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a molecular survey of tick-borne pathogens from ticks collected in central queensland, australia.central queensland (cq) is a large and isolated, low population density, remote tropical region of australia with a varied environment. the region has a diverse fauna and several species of ticks that feed upon that fauna. this study examined 518 individual ticks: 177 rhipicephalus sanguineus (brown dog tick), 123 haemaphysalis bancrofti (wallaby tick), 102 rhipicephalus australis (australian cattle tick), 47 amblyomma triguttatum (ornate kangaroo tick), 57 ixodes holocyclus (paralysis tick), 9 ...201829336689
transmission of leishmania infantum by rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae) in dogs.rhipicephalus sanguineus is the most widely distributed tick in the world, which is partly due to its biological flexibility and the global distribution of its major host, the domestic dog. in mediterranean region it could be principal reservoir host for leishmania infantum, usually transmitted by the phlebotomine sand flies. in this study, we evaluated the vector potential of r. sanguineus in transmitting l. infantum to uninfected dogs.201829317872
rhipicephalus sanguineus in an imported dog. 201829305477
tick-borne infections in dogs and horses in the state of espírito santo, southeast brazil.this work aims to identify and quantify the percentage of rickettsia spp., ehrlichia spp., babesia spp. and hepatozoon spp. positive pet dogs, and to identify ticks collected on these animals in the state of espírito santo, in the southeast region of brazil. the study included 378 dogs, 226 females and 152 males, of various breeds and ages (mean age of 4.1 years). all animals were examined for ticks, and whole blood was collected and processed by conventional pcr protocols for babesia spp., anap ...201829279085
molecular evidence for transstadial transmission of ehrlichia canis by rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato under field conditions.this study investigated possible transstadial transmission of ehrlichia canis by rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato collected from shelter dogs and the shelter grounds in diyarbakır province of south-eastern turkey. totally 225 engorged nymphs were collected from eight infected dogs with e. canis and incubated at 28°c for moulting. unfed ticks from the shelter grounds comprising 1,800 larvae, 3,100 nymphs, and 85 adults were sorted according to sampling origin, life stage, and sex into 116 pool ...201729272463
potential risk posed by the importation of ticks into the uk on animals: records from the tick surveillance scheme.in order to monitor important tick vectors in the uk, public health england's tick surveillance scheme (tss) receives specimens from across the country for identification. in recent years, an increasing number of these specimens have been removed from animals with a recent history of travel outside the uk. this paper presents all data collated by the tss on ticks entering the country on recently travelled or imported animals since surveillance commenced in 2005. ten different tick species repres ...201829217768
ticks and bacterial tick-borne pathogens in piemonte region, northwest italy.a molecular screening for tick-borne pathogens was carried out in engorged and in questing ticks collected in verbano cusio ossola county, piemonte region, italy. engorged ticks were removed from wild and domestic animal hosts. the most abundant and common tick species in the area was ixodes ricinus (192 adults, 907 nymphs). few individuals of ixodes hexagonus (15) and rhipicephalus sanguineus (7) were found among the ticks removed from domestic animals (46 examined ticks). the presence of ricke ...201729189951
seasonal distribution and faunistic of ticks in the alashtar county (lorestan province), iran.ticks are non-permanent obligate parasites that have considerable medical-veterinary and zoonosis importance. in this regard a study designed to investigate the distribution and fauna of ticks in the alashtar county in iran from april and march 2014.201729187953
a molecular survey of rickettsias in shelter dogs and distribution of rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae) sensu lato in southeast turkey.canine tick-borne pathogens are the source of emerging diseases and have important zoonotic relevance. dogs play a major role in the transmission of several zoonotic tick-borne pathogens, as reservoirs and/or sentinels. to simultaneously detect anaplasma and ehrlichia species, a reverse line blot assay was conducted on 219 blood samples collected from autochthonous asymptomatic shelter dogs. one hundred and three (47.0%, ci 40.3-53.9) dogs were positive for one or both rickettsial pathogens. sev ...201729186493
detection of leishmania (v) guyanensis in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae) collected from pecari tajacu.previous studies identified the presence of leishmania infantum in rhipicephalus sanguineus and indicated the possibility that it could transmit leishmaniasis to a variety of hosts.201729161493
co-circulation of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus strains asia 1 and 2 between the border of iran and pakistan.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) is a tick-borne viral disease that is transmitted by numerous species of ticks, which serve both as a reservoir and vector of cchf virus (cchfv). molecular and serological tests were undertaken on hard ticks (ixodidae spp.) and samples from livestock were collected in 2015 from chabahar county in southeast iran. using rt-pcr, the ticks were tested for the presence of cchfv. in addition, seven livestock were serologically tested for the presence of igg antib ...201729159319
in-vitro trials to ascertain sustained release efficacy of assembly pheromone micro particles for the control of brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus.sustained release micro particles were prepared incorporating assembly pheromone and deltamethrin. two natural polymers, namely, chitosan and calcium alginate and a synthetic polymer, poly-ε-caprolactone were used for encapsulating the assembly pheromone-acaricide combination. the micro particles were subjected to in vitro evaluation freshly after preparation and then at monthly intervals to assess their sustained release efficacy. the response of the unfed stages of dog tick, rhipicephalus sang ...201729114155
rickettsia spp. among wild mammals and their respective ectoparasites in pantanal wetland, brazil.the genus rickettsia comprises obligatory intracellular bacteria, well known to cause zoonotic diseases around the world. the present work aimed to investigate the occurrence of rickettsia spp. in wild animals, domestic dogs and their respective ectoparasites in southern pantanal region, central-western brazil, by molecular and serological techniques. between august 2013 and march 2015, serum, whole blood and/or spleen samples were collected from 31 coatis, 78 crab-eating foxes, seven ocelots, 4 ...201829111373
a randomized, controlled study to assess the efficacy and safety of lotilaner (credelio™) in controlling ticks in client-owned dogs in europe.oral administration of lotilaner flavoured chewable tablets (credelio™, elanco) to dogs has been shown to provide a rapid onset of killing activity of infesting ticks, with sustained efficacy for at least 35 days. a study was undertaken in europe to confirm lotilaner's safety and anti-tick efficacy in client-owned dogs.201729089058
laboratory evaluations of the immediate and sustained efficacy of lotilaner (credelio™) against four common species of ticks affecting dogs in north america.effective control of tick infestations on dogs is important to reduce the risk of transmission of bacterial, viral, and protozoal pathogens. laboratory studies were initiated to determine the efficacy of lotilaner against common ticks infesting dogs in the united states.201729089057
laboratory evaluations of the immediate and sustained effectiveness of lotilaner (credelio™) against three common species of ticks affecting dogs in europe.there is a continuing need for novel approaches to tick control in dogs. one such approach lies in the ability of lotilaner (credelio™), an isoxazoline with a rapid onset of action, to provide sustained efficacy against ticks. two studies were undertaken to confirm lotilaner's efficacy, at the minimum dose rate of 20 mg/kg, against the three most common tick species in europe.201729089050
effect of recombinant glutathione s-transferase as vaccine antigen against rhipicephalus appendiculatus and rhipicephalus sanguineus infestation.the ticks rhipicephalus appendiculatus and rhipicephalus sanguineus are the main vectors of theileria parva and babesia spp. in cattle and dogs, respectively. due to their impact in veterinary care and industry, improved methods against r. appendiculatus and r. sanguineus parasitism are under development, including vaccines. we have previously demonstrated the induction of a cross-protective humoral response against rhipicephalus microplus following vaccination with recombinant glutathione s-tra ...201729056423
contributions to the knowledge of hard ticks (acari: ixodidae) in colombia.the known tick fauna of colombia includes 58 species (15 argasidae and 43 ixodidae). to add to the knowledge of the biology of ticks in colombia, hard ticks (ixodidae) were collected from domestic animals or vegetation during 2014-2016 in 10 of colombia's departments. ticks were identified to species through morphological examinations. taxonomic identification was confirmed for some specimens by molecular methods, including phylogenetic analyses inferred from three tick genes (cytochrome c oxida ...201829055642
first detection of rickettsia conorii ssp. caspia in rhipicephalus sanguineus in zambia.ticks are important vectors for rickettsia spp. of the spotted fever group all around the world. rickettsia conorii is the etiological agent of boutonneuse fever in the mediterranean region and africa. tick identification was based on morphological features and further characterized using the 16s rrna gene. the ticks were individually tested using pan-rickettsia real-time-pcr for screening, and 23s-5s intergenic spacer region, 16s rdna, glta, sca4, ompb, and ompa genes were used to analyze the r ...201728986641
characterization of a sodium channel mutation in permethrin-resistant rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae).the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus (latrielle) sensu lato, is an important ectoparasite of dogs and occasionally humans, capable of transmitting several pathogens, such as rickettsia and ehrlichia, which are of veterinary and medical importance. the brown dog tick is distributed worldwide and has an affinity for human habitations in much of its range. in some populations, lack of integrated pest management plans and overuse of pyrethroid pesticides and other sodium channel inhibitors h ...201728981814
molecular detection and identification of rickettsia species in ticks (acari: ixodidae) collected from belize, central america.little is known about tick-borne rickettsial pathogens in belize, central america. we tested ixodid ticks for the presence of rickettsia species in three of the six northern and western belizean districts. ticks were collected from domestic animals and tick drags over vegetation in 23 different villages in november 2014, february 2015, and may 2015. a total of 2,506 collected ticks were identified to the following species: dermacentor nitens neumann (46.69%), rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille) ...201728981693
mutation in the sodium channel gene corresponds with phenotypic resistance of rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (acari: ixodidae) to pyrethroids.the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (latreille), is a cosmopolitan ectoparasite and vector of pathogens that kill humans and animals. pyrethroids represent a class of synthetic acaricides that have been used intensely to try to control the brown dog tick and mitigate the risk of tick-borne disease transmission. however, acaricide resistance is an emerging problem in the management of the brown dog tick. understanding the mechanism of resistance to acaricides, including pyreth ...201728981687
epidemiological survey of ticks and tick-borne pathogens in pet dogs in south-eastern china.to understand the epidemiology of tick infestation and tick-borne diseases in pet dogs in south-eastern china and to develop a reference for their prevention and treatment, we collected 1550 ticks parasitizing 562 dogs in 122 veterinary clinics from 20 cities of south-eastern china. dogs were tested for common tick-borne pathogens; collected ticks were identified and processed for the detection of tick-borne pathogens. the use of an in vitro elisa diagnostic kit for antibody detection (snap®4dx® ...201728971797
pathogens in ectoparasites from free-ranging animals: infection with rickettsia asembonensis in ticks, and a potentially new species of dipylidium in fleas and lice.vector-borne infections are persistent public health threats worldwide. in recent years, a number of mosquito-borne viruses have emerged or re-emerged to cause major disease outbreaks. other vector-borne pathogens, however, remain understudied and much neglected especially in the developing regions of the world including southeast asia. in this study, the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato, cat louse felicola subrostratus, and cat fleas ctenocephalides felis and ctenocephalides o ...201728969827
water immersion of dogs close to the time of topical fluralaner treatment does not reduce efficacy against a subsequent experimental challenge with rhipicephalus sanguineus (sensu lato).fluralaner is a novel systemic ectoparasiticide for dogs and cats providing immediate and persistent flea- and tick-control after a single topical dose. prescribing directions recommend waiting 72 h following topical administration before immersing dogs in water. the objective of this study was to determine whether water immersion immediately prior to treatment or earlier than 72 h post-treatment reduced subsequent treatment efficacy.201728946900
molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of ehrlichia canis in a philippine dog.canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (cme), caused by a rickettsial bacterium, ehrlichia canis, is distributed worldwide, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. transmission of e. canis is primarily mediated by the vector tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato and the bacteria then infect and replicate in monocytes and macrophages. many cases are seen in veterinary hospitals and treated routinely; however, the genetic variation of e. canis strains found in the philippines has been poorly ...201728943246
molecular detection of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in ticks, greece, 2012-2014.crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) is transmitted to humans mainly through the bite of infected ticks. in greece, only one clinical case has been observed, in 2008, but the seroprevalence in humans is relatively high (4.2%). to have a first insight into the circulation of cchfv in greece, 2000 ticks collected from livestock during 2012-2014 were tested. cchfv was detected in 36 of the 1290 (2.8%) tick pools (1-5 ticks per pool). two genetic lineages were identified: europe 1 and europ ...201728920177
molecular detection of anaplasma platys, anaplasma phagocytophilum and wolbachia sp. but not ehrlichia canis in croatian dogs.the bacteria anaplasma platys, anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia canis are tick-borne agents that cause canine vector-borne disease. the prevalence of these pathogens in south eastern europe is unknown with the exception of an isolated case of a. platys detected in a dog imported into germany from croatia. to gain a better insight into their presence and prevalence, pcr-based screening for these bacterial pathogens was performed on domesticated dogs from different regions of croatia. blood ...201728905230
bacterial microbiota associated with rhipicephalus sanguineus (s.l.) ticks from france, senegal and arizona.ticks of the group rhipicephalus sanguineus (sensu lato) are distributed worldwide and are major pathogen vectors of both dogs and humans. previous phylogenetic reconstructions have suggested the existence of two main lineages within this group, "tropical" and "temperate". symbiotic interactions contribute to vector development, survival, reproduction and competence. the diversity of microbial communities associated with different populations of r. sanguineus (s.l.) remains poorly characterized, ...201728886749
evaluation of the acaricidal activity of thymol incorporated in two formulations for topical use against immature stages of rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae).the objective of this study was to assess, for the first time, the in vitro acaricidal activity of two topical formulations containing thymol, on immature stages of rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato. for this purpose, two base formulations were prepared: an oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion and a hydroalcoholic solution, containing different thymol concentrations (0.5 to 20 mg/ml). we used the larval packet test for non-engorged larvae and nymphs, and the immersion test for engorged larvae and nymph ...201728875304
molecular characterization of hepatozoon felis in rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks infested on captive lions (panthera leo).hepatozoon spp. are protozoan parasites that infect a wide range of domestic and wild animals. the infection occurs by ingestion of an infected tick. this study was carried out to detect and characterize hepatozoon spp. in ticks collected from captive lions (panthera leo) in thailand based on the partial 18s rrna gene sequence. a total of 30 ticks were collected and identified as rhipicephalus sanguineus. the collected ticks were separated into 10 tick pools by sex and life stages. of the 10 tic ...201728848300
prevalence and distribution of borrelia and babesia species in ticks feeding on dogs in the u.k.ticks were collected during march-july 2015 from dogs by veterinarians throughout the u.k. and used to estimate current prevalences and distributions of pathogens. dna was extracted from 4750 ticks and subjected to polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis to identify borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (spirochaetales: spirochaetaceae) and babesia (piroplasmida: babesiidae) species. of 4737 ticks [predominantly ixodes ricinus linneaus (ixodida: ixodidae)], b. burgdorferi s.l. was detected in ...201728846148
the effect of excluding ungulates on the abundance of ixodid ticks on wild rabbit (oryctolagus cuniculus).tick abundance depends heavily on host density, so reducing access to the host should reduce tick populations in a determined area. in this study we compared the parasitic index (pi = average number of ticks per rabbit) of two wild rabbit populations separated 16 years ago by a fence keeping ungulates from moving freely. two areas were selected (closed and open) wherein 50 wild rabbits per area were sampled for ticks. the pi in the open area (pi = 989.62) was significantly higher than in the clo ...201728840404
crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in ticks collected from livestock in albania.albania is a balkan country endemic for crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf). it was shown previously that cchf virus (cchfv) sequences from albanian patients cluster into europe 1 clade. aim of the present study was to test for cchfv ticks collected in several regions of albania, and to determine the genetic lineage(s) of the cchfv strains in relation with their geographic distribution. a total of 726 ticks (366 hyalomma marginatum, 349 rhipicephalus bursa and 11 rhipicephalus sanguineus) col ...201728827176
molecular evidence for trans-stadial transmission of anaplasma platys by rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato under field conditions.this study investigated the transmission of anaplasma platys by rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (ixodida: ixodidae). engorged nymphs (n = 404) removed from a. platys-infected dogs were incubated at 28 °c until moulting. unfed adults were obtained and divided into 48 pools. unfed ticks collected from the grounds of the dog shelter, comprising 1800 larvae (n = 18 pools), 3100 nymphs (n = 62 pools) and 85 adults (n = 10 pools, including three male and seven female pools) were sorted into 90 poo ...201728815682
the sustained speed of kill of ticks (rhipicephalus sanguineus) and fleas (ctenocephalides felis felis) on dogs by a spot-on combination of fipronil and permethrin (effitix®) compared with oral afoxolaner (nexgard®).the rapid speed of kill of a spot-on, combination of fipronil-permethrin (effitix®, virbac) was shown against infestations of rhipicephalus sanguineus and ctenocephalides felis on dogs. efficacy was determined against new infestations at weekly intervals for one month after treatment. dogs were allocated randomly to either an untreated control or to a single administration, given on day 0, of either topical fipronil-permethrin (6.7-13.4mg/kg and 60-120mg/kg, respectively) or oral afoxolaner (2.7 ...201728807310
the prevalence of anaplasma platys and a potential novel anaplasma species exceed that of ehrlichia canis in asymptomatic dogs and rhipicephalus sanguineus in taiwan.canine anaplasmosis is regarded as an infection by anaplasma platys rather than zoonotic anaplasma phagocytophilum in subtropical areas based on the assumption that the common dog tick species is rhipicephalus sanguineus, which transmits e. canis and presumably a. platys. we investigated asymptomatic dogs and dog ticks from 16 communities in nantou county, taiwan to identify common dog tick species and to determine the prevalence of anaplasma and ehrlichia spp. of total 175 canine blood samples ...201728781347
ticks from diverse genera encode chemokine-inhibitory evasin proteins.to prolong residence on their hosts, ticks secrete many salivary factors that target host defense molecules. in particular, the tick rhipicephalus sanguineus has been shown to produce three salivary glycoproteins named "evasins", which bind to host chemokines, thereby inhibiting the recruitment of leukocytes to the location of the tick bite. using sequence similarity searches, we have identified 257 new putative evasin sequences encoded by the genomes or salivary or visceral transcriptomes of nu ...201728778927
detection of coxiella burnetii dna in peridomestic and wild animals and ticks in an endemic region (canary islands, spain).coxiella burnetii, the etiological agent of human q fever, can infect mammals, birds, and arthropods. the canary islands (spain) are considered an endemic territory, with a high prevalence in both humans and livestock. nonetheless, there is no epidemiological information about the wild and peridomestic cycles of c. burnetii. tissue samples from rodents on farms (100) and wild rabbits (129) were collected and assessed by pcr to detect c. burnetii dna. in parallel, ticks were also collected from v ...201728759337
molecular and maldi-tof identification of ticks and tick-associated bacteria in mali.ticks are considered the second vector of human and animal diseases after mosquitoes. therefore, identification of ticks and associated pathogens is an important step in the management of these vectors. in recent years, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) has been reported as a promising method for the identification of arthropods including ticks. the objective of this study was to improve the conditions for the preparation of tick samples ...201728742123
a new pcr assay for the detection and differentiation of babesia canis and babesia vogeli.babesia spp. are globally distributed tick-borne protozoan parasites that infect the red blood cells of a wide range of vertebrate hosts, including humans. diagnosis of babesiosis is often impeded by the transient presence of the parasites in peripheral blood, as well as by their pleomorphic nature. given the reports of an expanding and, in some cases, sympatric geographical distribution of babesia canis and babesia vogeli in dogs and associated vectors, in europe, the development of time-effici ...201728739301
comparative analysis of storage conditions and homogenization methods for tick and flea species for identification by maldi-tof ms.ticks and fleas are vectors for numerous human and animal pathogens. controlling them, which is important in combating such diseases, requires accurate identification, to distinguish between vector and non-vector species. recently, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof-ms) was applied to the rapid identification of arthropods. the growth of this promising tool, however, requires guidelines to be established. to this end, standardization protocols ...201728722283
interaction between saliva's adenosine and tick parasitism: effects on feeding and reproduction.it has recently been demonstrated that saliva from rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks contains adenosine (ado) and prostaglandin e2 (pge2), two non-protein molecules that have significant immunomodulatory properties. these molecules can inhibit cytokine production by dendritic cells (dcs), while also reducing the expression of cd40 in these cells. however, more studies are needed for a better understanding of their participation in the feeding of ticks in vivo. this work, therefore, evaluated the im ...201728693553
molecular survey of haemoplasmas in shelter dogs and associations with rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato.this study aimed to assess the occurrence of canine haemoplasma infection in domestic dogs and its possible trans-stadial transmission by rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (ixodida: ixodidae) in shelter dogs in diyarbakır province in southeast turkey. blood samples (n = 282) collected from domestic dogs were analysed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the presence of canine haemoplasma. fully engorged nymphs (n = 204) were removed from dogs that were positive for canine haemoplasma by pcr ...201728685834
ixodidae fauna of domestic dogs in parana, southern brazil.the present study aimed to contribute towards identification and registration of tick species that parasitize dogs in rural and urban areas of three mesoregions of paraná, southern brazil, and to estimate the rate of occurrence of each species. fifty-six dogs with ticks living in three mesoregions: metropolitana de curitiba (mc), centro oriental (cop) and centro sul paranaense (csp), were used in the study. from these 56 dogs, 253 ticks were collected and were identified and morphologically char ...201728678895
diversity and distribution of ticks from domestic ruminants in lebanon.ticks (acari: ixodidae) are ectoparasites infesting livestock in every geographic area in the world and they are vectors of several viral, bacterial, and protozoan pathogens to animals and humans worldwide. a deep knowledge of the geographical distribution of these arthropods would have a key role in the control of tick-borne diseases. few data are available about tick presence in domestic ruminants in lebanon. the study aimed at providing an analysis of tick presence and distribution in lebanon ...201728675252
direct evidence of rickettsia typhi infection in rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks and their canine hosts.murine typhus is a rickettsiosis caused by rickettsia typhi, whose transmission is carried out by rat fleas in urban settlements as classically known, but it also has been related to cat fleas in a sub-urban alternative cycle that has been suggested by recent reports. these studies remarks that in addition to rats, other animals like cats, opossums and dogs could be implied in the transmission of rickettsia typhi as infected fleas obtained from serologically positive animals have been detected i ...201728652984
determination of metabolic resistance mechanisms in pyrethroid-resistant and fipronil-tolerant brown dog ticks.rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille) (ixodida: ixodidae) is a three-host dog tick found worldwide that is able to complete its' entire lifecycle indoors. options for the management of r. sanguineus are limited and its' control relies largely on only a few acaricidal active ingredients. previous studies have confirmed permethrin resistance and fipronil tolerance in r. sanguineus populations, commonly conferred by metabolic detoxification or target site mutations. herein, five strains of permethri ...201728639697
molecular identification of babesia spp. in naturally infected dogs of kerala, south india.canine babesiosis is a tick borne haemoprotozoan disease caused by large and small intraerythrocytic apicomplexan piroplasms of the genus babesia spp. the clinical manifestations of the disease vary from inapparent subclinical form to hyperacute shock related haemolytic crisis. microscopic examination of blood smears from suspected dogs revealed babesia canis and b. gibsoni in 3.45 and 25.86 % of samples respectively. a seminested pcr based on previously published species specific primers target ...201728615859
therapeutic management of canine ehrlichiosis with aid of blood transfusion: a case report.an adult female labrador retriever dog was presented at referral veterinary polyclinic, ivri in lateral recumbency with history of anorexia, high fever, severe panting, heavy tick infestation, and not responding to cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones since last 1 week. clinical examination showed pale conjunctiva, enlarged popliteal lymph node however, electrocardiogram (ecg) report found to be normal. haematological finding showed marked anaemia and thrombocytopenia. parasitological examination ...201728615848
deltamethrin as inductor agent of precocious ovarian degeneration in rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. (acari: ixodidae) ticks.the cosmopolitan species rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. is one of the most widely distributed ticks all over the world. these ectoparasites are vectors of several pathogens and cause significant direct damage to their hosts. the biological success of these ectoparasites has been attributed to their ovaries and salivary glands, organs that ensure their survival in various environmental conditions. the importance of the ovaries in ticks is that, after mating, the individuals are able to lay approxi ...201728597314
rickettsia amblyommatis infecting ticks and exposure of domestic dogs to rickettsia spp. in an amazon-cerrado transition region of northeastern brazil.this study was performed in maranhão state, a transition area two brazilian biomes, amazon and cerrado. during 2011-2013, 1,560 domestic dogs were sampled for collection of serum blood samples and ticks in eight counties (3 within the amazon and 5 within the cerrado). a total of 959 ticks were collected on 150 dogs (9.6%). rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.) was the most abundant tick (68% of all collected specimens), followed by amblyomma cajennense sensu lato (s.l.) (12.9%), amblyomma p ...201728594882
occurrence of <i>coxiella burnetii</i>, <i>ehrlichia canis</i>, <i>rickettsia</i> species and <i>anaplasma phagocytophilum</i>-like bacterium in ticks collected from dogs and cats in south africa.ticks are major vectors of arthropod-borne infections and transmit a wide variety of zoonotic pathogens. this study was conducted mainly to determine the occurrence of canine tick-borne bacterial and rickettsial pathogens especially those with zoonotic potential. we examined 276 rhipicephalus sanguineus, 38 haemaphysalis elliptica and 4 amblyomma hebraeum ticks from 90 dogs and 4 cats from the free state, kwazulu-natal, north west and mpumalanga provinces. dna of coxiella burnetii (41%), ehrlich ...201728582983
rickettsia rickettsii infecting rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (latreille 1806), in high altitude atlantic forest fragments, ceara state, brazil.in brazil, spotted fever (sf) is caused by rickettsia rickettsii and rickettsia parkeri strain atlantic forest. in recent years, several human cases of a milder sf have been reported from the maciço de baturité region of ceará state. previous studies in this region found r. parkeri strain atlantic forest to be present in rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato and amblyomma ovale ticks. the present study isolated and identified the rickettsia spp. present in this new endemic area in brazil. in march ...201728535905
human feet bitten by multiple brown dog ticks, rhipicephalus sanguineus. 201728529887
in vitro repellency of deet and β-citronellol against the ticks rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato and amblyomma sculptum.rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato and amblyomma sculptum can parasite humans and domestic animals and are vectors of pathogens, including zoonoses. repellents are an important tool of tick control. this study aimed to compare the efficacy of n,n-diethyl- 3-methylbenzamide (deet), a standard repellent, versus β-citronellol in a petri dish bioassay. a semicircle of filter paper (31.8cm(2)) was treated with 87μl of one of four concentrations (0.200, 0.100, 0.050 and 0.025mg/cm(2)) of β-citronello ...028495195
genetic analysis of rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato ticks parasites of dogs in africa north of the sahara based on mitochondrial dna sequences.the aim of this work was to determine the evolutionary relationship among tick populations of rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato distributed in africa north of the sahara and different lineages of r. sanguineus s.l. distributed in different regions of sub-saharan africa, america and europe through the analysis of dna sequences of two mitochondrial genes. one hundred and thirty six 16s rrna gene sequences and twenty-seven 12s rrna gene sequences of r. sanguineus s.l. were analyzed. phylogenetic ...201728495189
effect of metarhizium anisopliae (ascomycete), cypermethrin, and d-limonene, alone and combined, on larval mortality of rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae).the effect of the fungus metarhizium anisopliae ma14 strain, d-limonene, and cypermethrin, alone and combined, on the mortality of rhipicephalus sanguineus latreille larvae was evaluated. eight separate groups with 25 tick larvae were inoculated with the fungus, cypermethrin, and d-limonene, and four groups were used as untreated controls. the groups were inoculated with serial dilutions of each treatment material: for example, conidial concentrations were 1 × 101, 1 × 102, 1 × 103, 1 × 104, 1 × ...201728472470
a retrospective study of the characterization of rickettsia species in ticks collected from humans.rickettsiae (family rickettsiaceae, order rickettsiales) are obligate intracellular bacteria transmitted by arthropod vectors. several rickettsia species causing vector-borne rickettsioses belong to the spotted fever group (sfg). traditionally, rickettsia conorii has been considered as the main etiologic agent of mediterranean spotted fever. however, the molecular characterization of rickettsiae allowed identifying other species involved in spotted fever in the mediterranean region. in this stud ...201728457821
cercopithifilaria bainae in rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato ticks from dogs in brazil.rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.) ticks act as intermediate host for a range of canine vector-borne pathogens, including nematodes ranked in the genus cercopithifilaria. though being the object of several studies in the last years, information on the distribution of these parasites is still lacking. in this study, the occurrence of cercopithifilaria spp. was investigated in on-host population of r. sanguineus s.l. collected from naturally infested dogs. ticks (n=1906, including one larv ...201728442240
anaplasma spp. in dogs and owners in north-western morocco.anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging tick-borne zoonotic pathogen of increased interest worldwide which has been detected in northern africa. anaplasma platys is also present in this region and could possibly have a zoonotic potential. however, only one recent article reports on the human esposure to a. phagocytophilum in morocco and no data are available on canine exposure to both bacteria. therefore, we conducted a cross-sectional epidemiological study aiming to assess both canine and huma ...201728438220
vector competence of amblyomma americanum (acari: ixodidae) for rickettsia rickettsii.rickettsia rickettsii - the etiologic agent of rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf) - is widely spread across the americas. in the us, dermacentor spp. ticks are identified as primary vectors of r. rickettsii and rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. has been implicated in transmission of this pathogen in several locations in the southwest. conversely, ticks of the genus amblyomma are recognized vectors of rmsf in central and south america, but not in the us. a. americanum is one of the most aggressive h ...201728433728
first report of a rickettsia asembonensis related infecting fleas in brazil.the present study was performed in a non-endemic area for spotted fever (sf) in imperatriz microregion, state of maranhão, brazil. blood samples and ectoparasites were collected from 300 dogs of the imperatriz microregion. canine serum samples were tested individually by indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa), using five rickettsia isolates from brazil. antibodies reactive to at least one of the five species of rickettsia were detected in 1.6% of the dogs (5/300). these sera were considered rea ...201728427962
spotted fever: epidemiology and vector-rickettsia-host relationship in rio de janeiro state.the eco-epidemiological scenario of spotted fever (sf), a tick-borne disease that affects humans and other animals in several countries around the world, was analyzed in rio de janeiro (rj) state, brazil. during the last 34 years, 990 sf cases were reported in rj (the brazilian state with the highest population density), including 116 cases confirmed by serology (rifi) or pcr, among 42.39% of the municipalities with reported cases of sf. the epidemiologic dynamics of sf in rj state are very hete ...201728424664
ticks and tick-borne pathogens of dogs along an elevational and land-use gradient in chiriquí province, panamá.systematic acarological surveys are useful tools in assessing risk to tick-borne infections, especially in areas where consistent clinical surveillance for tick-borne disease is lacking. our goal was to identify environmental predictors of tick burdens on dogs and tick-borne infectious agents in dog-derived ticks in the chiriquí province of western panama to draw inferences about spatio-temporal variation in human risk to tick-borne diseases. we used a model-selection approach to test the relati ...201728417248
israeli spotted fever in sicily. description of two cases and minireview.mediterranean spotted fever (msf) is endemic in italy, where rickettsia conorii subsp. conorii was thought to be the only pathogenic rickettsia and rhipicephalus sanguineus the vector and main reservoir. r. conorii subsp. israelensis, which belongs to the r. conorii complex, is the agent of israeli spotted fever (isf); apart from israel, it has also been found in italy (sicily and sardinia) and in different regions of portugal. we describe here two severe cases of isf which occurred in otherwise ...201728408252
ultrastructural morphology and molecular analyses of tropical and temperate "species" of rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (acari: ixodidae) in brazil.the rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille) complex (acari:ixodidae) is composed of species with intra- and interspecific morphological variation that make their diagnosis difficult. in the present study, male specimens of the r. sanguineus complex were collected from dogs in six districts of three regions of brazil and submitted to molecular and scanning electron microscopy (sem) analyses. analysis of cox1 gene, 12s rdna, and d-loop rdna shows that ticks classified as r. sanguineus form two differ ...201728399274
transstadial transmission of hepatozoon canis by rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae) in field conditions.this study investigated possible transovarial and transstadial transmission of hepatozoon canis by rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille) ticks collected from naturally infected dogs in a municipal dog shelter and the grounds of the shelter. four hundred sixty-five engorged nymphs were collected from 16 stray dogs that were found to be infected with h. canis by blood smear and pcr analyses and maintained in an incubator at 28 °c for moulting. four hundred eighteen nymphs moulted to adults 14-16 d ...201728399211
efficacy of a new spot-on formulation of selamectin plus sarolaner against four common tick species infesting cats in europe.a single application of a new spot-on formulation of selamectin plus sarolaner (stronghold(®)plus, zoetis) was evaluated for efficacy against the most common tick species infesting cats in europe. in each of the seven laboratory studies, 16 adult and purpose-bred cats were randomly allocated to one of two treatment groups based on pre-treatment tick counts. weekly infestations with 50 unfed adult ixodes ricinus (2 studies), ixodes hexagonus (1 study), dermacentor reticulatus (2 studies), or rhip ...201728395754
the effects of neem oil (azadirachta indica a. juss) enriched with different concentrations of azadirachtin on the integument of semi-engorged rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (acari: ixodidae) females.several studies searching for methods to control rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l., (dog tick) infestations have been developed aiming to minimize the damages caused by these ectoparasites to the hosts and the environment, which is harmed by the indiscriminate use of toxic acaricide products. in this scenario, neem oil has been used as a natural alternative against ticks, once this chemical has repellent properties and interferes in the growth regulation of these ectoparasites, inhibiting ecdysis. t ...201728370810
retrospective molecular study on canine hepatozoonosis in slovakia - does infection risk for dogs really exist?this study provides the very first evidence of hepatozoon canis infection in dogs from slovakia, a rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato free area. in total, 297 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and 293 dogs, from three regions of slovakia, were screened for the presence of h. canis using a conventional 18s rrna polymerase chain reaction (pcr). genomic dna of this blood parasite was detected in 51 (17.1%) foxes from all sampling regions in slovakia, whereas the overall prevalence in examined dogs was sig ...201728366618
rocky mountain spotted fever in mexico: past, present, and future.rocky mountain spotted fever, a tick-borne zoonosis caused by rickettsia rickettsii, is among the most lethal of all infectious diseases in the americas. in mexico, the disease was first described during the early 1940s by scientists who carefully documented specific environmental determinants responsible for devastating outbreaks in several communities in the states of sinaloa, sonora, durango, and coahuila. these investigators also described the pivotal roles of domesticated dogs and rhipiceph ...201728365226
molecular characterization of babesia and theileria species in ticks collected in the outskirt of monte romano, lazio region, central italy.in 2012-2013, an investigation was carried out in the viterbo province, lazio region, on ticks and tick-borne apicomplexan protozoa of the babesia and theileria genera. this followed the reporting of high density of ticks by soldiers operating in a military shooting range, and the signaling by owners and local veterinary authorities of several cases of babesiosis among cattle.201728361802
larvae of ixodiphagus wasps (hymenoptera: encyrtidae) in rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato ticks (acari: ixodidae) from brazil.the biological control of ticks represents an alternative method to the chemical control, given its ecological-friendly approach. amongst the alternatives, the use of parasitoids of the genus ixodiphagus (hymenoptera: encyrtidae) has been largely investigated. the aim of this study was to document and molecularly characterize ixodiphagus wasps in ticks from a tropical region of brazil. from october 2015 to march 2016, rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato ticks (n=1814) were collected from natural ...201728344035
brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato, infestation of susceptible dog hosts is reduced by slow release of semiochemicals from a less susceptible host.domestic dog breeds are hosts for the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato, but infestation levels vary among breeds. beagles are less susceptible to tick infestations than english cocker spaniels due to enhanced production of 2-hexanone and benzaldehyde that act as volatile tick repellents. we report the use of prototype slow-release formulations of these compounds to reduce the burden of r. sanguineus s. l. on english cocker spaniel dogs. twelve dogs were randomly assigned to tw ...201728340941
genetic characterization of spotted fever group rickettsiae in questing ixodid ticks collected in israel and environmental risk factors for their infection.this study aimed to genetically characterize spotted fever group rickettsiae (sfgr) in questing ixodid ticks from israel and to identify risk factors associated with sfgr-positive ticks using molecular techniques and geographic information systems (gis) analysis. 1039 ticks from the genus rhipicephalus were collected during 2014. 109/1039 (10·49%) carried sfgr-dna of either rickettsia massiliae (95), 'candidatus rickettsia barbariae' (8) or rickettsia conorii (6). higher prevalence of sfgr was f ...201728330517
using plastic tips in artificial feeding of rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (acari: ixodidae) females.this study evaluated the influence of the initial weight, feeding period and temperature on weight gain and biological parameters of the non-parasitic phase of partially engorged rhipicephalus sanguineus females that were artificially fed using plastic tips as feeding devices. the device did not alter the oviposition of the females or any other parameters evaluated. furthermore, it was observed that the temperature of the feeding the group did not affect the weight gain and biology of ticks. thi ...201728327880
serological and molecular prevalence of canine vector-borne diseases (cvbds) in korea.previous surveys in dogs from korea indicated that dogs are exposed to a variety of vector- borne pathogens, but perception for a nation-wide canine vector-borne disease (cvbd) occurrence has been missing. we report here results of both serological and molecular prevalence studies for major cvbds of dogs from all over the south korean peninsula except for jeju island.201728298245
feline and canine leishmaniosis and other vector-borne diseases in the aeolian islands: pathogen and vector circulation in a confined environment.vector-borne diseases (vbds) are prevalently investigated in dogs. studies on feline vbds are scant, though feline leishmaniosis (fel) is increasingly recognised as a disease of cats in endemic areas. comprehensive investigations on the distribution of vbds in populations of cats and dogs living in relatively small geographical areas, such as islands, are currently lacking. in this study the prevalence of leishmania infantum and other vbd pathogens was assessed in cohorts of cats and dogs living ...201728288759
genetic characterization of rhipicephalus sanguineus (sensu lato) ticks from dogs in portugal.the taxonomic status of the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus (sensu stricto) is a subject of on-going debate; there is a consensus that populations of this tick species should be referred to as r. sanguineus (sensu lato) until its taxonomic status is resolved. recent genetic studies revealed the existence of more than one lineage of r. sanguineus (s.l.) in temperate countries. in this study, we assessed the genetic identity of ticks collected from rural dogs living in several areas locate ...201728285602
association of ehrlichia canis, hemotropic mycoplasma spp. and anaplasma platys and severe anemia in dogs in thailand.canine tick-borne bacteria; ehrlichia canis, hemotropic mycoplasma spp. and anaplasma spp., are organisms transmitted by rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks. however, only a few clinical studies evaluating dogs infected with these organisms and anemia condition have been published. in this study, the potential tick-borne bacteria linked to anemia were investigated in eighty-one blood samples selected from anemic dogs using a broad range nested-pcr of the 16s rrna gene. positive results were shown in ...201728284610
molecular investigation into the presence of a coxiella sp. in rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks in australia.q fever is an infectious disease with a global distribution caused by the intracellular bacterium, coxiella burnetii, which has been detected in a large number of tick species worldwide, including the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus. recent reports of a high seroprevalance of c. burnetii in australian dogs, along with the identification of additional coxiella species within r. sanguineus ticks, has prompted an investigation into the presence and identification of coxiella species in r. ...201728284601
immunogenic potential of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus aquaporin 1 against rhipicephalus sanguineus in domestic dogs.this study evaluated a recombinant aquaporin 1 protein of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (rmaqp1) as antigen in a vaccine against r. sanguineus. five dogs were immunized with rmaqp1 (10 µg) + adjuvant (montanide) (g1), and five were inoculated with adjuvant only (g2), three times. twenty-one days after the last immunization, animals of both groups were challenged with r. sanguineus larvae, nymphs and adults, and their biotic potential was compared. blood samples were collected before each i ...201728225856
a novel assembly pheromone trap for tick control in dog kennels.a novel ecofriendly sticky tick trap device for the control of dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus using gold nanoparticle assembly pheromone complex as a bait was developed. assembly pheromones comprising of guanine, xanthine and adenine in the ratio of 25:1:1 was encapsulated in gold nanoparticle. the response of the different stages of unfed r. sanguineus ticks was evaluated using petridish bioassay. statistical analysis was done using chi-square test. petridish bioassay with unfed stages of r. ...201728215869
mediterranean spotted fever: a rare non-endemic disease in the usa.we report a case of a 43-year-old israeli male who presented with an intermittent fever associated with a gradual appearance of diffusely scattered erythematous non-pruritic maculopapular lesions, generalized body malaise, muscle aches, and distal extremity weakness. he works in the israeli military and has been exposed to dogs that are used to search for people in tunnels and claimed that he had removed ticks from the dogs. in the hospital, he presented with fever, a diffuse maculopapular rash, ...201728191378
species of ticks and carried pathogens in owned dogs in spain: results of a one-year national survey.this study presents the results of a national survey in spain on the distribution of ticks on owned dogs, their phenology and the associated pathogens over one year. in the study, 1628 adult ticks were collected on 660 dogs presented to 26 veterinary practices, of which 507 dogs (76.8%) carried at least one adult tick. the primary species of ticks were rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. (53%), dermacentor reticulatus (9%), ixodes ricinus (9%), and i. hexagonus (4%). parasitism by two species of these ...201728188085
detrimental effect of deltamethrin on the central nervous system (synganglion) of rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks.ticks are ectoparasites of medical and veterinary importance, which transmit many infectious agents, causing significant damage to the hosts. the "dog tick" rhipicephalus sanguineus is responsible for transmitting several pathogens to dogs, motivating researchers to investigate efficient and sustainable control methods. currently, chemical acaricides currently in use target the central nervous system (synganglion), which is responsible for controlling all the systemic functions of the ticks. her ...201728185030
mitochondrial dna analysis of rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. from the western iberian peninsula.rhipicephalus sanguineus latreille (1806) (ixodida: ixodidae) is considered to be the most widely distributed tick and to have a vast range of habitats and hosts, including livestock, pets and wildlife. in addition to morphological differences, recent investigations using approaches based on molecular genetic markers have revealed the existence of different r. sanguineus lineages in different geographic regions. in this study, 475 ticks collected from dogs in the western iberian peninsula were s ...201728165138
rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks: a new vector from the continent to the uk? 201728154217
first detection of tick-borne pathogens of dogs from malta.the knowledge about the vector-borne infections in domestic dogs has been increasing worldwide. however no studies have been done on hard tick infestation and tick-borne pathogens (tbps) of dogs present in malta. therefore, a total of 99 dogs was selected and inspected between march and july 2013 in 18 urban and 17 rural areas on the islands of malta and gozo. all ticks were removed from the dogs and identified. blood samples were taken and tested for protozoa (babesia spp. and hepatozoon spp.) ...201728143697
east and west separation of rhipicephalus sanguineus mitochondrial lineages in the mediterranean basin.rhipicephalus sanguineus belongs to a complex of hard tick species with high veterinary-medical significance. recently, new phylogenetic units have been discovered within r. sanguineus, which therefore needs taxonomic revision. the present study was initiated to provide new information on the phylogeography of relevant haplotypes from less studied regions of europe and africa. with this aim, molecular-phylogenetic analyses of two mitochondrial markers were performed on 50 ticks collected in hung ...201728115024
detection of rickettsia hoogstraalii, rickettsia helvetica, rickettsia massiliae, rickettsia slovaca and rickettsia aeschlimannii in ticks from sardinia, italy.tick-borne diseases represent a large proportion of infectious diseases that have become a world health concern. the presence of rickettsia spp. was evaluated by standard pcr and sequencing in 123 ticks collected from several mammals and vegetation in sardinia, italy. this study provides the first evidence of the presence of rickettsia hoogstralii in haemaphysalis punctata and haemaphysalis sulcata ticks from mouflon and rickettsia helvetica in ixodes festai ticks from hedgehog. in addition, ric ...201728110915
associated factors to seroprevalence of ehrlichia spp. in dogs of quintana roo, mexico.the objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence to ehrlichia spp. in dogs from xcalak, quintana roo, mexico, and the associated factors. serum samples were obtained from 118 dogs and used in an indirect immunofluorescent assay test for the detection of antibodies against ehrlichia spp. a questionnaire was used to obtain information about possible variables associated with seroprevalence. these variables were analyzed through chi(2) test and logistic regression. dog seroprevalence ...201628096818
determination the role of rhipicephalus sanguineus for transmission of leishmania major to reservoir animals.this study aimed to explore the role of rhipicephalus sanguineus in the transmission of leishmania major, the etiological agent of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis.201628091384
molecular detection of rickettsia species in ticks collected from the southwestern provinces of the republic of korea.rickettsiae constitute a group of arthropod-borne, gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacteria that are the causative agents of diseases ranging from mild to life threatening that impact on medical and veterinary health worldwide.201728069059
synanthropic mammals as potential hosts of tick-borne pathogens in panama.synanthropic wild mammals can be important hosts for many vector-borne zoonotic pathogens. the aim of this study was determine the exposure of synanthropic mammals to two types of tick-borne pathogens in panama, spotted fever group rickettsia (sfgr) and borrelia relapsing fever (rf) spirochetes. one hundred and thirty-one wild mammals were evaluated, including two gray foxes, two crab-eating foxes (from zoos), four coyotes, 62 opossum and 63 spiny rats captured close to rural towns. to evaluate ...201728060928
a rare case of mediterranean spotted fever and encephalitis.mediterranean spotted fever is a tick-borne zoonotic disease caused by rickettsia conorii. it is transmitted by the dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus. it usually presents as a benign self-limited disease characterized by a skin rash, high fever, and, sometimes, a characteristic ulcer at the tick bite site called tache noir. the course of this disease is usually benign, although severe manifestations have been previously described, mainly in adults. neurological manifestations are very unusual. w ...201628053795
molecular and functional characterization of bm05br antigen from rhipicephalus microplus.rhipicephalus microplus is a cattle-specific tick, causing considerable losses in the livestock industry. the identification of molecules responsible for modulation of host defenses during different parasite stages can help in the development of alternative methods, such as vaccination, to control tick infestations. hq05, a protein of unknown function identified in the tick haemaphysalis qinghaiensis, induced a significant protective immune response when used as a vaccine in sheep. in the presen ...201728043800
first documentation of ivermectin resistance in rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (acari: ixodidae).the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (latreille, 1806), is an ectoparasite and disease vector of significant veterinary and public health importance that is distributed widely around the world. the intensive use of synthetic acaricides for tick control exerts a strong selective pressure for brown dog ticks to become resistant to them. here, we investigated claims from the field regarding treatment failure associated with the use of veterinary products containing ivermectin (iv ...201728043394
first identification and description of rickettsioses and q fever as causes of acute febrile illness in nicaragua.rickettsial infections and q fever present similarly to other acute febrile illnesses, but are infrequently diagnosed because of limited diagnostic tools. despite sporadic reports, rickettsial infections and q fever have not been prospectively studied in central america.201628036394
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