding on infected white-tailed deer over the course of viremia.epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses (ehdvs) are arboviral pathogens of white-tailed deer and other wild and domestic ruminants in north america. transmitted by various species of culicoides, ehdvs circulate wherever competent vectors and susceptible ruminant host populations co-exist. the impact of variation in the level and duration of ehdv viremia in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) on culicoides infection prevalence is not well characterized. here we examined how infection prevale ...201931018507
survey for selected pathogens in philippine deer (rusa marianna) from guam, marianna islands, usa.philippine deer (rusa marianna), native to the philippine islands, were introduced to guam in the late 1700's. dense populations have become established throughout the island where they cause damage to native plant communities resulting in habitat degradation. in addition, cervids can serve as reservoirs for important pathogens of livestock and people. from february-march 2015, blood, tissue and ectoparasite samples were collected from 132 free-ranging philippine deer on guam. data from 10 deer ...201831014616
epizootic hemorrhagic disease in white-tailed deer, canada.epizootic hemorrhagic disease affects wild and domestic ruminants and has recently spread northward within the united states. in september 2017, we detected epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus in wild white-tailed deer, odocoileus virginianus, in east-central canada. culicoides spp. midges of the subgenus avaritia were the most common potential vectors identified on site.201930882321
evaluation of 2012 us ehdv-2 outbreak isolates for genetic determinants of cattle infection.following a summer of severe drought and abnormally high temperatures, a major outbreak of ehdv occurred during 2012 in the usa. although ehdv-1, -2 and -6 were isolated, ehdv-2 was the predominant virus serotype detected during the outbreak. in addition to large losses of white-tailed deer, the midwest and northern plains saw a significant amount of clinical disease in cattle. phylogenetic analyses and sequence comparisons of newly sequenced whole genomes of 2012 ehdv-2 cattle isolates demonstr ...201930869580
genetic relatedness of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 2 from 2012 outbreak in the usa.during summer and early fall of 2012, the us experienced the largest outbreak of hemorrhagic disease (hd) on record; deer (both odocoileus virginianus and odocoileus hemionus) in 35 states were affected, including many northern states where hd typically does not occur. epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) was the predominant virus isolated, with serotype 2 (ehdv-2) representing 66% (135/205) of all isolated viruses. viruses within the ehdv serogroup are genetically similar, but we hypothes ...201930284951
host use patterns of culicoides spp. biting midges at a big game preserve in florida, u.s.a., and implications for the transmission of orbiviruses.culicoides spp. biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae) are vectors of pathogens that have a significant economic impact on the livestock industry. white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), a farmed species in the u.s.a., are susceptible to two culicoides spp. borne orbiviruses: bluetongue virus and epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus. elucidating host-vector interactions is an integral step in studying disease transmission. this study investigated the host range of culicoides spp. present o ...201930063255
comparative health assessment of urban and non-urban free-ranging mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in southeastern british columbia, canada.the provincial wildlife management agency, british columbia ministry of forests, lands, natural resource operations and rural development, performed a translocation to control the urban mule deer (odocoileus hemionus; umd) overpopulation and supplement the declining non-urban mule deer (numd) population in the kootenay region, british columbia, canada. the objectives of this cross-sectional study were to evaluate the health of the urban and numd populations by comparing pathogen exposure, body c ...201829942678
laboratory studies on the oviposition stimuli of culicoides stellifer (diptera: ceratopogonidae), a suspected vector of orbiviruses in the united states.biting midges of the genus culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) exert a significant impact on animal agriculture worldwide because they transmit bluetongue virus (btv) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) to ruminants. without effective vaccines, btv/ehdv vector management strategies are needed, particularly in commercial white-tailed deer (wtd) facilities. however, detailed information on the ecology of midge immatures in/around cervid operations is currently lacking. towards filling ...201829769137
epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus circulation in tunisia.epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) was detected for the first time in tunisia and in other northern african countries in 2006. the objective of the present study was to investigate whether ehdv circulated in tunisian livestock before and after the officially-reported outbreak of 2006. thus, serum samples from cattle and dromedaries collected in different time periods (before and after 2006) and from different regions of tunisia were screened for the presence of ehdv antibodies. serologi ...201829631319
complete genome sequence of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 6, isolated from florida white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus).here, we report the complete genome sequence of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) serotype 6 (ehdv-6), isolated from a florida white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in 2016. to our knowledge, this is the first full genome sequence determined for an ehdv-6 isolate from florida.201829622607
dynamics of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus infection within the vector, culicoides sonorensis (diptera: ceratopogonidae).culicoides sonorensis biting midges are confirmed vectors of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv), which causes mortality in white-tailed deer and ruminant populations. currently, of the seven ehdv serotypes, only 1, 2, and 6 are detected in the usa, and very few studies have focused on the infection time course of these serotypes within the midge. the objective of this current research was to characterize ehdv-2 infection within the midge by measuring infection prevalence, virus dissemina ...201729176848
larval development of culicoides sonorensis (diptera: ceratopogonidae) in mud supplemented with manure of various farm animals.understanding factors that affect culicoides larval development is critical in suppressing adult midge populations that transmit economically important pathogens to ruminants such as bluetongue virus and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus. in this study, development of culicoides sonorensis wirth and jones (diptera: ceratopogonidae) was investigated in sterilized mud mixed with varying concentrations (3.2, 6.4, 12.6, 25.0, 50.0, and 100.0%) of dairy cattle and white tailed deer manures. in addi ...201829121343
genomic sequences of epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses isolated from florida white-tailed deer.epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus(ehdv) serotypes 1 and 2 were isolated from florida white-tailed deer in 2015 and 2016, respectively, and their genomes were completely sequenced. to our knowledge, these are the first full genome sequences for ehdv-1 and -2 from florida.201729074661
culicoides-virus interactions: infection barriers and possible factors underlying vector competence.in the united states, culicoides midges vector arboviruses of economic importance such as bluetongue virus and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus. a limited number of studies have demonstrated the complexities of midge-virus interactions, including dynamic changes in virus titer and prevalence over the infection time course. these dynamics are, in part, dictated by mesenteron infection and escape barriers. this review summarizes the overarching trends in viral titer and prevalence throughout th ...201728805641
epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 6 outbreak in israeli cattle in 2015.in september 2015, a large outbreak caused by epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) was identified in israeli dairy and beef farms. the main clinical signs were reduced milk production, weakness, drooling, lameness and recumbency, fever, slight erythema of nasal and oral mucosae, weight loss, and abortion. dyspnea, cachexia, and death were observed less frequently. the clinical diagnosis was confirmed by elisas and ehdv-specific real-time reverse transcription pcr (rt-rtpcr), followed by co ...201728803510
competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using baculovirus-expressed vp7 for detection of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) antibodies.epizootic haemorrhagic disease (ehd) is a vector-borne infectious viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants. ehd could spread from infected northern african countries in free territories like the eu; therefore, the availability of diagnostic assays would represent key components for adequate surveillance and control programs. in this study, the gene encoding the vp7 protein of ehd virus (ehdv) was expressed into a baculovirus-infected insect cell system. with this unpurified protein we develo ...201728757386
virus isolation and molecular detection of bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses from naturally infected white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus).hemorrhagic disease in north america is caused by multiple serotypes of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) and bluetongue virus (btv). diagnostic tests for detection of ehdv and btv include virus isolation (vi), reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), and real-time rt-pcr (rrt-pcr). our objective was to compare the diagnostic capabilities of three rrt-pcr protocols for detection of ehdv and btv from naturally infected white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). we compa ...201728742422
seroprevalence and risk factor analysis for exposure to equine encephalosis virus in israel, palestine and jordan.equine encephalosis virus (eev) is an orbivirus transmitted by culicoides species. most infected horses show mild clinical signs and mortality is usually very low. eev is closely related and similarly transmitted to other, more pathogenic and economically important, orbiviruses such as african horse sickness virus (ahsv), bluetongue virus (btv) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease viruses (ehdv), and may serve as an indicator for possible transmission of the latter. israel has been reported to be ...201728713576
the first 10 years (2006-15) of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 6 in the usa.epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) is a culicoides biting midge-transmitted orbivirus (family reoviridae) of wild and domestic ruminants and is an important pathogen of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). historically, only two serotypes, ehdv-1 and ehdv-2, have been known to be endemic in the us. however, in 2006, an exotic serotype (ehdv-6) was first detected in the united states by a long-term passive surveillance system for ehdv and bluetongue viruses. here we report ehdv-6 d ...201728657859
characterization of genome segments 2, 3 and 6 of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus strains isolated in japan in 1985-2013: identification of their serotypes and geographical genetic types.we characterized genome segments 2, 3 and 6 (seg-2, seg-3 and seg-6) of 11 japanese strains of epizootic hemorrhagic disease (ehd) virus (ehdv) isolated in 1985-2013. the japanese strains were divisible into two groups based on phylogenetic analyses of the nucleotide sequences of seg-2 and seg-6. in both of the phylogenetic trees based on seg-2 and seg-6, seven of the 11 japanese strains were grouped together with ehdv-2 and ehdv-7 strains, and the other four japanese strains were grouped with e ...201728506840
functional validation of apoptosis genes iap1 and dronc in midgut tissue of the biting midge culicoides sonorensis (diptera: ceratopogonidae) by rnai.culicoides biting midges transmit multiple ruminant viruses, including bluetongue virus and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, causing significant economic burden worldwide. to further enhance current control techniques, understanding vector-virus interactions within the midge is critical. we developed previously a double-stranded rna (dsrna) delivery method to induce rna interference (rnai) for targeted gene knockdown in adult culicoides sonorensis wirth & jones. here, we confirm the c. sonor ...201728399198
emerging vector-borne diseases in dromedaries in tunisia: west nile, bluetongue, epizootic haemorrhagic disease and rift valley fever.a total of 118 sera were collected during 2016 from two groups of dromedaries from kebili and medenine governorates in the south of tunisia. the aim of this study was to provide the first serological investigation of four emerging vector-borne diseases in two groups of dromedaries in tunisia. sera were tested by elisa and serum neutralisation test to identify west nile virus (wnv), bluetongue virus (btv), epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) and rift valley fever virus (rvfv). in the firs ...201728397519
picky eaters are rare: dna-based blood meal analysis of culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) species from the united states.biting midges in the genus culicoides (diptera; ceratopogonidae) have been implicated in the transmission of a number of parasites and highly pathogenic viruses. in north america, the complete transmission cycles of many of these pathogens need further elucidation. one way to increase our knowledge about the evolution and ecology of culicoides species and the pathogens they transmit is to document the diversity of vertebrate hosts that culicoides feed upon. our objective was to identify the dive ...201728376843
the development of a real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr) assay using taqman technology for the pan detection of bluetongue virus (btv).bluetongue virus (btv) is an infectious, non-contagious viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants that is transmitted by adult females of certain culicoides species. since 2006, several serotypes including btv-1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9 and 16, have spread from the mediterranean basin into northern europe for the first time. btv-8 in particular, caused a major epidemic in northern europe. as a result, it is evident that most european countries are at risk of btv infection. the objective of this study w ...201728342740
novel serotype of bluetongue virus in south america and first report of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus in ecuador.bluetongue virus (btv) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) are closely related orbiviruses that affect domestic and wild ruminants. in ecuador previous serological studies reported the presence of btv; however, no data are available about the presence of ehdv. in this study, 295 cattle without symptoms of infection were sampled from two farms located in andean and amazonian regions and from a slaughterhouse in the coastal region. elisa analyses showed high prevalence of btv (98.9%) a ...201728239988
structural protein vp2 of african horse sickness virus is not essential for virus replication in vitro.the reoviridae family consists of nonenveloped multilayered viruses with a double-stranded rna genome consisting of 9 to 12 genome segments. the orbivirus genus of the reoviridae family contains african horse sickness virus (ahsv), bluetongue virus, and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, which cause notifiable diseases and are spread by biting culicoides species. here, we used reverse genetics for ahsv to study the role of outer capsid protein vp2, encoded by genome segment 2 (seg-2). expansio ...201727903804
co-evolution in a putative bundling signal of bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses.bluetongue virus (btv) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) possess a genome of 10 segmented rnas (s1-s10), one copy of each of which is considered to be packaged in a virion. this selective packaging is thought to be mediated by supramolecular complex formation of the 10 rnas, through intermolecular base pairing of complementary nucleotide sequences termed the bundling signal. here, the whole genomic sequences of btv and ehdv isolates were analyzed to identify co-evolving pairs of com ...201727853052
generation of infectious rna complexes in orbiviruses: rna-rna interactions of genomic segments.viruses with segmented rna genomes must package the correct number of segments for synthesis of infectious virus particles. recent studies suggest that the members of the reoviridae family with segmented double-stranded rna genomes achieve this challenging task by forming rna networks of segments prior to their recruitment into the assembling capsid albeit direct evidence is still lacking. here, we investigated the capability of virus recovery by preformed complexes of ten rna segments of epizoo ...201627736800
tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) infected with epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus.epizootic haemorrhagic disease (ehd) is the most important infectious disease of white‑tailed deer (wtd), however little is known about the role of inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis. we characterized the expression of tumor necrosis factor‑alpha (tnf-α) ex vivo in tissues of wtd experimentally or naturally infected with ehd virus serotype 2 and in wtd peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) infected with ehd virus serotype 2 in vitro. circulating levels of tnf-α were evaluated in seru ...201627723049
epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus induced apoptosis in bovine carotid artery endothelium is p53 independent.epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) replicates in endothelium and it has been shown that ehdv serotype 2 (ibaraki) is able to cause cell death by apoptosis in cow pulmonary artery endothelial cells. however, the underlying mechanism has not been established. for some viruses, such as influenza, a p53 dependent mechanism has been demonstrated in viral induced apoptosis. in this study, we investigate the involvement of p53 in the induction of apoptosis in a us isolate of ehdv serotype 2 in ...201627723048
unusual clinical manifestations in israeli ruminant populations infected with orbiviruses.orbiviruses, some of which are virulent in ruminant species, are transmitted by blood- sucking insects. they can cause the smallest blood vessels to leak, leading to oedema, which is presented as bluetongue (bt) and/or epizootic haemorrhagic diseases (ehd). other clinical manifestations include big-muscle necrosis, excessive scialorrea, and coronitis. pathology and laboratory testing can con rm the involvement of orbivirus. bluetongue infection in naïve sheep can elicit the 'classical signs' of ...201627723046
epizootic haemorrhagic disease in italy: vector competence of indigenous culicoides species and spatial multicriteria evaluation of vulnerability.epizootic haemorrhagic disease (ehd) is an infectious non-contagious viral disease transmitted by culicoides, which affects wild and domestic ruminants. the disease has never been reported in europe, however recently outbreaks of ehd occurred in the mediterranean basin. consequently, the risk that epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) might spread in italy cannot be ignored. the aim of this study was to evaluate the risk of ehdv transmission in italy, in case of introduction, through indig ...201627723036
generation of virus like particles for epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus.epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) is a distinct species within the genus orbivirus, within the family reoviridae. the epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus genome comprises ten segments of linear, double stranded (ds) rna, which are packaged within each virus particle. the ehdv virion has a three layered capsid-structure, generated by four major viral proteins: vp2 and vp5 (outer capsid layer); vp7 (intermediate, core-surface layer) and vp3 (innermost, sub-core layer). although ehdv infec ...201627473984
combined genetic and epigenetic interferences with interferon signaling expose prostate cancer cells to viral infection.interferons (ifns) induce anti-viral programs, regulate immune responses, and exert anti-proliferative effects. to escape anti-tumorigenic effects of ifns, malignant cells attenuate jak/stat signaling and expression of ifn stimulated genes (isgs). such attenuation may enhance the susceptibility of tumor cells to oncolytic virotherapy. here we studied genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of interference with jak/stat signaling and their contribution to susceptibility of prostate cancer cells to vira ...201627366948
molecular characterisation of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus associated with a tunisian outbreak among cattle in 2006.in 2006, epizootic haemorrhagic disease (ehd) outbreaks were recorded in the maghreb (tunisia, morocco and algeria) among cattle, resulting in severe repercussions on herds (oedema of the head, necrotic lesions of the oral mucosa, hyperthermia of the teats, accompanied by anorexia and respiratory distress) and economic losses. the present study gives new information on the molecular characterisation of the ehd virus (ehdv) that had circulated in tunisia. genome segments 2, 3, 6, 7 and 10 of ehdv ...201627342096
serological study of exposure to selected arthropod-borne pathogens in european bison (bison bonasus) in poland.bison bonasus is an indigenous species of central and eastern europe with the largest wild population inhabiting białowieża primeval forest; however, free-living and captive european bison are reared in many countries around the world. despite that the european bison was rescued from the extinction after the first world war, it remains as endangered species. changing environment as well as human activity may have contributed to the observed increase of the risk of the emergence and re-emergence ...201627291825
molecular evolution of epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses in north america based on historical isolates using motif fingerprints.epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) is an orbivirus of the reoviridae family that has significant impact on wild and captive white-tailed deer. although closely related to bluetongue virus that can cause disease in sheep and cattle, north american ehdv historically has not been associated with disease in cattle or sheep. severe disease in cattle has been reported with other ehdv strains from east asia and the middle east. to understand the potential role of viral genetics in the epidemiol ...201627107856
characterization of viral communities of biting midges and identification of novel thogotovirus species and rhabdovirus genus.more than two thirds of emerging viruses are of zoonotic origin, and among them rna viruses represent the majority. ceratopogonidae (genus culicoides) are well-known vectors of several viruses responsible for epizooties (bluetongue, epizootic haemorrhagic disease, etc.). they are also vectors of the only known virus infecting humans: the oropouche virus. female midges usually feed on a variety of hosts, leading to possible transmission of emerging viruses from animals to humans. in this context, ...201626978389
development of real-time rt-pcr assays for detection and typing of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus.epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) is an emerging arboviral pathogen of wild and domestic ruminants worldwide. it is closely related to bluetongue virus (btv) and is transmitted by adult females of competent culicoides vector species. the ehdv genome consists of ten linear double-stranded (ds)rna segments, encoding five non-structural and seven structural proteins. genome-segment reassortment contributes to a high level of genetic variation in individual virus strains, particularly in t ...201626888716
innocuity of a commercial live attenuated vaccine for epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 2 in late-term pregnant cows.epizootic hemorrhagic disease (ehd) is an arthropod-borne infectious viral disease sustained by the epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv). the only commercially available and currently used vaccines are manufactured for ehdv-2 in japan, either live or inactivated vaccines. in this study we tested the innocuity for fetuses of the live attenuated ehdv-2 vaccine in five late-term pregnant cows. whole blood and serum samples were collected from dams and screened for the presence of ehdv-2 rna, ...201626876438
generation of virus-like particles for emerging epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus: towards the development of safe vaccine candidates.epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) is an insect-transmitted pathogen which causes high mortality in deer populations and may also cause high morbidity in cattle. ehdv belongs to the orbivirus genus and is closely related to the prototype bluetongue virus (btv). to date seven distinct serotypes have been recognized. however, a live-attenuated vaccine is commercially available against only one serotype namely ehdv-2, which has been responsible for multiple outbreaks in north america, cana ...201626805595
expression of interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6 in white-tailed deer infected with epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus.the pathogenesis of epizootic haemorrhagic disease (ehd) in white‑tailed deer (wtd) may be related to factors other than direct viral damage caused by replication in endothelium, such as the release of cytokines. this study focused on interleukin‑1 β (il‑1) and interleukin‑6 (il‑6), which have been shown to be variably upregulated in bluetongue virus (btv) infected cattle and sheep endothelial cultures possibly explaining species susceptibility to btv. we evaluated circulating and tissue levels ...201626741245
cytokine release and endothelial dysfunction: a perfect storm in orbivirus pathogenesis.although bluetongue viruses (btv) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease viruses (ehdv) are closely related, there are differences in susceptibility to these viruses both between and within a species. white‑tailed deer are susceptible to disease by both btv and ehdv, sheep are susceptible to btv, but resistant to ehdv, and cattle can be infected with both viruses but disease is usually subclinical. host genetics probably play a role in the disease outcome, but cytokine and endothelial responses are ...201626741244
molecular evolution of american field strains of bluetongue and epizootic haemorrhagic disease viruses.recent orbivirus occurrences in the americas have been investigated using whole genome amplification and sequencing followed by phylogenetic analysis. the bluetongue virus (btv) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) whole genomes were amplified without prior sequence knowledge and deep sequenced. this technology was applied to evaluate btv‑3 isolates spanning 4 decades from florida, arkansas, mississippi, south dakota, central america, and the caribbean basin. the results of the datase ...201626741243
inter-laboratory evaluation of the performance parameters of a lateral flow test device for the detection of bluetongue virus-specific antibodies.bluetongue (bt) is a viral vector-borne disease affecting domestic and wild ruminants worldwide. in this study, a commercial rapid immuno-chromatographic method or lateral flow test (lft) device, for the detection of bt virus-specific antibodies in animal serum, was evaluated in an international inter-laboratory proficiency test. the evaluation was done with sera samples of variable background (ruminant species, serotype, field samples, experimental infections, vaccinated animals). the diagnosti ...201626687976
host and potential vector susceptibility to an emerging orbivirus in the united states: epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 6.epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses (ehdvs) are orbiviruses transmitted by culicoides biting midges to domestic and wild ruminants. ehdv-1 and ehdv-2 are endemic in the united states, where epizootic hemorrhagic disease is the most significant viral disease of white-tailed deer (wtd;odocoileus virginianus) and reports of epizootic hemorrhagic disease in cattle are increasing. in 2006, a reassortant ehdv-6 was isolated from dead wtd in indiana and has been detected each subsequent year over a w ...201626459518
t-cell lymphocytic leukemia in a fallow deer (dama dama).a 17-yr-old female fallow deer presented with ataxia, inappetence, decreased fecal output, and decreased mentation. a complete blood count demonstrated leukocytosis (24.1×10(3)/μl, n=1.16-7.38×10(3)/μl), characterized by lymphocytosis (22.89×10(3)/μl, n=0.18-3.65×10(3)/μl), anemia (packed cell volume 20%, n=29.0-55.8%), decreased red blood cell count (4.1×10(3)/μl, n=6.86-14.72×10(3)/μl), and decreased hemoglobin (7.5 g/dl, n=9.4-19.2 g/dl). numerous mature, well-differentiated lymphocytes were ...201526352964
effect of temperature on replication of epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses in culicoides sonorensis (diptera: ceratopogonidae).replication of arboviruses, including orbiviruses, within the vector has been shown to be temperature dependent. cooler ambient temperatures slow virus replication in arthropod vectors, whereas viruses replicate faster and to higher titers at warmer ambient temperatures. previous research with epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) serotype 1 demonstrated that higher temperatures were associated with shorter extrinsic incubation periods in culicoides sonorensis wirth & jones, a confirmed vec ...201526336204
duplex real-time rt-pcr assays for the detection and typing of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus.epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) may cause severe clinical episodes in some species of deer and sometimes in cattle. laboratory diagnosis provides a basis for the design and timely implementation of disease control measures. there are seven distinct ehdv serotypes, vp2 coding segment 2 being the target for serotype specificity. this paper reports the development and validation of eight duplex real-time rt-pcr assays to simultaneously amplify the ehdv target (s9 for the pan-ehdv real-t ...201526161784
clinical disease associated with epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus in cattle in illinois.to describe the clinical manifestation of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) in cattle during an outbreak in northwestern illinois in the fall of 2013.201526133219
development of reverse genetics for ibaraki virus to produce viable vp6-tagged ibav.ibaraki virus (ibav) is a member of the epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) serogroup, which belongs to the orbivirus genus of the reoviridae family. although ehdv, including ibav, represents an ongoing threat to livestock in the world, molecular mechanisms of ehdv replication and pathogenesis have been unclear. the reverse genetics (rg) system is one of the strong tools to understand molecular mechanisms of virus replication. here, we developed a rg system for ibav to identify the noness ...201526101741
management of north american culicoides biting midges: current knowledge and research needs.culicoides biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae) are biological vectors of two important viruses impacting north american ruminants--bluetongue virus (btv) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv). these viruses have been identified for over 60 years in north america, but we still lack an adequate understanding of the basic biology and ecology of the confirmed vector, culicoides sonorensis, and know even less about other putative culicoides vector species. the major gaps in our knowledg ...201526086558
transmission and epidemiology of bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease in north america: current perspectives, research gaps, and future directions.bluetongue virus (btv) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) are arthropod-transmitted viruses in the genus orbivirus of the family reoviridae. these viruses infect a variety of domestic and wild ruminant hosts, although the susceptibility to clinical disease associated with btv or ehdv infection varies greatly among host species, as well as between individuals of the same species. since their initial detection in north america during the 1950s, these viruses have circulated in endemic ...201526086556
a review of knowledge gaps and tools for orbivirus research.although recognized as causing emerging and re-emerging disease outbreaks worldwide since the late 1800 s, there has been growing interest in the united states and europe in recent years in orbiviruses, their insect vectors, and the diseases they cause in domestic livestock and wildlife. this is due, in part, to the emergence of bluetongue (bt) in northern europe in 2006-2007 resulting in a devastating outbreak, as well as severe bt outbreaks in sheep and epizootic hemorrhagic disease (ehd) outb ...201526086555
orbiviruses: a north american perspective.orbiviruses are members of the reoviridae family and include bluetongue virus (btv) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv). these viruses are the cause of significant regional disease outbreaks among livestock and wildlife in the united states, some of which have been characterized by significant morbidity and mortality. competent vectors are clearly present in most regions of the globe; therefore, all segments of production livestock are at risk for serious disease outbreaks. animals wi ...201526086554
development of a reverse genetics system for epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus and evaluation of novel strains containing duplicative gene rearrangements.epizootic haemorrhagic disease is a non-contagious infectious viral disease of wild and domestic ruminants caused by epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv). ehdv belongs to the genus orbivirus within the family reoviridae and is transmitted by insects of the genus culicoides. the impact of epizootic haemorrhagic disease is underscored by its designation as a notifiable disease by the office international des epizooties. the ehdv genome consists of 10 linear dsrna segments (seg1-seg10). until ...201525998915
simultaneous detection of five notifiable viral diseases of cattle by single-tube multiplex real-time rt-pcr.multiplexed real-time pcr (qpcr) assays enable the detection of several target genes in a single reaction, which is applicable for simultaneous testing for the most important viral diseases in samples obtained from ruminants with unspecific clinical symptoms. here, reverse transcription qpcr (rt-qpcr) systems for the detection of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) and bluetongue virus (btv) were combined with an internal control system based on the beta-actin gene. additionally, a background sc ...201525746154
genetic characterization of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus strains isolated from cattle in israel.epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv), a member of the genus orbivirus not reported previously in israel, was isolated from israeli cattle during a 'bluetongue-like' disease outbreak in 2006. to ascertain the origin of this new virus, three isolates from the outbreak were fully sequenced and compared with available sequences. whilst the l2 gene segment clustered with the australian ehdv serotype 7 (ehdv-7) reference strain, most of the other segments were clustered with ehdv isolates of afr ...201525701817
bovine arboviruses in culicoides biting midges and sentinel cattle in southern japan from 2003 to 2013.epizootic congenital abnormalities, encephalomyelitis and febrile illnesses in cattle caused by arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are prevalent in japan. causative viruses including orthobunyaviruses, orbiviruses and rhabdovirus are thought to be transmitted by culicoides biting midges. recently, the incursions of several arboviruses, potentially culicoides-borne, were newly confirmed in japan. however, their spread pattern and exact vector species are currently uncertain. attempts to isolat ...201625597441
apparent increase of reported hemorrhagic disease in the midwestern and northeastern usa.we investigated temporal and spatial trends in reporting of hemorrhagic disease (hd) in the midwestern and northeastern us using a 33-yr (1980-2012) questionnaire-based data set. this data set was supported by an additional 19 yr (1994-2012) of bluetongue virus (btv) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) isolation results from clinically affected white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in these regions. both the number of counties that were reported positive for hd and the northern l ...201525588003
a quantitative real-time reverse transcription pcr (qrt-pcr) assay to detect genome segment 9 of all 26 bluetongue virus serotypes.bluetongue (bt) is an arboviral disease, which can often be fatal in naïve sheep and white tailed deer, but is usually less severe, or unapparent in other ruminants. twenty-six bluetongue virus (btv) serotypes have been recognised so far, two of which (btv-25 and btv-26) were recently identified by phylogenetic comparisons of genome-segment/outer-capsid protein vp2 (subsequently confirmed by serological 'virus-neutralisation' assays). rapid, sensitive, reliable and quantitative diagnostic-assays ...201525486080
serologic, trace element, and fecal parasite survey of free-ranging, female mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in eastern washington, usa.blood and fecal samples collected from 97 free-ranging mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), from four distinct herds during the spring of 2000 or 2001 in eastern washington, us, were tested for exposure to selected pathogens, concentrations of trace elements, and presence of parasites in feces. antibodies were detected to the following: leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava (4%), leptospira interrogans serovar canicola (1%), leptospira interrogans serovar grippotyphosa (13%), bovine viral diarrh ...201525380366
testicular lesions and antler abnormalities in colorado, usa mule deer (odocoileus hemionus): a possible role for epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus.antler abnormalities of deer and other cervids often result from testicular lesions and decreased levels of testosterone, inhibiting normal cycles of antler growth. affected males have antlers with retained velvet, numerous short, misshapen points ("cactus bucks"), and failure to shed these abnormal antlers annually. in colorado, us, we observed a high occurrence of "cactus bucks" in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) populations after management efforts to increase the number of mature male deer i ...201525375947
analysis of murine b-cell epitopes on bluetongue virus 12 nonstructural protein 1.the bluetongue virus (btv) ns1 protein is one of the major proteins synthesized during btv infection and is responsible for the generation of virus-specific tubules. although some functional and structural studies on the btv ns1 protein have been reported, there have been no reports describing the linear b-cell epitopes recognized by humoral immune responses published to date. in this study, 25 btv12 ns1-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mabs) and polyclonal antisera (polyclonal antibodies, pabs) ...201525343975
identification of bluetongue virus and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotypes in french guiana in 2011 and 2012.in french guiana, the sero- and viro-prevalence of bluetongue virus (btv) is high but the circulating serotypes remain unknown. no data are available regarding the prevalence of epizootic hemorrhagic disease (ehd). this study was conducted to assess the prevalence and to identify the circulating serotypes of these two orbiviruses in this region (btv and ehdv). blood samples were collected in main livestock areas, from 122 young cattle between june and august 2011, to perform virological (pcr and ...201425301282
culicoides midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae) as vectors of orbiviruses in slovakia.in recent years, rapid spread of culicoides-borne pathogens such as bluetongue (bt) and schmallenberg viruses have been reported in europe. in this study we examined the culicoides populations in farms with wild and domestic ruminants in eastern slovakia with the aim to confirm the presence of biting midges serving as potential vectors of important pathogens. the main vector complexes were the obsoletus complex (54%; n=4,209) and the pulicaris complex (23%; n=1,796). to estimate the relative abu ...201425273963
the reference transcriptome of the adult female biting midge (culicoides sonorensis) and differential gene expression profiling during teneral, blood, and sucrose feeding conditions.unlike other important vectors such as mosquitoes and sandflies, genetic and genomic tools for culicoides biting midges are lacking, despite the fact that they vector a large number of arboviruses and other pathogens impacting humans and domestic animals world-wide. in north america, female culicoides sonorensis midges are important vectors of bluetongue virus (btv) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv), orbiviruses that cause significant disease in livestock and wildlife. libraries of ...201424866149
characterization of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus from a bovine with clinical disease with high nucleotide sequence identity to white-tailed deer isolates.epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) was isolated from a pregnant cow in indiana, usa, exhibiting excessive salivation, pyrexia and abortion. vp2, vp5, and vp7 sequences of the isolated bovine ehdv showed 97.7, 97.4, and 97.9 % identity to a serotype 2 reference virus. bovine ehdv was closely related (>99.9 %) to white tailed deer (wtd) ehdv collected from iowa in 2013 and showed less than 2.1 % divergence from ehdv collected from wtd across the usa in 2013. the high degree of sequence ide ...201424852073
molecular typing of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotypes by one-step multiplex rt-pcr.epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) causes a highly infectious noncontagious hemorrhagic disease in wild and captive deer (cervidae) populations in the us. although rapid and accurate identification of the disease is important, identification of the serotype is equally important for understanding the epidemiology of the disease in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) populations. we developed a one-step multiplex reverse transcriptase pcr assay for rapid differentiation and identifi ...201424807175
epizootic hemorrhagic disease in a yak.epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) infection was diagnosed in a 3-year-old yak. the yak had signs of intermittent tremors, dysphagia, oral ulcerative lesions, hemorrhagic enteritis, tachypnea, and thrombocytopenia. postmortem diagnostics confirmed ehdv (serotype 2) using reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). gross and histopathological results were consistent with ehdv reported in other species.024688138
epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus in reunion island: evidence for the circulation of a new serotype and associated risk factors.bluetongue virus (btv) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) are members of the orbivirus genus of the reoviridae family transmitted between ruminants by the bites of culicoides midges. btv went undetected in reunion island between its first documented emergence in 1979 and two other serious outbreaks with both btv-3 and ehdv-6 in 2003, and both ehdv-6 and btv-2 in 2009. in these outbreaks, infected animals developed symptoms including hyperthermia, anorexia, congestion, prostration an ...201424636165
tibet orbivirus, a novel orbivirus species isolated from anopheles maculatus mosquitoes in tibet, china.the genus orbivirus includes a number of important pathogenic viruses, including bluetongue virus (btv), african horse sickness virus (ahsv), and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv). in this study we describe the isolation and characterization of an orbivirus strain isolated from anopheles maculatus mosquitoes collected in tibet, china.201424533145
the host specific ns3 glycosylation pattern reflects the virulence of ibaraki virus in different hosts.the non-structural protein ns3 was investigated in ibaraki virus (ibav), an epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, serotype 2. degree of ns3 glycosylation, cytopathic effect, and virus release efficiency were compared between mammalian and insect cells. the molecular weight of synthesized ns3 was compared in western blot analysis following the removal of the glycochain by pngase f treatment and revealed that glycosylation of ns3 occurred only in mammalian cells. also, it was revealed that the amou ...201424389093
enhanced arbovirus surveillance with deep sequencing: identification of novel rhabdoviruses and bunyaviruses in australian mosquitoes.viral metagenomics characterizes known and identifies unknown viruses based on sequence similarities to any previously sequenced viral genomes. a metagenomics approach was used to identify virus sequences in australian mosquitoes causing cytopathic effects in inoculated mammalian cell cultures. sequence comparisons revealed strains of liao ning virus (reovirus, seadornavirus), previously detected only in china, livestock-infecting stretch lagoon virus (reovirus, orbivirus), two novel dimarhabdov ...201324314645
whole genome analysis of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus identified limited genome constellations and preferential reassortment.epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) is a culicoides transmitted orbivirus that causes haemorrhagic disease in wild and domestic ruminants. a collection of 44 ehdv isolated from 2008 to 2012 was fully sequenced and analysed phylogenetically. serotype 2 viruses were the dominant serotype all years except 2012 when serotype 6 viruses represented 63 % of the isolates. high genetic similarity (>94 % identity) between serotype 1 and 2 virus vp1, vp3, vp4, vp6, ns1, ns2 and ns3 segments prevente ...201424189621
mobuck virus genome sequence and phylogenetic analysis: identification of a novel orbivirus isolated from a white-tailed deer in missouri, usa.the genus orbivirus includes a diverse group of segmented dsrna viruses that are transmitted via arthropods, have a global distribution and affect a wide range of hosts. a novel orbivirus was co-isolated with epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) from a white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) exhibiting clinical signs characteristic of ehdv. using antiserum generated against ehdv, a pure isolate of the novel non-cytopathic orbivirus was obtained in aedes albopictus cell culture. genomic ...201424114792
development and performance evaluation of a streamlined method for nucleic acid purification, denaturation, and multiplex detection of bluetongue virus and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus.bluetongue virus (btv) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) possess similar structural and molecular features, are transmitted by biting midges (genus culicoides), and cause similar diseases in some susceptible ruminants. generally, btv causes subclinical disease in cattle, characterized by a prolonged viremia. ehdv-associated disease in cattle is less prominent; however, it has emerged as a major economic threat to the white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) industry in many areas ...201324091683
epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus induces and benefits from cell stress, autophagy, and apoptosis.the mode and timing of virally induced cell death hold the potential of regulating viral yield, viral transmission, and the severity of virally induced disease. orbiviruses such as the epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) are nonenveloped and cytolytic. to date, the death of cells infected with ehdv, the signal transduction pathways involved in this process, and the consequence of their inhibition have yet to be characterized. here, we report that the ibaraki strain of ehdv2 (ehdv2-iba) in ...201324089565
dicodon monitoring of protein synthesis (dicomps) reveals levels of synthesis of a viral protein in single cells.the current report represents a further advancement of our previously reported technology termed fluorescent transfer rna (trna) for translation monitoring (fttm), for monitoring of active global protein synthesis sites in single live cells. fttm measures förster resonance energy transfer (fret) signals, generated when fluorescent trnas (fl-trnas), separately labeled as a fret pair, occupy adjacent sites on the ribosome. the current technology, termed dicodon monitoring of protein synthesis (dic ...201323965304
epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 6 experimentation on adult cattle.epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv), an arthropod-borne orbivirus (family reoviridae), is an emerging pathogen of wild and domestic ruminants closely related to bluetongue virus (btv). ehdv serotype 6 (ehdv6) has recently caused outbreaks close to europe in turkey and morocco and a recent experimental study performed on calves inoculated with these two ehdv6 strains showed that the young animals have remained clinically unaffected. the aim of this study was to investigate the pathogenicit ...201323899717
wetland cover dynamics drive hemorrhagic disease patterns in white-tailed deer in the united states.while vector-borne diseases are known to be particularly influenced by environmental factors, the impact of land-cover change on vector-borne wildlife disease patterns is poorly understood, largely due to the paucity of data on disease occurrence at extensive spatial and temporal scales. widespread and rapid anthropogenic land-cover change, especially urbanization, has transformed the us landscape during the last century. epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus and blue tongue virus, vectored by cul ...201323778598
epizootic hemorrhagic disease in yaks (bos grunniens).an epizootic of hemorrhagic disease associated with epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 2 (ehdv-2) infections in yaks from 5 herds occurred in colorado between august 21 and october 3, 2012. affected yaks presented with fever, lethargy, anorexia, dyspnea, and swollen conjunctivae. ulcerated dental pads, mucoid sanguineous nasal discharge, petechial hemorrhages in multiple organs, pulmonary edema, and serosanguinous fluid in the thorax, abdomen, and pericardial sac were observed at necro ...201323572453
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