Publications

comparison of the efficiency of the bumble bees bombus impatiens and bombus ephippiatus (hymenoptera: apidae) as pollinators of tomato in greenhouses.	experiments were conducted in a commercial tomato, solanum lycopersicum l. (solanaceae) greenhouse to compare the relative foraging effort and efficiency of two bumble bee species: bombus impatiens cresson, a species from northeastern north america, commercially reared and used for pollination in mexico; and b. ephippiatus say, a native species of mexico and central america. b. ephippiatus was as efficient in pollination of tomatoes as b. impatiens, as indicated by all variables of fruit quality ...	2012	23356048
different toxic and hormetic responses of bombus impatiens to beauveria bassiana, bacillus subtilis and spirotetramat.	pollinator exposure to pesticides is a concern in agricultural systems that depend on pollinators for crop production. however, not all pesticides elicit toxic effects, and response to a pesticide will vary depending on dose and exposure route. the effects of biopesticide formulations of bacillus subtilis and beauveria bassiana and of the tetramic acid insecticide spirotetramat on the common eastern bumblebee, bombus impatiens, were evaluated. microcolonies of bees were exposed to field-rate or ...	2012	23281229
the point mutation induced by the low-energy n+ ion implantation in impatiens balsamine genome.	to investigate the effect of genome mutations induced by low energy ions implantation in higher plants, genome mutation of impatiens balsamine mutant induced by low energy n+ ion implantation were analyzed by the rapd, issr and genome sequence. six out of the 121 issr primers and 6 out of the 135 rapd primers showed that polymorphism ratios between mutants and wild type were 4.96% and 2.89%, respectively. sequence analysis revealed that base deletions, insertions, and substitutions were observed ...	2012	23270266
rates of evolution in stress-related genes are associated to habitat preference in two cardamine lineages.	abstract: background: elucidating the selective and neutral forces underlying molecular evolution is fundamental to understanding the genetic basis of adaptation. plants have evolved a suite of adaptive responses to cope with variable environmental conditions, but relatively little is known about which genes are involved in such responses. here we studied molecular evolution on a genome-wide scale in two species of cardamine with distinct habitat preferences: c. resedifolia, found at high altit ...	2012	22257588
influence of honey bee, apis mellifera, hives and field size on foraging activity of native bee species in pumpkin fields.	the purpose of this study was to identify bee species active in pumpkin fields in new york and to estimate their potential as pollinators by examining their foraging activity. in addition, we examined whether foraging activity was affected by either the addition of hives of the honey bee, apis mellifera l., or by field size. thirty-five pumpkin (cucurbita spp.) fields ranging from 0.6 to 26.3 ha, 12 supplemented with a. mellifera hives and 23 not supplemented, were sampled during peak flowering ...	2011	22251726
seedling traits, plasticity and local differentiation as strategies of invasive species of impatiens in central europe.	background and aimsinvasiveness of some alien plants is associated with their traits, plastic responses to environmental conditions and interpopulation differentiation. to obtain insights into the role of these processes in contributing to variation in performance, we compared congeneric species of impatiens (balsaminaceae) with different origin and invasion status that occur in central europe.methodsnative i. noli-tangere and three alien species (highly invasive i. glandulifera, less invasive i ...	2012	22247125
the multiple fuzzy origins of woodiness within balsaminaceae using an integrated approach. where do we draw the line?	background and aimsthe family balsaminaceae is essentially herbaceous, except for some woodier species that can be described as 'woody' herbs or small shrubs. the family is nested within the so-called balsaminoid clade of ericales, including the exclusively woody families tetrameristaceae and marcgraviaceae, which is sister to the remaining families of the predominantly woody order. a molecular phylogeny of balsaminaceae is compared with wood anatomical observations to find out whether the woodi ...	2011	22190560
interspecific geographic distribution and variation of the pathogens nosema bombi and crithidia species in united states bumble bee populations.	several bumble bee (bombus) species in north america have undergone range reductions and rapid declines in relative abundance. pathogens have been suggested as causal factors, however, baseline data on pathogen distributions in a large number of bumble bee species have not been available to test this hypothesis. in a nationwide survey of the us, nearly 10,000 specimens of 36 bumble bee species collected at 284 sites were evaluated for the presence and prevalence of two known bombus pathogens, th ...	2011	22119631
Larval Bradysia impatiens (Diptera: Sciaridae) potential for vectoring Pythium root rot pathogens.	A series of laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the capacity of Bradysia impatiens (Johannsen) larvae to ingest propagules from two strains each of Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. and P. ultimum Trow and transmit the pathogens to healthy geranium seedlings on a filter-paper substrate in Petri dishes. The capacity of fungus gnat larvae to transmit P. aphanidermatum to seedlings rooted in a commercial peat-based potting mix and germination of Pythium oospores and hyphal swe ...	2011	22085299
photoreceptor processing speed and input resistance changes during light adaptation correlate with spectral class in the bumblebee, bombus impatiens.	colour vision depends on comparison of signals from photoreceptors with different spectral sensitivities. however, response properties of photoreceptor cells may differ in ways other than spectral tuning. in insects, for example, broadband photoreceptors, with a major sensitivity peak in the green region of the spectrum (>500 nm), drive fast visual processes, which are largely blind to chromatic signals from more narrowly-tuned photoreceptors with peak sensitivities in the blue and uv regions of ...	2011	22046251
Patterns of range-wide genetic variation in six North American bumble bee (Apidae: Bombus) species.	The increasing evidence for population declines in bumble bee (Bombus) species worldwide has accelerated research efforts to explain losses in these important pollinators. In North America, a number of once widespread Bombus species have suffered serious reductions in range and abundance, although other species remain healthy. To examine whether declining and stable species exhibit different levels of genetic diversity or population fragmentation, we used microsatellite markers to genotype popul ...	2011	22035452
an investigation of phenolic compounds from plant sources as trypsin inhibitors.	in the search of new trypsin inhibitors caffeic acid (1), cinnamic acid (2), gallic acid (3) and eugenol (4) from cinnamomum zeylanicum, ferulic acid (5) from impatiens bicolor, vanillin (6) from melia azedarach and catechol (7) from allium cepa were isolated through bioassay guided fractionation of the plant extracts. ic (50) values of the compounds 1, 2 and 5 were found to be 0.35 ± 0.02 mm, 0.96 ± 0.05 mm and 1.22 ± 0.06 mm, respectively. lineweaver-burk and dixon plots and their secondary re ...	2011	22011193
testing mechanisms and context dependence of costs of plastic shade avoidance responses in impatiens capensis (balsaminaceae).	• premise of the study: many plant species elongate their shoots in response to neighbor proximity and neighbor height. although these plastic responses may be beneficial in terms of enhancing light interception, they also may have costs in terms of increased risk of mechanical failure (i.e., lodging or breaking) because of thinner stems. this trade-off between light acquisition and stability may shape the evolution of plastic elongation responses to foliage shade. • methods: in a field experime ...	2011	21940813
comparison of antimicrobial activities of naphthoquinones from impatiens balsamina.	lawsone (1), lawsone methyl ether (2), and methylene-3,3'-bilawsone (3) are the main naphthoquinones in the leaf extracts of impatiens balsamina l. (balsaminaceae). antimicrobial activities of these three naphthoquinones against dermatophyte fungi, yeast, aerobic bacteria and facultative anaerobic and anaerobic bacteria were evaluated by determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations (mics) and minimal bactericidal or fungicidal concentrations (mbcs or mfcs) using a modified agar dilution me ...	2011	21895457
Performance of Apis mellifera, Bombus impatiens, and Peponapis pruinosa (Hymenoptera: Apidae) as pollinators of pumpkin.	Pollination services of pumpkin, Cucurbita pepo L., provided by the European honey bee, Apis mellifera L., were compared with two native bee species, the common eastern bumble bee, Bombus impatiens (Cresson), and Peponapis pruinosa Say, in New York from 2008 to 2010. Performance of each species was determined by comparing single-visit pollen deposition, percentage of visits that contacted the stigma, flower-handling time, fruit and seed set, and fruit weight per number of visits. Fruit yield fro ...	2011	21882677
Percent lipid is associated with body size but not task in the bumble bee Bombus impatiens.	In some group-living organisms, labor is divided among individuals. This allocation to particular tasks is frequently stable and predicted by individual physiology. Social insects are excellent model organisms in which to investigate the interplay between physiology and individual behavior, as division of labor is an important feature within colonies, and individual physiology varies among the highly related individuals of the colony. Previous studies have investigated what factors are important ...	2011	21847618
2-meth-oxy-naphthalene-1,4-dione.	the title compound, c(11)h(8)o(3), was isolated from impatiens balsamina plants (balsam, lib) grown in our laboratory. the two six-membered rings of the naphthalene-1,4-dione unit are coplanar [maximum deviation = 0.009 (1) å]. the o and c atoms of the meth-oxy substituent also lie close to the naphthalene plane, with deviations of 0.0090 (2) and 0.047 (2) å, respectively.	2011	21754213
the adaptive evolution of plasticity: phytochrome-mediated shade avoidance responses.	many plants display a characteristic suite of developmental "shade avoidance" responses, such as stem elongation and accelerated reproduction, to the low ratio of red to far-red wavelengths (r:fr) reflected or transmitted from green vegetation. this r:fr cue of crowding and vegetation shade is perceived by the phytochrome family of photoreceptors. phytochrome-mediated responses provide an ideal system for investigating the adaptive evolution of phenotypic plasticity in natural environments. the ...	2003	21680454
the role of autonomous self-pollination in floral longevity in varieties of impatiens hypophylla (balsaminaceae).	the floral longevity of unpollinated, hand self-, and hand cross-pollinated flowers was compared in two varieties of impatiens hypophylla, which contrasts with their mating systems. when flowers were emasculated and hand-pollinated every day after anthesis, their longevity was reduced. in the absence of emasculation and hand pollination, the staminate phase of the flowers of both varieties was 1 d longer. after the staminate phase, flowers of the outcrossing variety dropped their androecium, exp ...	2002	21669735
susceptibility to uv damage in impatiens capensis (balsaminaceae): testing for opportunity costs to shade-avoidance and population differentiation.	plastic increases in leaf secondary compounds may be an adaptive strategy that reduces the damaging effects of high-energy, ultraviolet radiation (uv). here, we examine (1) the relationship between fitness and anthocyanin and flavonoid concentrations in experimental, uv environments, (2) the effects of uv on impatiens capensis plants derived from woodland and clearing sites, and (3) whether susceptibility to uv damage is reduced by exposure to high ratios of redôçè:ôçèfar-red wavelengths (rôçè:ô ...	2001	21669671
herbivory alters the expression of a mixed-mating system.	the direct and indirect effects of vegetative herbivory on the mating system of impatiens capensis were analyzed through a survey of herbivory in natural i. capensis populations and manipulation of leaf damage in the field. across 10 wild populations of i. capensis proportion of cleistogamous flowers had a significant positive exponential relationship with natural levels of herbivory. similarly, experimental leaf damage increased the proportion of flowers and seeds that were cleistogamous. leaf ...	2004	21653460
relationships within balsaminoid ericales: a wood anatomical approach.	wood samples of 49 specimens representing 31 species and 11 genera of woody balsaminoids, i.e., balsaminaceae, marcgraviaceae, pellicieraceae, and tetrameristaceae, were investigated using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. the wood structure of marcgraviaceae, pellicieraceae, and tetrameristaceae is characterized by radial vessel multiples with simple perforation plates, alternate vessel pitting, apotracheal and paratracheal parenchyma, septate libriform fibers, and the presence ...	2005	21652477
physiological mechanism of population differentiation in shade-avoidance responses between woodland and clearing genotypes of impatiens capensis.	forest understory plants often respond less intensely to reduced ratios of red to far red (r : fr) light, an important signal of foliage shade, than conspecific or congeneric plants from open-canopy sites. reduced responsiveness to low r : fr in plants from closed-canopy sites could be caused by two physiological mechanisms. first, closed-canopy plants could have less sensitive shade-avoidance responses to low r : fr. second, the high irradiance response to fr (fr-hir), which allows seedling de- ...	2005	21652468
mechanisms of selection for drought stress tolerance and avoidance in impatiens capensis (balsaminaceae).	for longer lived annual plants, high water-use efficiency (wue) and low stomatal conductance are hypothesized to confer a fitness advantage under drought stress. to directly test the adaptive significance of wue and stomatal conductance under drought stress, inbred lines of impatiens capensis were grown in two field environments (watered and not-watered), in a year of unusual early-season drought. in contrast to the results from a previous study of late-season drought in the same system, selecti ...	2005	21652382
gene flow between impatiens radicans and i. javensis (balsaminaceae) in gunung pangrango, central java, indonesia.	this study reports the natural hybridization of two species of impatiens in the mountain forests of gunung gede-pangrango, in central java, indonesia. impatiens radicans, which inhabits the highest altitude zone in the mountains of this park, and i. javensis, which inhabits a zone of lower altitude, can be easily distinguished by their morphological features. however, some populations that inhabit regions between the two zones have characteristics that appear to be combinations of traits of i. r ...	2004	21652359
testing for stress-dependent inbreeding depression in impatiens capensis (balsaminaceae).	the relevance of inbreeding depression to the persistence of plant populations can depend upon whether stress magnifies inbreeding depression for fitness-related traits. to examine whether drought stress exacerbates inbreeding depression in gas exchange traits and biomass, we grew selfed and outcrossed progeny of inbred lines from two populations of impatiens capensis in a greenhouse experiment under water-limited and moist soil conditions. drought stress did not magnify the degree of inbreeding ...	2005	21646152
foraging behavior affects pollen removal and deposition in impatiens capensis (balsaminaceae).	flowers of most plant species are visited by a variety of animals. some of these visitors are effective pollinators while others remove resources without transferring pollen. studies comparing the effectiveness of different visitors as pollinators often compare taxa without considering variation in behavior within a taxon. wilson and thomson (ecology 72: 1503-1507, 1991) documented the effects of honey bees and bumble bees on the pollination dynamics of impatiens capensis. they found that pollen ...	2007	21636492
do epidermal lens cells facilitate the absorptance of diffuse light?	many understory plants rely on diffuse light for photosynthesis because direct light is usually scattered by upper canopy layers before it strikes the forest floor. there is a considerable gap in the literature concerning the interaction of direct and diffuse light with leaves. some understory plants have well-developed lens-shaped epidermal cells, which have long been thought to increase the absorption of diffuse light. to assess the role of epidermal cell shape in capturing direct vs. diffuse ...	2007	21636475
structure and development of the upper haustorium in the parasitic flowering plant cuscuta japonica (convolvulaceae).	the anatomical and ultrastructural development of the haustorium of the cuscuta japonica, a holoparasitic angiosperm, growing on the host plant impatiens balsamina was studied. after the shoot tips of light-grown parasite seedlings contacted the host, the upper haustorium (external to the host organ) developed through three main successive stages of the haustorial initials, the meristem, and the endophyte primoridium (ep) within the middle layer of the cortex of the parasite stem. the haustorial ...	2007	21636442
maternal effects of drought stress and inbreeding in impatiens capensis (balsaminaceae).	maternal effects can have substantial impacts on plant fitness and plant populations. stressful environmental conditions can cause a maternal plant to inadequately provision its progeny, resulting in poor seedling growth, low reproductive success, and decreased competitive ability. maternal effects consist of environmental and genetic load components, but the interactions between these two components have rarely been considered. to determine the effects of maternal drought stress and maternal in ...	2007	21636393
flower morphology and pollinator dynamics in solanum carolinense (solanaceae): implications for the evolution of andromonoecy.	flower morphology and pollinator dynamics play an important role in the evolution and maintenance of many breeding systems, including andromonoecy. we used a series of field experiments to test the functional relationship between flower morphology and pollination dynamics (e.g., pollen receipt and export) in solanum carolinense. we find that long-styled flowers serve primarily as pollen recipients and short-styled flowers as pollen donors, making this the first study to support the male-female i ...	2008	21632419
kin recognition: competition and cooperation in impatiens (balsaminaceae).	the ability to recognize kin is an important element in social behavior and can lead to the evolution of altruism. recently, it has been shown that plants are capable of kin recognition through root interactions. here we tested for kin recognition in a north american species of impatiens that has a high opportunity of growing with kin and responds strongly to aboveground competition. we measured how the plants responded to the aboveground light quality cues of competition and to the presence of ...	2009	21622319
leaf abscission in impatiens (balsaminaceae) is due to loss of highly de-esterified homogalacturonans in the middle lamellae.	• premise of study: abscission zones (az) are sites where leaves and other organs are shed. investigating the az by classical biochemical techniques is difficult due to its small size and because the surrounding tissue is not involved in abscission. the goals of this study were to determine whether az cell walls are chemically unique from the other cells of the petiole, perhaps making them more susceptible to enzymatic degradation during abscission and to identify which cell wall polysaccharides ...	2011	21613162
mercury uptake and translocation in impatiens walleriana plants grown in the contaminated soil from oak ridge.	mercury (hg) contaminated soils from oak ridge, tennessee were investigated for phytoavailability of mercury as measured by degree of hg translocation in aboveground biomass of impatiens walleriana plants grown in the soils. after 90 days of incubation, results revealed a higher concentration of total hg in the leaves than in the flowers or the stems. plants that were grown in the soils with higher hg concentrations showed significantly higher hg uptake and translocation in the aboveground plant ...	2011	21598784
nonresonant femtosecond laser vaporization with electrospray postionization for ex vivo plant tissue typing using compressive linear classification.	laser electrospray mass spectrometry (lems) with offline classification is used to discriminate plant tissues at atmospheric pressure using an intense (10(13) w cm(-2)), nonresonant (800 nm) femtosecond laser pulse to vaporize cellular content for subsequent mass analysis. the tissue content of the plant within the 0.05 mm(2) laser interaction region is vaporized into the electrospray plume where the molecules are ionized prior to transfer into the mass spectrometer. the measurements for a flowe ...	2011	21351794
behavioural, morphological, and metabolic maturation of newly emerged adult workers of the bumblebee, bombus impatiens.	newly emerged adult holometabolous insects must still complete considerable morphological, metabolic, and neural maturation. despite this, adults have frequently been documented to fly prior to finishing maturation and attaining peak physiological capacity. in some species, flight is limited by the unfurling of the wing, while in other species it may be limited by biochemical capacity. we charted maturation trajectories of adult bumblebee workers (bombus impatiens) for both morphological and fli ...	2011	21335010
[integrating technologies for urban communities' municipal solid waste minimization].	municipal solid waste management of urban communities has difficulties of insufficient source separation and food waste's high moisture content, an integrating technology of manual separation, simple compression of food waste, reclaim of food waste and composting leachate was studied. manual separating rate was 36.8 kg/h, and would increase when the worker became sophisticated. community separated food waste had high organic matter content of 44.493%, nutrients n, p, k contents of 2.586%, 0.649% ...	2010	21250464
conclusions about niche expansion in introduced impatiens walleriana populations depend on method of analysis.	determining the degree to which climate niches are conserved across plant species' native and introduced ranges is valuable to developing successful strategies to limit the introduction and spread of invasive plants, and also has important ecological and evolutionary implications. here, we test whether climate niches differ between native and introduced populations of impatiens walleriana, globally one of the most popular horticultural species. we use approaches based on both raw climate data as ...	2010	21206912
bioavailability assessment and accumulation by five garden flower species grown in artificially cadmium-contaminated soils.	many studies have been conducted on phytoextraction; however, non-native hyperaccumulator species are not suitable for the natural environment of taiwan in many cases. drawing upon previous results, the growth and heavy metal accumulation in artificially cadmium-contaminated soils were compared for five local garden flower species. the treatments included a control (ck), 9.73 +/- 0.05 mg kg(-1) (cd-10), and 17.6 +/- 0.8 mg kg(-1) (cd-20). all plants were harvested at 35 days after transplanting ...	2010	21166288
fusarium foetens, a new species pathogenic to begonia elatior hybrids (begonia x hiemalis) and the sister taxon of the fusarium oxysporum species complex.	a new disease recently was discovered in begonia elatior hybrid (begonia × hiemalis) nurseries in the netherlands. diseased plants showed a combination of basal rot, vein yellowing and wilting and the base of collapsing plants was covered by unusually large masses of fusarium macroconidia. a species of fusarium was isolated consistently from the discolored veins of leaves and stems. it differed morphologically from f. begoniae, a known agent of begonia flower, leaf and stem blight. the fusarium ...	2004	21148861
flowers help bees cope with uncertainty: signal detection and the function of floral complexity.	plants often attract pollinators with floral displays composed of visual, olfactory, tactile and gustatory stimuli. since pollinators' responses to each of these stimuli are usually studied independently, the question of why plants produce multi-component floral displays remains relatively unexplored. here we used signal detection theory to test the hypothesis that complex displays reduce a pollinator's uncertainty about the floral signal. specifically, we asked whether one component of the flor ...	2011	21147975
two new flavone glycosides from the seeds of impatiens balsamina l.	two new flavone glycosides were isolated from the seeds of impatiens balsamina l. and their structures were determined as quercetin-3-o-[α-l-rhamnose-(1 → 2)-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-5-o-β-d-glucopyranoside (1), and quercetin-3-o-[(6'''-o-caffeoyl)-α-l-rhamnose-(1 → 2)-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-5-o-β-d-glucopyranoside (2) on the basis of various spectral and chemical studies.	2010	21128143
simultaneous qualification and quantification of baccharane glycosides in impatientis semen by hplc-esi-msd and hplc-elsd.	this study presents a high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) with electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection (esi-msd) and evaporative light scattering detection (elsd) method for the simultaneous qualification and quantification of eight major baccharane glycosides, namely hosenlosides a, b, c, f, g, k, l, and m in impatientis semen, a chinese herbal medicine derived from the seeds of impatiens balsamina l. in order to achieve optimum performance, several extraction parameters ...	2010	21075577
ethnopharmacological survey among migrants living in the southeast atlantic forest of diadema, são paulo, brazil.	understanding how people of diverse cultural backgrounds have traditionally used plants and animals as medicinal substances during displacements is one of the most important objectives of ethnopharmacological studies. an ethnopharmacological survey conducted among migrants living in the southeast atlantic forest remnants (diadema, são paulo, brazil) is presented herein.	2010	21034478
the selective elimination of inversion dicentric chromatids during meiosis in the eggs of sciara impatiens.		1946	21009709
simultaneous determination of three naphthoquinones in the leaves of impatiens balsamina l. by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.	naphthoquinones; lawsone (1), lawsone methyl ether (2) and methylene-3,3'-bilawsone (3) are the main active compounds of impatiens balsamina leaves.	2010	20931623
2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone isolated from impatiens balsamina in a screening program for activity to inhibit wnt signaling.	a screening study using a luciferase assay to identify natural products which inhibit wnt signaling was carried out. the bioassay-guided fractionation of aerial parts of a plant, impatiens balsamina, led to the isolation of 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (1) as an active compound. compound 1 inhibited the tcf/β-catenin (top) transcriptional activity (ic(50) 2.9 µm), while it decreased the transcriptional activity of fop (mutated tcf-binding site)-transfected cells at >5 µm.	2010	20886301
biology and feeding requirements of larval hunter flies coenosia attenuata (diptera: muscidae) reared on larvae of the fungus gnat bradysia impatiens (diptera: sciaridae).	the larval feeding requirements and biology of the generalist predatory muscid hunter fly coenosia attenuata stein 1903 (diptera: muscidae) were investigated at 25 degrees c. larval c. attenuata were fed second-, third, and fourth-instar (l2, l3, and l4) larvae of the fungus gnat bradysia impatiens (johannsen) (diptera: sciaridae) at variable rates to determine minimum and optimum numbers of these prey required for normal development. the proportion of c. attenuata larvae surviving to pupation d ...	2010	20857722
hydrogen sulphide, a novel gasotransmitter involved in guard cell signalling.	hydrogen sulphide (h(2) s) has been proposed as the third gasotransmitter. in animal cells, h(2) s has been implicated in several physiological processes. h(2) s is endogenously synthesized in both animals and plants by enzymes with l-cys desulphydrase activity in the conversion of l-cys to h(2) s, pyruvate and ammonia. the participation of h(2) s in both stomatal movement regulation and abscisic acid (aba)-dependent induction of stomatal closure was studied in epidermal strips of three plant sp ...	2010	20831717
molecular systematics of the genus holothuria in the mediterranean and northeastern atlantic and a molecular clock for the diversification of the holothuriidae (echinodermata: holothuroidea).	this work investigates the systematics of the genus holothuria in the mediterranean sea and northeastern atlantic in the light of a wider molecular phylogenetic hypothesis of holothuriidae, and it also provides a time-scale for the family diversification using mitochondrial markers and the molecular clock hypothesis. the subgenera holothuria and roweothuria are retrieved as paraphyletic. at least four separate lineages, with quite different time frameworks were identified. there are at least thr ...	2010	20813189
diverging affinity of tospovirus rna silencing suppressor proteins, nss, for various rna duplex molecules.	the tospovirus nss protein was previously shown to suppress the antiviral rna silencing mechanism in plants. here the biochemical analysis of nss proteins from different tospoviruses, using purified nss or nss containing cell extracts, is described. the results showed that all tospoviral nss proteins analyzed exhibited affinity to small double-stranded rna molecules, i.e., small interfering rnas (sirnas) and micro-rna (mirna)/mirna* duplexes. interestingly, the nss proteins from tomato spotted w ...	2010	20739523
promoted biodegradation and microbiological effects of petroleum hydrocarbons by impatiens balsamina l. with strong endurance.	phytoremediation is a promising green technology for cleanup of petroleum hydrocarbons (phcs) in contaminated environment. based on the objective of identifying special ornamental plants for the effective biodegradation of phcs, the efficacy of impatiens balsamina l. to phytoremedy petroleum contaminated soil from the shengli oil field in dongying city, shandong province, china, was further examined in a field plot-culture experiment under greenhouse conditions. after a 4-month culture period, t ...	2010	20724074
transstadial transmission of pythium in bradysia impatiens and lack of adult vectoring capacity.	fungus gnats have been shown to transmit a variety of plant-pathogenic fungi that produce aerial dispersal stages. however, few studies have examined potential interactions between fungus gnats and oomycetes, including pythium spp. a series of laboratory experiments were conducted to determine whether fungus gnat adults are vectors of several common greenhouse pythium spp., including pythium aphanidermatum, p. irregulare, and p. ultimum. an additional objective was to determine whether p. aphani ...	2010	20718667
photoreceptor spectral sensitivity in the bumblebee, bombus impatiens (hymenoptera: apidae).	the bumblebee bombus impatiens is increasingly used as a model in comparative studies of colour vision, or in behavioural studies relying on perceptual discrimination of colour. however, full spectral sensitivity data on the photoreceptor inputs underlying colour vision are not available for b. impatiens. since most known bee species are trichromatic, with photoreceptor spectral sensitivity peaks in the uv, blue and green regions of the spectrum, data from a related species, where spectral sensi ...	2010	20711523
a biomechanical study on burst mechanisms of plant fruit: stress analysis of pericarps before bursting.	bursting of fruit is a very interesting biomechanical phenomenon because its mechanism is directly related to the plant's reproduction. a plant that produces fruit that bursts powerfully and spreads the seeds widely has the advantage of reproduction without relying on other mechanisms such as transportation of fruit by insects. the structures of many types of fruit have likely been optimized by evolution, although the structure itself appears rather simplistic. strain energy is stored in each pe ...	2010	20696416
development of efficient plant regeneration and transformation system for impatiens using agrobacterium tumefaciens and multiple bud cultures as explants.	impatiens (impatiens walleriana) is a top selling floriculture crop. the potential for genetic transformation of impatiens to introduce novel flower colors or virus resistance has been limited by its general recalcitrance to tissue culture and transformation manipulations. we have established a regeneration and transformation system for impatiens that provides new alternatives to genetic improvement of this crop.	2010	20696066
across-environment genetic correlations and the frequency of selective environments shape the evolutionary dynamics of growth rate in impatiens capensis.	trade-offs can exist within and across environments, and constrain evolutionary trajectories. to examine the effects of competition and resource availability on trade-offs, we grew individuals of recombinant inbred lines of impatiens capensis in a factorial combination of five densities with two light environments (full light and neutral shade) and used a bayesian logistic growth analysis to estimate intrinsic growth rates. to estimate across-environment constraints, we developed a variance deco ...	2010	20662920
increased production of naphthoquinones in impatiens balsamina root cultures by elicitation with methyl jasmonate.	impatiens balsamina root cultures were treated with yeast extract (ye), candida albicans homogenate (cah), trichophyton rubrum homogenate (trh), chitosan (chi) and methyl jasmonate (mj). different elicitors, depending on concentrations used exerted differential effects on the production of the three main naphthoquinones, lawsone (2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone), lawsone methyl ether and methylene-3,3'-bilawsone. treatment with mj (400microm) was capable of increasing production of lawsone, and law ...	2010	20620051
the use of sunpatiens (impatiens spp.) as a bioindicator of some simulated air pollutants--using an ornamental plant as bioindicator.	sunpatiens were exposed separately or combined to ozone gas (130 ppb), fluoranthene (10 microm) and sulphuric acid mists (ph 3) sprayed as simulated pollutants in chamber conditions for 21 d. the treatments negatively affected the gas (co(2) and moisture) exchange, leaf chlorophyll fluorescence, and the leaf-quality expressed in chlorophyll value (spad). fluoranthene and the acid individual negative effects on the measured eco-physiological variables were nearly the same on sunpatiens; their eff ...	2010	20579687
[studies on the alkaloids from roots of corydalis impatiens].	to study the alkaloids from corydalis impatiens.	2010	20575411
weather during bloom affects pollination and yield of highbush blueberry.	weather plays an important role in spring-blooming fruit crops due to the combined effects on bee activity, flower opening, pollen germination, and fertilization. to determine the effects of weather on highbush blueberry, vaccinium corymbosum l., productivity, we monitored bee activity and compared fruit set, weight, and seed number in a field stocked with honey bees, apis mellifera l., and common eastern bumble bees, bombus impatiens (cresson). flowers were subjected to one of five treatments d ...	2010	20568598
the spatial frequency tuning of optic-flow-dependent behaviors in the bumblebee bombus impatiens.	insects use visual estimates of flight speed for a variety of behaviors, including visual navigation, odometry, grazing landings and flight speed control, but the neuronal mechanisms underlying speed detection remain unknown. although many models and theories have been proposed for how the brain extracts the angular speed of the retinal image, termed optic flow, we lack the detailed electrophysiological and behavioral data necessary to conclusively support any one model. one key property by whic ...	2010	20435814
allergy-preventive effects of the flowers of impatiens textori.	the allergy-preventive activity of a 35% etoh extract (it) of flowers of impatiens textori miq. was demonstrated in a continuing search for allergy-preventive substances from natural sources. the evaluation of its activity used an in vivo assay method for monitoring the blood flow decrease in the tail vein microcirculation of mice subjected to sensitization with hen-egg white lysozyme. among the principal compounds in it, apigenin (1), luteolin (3), and luteolin 7-glucoside (4) showed significan ...	2010	20410612
saccharospirillum aestuarii sp. nov., isolated from tidal flat sediment, and an emended description of the genus saccharospirillum.	a gram-reaction-negative, chemoheterotrophic, non-motile, facultatively anaerobic, curved rod-shaped bacterial strain, imcc4453(t), was isolated from tidal flat sediment and subjected to a taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach. phylogenetic analysis based on 16s rrna gene sequences revealed that strain imcc4453(t) belonged to the genus saccharospirillum, forming a robust clade with members of the genus, and was most closely related to the type strains of saccharospirillum salsuginis (97.6 ...	2011	20363931
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi protect a native plant from allelopathic effects of an invader.	the allelopathic potential of the eurasian invasive plant alliaria petiolata has been well documented, with the bulk of the effects believed to be mediated by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf). we exposed the herbaceous annual impatiens pallida, which is native to north america, to fractionated a. petiolata extracts at four developmental stages (germination, presymbiosis growth, symbiosis formation, and symbiosis growth) by using exposure levels expected to be similar to field levels. surprisin ...	2010	20229215
endophytic fungi diversity of aquatic/riparian plants and their antifungal activity in vitro.	two hundred and fourteen endophytic fungi were isolated from 500 segments of aquatic/riparian plants ottelia acuminata, myriophyllum verticillatum, equisetum arvense, cardamine multijuga, and impatiens chinensis. they were identified to 31 taxa in which cladosporium, fusarium, and geotrichum were the dominant genera. among all isolates, 169 (79%) were anamorphic fungi, 1 (0.5%) was an teleomorphic ascomycete and 44 (21%) were sterile mycelia. there were significant differences in the colonizatio ...	2010	20221722
fertilizer efficiency and environmental risk of irrigating impatiens with composting leachate in decentralized solid waste management.	the reduction and reuse of composting leachate is an issue of importance in the field of decentralized solid waste management. in this study, composting leachate from source-separated food waste was treated and subsequently used as liquid fertilizer to irrigate impatiens (impatiens balsamina). the leachate was altered by adjusting storage time and dilution, and through addition of microbial inocula. for each test case, the effects of irrigation were monitored by analyzing the impatiens extension ...	2010	20194007
limits to vertical force and power production in bumblebees (hymenoptera: bombus impatiens).	maximum vertical forces produced by flying animals can be difficult to identify unequivocally, but potentially indicate general limits to aerodynamic force and muscle power output. we used two methods (i.e. incremental addition of supplemental mass and asymptotic load lifting) to determine both the intraspecific allometry of and methodological differences in estimates of maximum flight performance for the bumblebee bombus impatiens. we found that incremental mass addition underestimated maximum ...	2010	20086127
fungus gnat feeding and mechanical wounding inhibit pythium aphanidermatum infection of geranium seedlings.	abstract a series of laboratory tests were conducted to investigate potential effects of fungus gnat (bradysia impatiens) feeding damage on susceptibility of geranium seedlings (pelargonium x hortorum) to infection by the root rot pathogen pythium aphanidermatum. effects were compared with those from similar tests in which the seedlings were mechanically wounded by severing the root tip with a scalpel. assays of geranium seedlings in petri dishes revealed a pronounced negative fungus gnat-pythiu ...	2009	19900009
identification of nosema bombi fantham and porter 1914 (microsporidia) in bombus impatiens and bombus sandersoni from great smoky mountains national park (usa).	ninety three bumble bees belonging to the genus bombus, subgenus pyrobombus (three bombus vagans, seven bombus bimaculatus, 17 b. sandersoni and 68 b. impatiens) from great smoky mountains national park were examined for microsporidia. light microscopy of calcoflour and trichrome-stained smears, and pcr revealed infection with n. bombi in one specimen each of b. sandersoni and b. impatiens. sizes and shapes of spores in both n. bombi isolates were similar to those described for european isolates ...	2010	19835879
cd and zn accumulation in plants from the padaeng zinc mine area.	significant cadmium (cd) contamination in soil and rice has been discovered in mae sot, tak province, thailand where the rice-based agricultural systems are established in the vicinity of a zinc mine. the prolonged consumption of cd contaminated rice has potential risks to public health and health impacts of cd exposed populations in mae sot have been demonstrated. the thai government has prohibited rice cultivation in the area as an effort to prevent further exposure. phytoextraction, the use o ...	2009	19810350
antimicrobial specificity and mechanism of action of disulfide-removed linear analogs of the plant-derived cys-rich antimicrobial peptide ib-amp1.	ib-amp1 is a 20-residue disulfide-linked beta-sheet antimicrobial peptide found in the seeds of impatiens balsamina. in order to investigate the effects of the 2 disulfide bonds on the antimicrobial specificity, to determine the mechanism of antimicrobial action of ib-amp1 and to develop novel cell-selective antimicrobial peptides with improved antimicrobial specificity as compared to wild-type ib-amp1, we synthesized a disulfide-removed linear analog of ib-amp1 with l-pro, d-pro or peptoid resi ...	2009	19778562
in vitro activity of 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone and stigmasta-7,22-diene-3{beta}-ol from impatiens balsamina l. against multiple antibiotic-resistant helicobacter pylori.	infection with helicobacter pylori is strongly associated with gastric cancer and gastric adenocarcinoma. who classified h. pylori as a group 1 carcinogen in 1994. impatiens balsamina l. has been used as indigenous medicine in asia for the treatment of rheumatism, fractures and fingernail inflammation. in this study, we isolated anti-h. pylori compounds from this plant and investigated their anti- and bactericidal activity. compounds of 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (meonq) and stigmasta-7,22-die ...	2009	19773391
effect of reduced risk pesticides for use in greenhouse vegetable production on bombus impatiens (hymenoptera: apidae).	bumble bees [bombus impatiens (cresson)] are widely used for supplemental pollination of greenhouse vegetables and are at risk of pesticide exposure while foraging. the objective of this study was to determine the lethal and sub-lethal effects of four insecticides (imidacloprid, abamectin, metaflumizone and chlorantraniliprole) and three fungicides (myclobutanil, potassium bicarbonate and cyprodinil + fludioxonil) used or with potential for use in ontario greenhouse vegetable production to b. im ...	2010	19757502
invasive plant integration into native plant-pollinator networks across europe.	the structure of plant-pollinator networks has been claimed to be resilient to changes in species composition due to the weak degree of dependence among mutualistic partners. however, detailed empirical investigations of the consequences of introducing an alien plant species into mutualistic networks are lacking. we present the first cross-european analysis by using a standardized protocol to assess the degree to which a particular alien plant species (i.e. carpobrotus affine acinaciformis, impa ...	2009	19692403
the interleukin-18 inhibitory activities of echinocystic acid and its saponins from impatiens pritzellii var. hupehensis.	echinocystic acid (1), an echinocystic acid saponin, 2, and four of its ester saponins, 3-6, obtained from the active fraction of impatiens pritzellii var. hupehensis, an traditional chinese medicine for rheumatoid arthritis, were investigated for their effects on lipopolysaccharide (lps)-induced interleukin (il)-18 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. three of them, 1, 2 and 6, showed obvious activity to inhibit the production of il-18, especially the ester saponins with a sugar chain a ...	2009	19678540
in vitro activity of impatiens balsamina l. against multiple antibiotic-resistant helicobacter pylori.	impatiens balsamina l. has been used as indigenous medicine in asia for the treatment of rheumatism, fractures, and fingernail inflammation. in this study, anti-h. pylori activity of i. balsamina l. was investigated. the mics, mbcs, time-kill assay, and effect of environmental ph for the plant extracts were determined. the test h. pylori strains have resistance to clarithromycin (clr), metronidazole (mtz), and levofloxacin (lvx). from our results, all part (root/stem/leaf, seed, and pod) extract ...	2009	19655409
an isomeric mixture of novel cerebrosides isolated from impatiens pritzellii reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced release of il-18 from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.	an isomeric mixture of two cerebrosides, soya-cerebrosides i and ii, was isolated from an ethno drug, the rhizomes of impatiens pritzellii hook. f. var. hupehensis hook. f., and their structures were identified by spectroscopic (nmr, ms) analysis. in order to determine the immunomodulatory activities of soya-cerebrosides i and ii, the effects of the mixture of cerebrosides (mc) on cytotoxicity of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) and the inhibitory activities to lipopolysaccharide ...	2009	19609788
interspecific competition alters natural selection on shade avoidance phenotypes in impatiens capensis.	shade avoidance syndrome is a known adaptive response for impatiens capensis growing in dense intraspecific competition. however, i. capensis also grow with dominant interspecific competitors in marshes. here, we compare the i. capensis shade-avoidance phenotypes produced in the absence and presence of heterospecific competitors, as well as selection on those traits. two treatments were established in a marsh; in one treatment all heterospecifics were removed, while in the other, all competitors ...	2009	19573136
bumblebees exhibit the memory spacing effect.	associative learning is key to how bees recognize and return to rewarding floral resources. it thus plays a major role in pollinator floral constancy and plant gene flow. honeybees are the primary model for pollinator associative learning, but bumblebees play an important ecological role in a wider range of habitats, and their associative learning abilities are less well understood. we assayed learning with the proboscis extension reflex (per), using a novel method for restraining bees (capsules ...	2009	19562317
saccharospirillum salsuginis sp. nov., a gammaproteobacterium from a subterranean brine.	a novel gram-negative, non-sporulating, moderately halophilic, facultatively alkaliphilic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, obligately aerobic bacterium, strain yim-y25(t), was isolated from a subterranean brine sample collected from a salt mine in yunnan, south-west china. cells were spirilla, motile by monopolar flagella, with meso-diaminopimelic acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. growth occurred with 1-15 % (w/v) nacl (optimum 5 %), at ph 6.0-10.0 (optimum ph 8.0) and at 15-50 degrees c (opt ...	2009	19502320
background complexity affects colour preference in bumblebees.	flowers adapted for hummingbird pollination are typically red. this correlation is usually explained by the assertion that nectar- or pollen-stealing bees are "blind" to red flowers. however, laboratory studies have shown that bees are capable of locating artificial red flowers and often show no innate preference for blue over red. we hypothesised that these findings might be artefacts of the simplified laboratory environment. using bumblebees (bombus impatiens) that had been trained to visit re ...	2009	19444425
triterpenoid saponins from impatiens siculifer.	triterpenoid saponins, impatienosides a-g, together with 12 known saponins, were isolated from the whole plants of impatiens siculifer. their structures were established on the basis of extensive 1d and 2d nmr and ms analyses coupled with chemical degradation. cytotoxic activities of the isolated saponins were evaluated against three human cancer cell lines: human myeloid leukemia hl-60 cells, human stomach kato-iii adenocarcinoma, and human lung a549 adenocarcinoma.	2009	19409580
rapid radiation of impatiens (balsaminaceae) during pliocene and pleistocene: result of a global climate change.	impatiens comprises more than 1000 species and is one of the largest genera of flowering plants. the genus has a subcosmopolitan distribution, yet most of its evolutionary history is unknown. diversification analyses, divergence time estimates and historical biogeography, illustrated that the extant species of impatiens originated in southwest china and started to diversify in the early miocene. until the early pliocene, the net diversification rate within the genus was fairly slow. since that t ...	2009	19398024
genome analysis and characterization of a tobacco mosaic virus isolate infecting balsam (impatiens balsamina).	the complete rna genomic sequence of a tobacco mosaic virus isolate infecting impatiens balsamina, designated as tmv-im, has been determined. the genomic sequence and the predicted gene products of tmv-im were similar to those of other members of the genus tobamovirus. the cp orf of tmv-im showed sequence identities of 95.0-99.5% with the corresponding orfs of other tmv strains. full-length cdna of tmv-im was amplified by rt-pcr with a 5'-end primer harboring a t7 promoter sequence and a 3'-end ...	2009	19381775
density-dependent phytotoxicity of impatiens pallida plants exposed to extracts of alliaria petiolata.	invasive plants are by definition excellent competitors, either indirectly through competition for resources or directly through allelopathic inhibition of neighboring plants. although both forms of competition are commonly studied, attempts to explore the interactions between direct and indirect competition are rare. we monitored the effects of several doses of extracts of alliaria petiolata, a eurasian invader in north america, on the growth of impatiens pallida, a north american native, at se ...	2009	19381723
location, location, location: larvae position inside the nest is correlated with adult body size in worker bumble-bees (bombus impatiens).	social insects display task-related division of labour. in some species, division of labour is related to differences in body size, and worker caste members display morphological adaptations suited for particular tasks. bumble-bee workers (bombus spp.) can vary in mass by eight- to tenfold within a single colony, which previous work has linked to division of labour. however, little is known about the proximate mechanism behind the production of this wide range of size variation within the worker ...	2009	19364744
an unusual acylated malvidin 3-glucoside from flowers of impatiens textori miq. (balsaminaceae).	acylated malvidin 3-glucoside was isolated from the purple flowers of impatiens textori miq. as a major anthocyanin component along with malvidin 3-(6''-malonyl-glucoside). its structure was elucidated to be malvidin 3-o-[6-o-(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl)-beta-glucopyranoside] by chemical and spectroscopic methods.	2009	19345964
comparative genetic analyses of historical and contemporary collections highlight contrasting demographic histories for the bumble bees bombus pensylvanicus and b. impatiens in illinois.	direct comparison of genetic patterns between museum specimens and contemporary collections can be a powerful approach for detecting recent demographic changes. using microsatellite markers, we examined historical and contemporary genetic variation from an apparently declining bumble bee species, bombus pensylvanicus, and from a stable species, bombus impatiens, in central illinois. for each species, we genotyped specimens from the illinois natural history survey collected from three populations ...	2009	19344350
the mechanics of explosive seed dispersal in orange jewelweed (impatiens capensis).	explosive dehiscence ballistically disperses seeds in a number of plant species. during dehiscence, mechanical energy stored in specialized tissues is transferred to the seeds to increase their kinetic and potential energies. the resulting seed dispersal patterns have been investigated in some ballistic dispersers, but the mechanical performance of a launch mechanism of this type has not been measured. the properties of the energy storage tissue and the energy transfer efficiency of the launch m ...	2009	19321647
division of labour within flowers: heteranthery, a floral strategy to reconcile contrasting pollen fates.	in many nectarless flowering plants, pollen serves as both the carrier of male gametes and as food for pollinators. this can generate an evolutionary conflict if the use of pollen as food by pollinators reduces the number of gametes available for cross-fertilization. heteranthery, the production of two or more stamen types by individual flowers reduces this conflict by allowing different stamens to specialize in 'pollinating' and 'feeding' functions. we used experimental studies of solanum rostr ...	2009	19320798
early stages of nematode-induced giant-cell formation in roots of impatiens balsamina.	giant cells induced in roots of impatiens balsamina by meloidogyne javanica and meloidogyne incognita have been examined by light and electron microscopy. the first sign of giant-cell formation was division of cells surrounding a larva. cell plate alignment appeared to proceed normally, but cytokinesis was unsuccessful and binucleate cells formed subsequently. no wall breakdown was evident then or later. the number of nuclei appeared to increase by repeated mitosis without separation by cytokine ...	1978	19305816
comparing chemical and biological control strategies for twospotted spider mites (acari: tetranychidae) in commercial greenhouse production of bedding plants.	efficacy, costs, and impact on crop salability of various biological and chemical control strategies for tetranychus urticae koch (acari: tetranychidae) were evaluated on mixed plantings of impatiens, impatiens wallerana hook.f (ericales: balsaminaceae), and ivy geranium, pelargonium peltatum (1.) l'hér. ex aiton (geraniales: geraniaceae), cultivars in commercial greenhouses. chemical control consisting of the miticide bifenazate (floramite) was compared with two biological control strategies us ...	2009	19253653
impact of currently used or potentially useful insecticides for canola agroecosystems on bombus impatiens (hymenoptera: apidae), megachile rotundata (hymentoptera: megachilidae), and osmia lignaria (hymenoptera: megachilidae).	pest management practices may be contributing to a decline in wild bee populations in or near canola (brassica napus l.) agroecosystems. the objective of this study was to investigate the direct contact toxicity of five technical grade insecticides--imidacloprid, clothianidin, deltamethrin, spinosad, and novaluron--currently used, or with potential for use in canola integrated pest management on bees that may forage in canola: common eastern bumble bees [bombus impatiens (cresson); hereafter bum ...	2009	19253634
color processing in the medulla of the bumblebee (apidae: bombus impatiens).	the mechanisms of processing a visual scene involve segregating features (such as color) into separate information channels at different stages within the brain, processing these features, and then integrating this information at higher levels in the brain. to examine how this process takes place in the insect brain, we focused on the medulla, an area within the optic lobe through which all of the visual information from the retina must pass before it proceeds to central brain areas. we used his ...	2009	19226517
interactive effects of spectral shading and mechanical stress on the expression and costs of shade avoidance.	the interacting effects of different environmental cues in determining a plant's phenotype and performance are poorly understood aspects of phenotypic plasticity. we examined the interacting effects of shading and mechanical stress (ms) on growth, reproduction, and mechanical stability. we subjected 10 grassland genotypes and 10 forest genotypes of impatiens capensis to two levels of spectral shading and two levels of ms. shade induced the production of taller, thinner internodes, but this respo ...	2009	19140769
pollinator experience, neophobia and the evolution of flowering time.	environmental changes, such as current climate warming, can exert directional selection on reproductive phenology. in plants, evolution of earlier flowering requires that the individuals bearing genes for early flowering successfully reproduce; for non-selfing, zoophilous species, this means that early flowering individuals must be visited by pollinators. in a laboratory experiment with artificial flowers, we presented captive bumble-bees (bombus impatiens) with flower arrays representing stages ...	2009	19129131
phylogeny of novel naked filose and reticulose cercozoa: granofilosea cl. n. and proteomyxidea revised.	naked filose and reticulose protozoa were long lumped as proteomyxids or left outside higher groups. we cultivated eight naked filose or reticulose strains, did light microscopy, 18s rdna sequencing and phylogeny (showing all are cercozoa), and sequenced 80 environmental 18s-types. filose species belong in subphylum filosa and reticulose ones in subphylum endomyxa, making proteomyxids polyphyletic. we therefore transfer the classically mainly reticulose proteomyxidea to endomyxa, removing eviden ...	2009	18952499
comparison of ambisense m rna of watermelon silver mottle virus with other tospoviruses.	abstract double-stranded genomic rnas (dsrnas) extracted from chenopodium quinoa infected with watermelon silver mottle virus (wsmv) were similar to those of tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv, serogroup i) and impatiens necrotic spot virus (insv, serogroup iii), except that the s dsrna of wsmv is 0.75 and 0.6 kbp longer than those of tswv and insv, respectively. the complete nucleotide sequence of the genomic m rna of wsmv was determined from cdna clones generated from separated m dsrna. the m rna ...	1998	18944959
application of phage display in selecting tomato spotted wilt virus-specific single-chain antibodies (scfvs) for sensitive diagnosis in elisa.	abstract a panel of recombinant single-chain antibodies (scfvs) against structural proteins of tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) was retrieved from a human combinatorial scfv antibody library using the novel phage display technique. after subcloning the encoding dna sequences in the expression vector pskap/s, which allowed the scfvs to be expressed as alkaline phosphatase fusion proteins, 17 different scfv antibodies were obtained. of these, 12 scfvs were directed against the nucleoprotein (n) an ...	2000	18944607