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identification of antigenic variants of the porcine rubulavirus in sera of field swine and their seroprevalence.we sampled sera from 1013 non-vaccinated swine from four states in mexico, guanajuato, jalisco, michoacán and the estado de mexico, to analyse anti-porcine rubulavirus antibody titres against three different porcine rubulavirus isolates (pac-4/1993, pac-6/2001, and pac-9/2003) using a hemagglutination inhibition assay. the results revealed that there were antigenic differences among the isolates assessed. in particular, the estimated correlation between the pac-4/1993 and pac-6/2001 (0.50) isola ...201122171991
the complete sequence of a human parainfluenzavirus 4 genome.although the human parainfluenza virus 4 (hpiv4) has been known for a long time, its genome, alone among the human paramyxoviruses, has not been completely sequenced to date. in this study we obtained the first complete genomic sequence of hpiv4 from a clinical isolate named skpiv4 obtained at the hospital for sick children in toronto (ontario, canada). the coding regions for the n, p/v, m, f and hn proteins show very high identities (95% to 97%) with previously available partial sequences for h ...200921994536
comparison of differing cytopathic effects in human airway epithelium of parainfluenza virus 5 (w3a), parainfluenza virus type 3, and respiratory syncytial virus.parainfluenza virus 5 (piv5) infects a wide range of animals including dogs, pigs, cats, and humans; however, its association with disease in humans remains controversial. in contrast to parainfluenza virus 3 (piv3) or respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), piv5 is remarkably non-cytopathic in monolayer cultures of immortalized epithelial cells. to compare the cytopathology produced by these viruses in a relevant human tissue, we infected an in vitro model of human ciliated airway epithelium and mea ...201121986028
The potential risk of infectious disease dissemination via artificial insemination in swine.Artificial insemination (AI) is one of the most widely used assisted reproductive technologies in swine. To maintain a healthy semen trade, it is crucial that diligence be given to managing and minimizing the chance of extended semen playing an epidemiological role in the transmission of infectious disease. In swine, pathogens of primary importance, which may be transmitted through semen include Aujeszky's disease, brucellosis, chlamydophilosis, porcine circovirus type 2, classical swine fever, ...201121884281
sumoylation of the p protein at k254 plays an important role in growth of parainfluenza virus 5 (piv5).the p protein of parainfluenza virus 5 (piv5) is an essential cofactor of the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase. phosphorylation of the p protein can positively or negatively regulate viral gene expression, depending on the precise phosphorylation sites. sumoylation, a process of adding small ubiquitin-like modifier (sumo) to proteins post-translationally, plays an important role in regulating protein function. in this study, we have found that the p protein of piv5 was sumoylated with sumo1 in ...201121795356
identification of a phosphorylation site within the p protein important for mrna transcription and growth of parainfluenza virus 5.the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase (vrdrp) of paramyxovirus consists of the large (l) protein and the phosphoprotein (p). p is heavily phosphorylated, and it is thought that the phosphorylation of p plays a role in regulating viral rna synthesis. however, no phosphorylation site within the p protein in paramyxovirus has been identified as playing a positive role in viral rna synthesis in virus infection. using mass spectrometry analysis, the threonine residue at position 286 of p of parainfl ...201121680523
human parainfluenza virus type 4 infection in chinese children with lower respiratory tract infections: a comparison study.background: human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) are a leading cause of acute respiratory tract infections (artis). although hpiv-4 has been associated with mild artis for years, recent investigations have also associated hpiv-4 infection with severe respiratory syndromes and with outbreaks of artis in children. objectives: to characterize the role of hpiv-4 and its clinical features in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections (alrtis) in beijing, china. study design: nasopharyngeal ...201121636318
failure to activate the ifn-β promoter by a paramyxovirus lacking an interferon antagonist.it is generally thought that pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) responsible for triggering interferon (ifn) induction are produced during virus replication and, to limit the activation of the ifn response by these pamps, viruses encode antagonists of ifn induction. here we have studied the induction of ifn by parainfluenza virus type 5 (piv5) at the single-cell level, using a cell line expressing gfp under the control of the ifn-β promoter. we demonstrate that a recombinant piv5 (ter ...201121511322
synthesis and biological evaluation of analogues of akt (protein kinase b) inhibitor-iv.inhibitors of the pi3-kinase/akt (protein kinase b) pathway are under investigation as anticancer and antiviral agents. the benzimidazole derivative akt inhibitor-iv (chembridge 5233705) affects this pathway and exhibits potent anticancer and antiviral activity. to probe its biological activity, we synthesized akt inhibitor-iv and 21 analogues using a novel six-step route based on zrcl(4)-catalyzed cyclization of 1,2-arylenediamines with a,ß-unsaturated aldehydes. we examined effects on viabilit ...201121319800
a prospective study of parainfluenza virus type 4 infections in children attending daycare.studies of parainfluenza virus type 4 (piv-4) have been limited by difficulty in culturing. we prospectively studied a cohort of 225 young children attending daycare followed for 165 child-years, using polymerase chain reaction to detect 12 viruses, including piv-4. piv-4 was second only to piv-3, occurring in 9 of 87 (10%) piv+ illnesses. piv-4 illnesses were not more severe and not associated with a specific clinical syndrome.201121317680
parainfluenza virus 5 m protein interaction with host protein 14-3-3 negatively affects virus particle formation.paramyxovirus matrix (m) proteins organize virus assembly, linking viral glycoproteins and viral ribonucleoproteins together at virus assembly sites on cellular membranes. using a yeast two-hybrid screening approach, we identified 14-3-3 as a binding partner for the m protein of parainfluenza virus 5 (piv5). binding in both transfected and piv5-infected cells was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation and was mapped to a c-terminal region within the m protein, namely, 366-ktkslp-371. this sequence r ...201021147917
prevalence of henipavirus and rubulavirus antibodies in pteropid bats, papua new guinea.to determine seroprevalence of viruses in bats in papua new guinea, we sampled 66 bats at 3 locations. we found a seroprevalence of 55% for henipavirus (hendra or nipah virus) and 56% for rubulavirus (tioman or menangle virus). notably, 36% of bats surveyed contained antibodies to both types of viruses, indicating concurrent or consecutive infection.201021122242
human parainfluenza virus type 2 l protein regions required for interaction with other viral proteins and mrna capping.the large rna polymerase (l) protein of human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hpiv2) binds the nucleocapsid, phosphoprotein, and v protein, as well as itself, and these interactions are essential for transcription and replication of the viral rna genome. although all of these interactions were found to be mediated through the domains within the n terminus of l, the c terminus of the l protein was also required for minigenome reporter gene expression. we have identified a highly conserved rubulavirus ...201021068245
completion of the full-length genome sequence of human parainfluenza virus types 4a and 4b: sequence analysis of the large protein genes and gene start, intergenic and end sequences.we have already reported the nucleotide sequences of the np, p/v, m, f and hn genes of human parainfluenza virus type 4a (hpiv-4a) and type 4b (hpiv-4b). here, we have determined the sequences of the l protein genes as well as the gene start, intergenic and end sequences, thereby completing the full-length genome sequence of hpiv-4a and 4b. hpiv-4a and 4b have 17,052 and 17,304 nucleotides, respectively. the end sequence of hpiv-4, especially 4b, was extraordinarily long. in a comparison with me ...201020963613
the c-terminal end of parainfluenza virus 5 np protein is important for virus-like particle production and m-np protein interaction.enveloped virus particles are formed by budding from infected-cell membranes. for paramyxoviruses, viral matrix (m) proteins are key drivers of virus assembly and budding. however, other paramyxovirus proteins, including glycoproteins, nucleocapsid (np or n) proteins, and c proteins, are also important for particle formation in some cases. to investigate the role of np protein in parainfluenza virus 5 (piv5) particle formation, np protein truncation and substitution mutants were analyzed. altera ...201020943976
ifngamma-producing, virus-specific cd8+ effector cells acquire the ability to produce il-10 as a result of entry into the infected lung environment.it has become clear that t cells with the potential to negatively regulate the immune response are normal constituents of the immune system. these cells often mediate their effects through the production of immunosuppressive factors. at present our understanding of how these cells are generated is limited. here we report the presence of a population of il-10-producing, virus-specific cd8+ t cells in the lungs of mice following acute respiratory infection. these cells were only found at minimal l ...201020627346
identification and complete genome analysis of three novel paramyxoviruses, tuhoko virus 1, 2 and 3, in fruit bats from china.among 489 bats of 11 species in china, three novel paramyxoviruses [tuhokovirus 1, 2 and 3 (thkpv-1, thkpv-2 and thkpv-3)] were discovered in 15 leschenault's rousettes. phylogenetically, the three viruses are most closely related to menangle and tioman virus. genome analysis showed that their 3'-leader sequences are unique by possessing ga instead of ag at the 5th and 6th positions. unlike menangle and tioman virus, key amino acids for neuraminidase activity characteristic of rubulavirus attach ...201020537670
local production of inflammatory mediators during childhood parainfluenza virus infection.to describe the clinical manifestations of parainfluenza virus (piv) infection and to characterize biochemical markers of piv disease severity.201020182399
growth restriction of an experimental live attenuated human parainfluenza virus type 2 vaccine in human ciliated airway epithelium in vitro parallels attenuation in african green monkeys.human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) are common causes of severe pediatric respiratory viral disease. we characterized wild-type hpiv2 infection in an in vitro model of human airway epithelium (hae) and found that the virus replicates to high titer, sheds apically, targets ciliated cells, and induces minimal cytopathology. replication of an experimental, live attenuated hpiv2 vaccine strain, containing both temperature sensitive (ts) and non-ts attenuating mutations, was restricted >30-fold compa ...201020139039
reassessing conflicting evolutionary histories of the paramyxoviridae and the origins of respiroviruses with bayesian multigene phylogenies.the evolution of paramyxoviruses is still poorly understood since past phylogenetic studies have revealed conflicting evolutionary signals among genes, and used varying methods and datasets. using bayesian phylogenetic analysis of full length single and concatenated sequences for the 6 genes shared among paramyxovirus genera, we reassess the ambiguous evolutionary relationships within the family, and examine causes of varying phylogenetic signals among different genes. relative to a pneumovirus ...201019900582
is parainfluenza virus a threatening virus for human cancer cell lines?immortalized cell lines, such as human cancer cell lines, are an indispensable experimental resource for many types of biological and medical research. however, unless the cell line has been authenticated prior to use, interpretation of experimental results may be problematic. the potential problems this may cause are illustrated by studies in which authentication of cell lines has not been carried out. for example, immortalized cell lines may unknowingly be infected with viruses that alter thei ...200919624309
identification of influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus during rhinopharyngitis in a group of mexican children with asthma and wheezing.viral infections can promote allergic sensitization in genetically susceptible individuals. besides, they are the main cause of wheezing in children.200919623785
parainfluenza virus 5 genomes are located in viral cytoplasmic bodies whilst the virus dismantles the interferon-induced antiviral state of cells.although the replication cycle of parainfluenza virus type 5 (piv5) is initially severely impaired in cells in an interferon (ifn)-induced antiviral state, the virus still targets stat1 for degradation. as a consequence, the cells can no longer respond to ifn and after 24-48 h, they go out of the antiviral state and normal virus replication is established. following infection of cells in an ifn-induced antiviral state, viral nucleocapsid proteins are initially localized within small cytoplasmic ...200919458173
the paramyxoviruses simian virus 5 and mumps virus recruit host cell cd46 to evade complement-mediated neutralization.the complement system is a critical component of the innate immune response that all animal viruses must face during natural infections. our previous results have shown that treatment of the paramyxovirus simian virus 5 (sv5) with human serum results in deposition of complement c3-derived polypeptides on virion particles. here, we show that the virion-associated c3 component includes the inactive form ic3b, suggesting that sv5 may have mechanisms to evade the host complement system. electron mic ...200919457998
a point mutation, e95d, in the mumps virus v protein disengages stat3 targeting from stat1 targeting.mumps virus, like other paramyxoviruses in the rubulavirus genus, encodes a v protein that can assemble a ubiquitin ligase complex from cellular components, leading to the destruction of cellular signal transducer and activator of transcription (stat) proteins. while many v proteins target the interferon-activated stat1 or stat2 protein, mumps virus v protein is unique in its ability to also target stat3 for ubiquitin modification and proteasome-mediated degradation. here we report that a single ...200919386700
human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hpiv2) induced host adam8 expression in human salivary adenocarcinoma cell line (hsy) during cell fusion.the aim of the study was to investigate expression of adams (a disintegrin and a metalloproteinase) of host cell origin during cell-cell fusion induced by human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hpiv2).200919284887
clinical and molecular epidemiology of human parainfluenza virus 4 infections in hong kong: subtype 4b as common as subtype 4a.in this 1-year study, 35 (1.2%) of 2,912 nasopharyngeal aspirates were positive for human parainfluenza virus 4 (hpiv4) by reverse transcription-pcr. patients with hpiv4 infection were mainly young children and immunocompromised adults. in contrast to the reported predominance of hpiv4a infection, molecular subtyping revealed that 15 (44%) cases were caused by hpiv4b.200919261793
[biological characterization of three natural isolates of the porcine rubulavirus (mexico)].biological characterization of three natural isolates of the porcine rubulavirus (mexico). porcine rubulavirus (porv) produces a neurological and reproductive syndrome in pigs called the blue-eye disease, known only from mexico. several isolates were grouped by the main symptoms presented during outbreaks: a) neurotropic in piglets, (b) broadly neurotropic in piglets and gonadotropic in adults, and (c) gonadotropic in adults. we studied some biological properties of three strains, which fall in ...200819256422
demonstration of 1-year duration of immunity for attenuated bordetella bronchiseptica vaccines in dogs.three groups of healthy dogs with low antibody titers to bordetella bronchiseptica (bb), canine parainfluenza virus (cpi), and canine adenovirus type 2 (cav-2) were used in this study. one group was vaccinated with a single dose of monovalent attenuated bb vaccine and one group with a trivalent vaccine containing attenuated bb, cpi, and cav-2; dogs were vaccinated intranasally with a single dose of the respective vaccines. the third group served as unvaccinated controls. all vaccinated dogs subs ...200819177330
fucoidan inhibits parainfluenza virus type 2 infection to llcmk2 cells.the effects of fucoidan and l-fucose, a fundamental major component of fucoidan, on the growth of human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hpiv-2) in llcmk(2) cells were investigated. fucoidan inhibited cell fusion and hemadsorption, but l-fucose only partly inhibited both. virus rna was not detected in the hpiv-2 infected cells cultured with fucoidan. however, l-fucose did not inhibit virus rna synthesis. indirect immunofluorescence study showed that virus protein synthesis was inhibited by fucoidan, ...200819129677
[mumps--effect of immunizations on epidemiological situation].in 2004, 57% of states included mumps vaccine in their routine national immunization programmers. nevertheless who reported then global increase of mumps cases--654 216 in 2004 compared to 334 064 cases in 2003. cases registered in europe accounted for 38% of general accidents. in poland, since 2004 above 90% of population suffered from mumps since 19 years old. after 2006, after introduction second mumps vaccine dose for children at age 10 years in polish routine national immunization program, ...200819108526
investigation of t-cell responses and viral mrna persistence in lymph nodes of pigs infected with porcine rubulavirus.selected lymphocyte subpopulations were studied and the distribution of viral mrna were investigated during acute and persistent porcine rubulavirus (porv-lpmv) infection in vietnamese pot-bellied pigs. six pigs infected with porv-lpmv at 17 days of age exhibited clinical signs 7-10 days post-inoculation (pi). one infected piglet died 11 days pi while the other five recovered around day 13 pi and survived until euthanasia on day 277 pi. increased numbers of cd8+, cd4+ and cd2+ t cells were detec ...200918986711
mumps outbreaks in vaccinated populations: are available mumps vaccines effective enough to prevent outbreaks?increased reports of mumps in vaccinated populations prompted a review of the performance of mumps vaccines. the effectiveness of prior vaccination with 1 dose of vaccine ranged from 72.8% to 91% for the jeryl lynn strain, from 54.4% to 93% for the urabe strain, and from 0% to 33% for the rubini strain. vaccine effectiveness after 2 doses of mumps vaccine was reported in 3 outbreaks and ranged from 91% to 94.6%. there was evidence of waning immunity, which is a likely factor in mumps outbreaks, ...200818959494
current status of vaccines for parainfluenza virus infections.parainfluenza viruses (piv) have been generally disregarded as pathogens in spite of their importance in pediatric lower respiratory illness. because pivs account for 17% of hospitalized illness associated virus isolation, the development of piv vaccine would be a major advance in preventing lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children. we will review in detail several piv vaccine candidates and recent newer approaches to piv vaccine development. intranasally administered bovi ...200818820572
[mumps in poland in 2006].in 2006, 15,115 cases of mumps were reported in poland. the incidence (39.6 per 100,000) was considerably lower compared to 2005 (188.5) and to the median incidence in 2000-2004 (104.6). the decrease of mumps incidence in 2006 is related to high coverage of routine two-dose immunisation against measles, mumps and rubella, maintained since its implementation in 2003. children 5-9 year old were the most affected age group (incidence 328.7 per 100,000). since the immunisation schedule during 2003-2 ...200818807461
characterization of naturally occurring parainfluenza virus type 2 (hpiv-2) variants.human parainfluenza viruses (hpiv) are respiratory pathogens responsible for upper and lower respiratory tract infections. in most labs, the clinical diagnosis of hpiv is routinely done using techniques based on the detection of viral antigens such as immunofluorescence assay or/and viral isolation.200818579437
virus growth and antibody responses following respiratory tract infection of ferrets and mice with wt and p/v mutants of the paramyxovirus simian virus 5.p/v gene substitutions convert the non-cytopathic paramyxovirus simian virus 5 (sv5), which is a poor inducer of host cell responses in human tissue culture cells, into a mutant (p/v-cpi-) that induces high levels of apoptosis, interferon (ifn)-beta, and proinflammatory cytokines. however, the effect of sv5-p/v gene mutations on virus growth and adaptive immune responses in animals has not been determined. here, we used two distinct animal model systems to test the hypothesis that sv5-p/v mutant ...200818456301
human parainfluenza virus type 2 v protein inhibits genome replication by binding to the l protein: possible role in promoting viral fitness.the human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hpiv2) v protein plays important roles in inhibiting the host interferon response and promoting virus growth, but its role in hpiv2 replication and transcription is not clear. a green fluorescent protein (gfp)-expressing a negative-sense minigenomic construct of hpiv2 has been established by standard technology, with helper plasmids expressing the nucleocapsid protein (np), phosphoprotein (p), and large rna polymerase (l) protein, to examine the role of v pr ...200818417591
select paramyxoviral v proteins inhibit irf3 activation by acting as alternative substrates for inhibitor of kappab kinase epsilon (ikke)/tbk1.v accessory proteins from paramyxoviruses are important in viral evasion of the innate immune response. here, using a cell survival assay that identifies both inhibitors and activators of interferon regulatory factor 3 (irf3)-mediated gene induction, we identified select paramyxoviral v proteins that inhibited double-stranded rna-mediated signaling; these are encoded by mumps virus (muv), human parainfluenza virus 2 (hpiv2), and parainfluenza virus 5 (piv5), all members of the genus rubulavirus. ...200818362155
viral morphogenesis and morphological changes in human neuronal cells following tioman and menangle virus infection.tioman virus (tiopv) and menangle virus (menpv) are two antigenically and genetically related paramyxoviruses (genus: rubulavirus, family: paramyxoviridae) isolated from peninsular malaysia (2001) and australia (1997), respectively. both viruses are potential zoonotic agents. in the present study, the infectivity, growth kinetics, morphology and morphogenesis of these two paramyxoviruses in a human neuronal cell (sk-n-sh) line were investigated. sub-confluent sk-n-sh cells were infected with tio ...200818330496
molecular characterization of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene of porcine rubulavirus isolates associated with neurological disorders in fattening and adult pigs."blue eye disease" is a viral infection of swine endemic in mexico, which produces fatal encephalitis accompanied by respiratory signs and corneal opacity in suckling piglets. an atypical blue eye disease outbreak presented high rates of neurological signs in fattening and adult pigs from 2000 to 2003. in order to identify the basis of increased neurovirulence, the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) gene of several porcine rubulavirus isolates were sequenced and compared with that of la piedad mic ...200818031776
[clinical and epidemiological manifestations of parainfluenza infection in hospitalized children].human parainfluenza viruses (hpiv) are a common cause of respiratory illness of children but published data on clinical characteristics of hpiv infection in south america is scarce.200717989842
enabled interferon signaling evasion in an immune-competent transgenic mouse model of parainfluenza virus 5 infection.parainfluenza virus 5 (piv5 or sv5) infects several mammalian species but is restricted from efficient replication in mice. in humans, piv5 evades ifn signaling by targeting stat1 for proteasomal degradation in a stat2-dependent reaction. in contrast, cell culture experiments have demonstrated that the divergent murine stat2 protein fails to support stat1 targeting. expression of human stat2 in mouse cells can overcome the species restriction to enable piv5-induced stat1 degradation and subseque ...200817964629
identification of potential b cell epitope determinants by computer techniques, in hemagglutinin-neuraminidase from the porcine rubulavirus la piedad michoacan.hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) from porcine rubulavirus la piedad michoacan (rvplpm) is one of the most antigenic proteins known, and is responsible for virus-host cell interaction. we analyzed the amino acid sequence of hn, using computer-assisted techniques to identify b cell epitopes. from a pool of 18 possible antigenic peptides, we evaluated the antigenicity of the 2 peptides with the highest scores and the 1 with lowest score. antibodies from rvplpm-infected pigs recognized the synthesiz ...200717603842
generation of menangle virus nucleocapsid-like particles in yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae.menangle virus (menv), which was isolated in australia in 1997 during an outbreak of severe reproductive disease in pigs, is a novel member of the genus rubulavirus in the family paramyxoviridae. although successfully eradicated from the affected piggery, fruit bats are considered to be the natural reservoir of the virus and therefore an ongoing risk of re-introduction to the pig population exists. accordingly, reagents to facilitate serological surveillance are required to enhance the diagnosti ...200717602774
differential sensitivity to interferon influences the replication and transcription of urabe am9 mumps virus variants in nerve cells.urabe am9 mumps virus vaccine causes post-vaccination meningitis. two variants of urabe am9 virus differ in their replication efficiency in human nerve cells, hn-a(1081) variant being more neurotropic than hn-g(1081). the effect of interferon (ifn) on viral replication and transcription was analyzed. priming of nerve cells with ifn reduced more significantly the replication of hn-g(1081) variant (from 10(2.5) to 10(1.3) tcid(50)) than that of hn-a(1081) (from 10(3.5) to 10(2.6) tcid(50)). ifn-pr ...200717533145
distinct pathways for signaling maturation in macrophages and dendritic cells after infection with paramyxovirus simian virus 5.professional antigen-presenting cells are critical components of both the innate and adaptive immune responses. although dendritic cells (dcs) are generally thought to be the primary activators of naive t cells, macrophages have also been shown to fulfill this role. as with dcs, the capacity to induce optimal activation of t cells requires that macrophages undergo a process that results in the increased expression of costimulatory molecules, such as cd40, cd80, and cd86, and the production of cy ...200717425423
full-length genome sequence and genetic relationship of two paramyxoviruses isolated from bat and pigs in the americas.mapuera virus (mprv) was isolated from a fruit bat in brazil in 1979, but its host range and disease-causing potential are unknown. porcine rubulavirus (porv) was identified as the aetiological agent of disease outbreaks in pigs in mexico during early 1980s, but the origin of porv remains elusive. in this study, the completed genome sequence of mprv was determined, and the complete genome sequence of porv was assembled from previously published protein-coding genes and the non-coding genome regi ...200717385069
semen alterations in porcine rubulavirus-infected boars are related to viral excretion and have implications for artificial insemination.porcine rubulavirus (porv), also known as blue eye disease (bed) of swine, causes respiratory and reproductive problems in pigs at several developmental stages. to study the effect of porv infection on semen production, five boars were infected with 1 x 10(6) tcid(50)/ml of porv strain pac-3 and evaluated for 59 days post inoculation (dpi). infected boars developed reproductive tract pathology that included swelling of the testes and epididymides. analysis of the semen showed that the infection ...200717368687
mapuera virus, a rubulavirus that inhibits interferon signalling in a wide variety of mammalian cells without degrading stats.mapuera virus (mprv) is a paramyxovirus that was originally isolated from bats, but its host range remains unknown. it was classified as a member of the genus rubulavirus on the basis of structural and genetic features. like other rubulaviruses it encodes a v protein (mprv/v) that functions as an interferon (ifn) antagonist. here we show that mprv/v differs from the ifn antagonists of other rubulaviruses in that it does not induce the proteasomal degradation of stat proteins, key factors in the ...200717325370
interferon-induced inhibition of parainfluenza virus type 5; the roles of mxa, pkr and oligo a synthetase/rnase l.we have previously reported that the addition of interferon (ifn) to the culture medium of vero cells (which cannot produce ifn) that were infected with the cpi- strain of parainfluenza virus 5 (piv5, formally known as sv5), that fails to block ifn signaling, rapidly induces alterations in the relative levels of virus mrna and protein synthesis. in addition, ifn treatment also caused a rapid redistribution of virus proteins and enhanced the formation of cytoplasmic viral inclusion bodies. the mo ...200717307214
human parainfluenza type 4 infections, canada. 200617283630
virological and immunological characteristics of fatal virus-associated haemophagocytic syndrome (vahs).we report three infants and one teenager with fatal virus-associated haemophagocytic syndrome (vahs). two infants were admitted to our hospital because of cardio-pulmonary arrest (cpa). the third infant was admitted to our department because of fever and liver dysfunction, and he was diagnosed as combined immunodeficiency with predominant t cell defect. the teenager was diagnosed as systemic lupus erythema (sle) when she was 10 years old and admitted to our department because of fever and thromb ...200717237599
microarray detection of human parainfluenzavirus 4 infection associated with respiratory failure in an immunocompetent adult.a pan-viral dna microarray, the virochip (university of california, san francisco), was used to detect human parainfluenzavirus 4 (hpiv-4) infection in an immunocompetent adult presenting with a life-threatening acute respiratory illness. the virus was identified in an endotracheal aspirate specimen, and the microarray results were confirmed by specific polymerase chain reaction and serological analysis for hpiv-4. conventional clinical laboratory testing using an extensive panel of microbiologi ...200616983602
declining population immunity to mumps among israeli military recruits.population-based seroepidemologic data on mumps have not been available in israel since 1987, and the effects of mass immigration from the commonwealth of independent states during the 1990s have not been investigated. we conducted a seroprevalence study of mumps antibodies among 353 israeli military recruits aged 18-19, based on a representative sample of sera collected in 1999. the overall seroprevalence rate was 83.3%, which was significantly lower than that measured in 1987 (94.1%, p<0.001). ...200616844272
[mumps--still actual epidemiological problem in poland].mumps is a viral infection primarily affecting the salivary glands. although disease is usually mild about 10-15% of patients can develop aseptic meningitis. rare but more serious complication is encephalitis, which can result in death. orchitis, pancreatitis, deafness are other complications of mumps. in the countries where there is no vaccination for mumps, its incidence remains high, usually >100 per 100,000 population with epidemic peaks every 2-5 years. peak incidence is found among childre ...200516729425
role of sialic acid-containing molecules in paramyxovirus entry into the host cell: a minireview.sialic acid-containing compounds play a key role in the initial steps of the paramyxovirus life cycle. as enveloped viruses, their entry into the host cell consists of two main events: binding to the host cell and membrane fusion. virus adsorption occurs at the surface of the host cell with the recognition of specific receptor molecules located at the cell membrane by specific viral attachment proteins. the viral attachment protein present in some paramyxoviruses (respirovirus, rubulavirus and a ...200616575518
blue eye disease porcine rubulavirus (porv) infects pig neurons and glial cells using sialo-glycoprotein as receptor.pig neural cells express glycoproteins with sialylated n-linked oligosaccharide chains (snoc) which are used by the porcine rubulavirus (porv) as receptors. pig neuronal or glial cell cultures were employed to investigate (a) whether porv infects such cells using a molecule expressing snoc, and (b) the role of viral envelope glycoproteins in establishing the infection. enriched neuronal or glial cell cultures were exposed to porv and infection was detected immunocytochemically. neuronal cultures ...200716459111
function of small hydrophobic proteins of paramyxovirus.mumps virus (muv), a rubulavirus of the paramyxovirus family, causes acute infections in humans. muv has seven genes including a small hydrophobic (sh) gene, which encodes a type i membrane protein of 57 amino acid residues. the function of the sh protein is not clear, although its expression is not necessary for growth of muv in tissue culture cells. it is speculated that muv sh plays a role in viral pathogenesis. simian virus 5 (sv5), a closely related rubulavirus, encodes a 44-amino-acid-resi ...200616439527
[mumps in poland in 2003].in 2003, 87,336 cases of mumps were reported in poland. the incidence (228,7 per 100,000) was higher then in 2002(104.6), which corresponds to a periodical increase of mumps incidence. according to the natural periodicity the peak incidence would be expected to take place in 2002. the increase of mumps incidence in 2003, still lower however then the previous peaks, can be attributed to the prolongation of the epidemics cycle usually occurring with growing vaccine coverage. even though the mumps ...200516190522
human parainfluenza virus 4 outbreak and the role of diagnostic tests.owing to the difficulties in isolating the virus and the lack of routine surveillance, the clinical significance of human parainfluenza virus 4 (hpiv-4) is less well defined than that of the other human parainfluenza viruses. we describe the first outbreak of hpiv-4 infection in a developmental disabilities unit, involving 38 institutionalized children and three staff members, during a 3-week period in autumn 2004. most subjects had upper respiratory tract infections (urti), while lower respirat ...200516145100
[diagnostic tests: parainfluenza virus 1, 2, 3, 4]. 200516111271
human parainfluenza virus type 4 infections: a report of 20 cases from 1998 to 2002.human parainfluenza viruses (hpiv) type 4 are responsible for respiratory infections. unlike hpiv types 1-3, they are associated with mild infections and appear to be infrequent. thus, they often go undetected.200516087124
composition and assembly of stat-targeting ubiquitin ligase complexes: paramyxovirus v protein carboxyl terminus is an oligomerization domain.transcription regulators stat1 and stat2 are key components of the interferon signaling system leading to innate antiviral immunity. the related stat3 protein is a regulator of interleukin-6-type cytokine signals and can contribute to both cell growth and death important for cancer gene regulation and tumor survival. these three stat proteins are targeted for proteasome-mediated degradation by rna viruses in the rubulavirus genus of the paramyxoviridae. a single viral protein, the v protein, ass ...200516051811
[expression and purification of heptad repeat region of the mumps virus f protein and analysis of characteristics].two heptad repeat motifs (hr1 and hr2) from paramyxoviruses f protein could form thermostable heterodimers containing high alpha-helix while virus infected host cell. following that the viral membrane and the host cell membrane were juxtaposed, which leads to membrane fusion. mumps virus (muv) is a member of the genus rubulavirus in the family of paramyxoviridae. muv could use similar infection mechanism as well as other paramyxoviruses. in this study the hr1 and hr2 regions of muv f protein wer ...200415971609
identification of paramyxovirus v protein residues essential for stat protein degradation and promotion of virus replication.some paramyxovirus v proteins induce stat protein degradation, and the amino acids essential for this process in the human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hpiv2) v protein have been studied. various recombinant hpiv2s and cell lines constitutively expressing various mutant v proteins were generated. we found that v proteins with replacement of cys residues of the cys cluster were still able to bind stats but were unable to induce their degradation. the hpiv2 v protein binds stats via a w-(x)3-w-(x)9 ...200515956600
abortive versus productive viral infection of dendritic cells with a paramyxovirus results in differential upregulation of select costimulatory molecules.dendritic cells are the most potent antigen-presenting cell for priming naive t cells. optimal activation of t cells requires that dendritic cells undergo a process of maturation resulting in the increased expression of costimulatory molecules, such as cd40, cd86, and cd80, and the production of cytokines. in this study we analyzed the effect of infection of dendritic cells obtained from two strains of mice, balb/c and c57bl/6, with the paramyxovirus simian virus 5 (sv5). our results show that c ...200515919909
modulation of cd8+ t cell avidity by increasing the turnover of viral antigen during infection.the increased potency of high avidity cd8+ t cells for the clearance of viral infections has been well documented. we have previously reported the novel finding that intranasal infection with the paramyxovirus sv5 induces a cd8+ t cell response to the sv5 p protein that is almost exclusively of high avidity. based on our results that the level of peptide presentation is a critical factor in the selective expansion of high versus low avidity cells in vitro, we hypothesized that the avidity of the ...200415919365
completion of the full-length genome sequence of menangle virus: characterisation of the polymerase gene and genomic 5' trailer region.menangle virus (menv), isolated in 1997 from stillborn piglets during an outbreak of reproductive disease at a large commercial piggery, is the only new paramyxovirus to be identified in australia since hendra virus in 1994. following partial characterisation of the menv genome, we previously showed that menv is a novel member of the genus rubulavirus. here we report the characterisation of the large (l) polymerase gene and the adjacent 5' trailer region of menv, which completes the full-length ...200515906105
parainfluenza virus 4 detection in infants. 200515906090
sudden death from human parainfluenza virus 2. 200515845440
altered function in cd8+ t cells following paramyxovirus infection of the respiratory tract.for many respiratory pathogens, cd8+ t cells have been shown to play a critical role in clearance. however, there are still many unanswered questions with regard to the factors that promote the most efficacious immune response and the potential for immunoregulation of effector cells at the local site of infection. we have used infection of the respiratory tract with the model paramyxovirus simian virus 5 (sv5) to study cd8+ t-cell responses in the lung. for the present study, we report that over ...200515731228
conserved glycine residues in the fusion peptide of the paramyxovirus fusion protein regulate activation of the native state.hydrophobic fusion peptides (fps) are the most highly conserved regions of class i viral fusion-mediating glycoproteins (vfgps). fps often contain conserved glycine residues thought to be critical for forming structures that destabilize target membranes. unexpectedly, a mutation of glycine residues in the fp of the fusion (f) protein from the paramyxovirus simian parainfluenza virus 5 (sv5) resulted in mutant f proteins with hyperactive fusion phenotypes (c. m. horvath and r. a. lamb, j. virol. ...200415564482
nucleotide sequence of the matrix protein gene of avian paramyxovirus, serotype 3b: evidence on another member of the suggested new genus of the subfamily paramyxovirinae.the complete nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the matrix protein (m) of the avian paramyxovirus, serotype 3b (apmv-3b), has been determined by means of the direct sequencing of viral rna using reverse transcriptase reaction. the adjacent portions of the neighboring phosphoprotein (p) and fusion (f) protein genes were also sequenced that permitted to determine the consensus sequence of the viral genome, the poly(a) tract, downstream and upstream non-coding portions of the p and f genes, r ...200515563952
[a virological description of serous meningitis in children immunized with vaccine against epidemic parotitis].the morbidity structure was analyzed in children vaccinated against epidemic parotitis in 1993-2002. eight children (4 with serous meningitis and 4 with lesions of the salivary glands) underwent virologic and immunologic examinations. the molecular typing of the sh-gene fragment of the parotitis virus showed the process in 7 cases to be provoked by the vaccination strain. presumedly, progressing vaccine-associated meningitis inhibits antibody formation. the total incidence of vaccine-associated ...200415529861
sudden infant death syndrome due to parainfluenza virus 2 associated with hemophagocytic syndrome.we report a child with sudden infant death syndrome (sids), aged 16 months. the histological findings of tonsils, spleen, and bone marrow revealed many hemophagocytic cells. parainfluenza virus type 2 (piv2) was cultured in the nasopharynx and detected by reverse-transcription (rt)-pcr in liver tissue and bone marrow. his laboratory data of elevated level of ferritin and il-6 suggested hemophagocytic syndrome (hps). it is suspected that piv2 infection in infants is a risk factor for sids.200415474632
longitudinal study of viruses associated with canine infectious respiratory disease.in this investigation a population of dogs at a rehoming center was monitored over a period of 2 years. despite regular vaccination of incoming dogs against distemper, canine adenovirus type 2 (cav-2), and canine parainfluenza virus (cpiv), respiratory disease was endemic. tissue samples from the respiratory tract as well as paired serum samples were collected for analysis. the development of pcr assays for the detection of cpiv, canine adenovirus types 1 and 2, and canine herpesvirus (chv) is d ...200415472304
accessory genes of the paramyxoviridae, a large family of nonsegmented negative-strand rna viruses, as a focus of active investigation by reverse genetics.the paramyxoviridae, a large family of nonsegmented negative-strand rna viruses, comprises several genera each containing important human and animal pathogens. they possess in common six basal genes essential for viral replication and, in addition, a subset of accessory genes that are largely unique to each genus. these accessory genes are either encoded in one or more alternative overlapping frames of a basal gene, which are accessed transcriptionally or translationally, or inserted before or b ...200415298171
prevalence of rabies and lpm paramyxovirus antibody in non-hematophagous bats captured in the central pacific coast of mexico.to investigate if non-hematophagous bats play a role in outbreaks of rabies and blue eye disease (lpmv), we studied the seroprevalence against both agents in several species of non-hematophagous bats on the sub-tropical pacific coast of the state of colima, mexico. the survey covered a predominantly agricultural area (disturbed), and an area dominated by semideciduous dry forest (undisturbed). a total of 151 non-hematophagous bats of 16 species were captured from the two areas. fifty-six (37%) h ...200415289094
exaggerated il-8 and il-6 responses to tnf-alpha by parainfluenza virus type 4-infected nci-h292 cells.respiratory viruses induce and potentiate airway inflammation, which is related to the induction of proinflammatory mediators such as interleukin (il)-8 and il-6. here we report on mechanisms implicated in il-8 and il-6 production by airway epithelium-like nci-h292 cells exposed to parainfluenza virus type 4a (piv-4). piv-4 readily infected nci-h292 cells as reflected by intracellular piv-4 antigen expression. piv-4 infection triggered a biphasic il-8 and il-6 mrna response. transient transfecti ...200415273081
fatal hemorrhagic pneumonia concomitant with chlamydia pneumoniae and parainfluenza virus 4 infection.cases of fatal hemorrhagic pneumonia need to be investigated for highly contagious viral causes. while not all hemorrhagic pneumonias are caused by very contagious agents, the etiology must be correctly determined in order to administer appropriate patient care.200415163237
rapid and sensitive method using multiplex real-time pcr for diagnosis of infections by influenza a and influenza b viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, and parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, 3, and 4.laboratory diagnosis of viral respiratory infections is generally performed by virus isolation in cell culture and immunofluorescent assays. reverse transcriptase pcr is now recognized as a sensitive and specific alternative for detection of respiratory rna viruses. a rapid real-time multiplex pcr assay was developed for the detection of influenza a and influenza b viruses, human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), parainfluenza virus 1 (piv1), piv2, piv3, and piv4 in a two-tube multiplex reactio ...200415071005
purification of the porcine rubulavirus attachment protein by liquid isoelectric focusing.porcine rubulavirus (porv) is an emerging virus responsible for meningoencephalitis, respiratory distress, and reproductive alterations in pigs. the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) glycoprotein is the most exposed and antigenic of the virus proteins. hn plays central roles in porv infection; i.e., it recognizes sialic acid-containing cell receptors that mediate virus attachment and penetration; in addition, its neuraminidase (sialic acid hydrolysis) activity has been proposed to be a virulence ...200415039074
identification of amino acids essential for the human parainfluenza type 2 virus v protein to lower the intracellular levels of the stat2.the v protein of sv41 targets stat1, while a specific loss of stat2 is induced by the hpiv2 v protein. we established hela cells constitutively expressing various chimeric proteins between the hpiv2 and sv41 v proteins, and which stat (stat1 or 2) was expressed in these cells was analyzed. both the p-v common domain and the v specific domain of hpiv2 v protein are necessary for stat2 lowering. the internal domain (aa145-173) containing a large number of nonidentical amino acids between hpiv2 and ...200314698661
experimental porcine rubulavirus (la piedad-michoacan virus) infection in pregnant gilts.porcine rubulavirus (la piedad-michoacan virus) (porv-lpmv) is a member of the paramyxoviridae family that causes encephalitis in young piglets and infertility in adult sows and boars. infertility in sows naturally infected by porv-lpmv is characterized by an increased number of returns to oestrus, stillbirths and mummified fetuses. in this study, nine seronegative gilts were inoculated intranasally with the pac-3 strain of porv-lpmv at week 6 or 10 of gestation. these animals were then killed a ...200414693118
[prevalence of respiratory viruses in elderly people].we analysed the presence of respiratory tract viruses in 206 elderly people (more than 65 years old). to identify viruses we used immunofluorescence method. the study revealed respiratory virus infection in about one third of examined patients. we found the most frequent infection with parainfluenza viruses. we found also more frequent prevalence of respiratory viruses in the oldest subgroup (more than 75 years old). no correlation between presence of respiratory viruses and smoking, diabetes or ...200314682158
structural disorder and modular organization in paramyxovirinae n and p.the existence and extent of disorder within the replicative complex (n, p and the polymerase, l) of paramyxovirinae were investigated, drawing on the discovery that the n-terminal moiety of the phosphoprotein (p) and the c-terminal moiety of the nucleoprotein (n) of measles virus are intrinsically unstructured. we show that intrinsic disorder is a widespread property within paramyxovirinae n and p, using a combination of different computational approaches relying on different physico-chemical co ...200314645906
substituted benzimidazoles with nanomolar activity against respiratory syncytial virus.a cell-based assay was used to discover compounds inhibiting respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-induced fusion in hela/m cells. a lead compound was identified and subsequent synthesis of >300 analogues led to the identification of jnj 2408068 (r170591), a low molecular weight (mw 395) benzimidazole derivative with an ec(50) (0.16 nm) against some lab strains almost 100,000 times better than that of ribavirin (15 microm). antiviral activity was confirmed for subgroup a and b clinical isolates of h ...200314638397
[mumps in poland in 2001].in 2001, 16,724 cases of mumps were reported in poland. incidence of 43.3 per 100,000 was slightly lower than in previous year. approximately 4.5% of mumps cases were hospitalised (751). children in the 5 to 9 age group were mostly affected (incidence ranged from 272.2 to 483.6). children in this age group constituted 54.1% of total number of cases. the mmr vaccine is not included into the national programme of immunisation, the vaccination is recommended on voluntary basis for 2-year and 7-year ...200312926308
simian virus 5 is a poor inducer of chemokine secretion from human lung epithelial cells: identification of viral mutants that activate interleukin-8 secretion by distinct mechanisms.we have compared chemokine secretion from human lung a549 cells infected with simian virus 5 (sv5) with other members of the rubulavirus genus of paramyxoviruses. high levels of the chemokines interleukin-8 (il-8) and macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (mcp-1) were secreted from a549 cells infected with human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hpiv-2) but not from cells infected with wild-type (wt) sv5. the lack of il-8 secretion from sv5-infected cells was not due to a global block in all signal tra ...200312768033
stat3 ubiquitylation and degradation by mumps virus suppress cytokine and oncogene signaling.mumps virus is a common infectious agent of humans, causing parotitis, meningitis, encephalitis, and orchitis. like other paramyxoviruses in the genus rubulavirus, mumps virus catalyzes the proteasomal degradation of cellular stat1 protein, a means for escaping antiviral responses initiated by alpha/beta and gamma interferons. we demonstrate that mumps virus also eliminates cellular stat3, a protein that mediates transcriptional responses to cytokines, growth factors, nonreceptor tyrosine kinase ...200312743296
hepatitis b virus x protein and simian virus 5 v protein exhibit similar uv-ddb1 binding properties to mediate distinct activities.the uv-damaged dna-binding activity protein (uv-ddb) consists of two subunits, ddb1 and ddb2, and functions in dna repair and cell cycle regulation. the ddb1 subunit is a target for the hepatitis b virus x protein (hbx). binding of hbx to ddb1 interferes with cell growth and viability in culture and has been implicated in the establishment of viral infection. ddb1 also interacts with the v proteins encoded by several paramyxoviruses including simian virus 5 (sv5), which prevent interferon signal ...200312743284
managing emerging diseases borne by fruit bats (flying foxes), with particular reference to henipaviruses and australian bat lyssavirus.since 1994, a number of novel viruses have been described from bats in australia and malaysia, particularly from fruit bats belonging to the genus pteropus (flying foxes), and it is probable that related viruses will be found in other countries across the geographical range of other members of the genus. these viruses include hendra and nipah viruses, members of a new genus, henipaviruses, within the family paramyxoviridae; menangle and tioman viruses, new members of the rubulavirus genus within ...200312675937
induction of apoptosis by paramyxovirus simian virus 5 lacking a small hydrophobic gene.simian virus 5 (sv5) is a member of the paramyxovirus family, which includes emerging viruses such as hendra virus and nipah virus as well as many important human and animal pathogens that have been known for years. sv5 encodes eight known viral proteins, including a small hydrophobic integral membrane protein (sh) of 44 amino acids. sv5 without the sh gene (rsv5deltash) is viable, and growth of rsv5deltash in tissue culture cells and viral protein and mrna production in rsv5deltash-infected cel ...200312610112
the amino-terminal extensions of the longer sendai virus c proteins modulate py701-stat1 and bulk stat1 levels independently of interferon signaling.the sendai virus (sev) c proteins are known to interact with stat1 to prevent interferon (ifn)-induced py701-stat1 formation and ifn signaling. nevertheless, py701-stat1 levels paradoxically increase during sev infection. the c proteins also induce bulk stat1 instability in some cells, similar to rubulavirus v proteins. we have found that sev infection increases py701-stat1 levels even in cells in which bulk stat1 levels strongly decrease. remarkably, both the decrease in bulk stat1 levels and t ...200312551969
investigation of several selected adjuvants regarding their efficacy and side effects for the production of a vaccine for parakeets to prevent a disease caused by a paramyxovirus type 3.the infection with paramyxovirus type 3 (pmv-3) of parakeets can lead to severe illness in small psittacines (neophema spp. and other parakeets) as well as in passerines (finches). the disease is characterized by acute or chronical pancreatitis and central nervous symptoms, such as torticollis as well as walking in circles and by high mortality rates in the affected flocks. as there is no licensed vaccine for psittacines available to prevent this disease. the aim of the following study was to fi ...200312547615
apoptosis in lymph nodes and changes in lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood of pigs infected with porcine rubulavirus.in a first experiment, five pigs were inoculated intranasally with porcine rubulavirus (porv) at 5 days of age and killed 7 days post-infection (pi). in a second experiment, four pigs were infected with the same virus at 17 days of age and killed at 9 or 15 days pi. control piglets in each experiment received uninfected cell culture supernate. all porv-infected pigs developed respiratory and nervous signs, and histological lesions of non-suppurative encephalitis and interstitial pneumonia. all c ...200312531681
paramyxovirus strategies for evading the interferon response.two genera, the respirovirus (sendai virus (sev) and human parainfluenza virus (hpiv3) and the rubulavirus (simian virus (sv) 5, sv41, mumps virus and hpiv2), of the three in the subfamily paramyxovirinae inhibit interferon (ifn) signalling to circumvent the ifn response. the viral protein responsible for the inhibition is the c protein for respirovirus sev and the v protein for the rubulaviruses, both of which are multifunctional accessory proteins expressed from the p gene. sev suppresses ifn- ...200212410527
the p127 subunit (ddb1) of the uv-dna damage repair binding protein is essential for the targeted degradation of stat1 by the v protein of the paramyxovirus simian virus 5.the v protein of simian virus 5 (sv5) blocks interferon signaling by targeting stat1 for proteasome-mediated degradation. here we present three main pieces of evidence which demonstrate that the p127 subunit (ddb1) of the uv damage-specific dna binding protein (ddb) plays a central role in this degradation process. first, the v protein of an sv5 mutant which fails to target stat1 for degradation does not bind ddb1. second, mutations in the n and c termini of v which abolish the binding of v to d ...200212388698
seroprevalence of avian paramyxovirus 1, 2, and 3 in captive and free-living birds of prey in spain (preliminary results): implications for management of wild and captive populations.since december 1997, 700 blood plasma samples from 31 different species of captive and free-living birds of prey from spain were analyzed by hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test for the presence of antibodies to avian paramyxovirus (apmv) 1,2, and 3. out of 700 birds, 120 tested positive for apmv-1, 10 birds had antibodies to apmv-2, and 4 birds tested positive against apmv-3. prevalence of antibodies against apmv-1 was significantly higher in captive than in free-living birds of prey and in fa ...200212381594
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