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prospecting fungal parasites of the potato cyst nematode globodera pallida using a rapid screening technique.seven filamentous fungal species were isolated from individual eggs of globodera pallida cysts collected from infested fields in shelley idaho, usa and identified as chaetomium globosum, fusarium oxysporum, fusarium solani, fusarium tricinctum, microdochium bolleyi, purpureocillium lilacinum, and plectosphaerella cucumerina. their ability to reduce infection by g. pallida in planta were assessed in simple, reproducible micro-rhizosphere chambers (micro-rocs). all fungi reduced g. pallida infecti ...201728375550
molecular epigenetic approach activates silent gene cluster producing dimeric bis-spiro-azaphilones in chaetomium globosum cbs148.51. 201728246383
new production process of the antifungal chaetoglobosin a using cornstalks.chaetoglobosin a is an antibacterial compound produced by chaetomium globosum, with potential application as a biopesticide and cancer treatment drug. the aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing cornstalks to produce chaetoglobosin a by c. globosum w7 in solid-batch fermentation and to determine an optimal method for purification of the products. the output of chaetoglobosin a from the cornstalks was 0.34mg/g, and its content in the crude extract was 4.80%. purification co ...201728223029
a peroxygenase from chaetomium globosum catalyzes the selective oxygenation of testosterone.unspecific peroxygenases (upo, ec 1.11.2.1) secreted by fungi open an efficient way to selectively oxyfunctionalize diverse organic substrates, including less-activated hydrocarbons, by transferring peroxide-borne oxygen. we investigated a cell-free approach to incorporate epoxy and hydroxyl functionalities directly into the bulky molecule testosterone by a novel unspecific peroxygenase (upo) that is produced by the ascomycetous fungus chaetomium globosum in a complex medium rich in carbon and n ...201728103392
diversity and taxonomy of chaetomium and chaetomium-like fungi from indoor environments.during a study of indoor fungi, 145 isolates belonging to chaetomiaceae were cultured from air, swab and dust samples from 19 countries. based on the phylogenetic analyses of dna-directed rna polymerase ii second largest subunit (rpb2), β-tubulin (tub2), its and 28s large subunit (lsu) nrdna sequences, together with morphological comparisons with related genera and species, 30 indoor taxa are recognised, of which 22 represent known species, seven are described as new, and one remains to be ident ...201628082757
the use of gamma radiation for the treatment of cultural heritage in the argentine national atomic energy commission: past, present, and future.the use of gamma radiation for treating biodeteriorated cultural heritage on paper has been studied at the comisión nacional de energía atómica-cnea (argentina) since 2001. in order to preserve books, publications, and documents that have been attacked by insects or fungi, gamma radiation techniques have been used at cnea. the activities include basic research as well as their applications in infected documents and papers currently used in libraries and archives. new papers were subjected to acc ...201728044280
chaetomium globosum cdw7, a potential biological control strain and its antifungal metabolites.screening for endophytic fungi with antifungal activity is an effective strategy for the discovery of novel biopesticides. our previous work indicated that chaetomium globosum cdw7, an endophyte from ginkgo biloba, exhibited strong inhibitory activity against plant pathogenic fungi in vitro. in this study, we evaluated the cdw7 strain for its antifungal activities against nine phytopathogenic fungi and its biocontrol potential against rape sclerotinia rot caused by sclerotinia sclerotiorum. the ...201728011695
cytoglobosins h and i, new antiproliferative cytochalasans from deep-sea-derived fungus chaetomium globosum.cytoglobosins h (1) and i (2), together with seven known cytochalasan alkaloids (3-9), were isolated from the deep-sea-derived fungus chaetomium globosum. the structures of new compounds 1 and 2 were elucidated by extensive 1d and 2d nmr and mass spectroscopic data. all the compounds were evaluated for their antiproliferative activities against mda-mb-231 human breast cancer cells, lncap human prostate cancer cells, and b16f10 mouse melanoma cells. compound 6 showed significant antiproliferative ...201627999388
biochemical characterization and synergism of cellulolytic enzyme system from chaetomium globosum on rice straw saccharification.efficient hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials to sugars for conversion to biofuels and chemicals is a key step in biorefinery. designing an active saccharifying enzyme system with synergy among their components is considered a promising approach.201627871321
expression and characterization of a novel antifungal exo-β-1,3-glucanase from chaetomium cupreum.a novel β-1,3-glucanase gene, designated ccglu17a, was cloned from the biological control fungus chaetomium cupreum ame. its 1626-bp open reading frame encoded 541 amino acids. the corresponding amino acid sequence showed highest identity (67 %) with a glycoside hydrolase family 17 β-1,3-glucanase from chaetomium globosum. the recombinant protein ccglu17a was successfully expressed in pichia pastoris, and the enzyme was purified to homogeneity with 10.1-fold purification and 47.8 % recovery yiel ...201627854040
overexpression of the global regulator laea in chaetomium globosum leads to the biosynthesis of chaetoglobosin z.overexpression of laea in chaetomium globosum cbs148.51 up-regulated expression of the chaetoglobosin gene cluster and resulted in the isolation of a new cytochalasan, chaetoglobosin z (1), together with six known analogues, chaetoglobosins a (2), b (3), d (4), e (5), o (6), and v (7). rt-pcr analysis confirmed that the key genes in the chaetoglobosin gene cluster were significantly up-regulated. the structure of the new compound chaetoglobosin z (1) was elucidated using nmr data. the relative a ...201627759375
anti-rheumatoid activity of secondary metabolites produced by endophytic chaetomium globosum.the aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-rheumatoid activity of secondary metabolites produced by endophytic mycobiota in egypt. a total of 27 endophytic fungi were isolated from 10 dominant medicinal plant host species in wadi tala, saint katherine protectorate, arid sinai, egypt. of those taxa, seven isolates of chaetomium globosum (cg1-cg7), being the most frequent taxon, were recovered from seven different host plants and screened for production of active anti-inflammatory me ...201627703452
onychomycosis due to chaetomium globosum with yellowish black discoloration and periungual inflammation.onychomycosis is usually caused by dermatophytes, although also other filamentous and yeast-like fungi are associated with nail invasion. chaetomium is an environmental genus of ascomycetes exhibiting a certain degree of extremotolerance. we report the first case of onychomycosis in a 46-year-old woman in china caused by chaetomium globosum. the patient showed yellowish black discoloration with periungual inflammation on the left first toenail. we confirmed the causative agent, c. globosum, by k ...201627699147
potential allelopathic azaphilones produced by the endophytic chaetomium globosum ty1 inhabited in ginkgo biloba using the one strain-many compounds method.on the basis of the one strain-many compounds strategy, seven azaphilones, including chaetomugilin a (1), d (2), s (3), i (4), j (5), q (6) and o (7), were isolated from the endophytic chaetomium globosum ty1. their structures were identified by nmr and hresims spectrometry data. all azaphilones were evaluated for plant growth regulation using eight species of herbaceous plant seeds seedling growth bioassay, which showed the plant growth influence of the seedling. among these compounds tested, c ...201727686133
genome sequence of the filamentous soil fungus chaetomium cochliodes reveals abundance of genes for heme enzymes from all peroxidase and catalase superfamilies.the ascomycetous family chaetomiaceae (class sordariomycetes) includes numerous soilborn, saprophytic, endophytic and pathogenic fungi which can adapt to various growth conditions and living niches by providing a broad armory of oxidative and antioxidant enzymes.201627681232
phylogenetic reassessment of the chaetomium globosum species complex.chaetomium globosum, the type species of the genus, is ubiquitous, occurring on a wide variety of substrates, in air and in marine environments. this species is recognised as a cellulolytic and/or endophytic fungus. it is also known as a source of secondary metabolites with various biological activities, having great potential in the agricultural, medicinal and industrial fields. on the negative side, c. globosum has been reported as an air contaminant causing adverse health effects and as causa ...201627616789
new on-line separation workflow of microbial metabolites via hyphenation of analytical and preparative comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography.microbial metabolites represent an important source of bioactive natural products, but always exhibit diverse of chemical structures or complicated chemical composition with low active ingredients content. traditional separation methods rely mainly on off-line combination of open-column chromatography and preparative high performance liquid chromatography (hplc). however, the multi-step and prolonged separation procedure might lead to exposure to oxygen and structural transformation of metabolit ...201627517521
visualization of the structural changes in plywood and gypsum board during the growth of chaetomium globosum and stachybotrys chartarum.fungal growth in indoor environments is associated with many negative health effects. many studies focus on brown- and white-rot fungi and their effect on wood, but there is none that reveals the influence of soft-rot fungi, such as stachybotrys spp. and chaetomium spp., on the structure of building materials such as plywood and gypsum wallboard. this study focuses on using micro-computed tomography (microct) to investigate changes of the structure of plywood and gypsum wallboard during fungal d ...201627476483
improvement of activated sludge resistance to shock loading by fungal enzyme addition during textile wastewater treatment.the effects of the additions of the fungal enzymatic extract were investigated in relation to the treatment of real textile wastewater (rtw) by the activated sludge process (asp). the used enzyme cocktail was produced by a new isolated fungal chaetomium globosum ima1. the system that was operated with enzyme addition showed a better chemical oxygen demand (cod) removal efficiency (95%) compared to the control system (75%). in addition, the improvement of color removal (od620) efficiencies was ar ...201727456712
the fungal endophyte chaetomium globosum negatively affects both above- and belowground herbivores in cotton.mutualistic plant-endophyte symbioses can benefit plants by increasing host fitness through reductions in herbivory. the fungus, chaetomium globosum strain tamu 520, was previously isolated as an endophyte from cotton (gossypium hirsutum) and can be re-inoculated to systemically colonize cotton plants via seed treatment. we evaluated the potential impacts of the endophyte in cotton on plant parasitic nematodes belowground, along with piercing-sucking and chewing insects aboveground. endophytic c ...201627451418
the evolution of water extractable organic matter and its association with microbial community dynamics during municipal solid waste composting.the humification of water extractable organic matter (weom) by microorganisms is widely used for assessing compost maturity and quality. however, the effect of bacterial and fungal community dynamics on humification of weom was not yet explored fully. here, we used canonical correspondence analysis (cca) and redundancy analysis (rda) to investigate the link between bacterial and fungal community dynamics and humification process of weom, respectively. results showed that water-soluble carbon (ws ...201627425858
[chemical constituents from endophyte chaetomium globosum in imperata cylindrical].isolation and purification of chemical constituents from solid culture of endophyte chaetomium globosum in imperata cylindrical was performed through silica gel column chromatography, gel filtration over sephadex lh-20 and preparative hplc. nine compounds were obtained and their structures were determined as chaetoglobosin f(1), chaetoglobosin fex(2), chaetoglobosin e(3) cytoglobosin a(4), penochalasin c(s), isochaetoglobosin d (6), n-benzoylphenylalaninyl-n-benzoyphenylalaninate(7), uracil(8) a ...201527141677
endophytic fungus strain 28 isolated from houttuynia cordata possesses wide-spectrum antifungal activity.the aim of this paper is to identify and investigate an endophytic fungus (strain 28) that was isolated from houttuynia cordata thunb, a famous and widely-used traditional chinese medicine. based on morphological methods and a phylogenetic analysis of its sequences, this strain was identified as chaetomium globosum. an antifungal activity bioassay demonstrated that the crude ethyl acetate (etoac) extracts of strain 28 had a wide antifungal spectrum and strong antimicrobial activity, particularly ...201726991297
pre-contamination of new gypsum wallboard with potentially harmful fungal species.gypsum wallboard is a popular building material, but is also very frequently overgrown by stachybotrys chartarum after severe and/or undetected water damage. the purpose of this study was to determine whether stachybotrys and other fungi frequently isolated from wet gypsum wallboard are already present in the panels directly from the factory. surface-disinfected gypsum disks were wetted with sterile water, sealed, and incubated for 70 days. the results showed that neosartorya hiratsukae (≡ asper ...201726970063
chaephilones a and b, two new azaphilone derivatives isolated from chaetomium globosum.two new azaphilone derivatives, chaephilones a (1) and b (2), were isolated from the fungus chaetomium globosum, together with four structurally related analogs 3 - 6. the structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses including hr-esi-ms and nmr. the known compounds were identified as chaetomugilin q (3), chaetomugilin d (4), 11-epichaetomugilin a (5), and chaetomugilin s (6) by comparing their nmr data and optical rotation values with those reported. compound 2 r ...201626938138
generation and characterization of indoor fungal aerosols for inhalation studies.in the indoor environment, people are exposed to several fungal species. evident dampness is associated with increased respiratory symptoms. to examine the immune responses associated with fungal exposure, mice are often exposed to a single species grown on an agar medium. the aim of this study was to develop an inhalation exposure system to be able to examine responses in mice exposed to mixed fungal species aerosolized from fungus-infested building materials. indoor airborne fungi were sampled ...201626921421
evaluation of a parchment document, the 13th century incorporation charter for the city of krakow, poland, for microbial hazards.the literature of environmental microbiology broadly discusses issues associated with microbial hazards in archives, but these publications are mainly devoted to paper documents. there are few articles on historical parchment documents, which used to be very important for the development of literature and the art of writing. these studies present a broad spectrum of methods for the assessment of biodeterioration hazards of the parchment document in question. they are based on both conventional m ...201626896133
potentially harmful secondary metabolites produced by indoor chaetomium species on artificially and naturally contaminated building materials.the presence of the fungal genus chaetomium and its secondary metabolites in indoor environments is suspected to have a negative impact on human health and well-being. about 200 metabolites have been currently described from chaetomium spp., but only the bioactive compound group, chaetoglobosins, have been screened for and thus detected in buildings. in this study, we used a liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry approach to screen both artificially and naturally infected buildi ...201726880675
industrial textile effluent decolourization in stirred and static batch cultures of a new fungal strain chaetomium globosum ima1 kj472923.the treatment of an industrial textile effluent (ite) was investigated by using a mono-culture of a novel fungal strain chaetomium globosum ima1. this filamentous fungus was selected based on its capacity for dye removal via the biodegradation mechanism. the respirometric analysis showed that c. globosum ima1 was resistant to an indigo concentration up to 700 mg equivalent cod/l. the decolourization of the ite by c. globosum was performed in static and stirred batch systems. the better lignin pe ...201626775156
anti-phytopathogen, multi-target acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of metabolites from endophytic chaetomium globosum.fourteen metabolites with various structure types were isolated from endophytic chaetomium globosum. five compounds were separated from genus chaetomium for the first time. some compounds exhibited remarkable inhibition against phytopathogenic fungi causing root rot of panax notoginseng. compounds 1-5 had significant dpph-free radical-scavenging activity. compounds 3 and 5 indicated significant inhibitions against the acetylcholinesterase (ache). from preliminary structure-activity relationship, ...201626744178
nine new cytochalasan alkaloids from chaetomium globosum tw1-1 (ascomycota, sordariales).chemical investigation on the methanol extract of chaetomium globosum tw1-1, a fungus isolated from the common pillbug (armadillidium vulgare), has resulted in the isolation of nine new highly oxygenated cytochalasan alkaloids, armochaetoglobins s-z (1 and 3-9) and 7-o-acetylarmochaetoglobin s (2), together with eight structurally related known analogues (10-17). their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses. among them, compound 2 presents to be the firs ...201626739896
invasive pulmonary mycosis due to chaetomium globosum with false-positive galactomannan test: a case report and literature review.in this case, the authors report chaetomium globosum as a cause of invasive pulmonary infection in a patient with wegener's granulomatosis. fungal hyphae (koh and calcofluor) were seen on direct microscopy of lung biopsy sample and bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) sample. c. globosum isolated on culture clinched the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary infection by chaetomium spp. a positive galactomannan of serum and bal was repeatedly seen and was utilised for follow-up and as prognostic marker in pati ...201626691935
quaternary ammonium biocides as antimicrobial agents protecting historical wood and brick.quaternary ammonium compounds (qacs) are widely used in disinfection of water, surfaces and instruments as well as in textile, leather and food industries because of their relatively low toxicity, broad antimicrobial spectrum, non-volatility and chemical stability. due to these advantages, qacs are also used in restoration and can be applied on historical material. the aim of this study was to determine the usefulness of biocides based on quaternary ammonium salts and containing various excipien ...201626629794
efficacy of chaetomium species as biological control agents against phytophthora nicotianae root rot in citrus.thailand is one of the largest citrus producers in southeast asia. pathogenic infection by phytophthora, however, has become one of major impediments to production. this study identified a pathogenic oomycete isolated from rotted roots of pomelo (citrus maxima) in thailand as phytophthora nicotianae by the internal transcribed spacer ribosomal dna sequence analysis. then, we examined the in vitro and in vivo effects of chaetomium globosum, chaetomium lucknowense, chaetomium cupreum and their cru ...201526539045
determination of the absolute configuration of chaetoviridins and other bioactive azaphilones from the endophytic fungus chaetomium globosum.chemical investigation of an endophytic fungus chaetomium globosum isolated from leaves of wikstroemia uva-ursi led to the isolation of two new azaphilones, chaetoviridins j and k (1 and 3), along with five known derivatives (2 and 4-7). the structures of azaphilones were determined by nmr, x-ray diffraction, mosher's method, and cd analysis. the isolated compounds were evaluated for their cancer chemopreventive-potential based on their abilities to inhibit tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-α)-in ...201526343828
antifungal activity of nano and micro charcoal particle polymers against paecilomyces variotii, trichoderma virens and chaetomium globosum.this study investigates the antifungal activity of a polymer integrated with nano-porous charcoal particles against paecilomyces variotii, chaetomium globosum, trichoderma virens, which are all filamentous fungi. the charcoal polymers were prepared by combining charcoal powders with plastic resin under a vacuum to form charcoal particle protrusions on the polymer surface. the mycelial growth of p. variotii and t. virens exhibited a reduction of 10 and 30%, respectively, after the conidia were pr ...201626277629
optimization of headspace solid phase microextraction for the analysis of microbial volatile organic compounds emitted by fungi: application to historical objects.the main goal of this work was to optimize the spme sampling method for measuring microbial volatile organic compounds (mvocs) emitted by active molds that may deteriorate historical objects. a series of artificially aged model materials that resemble those found in historical objects was prepared and evaluated after exposure to four different types of fungi. the investigated pairs consisted of: alternaria alternata on silk, aspergillus niger on parchment, chaetomium globosum on paper and wool, ...201526209190
indole alkaloids from chaetomium globosum.two new indole alkaloids chaetocochin j (1) and chaetoglobinol a (8), along with chetomin (2), chetoseminudin a (3), cochliodinol (9), and semicochliodinol (10), were isolated from the rice culture of the fungus chaetomium globosum. their structures were elucidated by spectral analysis. three new epipolythiodioxopiperazines, chaetocochins g-i (5-7), were identified by the combination of uplc and mass spectrometric analysis. chaetocochin i contained two sulfur bridges, one formed by three sulfur ...201526125976
armochaetoglobins a-j: cytochalasan alkaloids from chaetomium globosum tw1-1, a fungus derived from the terrestrial arthropod armadillidium vulgare.ten new cytochalasan alkaloids, termed armochaetoglobins a-j (1-10), and four known chaetoglobosins (11-14) were isolated from a methanol extract of chaetomium globosum tw1-1, a fungus isolated from the medicinal terrestrial arthropod armadillidium vulgare. their structures were elucidated by a combination of spectroscopy, single-crystal x-ray crystallography, and ecd calculations. armochaetoglobins a-e (1-5) represented the first examples of seco-chaetoglobosins arising from an oxidative cleava ...201526068802
photodynamic activity of nanostructured fabrics grafted with xanthene and thiazine dyes against opportunistic fungi.fungi are an important class of human pathogens for which considerable research has gone into defeating them. the photodynamic effects of rose bengal (rb), phloxine b (pb), azure a (aa), and toluidine blue o (tbo) dyes to inhibit aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus niger, trichoderma viride, penicillium funiculosum, and chaetomium globosum were investigated grafted to nano- and micro-structured fabrics. three antifungal tests conducted: broth microdilution test of free dyes, zone of inhibition an ...201525972050
optimization of synergism of a recombinant auxiliary activity 9 from chaetomium globosum with cellulase in cellulose hydrolysis.auxiliary activity family 9 (aa9, formerly known as glycoside hydrolase family 61 or polysaccharide monooxygenase) is a group of fungal proteins that were recently found to have a significant synergism with cellulase in cellulose hydrolysis via the oxidative cleavage of glycosidic bonds of cellulose chains. in this study, we report the active expression of a recombinant fungal aa9 from chaetomium globosum (cgaa9) in a bacterial host, escherichia coli, and the optimization of its synergistic acti ...201525936375
chaetomium globosum cutaneous fungal infection confirmed by molecular identification: a case report from malaysia.an 11-year-old girl presented with multiple blisters on her the right foot complicated with cellulitis. the conventional and molecular identification were performed on the culture. the internal transcribed spacer (its) region in rrna gene of the isolate was amplified by pcr. the sequence of the amplified its region matched 99 % with that of chaetomium globosum in the genbank. this is the first report describing c. globosum causing cutaneous infection in malaysia.201525894509
biological control of phytophthora palmivora causing root rot of pomelo using chaetomium spp.phytophthora diseases have become a major impediment in the citrus production in thailand. in this study, an isolate of phytophthora denominated as phy02 was proven to be causal pathogen of root rot of pomelo (citrus maxima) in thailand. the isolate phy02 was morphologically characterized and identified as phytophthora palmivora based on molecular analysis of an internal transcribed spacer rdna sequence. this work also presents in vitro evaluations of the capacities of chaetomium spp. to control ...201525892917
organic neem compounds inhibit soft-rot fungal growth and improve the strength of anthracite bricks bound with collagen and lignin for use in iron foundry cupolas.to examine organic neem compounds for their effective growth inhibition of saprotrophic soft-rot fungi on anthracite bricks bound with collagen and lignin for use in iron foundry cupolas as an alternative fuel source.201525857444
antifungal properties of silver nanoparticles against indoor mould growth.the presence of moulds in indoor environments causes serious diseases and acute or chronic toxicological syndromes. in order to inhibit or prevent the growth of microorganisms on building materials, the disruption of their vital processes or the reduction of reproduction is required. the development of novel techniques that impair the growth of microorganisms on building materials is usually based on silver nanoparticles (agnps). it makes them an alternative to other biocides. agnps have proven ...201525847174
draft genome sequence of the cellulolytic fungus chaetomium globosum.chaetomium globosum is a filamentous fungus typically isolated from cellulosic substrates. this species also causes superficial infections of humans and, more rarely, can cause cerebral infections. here, we report the genome sequence of c. globosum isolate cbs 148.51, which will facilitate the study and comparative analysis of this fungus.201525720678
armochaeglobines a and b, two new indole-based alkaloids from the arthropod-derived fungus chaetomium globosum.armochaeglobines a (1) and b (2), two indole-based cytochalasan alkaloids with new carbon skeletons, were obtained from the fungus chaetomium globosum tw1-1, which was first isolated from the arthropod armadillidium vulgare. their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses, ecd calculation, and single-crystal x-ray diffraction analysis. interestingly, compound 1 featured a unique tetracyclic 5/6/7/5 fused ring system and 2 possessed a rare 12-membered carbon scaffold.201525615686
high expression level of antioxidants and pharmaceutical bioactivities of endophytic fungus chaetomium globosum jn711454.in order to maximize antioxidant activity of pharmaceutical bioactive endophytic fungus chaetomium globosum jn711454 during fermentation process, designed fermentation experiments of culture media for three levels of eight culture factors were performed using a taguchi orthogonal array (oa) design with layout l18 (2(1) × 3(7)). the agitation and the potato extract were the most significant affecting factors, and their interaction contributed significantly to fungus activity. the production of an ...201625569373
production of a chaetomium globosum enolase monoclonal antibody.chaetomium globosum is a hydrophilic fungal species and a contaminant of water-damaged building materials in north america. methods to detect chaetomium species include subjective identification of ascospores, viable culture, or molecular-based detection methods. in this study, we describe the production and initial characterization of a monoclonal antibody (mab) for c. globosum enolase. mab 1c7, a murine igg1 isotype mab, was produced and reacted with recombinant c. globosum enolase (rcgeno) in ...201425495488
pictet-spengler reaction-based biosynthetic machinery in fungi.the pictet-spengler (ps) reaction constructs plant alkaloids such as morphine and camptothecin, but it has not yet been noticed in the fungal kingdom. here, a silent fungal pictet-spenglerase (fps) gene of chaetomium globosum 1c51 residing in epinephelus drummondhayi guts is described and ascertained to be activable by 1-methyl-l-tryptophan (1-mt). the activated fps expression enables the ps reaction between 1-mt and flavipin (fungal aldehyde) to form "unnatural" natural products with unpreceden ...201425425666
quantification of c. globosum spores in house dust samples.chaetomium globosum is one of the most common fungi that grows in damp buildings and occurs in agricultural and forestry workplaces. using sera from atopic patients, we characterized and purified an extracellular chitosanase (chg47) from c. globosum that is antigenic to humans. the study reports the production of monoclonal antibodies to the protein. three capture elisas were developed for chg47 for detection of spores and spore and mycelial fragments in dust samples using different mono- and po ...201425292122
characterisation and functional properties of antimicrobial bio-barriers formed by natural fibres.antimicrobial bio-barriers formed on cotton (co), silk (se), and woollen (wo) fabrics were prepared by the application of 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-propyldimethyloctadecyl ammonium chloride (si-qac) at 11 concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 20% using an exhaustion method. the presence of the si-qac coating on the treated fabric samples was detected by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. the bromophenol blue reagent was used to determine the concentration of quaternary ammonium groups in the coating. the ...201425024108
chaetoglobosins from chaetomium globosum, an endophytic fungus in ginkgo biloba, and their phytotoxic and cytotoxic activities.in preceding studies, cultivation of chaetomium globosum, an endophytic fungus in ginkgo biloba, produced five cytochalasan mycotoxins, chaetoglobosins a, g, v, vb, and c (1-5), in three media. in the present work, five known chaetoglobosins, c, e, f, fex, and 20-dihydrochaetoglobosin a (5-9), together with the four known compounds (11-14), were isolated from the meoh extracts of the solid culture of the same endophyte. the structures of these metabolites were elucidated on the basis of spectros ...201424708412
improved sanguinarine production via biotic and abiotic elicitations and precursor feeding in cell suspensions of latex-less variety of papaver somniferum with their gene expression studies and upscaling in bioreactor.elicitors play an important role in challenging the plant defense system through plant-environment interaction and thus altering the secondary metabolite production. culture filtrates of four endophytic fungi, namely, chaetomium globosum, aspergillus niveoglaucus, paecilomyces lilacinus, and trichoderma harzianum were tested on embryogenic cell suspensions of latex-less papaver somniferum in dose-dependent kinetics. besides this, abiotic elicitors salicylic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and carbon di ...201424677097
cellulose degradation and cellulase activity of five cellulolytic fungi.biodegradation of pure cellulose powder, bagasse and wheatstraw by five cellulolytic fungi,aspergillus niger, chaetomium globosum, scopulariopsis brevicaulis, trichoderma koningii andtrichothecium roseum, was studied in solid culture conditions. minimum degradation was with pure cellulose. bagasse and wheatstraw were the most suitable for growth and activity of cellulolytic fungi. all fungi contained cellulase activity.199024429892
antifungal metabolites produced by chaetomium globosum no.04, an endophytic fungus isolated from ginkgo biloba.the fungal endophyte chaetomium globosum no.04 was isolated from the medicinal plant ginkgo biloba. the crude extract of the fungus fermentation were active in the agar-diffusion tests against the phytopathogenic fungi rhizopus stolonifer and coniothyrium diplodiella. further bioassay-guided chemical investigation led to the isolation and purification of six alkaloids and three non-targeted compounds from 50 l fermentation of this endophytic fungus and their structures were elucidated as chaetog ...201324426105
chaetoglobosin y, a new cytochalasan from chaetomium globosum.chaetoglobosin y (1), was isolated from the endolichenic fungal strain chaetomium globosum (no. 64-5-8-2), along with related six known cytochalasans, chaetoglobosin fex (2), chaetoglobosin e (3), isochaetoglobosin d (4), chaetoglobosin g (5), cytoglobosin b (6), and cytoglobosin c (7). their structures were determined by detailed spectroscopic analyses and comparison with those of the closely related compounds previously reported. the cytotoxicity to hct-116 cell line of 2-7 was evaluated in vi ...201424418656
a case report of a mixed chaetomium globosum/trichophyton mentagrophytes onychomycosis.recently, an increasing prevalence of nondermatophyte mold onychomycosis was observed, in which chaetomium globosum was rarely involved as primary pathogenic agent. besides this, reports of mixed infection associating a dermatophyte and a nondermatophyte mold have become more frequent. here, we present a clinical case of a mixed onychomycosis infection of a toenail caused by chaetomium globosum and trichophyton mentagrophytes. to our knowledge, this specific association is reported for the first ...201224371744
bioassays guided isolation of compounds from chaetomium globosum.the aim of the present study was to evaluate different biological activities of the fungus chaetomium globosum (family chaetomiaceae). the evaluation was done through testing its antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer effects. c. globosum was isolated from the cucumber soil (rhizosphere) and caused inhibition of the mycelial growth of fusarium solani, rhizoctonia solani and sclerotium rolfsii in the biculture test. petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts of the liquid culture of c. globosu ...201424361402
microbial diversity and dynamics during the production of may bryndza cheese.diversity and dynamics of microbial cultures were studied during the production of may bryndza cheese, a traditional slovak cheese produced from unpasteurized ewes' milk. quantitative culture-based data were obtained for lactobacilli, lactococci, total mesophilic aerobic counts, coliforms, e. coli, staphylococci, coagulase-positive staphylococci, yeasts, fungi and geotrichum spp. in ewes' milk, curd produced from it and ripened for 0 - 10 days, and in bryndza cheese produced from the curd, in th ...201424291178
chemical constituents from an endophytic fungus chaetomium globosum z1.a new ergosterol, 15beta-hydroxyl-(22e,24r)-ergosta-3, 5, 8, 22-tetraen-one (1), along with three known ergosterols, two known cytochalasins, and two known azapholines were isolated from chaetomium globosum z1. the structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods (hr-esi-ms, 1d nmr, and 2d nmr). compound 6 showed significant cytotoxic activity against a-549 and mg-63 cell lines with ic50 values of 6.96 and 1.73 microg/ml, respectively.201324273849
cytochalasin h, an active anti-angiogenic constituent of the ethanol extract of gleditsia sinensis thorns.angiogenesis, the process of new vessel formation from the pre-existing blood vasculature, is critical for continuous tumor growth and is considered to be a validated antitumor target. the results of our previous study demonstrate the anti-angiogenic potential of an extract of gleditsia sinensis thorns, which has been traditionally used in korean medicine to remedy diverse diseases, including tumors. in the present study, we attempted to identify the active anti-angiogenic constituents of the et ...201424172060
monitoring the effects of different conservation treatments on paper-infecting fungi.fungi are among the most degradative organisms inducing biodeterioration of paper-based items of cultural heritage. appropriate conservation measures and restoration treatments to deal with fungal infections include mechanical, chemical, and biological methods, which entail effects on the paper itself and health hazards for humans. three different conservation treatments, namely freeze-drying, gamma rays, and ethylene oxide fumigation, were compared and monitored to assess their short- (one mont ...201324092956
variation of soil mycoflora in decomposition of rice stubble from rice-wheat cropping system.the colonization pattern and extent of decay produced in paddy stubble by soil inhabiting mycoflora were done by using nylon net bag technique. among the three methods used for isolation of fungi, dilution plate technique recorded the highest number of fungi followed by damp chamber and direct observation method. nutrient availability and climatic conditions (temperature, humidity and rainfall) influenced the occurrence and colonization pattern of fungi. maximum fungal population was recorded in ...200724015096
ecological and physiological studies on soil fungi at western region, libya.sixty three species and 5 varieties belonging to 30 fungal genera were collected from 75 soil samples. cultivated (29 genera and 58 species + 5 var.), desert (22 and 35 + 2 var.) and saline soil (21 and 41 + 1 var.) fungi were recovered on glucose-, cellulose- and 50% sucrose-czapek's agar at 28℃. the most common genera were alternaria, aspergillus, emericella, fusarium, mycosphaerella, nectria and penicillium. the most prevalent species from the three types of soils on the three types of media ...200823997599
in vitro antagonism of cotton seedlings fungi and characterization of chitinase isozyme activities in trichoderma harzianum.the antagonistic fungus trichoderma harzianum is widely recognized as a potential biocontrol agent against several soil-borne plant pathogens. t. harzinum is rich source of chitinoltic enzymes. in vitro screening of 5 isolates of t. harzinum, one isolate of chaetomium globosum and one isolate of conetherium mentance, revealed that all of them had reduced growth area of macrophomina phaseolina, fusarium solani and rhizoctonia solani on pda medium, significantly. the inhibition percentage ranged f ...201023961072
targeted disruption of transcriptional regulators in chaetomium globosum activates biosynthetic pathways and reveals transcriptional regulator-like behavior of aureonitol.postgenomic analysis revealed that many microorganisms carry numerous secondary metabolite biosynthetic genes on their genome. however, activities of those putative genes are not clearly reflected in the metabolic profile of the microorganisms, especially in fungi. a recent genome mining effort is promising in discovering new natural products. however, many fungi and other organisms are not amenable to molecular genetics manipulations, making the study difficult. here we report successful engine ...201323941144
[genes for cellulose-degradation and their expression conditions in chaetomium globosum nk102].use of renewable plant biomass is an active area in current biotechnology research. this report explores the cellulose-degradation system and the factors affecting cellulase gene expression in chaetomium globosum nk102.201323858710
spatial and temporal variation in fungal endophyte communities isolated from cultivated cotton (gossypium hirsutum).studies of fungi in upland cotton (gossypium hirsutum) cultivated in the united states have largely focused on monitoring and controlling plant pathogens. given increasing interest in asymptomatic fungal endophytes as potential biological control agents, surveys are needed to better characterize their diversity, distribution patterns and possible applications in integrated pest management. we sampled multiple varieties of cotton in texas, usa and tested for temporal and spatial variation in fung ...201323776604
biological evaluation of endophytic fungus, chaetomium globosum jn711454, as potential candidate for improving drug discovery.the main objective of this research work focused on investigating the biological and chemical aspects of endophytic fungus chaetomium globosum, for pharmaceutical purposes to improve the drug discovery process. the endophytic c. globosum was isolated from healthy leaves of egyptian medicinal plant adiantum capillus-veneris collected from saint katherine protectorate, sinai, egypt. the identification of c. globosum was on the basis of classical and molecular taxonomy. gene encoding for 18s rrna w ...201423775636
flavipin in chaetomium globosum cdw7, an endophytic fungus from ginkgo biloba, contributes to antioxidant activity.1,2-benzenedicarboxaldehyde-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyl (flavipin) was found to be antagonistic against nematodes and fungi. here we demonstrated that flavipin is a potent antioxidant in vitro and in vivo, which has great potential in the therapy for free radical-associated diseases. therefore, flavipin-producing bio-source was screened from 80 endophytes in ginkgo biloba. seven endophytic fungi were able to synthesize antioxidant substances and identified by its rdna sequences. among them, chaeto ...201323740314
method for rapid detection and identification of chaetomium and evaluation of resistance to peracetic acid.in the beverage industry, peracetic acid has been increasingly used as a disinfectant for the filling machinery and environment due to merits of leaving no residue, it is safe for humans, and its antiseptic effect against fungi and endospores of bacteria. recently, chaetomium globosum and chaetomium funicola were reported resistant to peracetic acid; however, little is known concerning the detail of peracetic acid resistance. therefore, we assessed the peracetic acid resistance of the species of ...201323726195
onychomycosis caused by chaetomium globosum.onychomycosis is usually caused by dermatophytes, but some nondermatophytic molds and yeasts are also associated with invasion of nails. the genus chaetomium is a dematiaceous nondermatophytic mold found in soil and plant debris as a saprophytic fungus. we report the first korean case of onychomycosis caused by chaetomium globosum in a 35-year-old male. the patient showed brownish-yellow discoloration and subungual hyperkeratosis on the right toenails (1st and 5th) and left toenails (1st and 4th ...201323717019
combinatorial generation of complexity by redox enzymes in the chaetoglobosin a biosynthesis.redox enzymes play a central role in generating structural complexity during natural product biosynthesis. in the postassembly tailoring steps, redox cascades can transform nascent chemical scaffolds into structurally complex final products. chaetoglobosin a (1) is biosynthesized by a hybrid polyketide synthase-nonribosomal peptide synthetase. it belongs to the chaetoglobosin family of natural products, comprising many analogs having different degrees of oxidation introduced during their biosynt ...201323611317
mycotoxins from mould infested building materials.only limited documentation of non-allergenic, especially toxic reactions after inhalation of microfungal spores in water damaged buildings exists. recently attention has been drawn to the mycotoxins as causal compounds, as some the dominating genera found in buildings are well known mycotoxin producers.penicillium chrysogenum and a. ustus do not seem to produce any known mycotoxins when growing on building materials, whereasp. brevicompactum produces mycophenolic acid, somep. polonicum produces ...200023605430
intracellular targeting of ascomycetous catalase-peroxidases (katg1s).bifunctional catalase-peroxidases (katgs) are heme oxidoreductases widely spread among bacteria, archaea and among lower eukaryotes. in fungi, two katg groups with different localization have evolved, intracellular (katg1) and extracellular (katg2) proteins. here, the cloning, expression analysis and subcellular localization of two novel katg1 genes from the soil fungi chaetomium globosum and chaetomium cochliodes are reported. whereas, the metalloenzyme from ch. globosum is expressed constituti ...201323589225
cytotoxic azaphilone alkaloids from chaetomium globosum ty1.three novel azaphilone alkaloids, namely chaetomugilides a-c (1-3), together with three related compounds (4-6) were isolated from the methanol extract of chaetomium globosum ty1, an endophytic fungus isolated from ginkgo biloba. their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive 1d and 2d nmr as well as hresi-ms spectroscopic data analysis. the isolated compounds exhibited highly cytotoxic activities against human cancer cell line hepg2 with the ic50 values range from 1.7 to 53.4μm.201323562244
identification of antifungal principle in the solvent extract of an endophytic fungus chaetomium globosum from withania somnifera.extracts of chaetomium globosum ef18, isolated as endophytic fungus from withania somnifera, were found effective against sclerotinia sclerotiorum. ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were more effective than hexane extract showing >80% growth inhibition. bioactive compound (antibiotic sch 210971, m/z 445 and λmax 290) having antifungal activity against s. sclerotiorum has been isolated in pure form from the ethyl acetate extract following bioassay guided fractionation. apart from this compound ...201323519550
[fungal population structure and its biological effect in rhizosphere soil of continuously cropped potato].continuous cropping obstacle is one of the main restriction factors in potato industry. in order to explore the mechanisms of potato's continuous cropping obstacle and to reduce the impact on potato's tuber yield, a field experiment combined with pcr-dgge molecular fingerprinting was conducted to investigate the fungal population structure and its biological effect in rhizosphere soil of continuously cropped potato. with the increasing year of potato' s continuous cropping, the numbers of visibl ...201223431794
chaetoglobosins and azaphilones produced by canadian strains of chaetomium globosum isolated from the indoor environment.chaetomium globosum is one of the most common species of fungi found growing on damp building materials in north america and europe. at doses that could be experienced in a building with some mould damage, exposure to metabolites from other fungi results in inflammatory changes in vivo and in vitro. this research requires knowledge of the dominant toxins produced by fungal strains from the built environment and characterization of pure compounds for toxicity testing. we examined 25 strains of c. ...201223334724
cloning and expression of a small heat and salt tolerant protein (hsp22) from chaetomium globosum.the present study reports molecular characterization of small heat shock protein gene in indian isolates of chaetomium globosum, c. perlucidum, c. reflexum, c. cochlioides and c. cupreum. six isolates of c. globosum and other species showed a band of 630bp using specific primers. amplified cdna product of c. globosum (cg 1) cloned and sequenced showed 603bp open reading frame encoding 200 amino-acids. the protein sequence had a molecular mass of 22 kda and was therefore, named hsp22. blastx anal ...201223305034
the application of bioactive compounds from the food industry to control mold growth in indoor waterborne coatings.microbial growth in indoor environments creates health problems, especially in people with asthma; approximately 80% of these patients are allergic to mold. antimicrobial coatings are formulated to generate surfaces that are easy to clean and may also incorporate active agents, commonly called biocides, which inhibit microbial colonization, subsequent growth and bio-deterioration of the substrates. some research lines seek to replace traditional organometallic and organochlorines biocides with e ...201223298599
antifungal screening of endophytic fungi from ginkgo biloba for discovery of potent anti-phytopathogenic fungicides.many endophytic fungi have been found to synthesize bioactive compounds to defend host plants against pathogenic organisms. here we performed anti-fungal bioassay of 80 endophytic fungi isolated from ginkgo biloba. fifteen endophytes were active against at least one of the selected fungi, fusarium graminearum, sclerotinia sclerotiorum and phytophthora capsici, using the agar diffusion method. the most bioactive strain cdw7 was identified as chaetomium globosum by microscopic examination and its ...201323240805
a pks gene, pks-1, is involved in chaetoglobosin biosynthesis, pigmentation and sporulation in chaetomium globosum.chaetomium globosum is one of the most common fungi in nature. it is best known for producing chaetoglobosins; however, the molecular basis of chaetoglobosin biosynthesis is poorly understood in this fungus. in this study, we utilized rna interference (rnai) to characterize a polyketide synthase gene, pks-1, in c. globosum that is involved in the production of chaetoglobosin a. when pks-1 was knocked down by rnai, the production of chaetoglobosin a dramatically decreased. knock-down mutants also ...201223233225
nematicidal activity of chaetoglobosin a poduced by chaetomium globosum nk102 against meloidogyne incognita.the nematicidal activity of chaetomium globosum nk102, culture filtrates, and chaetoglobosin a (cha) purified by hplc was evaluated on meloidogyne incognita . the results showed that c. globosum nk102 significantly repelled second-stage juveniles (j2s). both filtrates and cha demonstrated strong adverse effects on j2 mortality with 99.8% at 300 μg cha/ml (lc(50) = 77.0 μg/ml) at 72 h. cha and filtrates did not affect egg hatch until 72 h of exposure. all filtrate treatments inhibited the j2 pene ...201323214998
molecular cloning and characterization of a gh11 endoxylanase from chaetomium globosum, and its use in enzymatic pretreatment of biomass.an endo-1,4-β-xylanase gene, xylcg, was cloned from chaetomium globosum and successfully expressed in escherichia coli. the complete gene of 675 bp was amplified, cloned into the pet 28(a) vector, and expressed. the optimal conditions for the highest activity of the purified recombinant xylcg were observed at a temperature of 40 °c and ph of 5.5. using oat-spelt xylan, the determined k m, v max, and k cat/k m values were 0.243 mg ml⁻¹, 4,530 u mg⁻¹ protein, and 7,640 ml s⁻¹ mg⁻¹, respectively. a ...201323184220
identification and characterization of the chaetoviridin and chaetomugilin gene cluster in chaetomium globosum reveal dual functions of an iterative highly-reducing polyketide synthase.we report the identification and characterization of the caz biosynthetic cluster from chaetomium globosum and the characterization of a highly reducing polyketide synthase (pks) that acts in both a sequential and convergent manner with a nonreducing pks to form the chaetomugilin and chaetoviridin azaphilones. genetic inactivation studies verified the involvement of individual caz genes in the biosynthesis of the azaphilones. through in vitro reconstitution, we demonstrated the in vitro synthesi ...201223072467
endophytic fungal flora from roots and fruits of an indian neem plant azadirachta indica a. juss., and impact of culture media on their isolation.azadirachta indica a. juss. (neem), native to india, is well known worldwide for its insecticidal and ethanopharmacological properties. although endophytic microbes are known from this plant as only leaves and stems were the subjects of past reports. now, a variety of procedures and a number of different media were used to isolate the maximum number of endophytic fungi from unripe fruits and roots. a total of 272 isolates of 29 filamentous fungal taxa were isolated at rate of 68.0% from 400 samp ...201123024409
probing the role of sigma π interaction and energetics in the catalytic efficiency of endo-1,4-β-xylanase.chaetomium globosum endo-1,4-β-xylanase (xylcg) is distinguished from other xylanases by its high turnover rate (1,860 s(-1)), the highest ever reported for fungal xylanases. one conserved amino acid, w48, in the substrate binding pocket of wild-type xylcg was identified as an important residue affecting xylcg's catalytic efficiency.201223023743
characterization of an antigenic chitosanase from the cellulolytic fungus chaetomium globosum.we are interested in identifying human fungal allergens and antigens from species common on water-damaged or damp building materials for use as marker proteins and diagnostic tests. the cellulolytic fungus chaetomium globosum is common on damp materials in the building environment worldwide. elisa and immunoblotting tests identified two related proteins of molecular weights 45 and 47 kda which were identified as fungal antigens found on spore surfaces and in culture filtrate. the sequences were ...201322985087
differential chlorate inhibition of chaetomium globosum germination, hyphal growth, and perithecia synthesis.chaetomium globosum kunze:fr is a dermatophytic, dematiaceous fungus that is ubiquitous in soils, grows readily on cellulolytic materials, and is commonly found on water-damaged building materials. chlorate affects nitrogen metabolism in fungi and is used to study compatibility among anamorphic fungi by inducing nit mutants. the effect of chlorate toxicity on c. globosum was investigated by amending a modified malt extract agar (mea), oat agar, and carboxymethyl cellulose agar (cmc) with various ...201222903379
electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry of chaetoglobosins.chaetoglobosins are a family of macrocyclic polyketide alkaloids. they possess many similar isomers and exhibit a wide range of biological activities. thus, there is a need for reliable, fast, and low-cost analysis of this class of compounds.201222886807
free tropospheric transport of microorganisms from asia to north america.microorganisms are abundant in the troposphere and can be transported vast distances on prevailing winds. this study measures the abundance and diversity of airborne bacteria and fungi sampled at the mt. bachelor observatory (located 2.7 km above sea level in north america) where incoming free tropospheric air routinely arrives from distant sources across the pacific ocean, including asia. overall deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) concentrations for microorganisms in the free troposphere, derived from ...201222760734
chaetoglobosin f, a small molecule compound, possesses immunomodulatory properties on bone marrow-derived dendritic cells via tlr9 signaling pathway.chaetoglobosin f (cha f), a cytochalasan-based alkaloid, was obtained from the etoac extract of a solid culture of chaetomium globosum ifb-e019. dendritic cells (dcs), the most potent antigen presenting cells, are considered as the major target in the modulation of excessive immune responses. recognition of cpg-dna by toll-like receptor 9 (tlr9) on dcs is an important step in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. however, the effect of cha f on the maturation and immunostimulatory function of ...201322739238
endophytic chaetomium globosum enhances maize seedling copper stress tolerance.this study aims at characterisation of the impact of chaetomium globosum on copper stress resistance of maize seedlings. higher levels of copper treatment decreased maize dry weight and induced a marked increase in osmotic solutes, antioxidant enzyme activity and the level of lipid peroxidation. on the other hand, addition of the endophytic c. globosum alleviated the toxic effect of copper on maize growth. the combination of copper sulphate and chaetomium increased seedling dry weight, osmotic s ...201222672065
three new azaphilones produced by a marine fish-derived chaetomium globosum.three new metabolites, chaetomugilin s, dechloro-chaetomugilin a and dechloro-chaetomugilin d, were isolated from a strain of chaetomium globosum originally obtained from the marine fish mugil cephalus, and their absolute stereostructures were elucidated based on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, including 1d and 2d nmr techniques and some chemical transformations. particularly, chaetomugilins t and u are the first compounds without a chlorine atom in azaphilones isolated from this fungal str ...201222617549
chaetoglobosin vb from endophytic chaetomium globosum: absolute configuration of chaetoglobosins.one new cytochalasan alkaloid, chaetoglobosin v(b) (1), together with two structurally related known compounds, chaetoglobosin v (2) and chaetoglobosin g (3), was isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of a culture of the endophytic fungus chaetomium globosum, associated with the leaves of ginkgo biloba tree. the structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including 1d and 2d nmr and mass spectrometry. the absolute configuration of chaetoglobosin v(b) (1) was e ...201222593034
onychomycosis due to nondermatophytic molds.although there have been many studies about onychomycosis due to nondermatophytic molds (ndm), few studies about etiologic agents including ndm in onychomycosis have been reported in korea.201222577268
overexpressing transcriptional regulator in chaetomium globosum activates a silent biosynthetic pathway: evaluation of shanorellin biosynthesis. 201222569160
biotransformation of gambogenic acid by chaetomium globosum cicc 2445.microbial transformation of gambogenic acid (1), a caged polyprenylated xanthone isolated from the resin of garcinia hanburyi, was carried out with chaetomium globosum cicc 2445, after screening forty-six strains of filamentous fungi. a new caged polyprenylated xanthone, 16,17-dihydroxygambogenic acid (2), was specifically obtained, as a result of hydroxylation at c-16, and c-17. its structure was elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods. the cytotoxicity of compounds 1 and 2 against hel ...201222474955
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