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untangling the fibre ball: proteomic characterization of south american camelid hair fibres by untargeted multivariate analysis and molecular networking.the proteomic analysis of hairs, yarns or textiles has emerged as a powerful method to determine species of origin, mainly used in archaeozoological research and fraud control. differentiation between the south american camelid (sac) species (the wild guanaco and vicuña and their respective domesticates the llama and alpaca) is particularly challenging due to poor database information and significant hybridization between species. in this study, we analysed 41 modern and 4 archaeological samples ...202033152504
were domestic camelids present on the prehispanic south american agricultural frontier? an ancient dna study.the southern boundary of prehispanic farming in south america occurs in central mendoza province, argentina at approximately 34 degrees south latitude. archaeological evidence of farming includes the recovery of macrobotanical remains of cultigens and isotopic chemistry of human bone. since the 1990s, archaeologists have also hypothesized that the llama (lama glama), a domesticated south american camelid, was also herded near the southern boundary of prehispanic farming. the remains of a wild co ...202033151956
south american camelids: their values and contributions to people.south american camelids (sacs) make several material and non-material contributions to people and are a key component of the andean biocultural heritage. from the perspective of the ipbes' conceptual framework, sacs constitute the "nature" component in the complex system of interactions between human societies and the andean mountain environment. there are four sac living species today, two of which are wild, or salqa, in the indigenous cosmovision: guanaco (lama guanicoe) and vicuña (vicugna vi ...202033133295
description of a fossil camelid from the pleistocene of argentina, and a cladistic analysis of the camelinae.we describe a well-preserved south american lamini partial skeleton (pimuz a/v 4165) from the ensenadan (~ 1.95-1.77 to 0.4 mya) of argentina. the specimen is comprised of a nearly complete skull and mandible with full tooth rows, multiple elements of anterior and posterior limbs, and a scapula. we tested this specimen's phylogenetic position and hypothesized it to be more closely related to lama guanicoe and vicugna vicugna than to hemiauchenia paradoxa. we formulate a hypothesis for the placem ...202033133011
fruit provision from berberis microphylla shrubs as ecosystem service in nothofagus forest of tierra del fuego.berry production is a non-wood product worldwide recognized by its nutritional value and taste, but the most studied species are non-native commercial plants in productive areas, leaving aside native berries. we propose that native berries (berberis microphylla g.forst) naturally growing in degradation forests areas could diversify livestock establishment production and complement traditional uses (e.g., livestock). the aims of this work were to 1) environmentally characterize (e.g., soil nutrie ...202033088963
the effect of photoperiod and melatonin on plasma prolactin concentrations in female guanaco (lama guanicoe) in captivity.the present study examined the effects of different photoperiods and melatonin treatment on plasma prolactin concentrations in guanacos, a south american camelid, in captivity. fourteen adult female guanacos, not gestating or lactating and isolated from males, were studied. the control group was exposed to natural daylight, during short-days (n=7, 10l:14d) and long-days (n=7, 16l:8d). the treatment group (n=7, 10l:14d) received melatonin implants every 23 days for six weeks during long days. blo ...202032979882
forensic identification of the keratin fibers of south american camelids by ambient ionization mass spectrometry: vicuña, alpaca and guanaco.the keratin fleece of the endangered vicuña (vicugna vicugna) commands a high value in international markets, and this trade has caused illegal poaching and a substantial decrease in vicuña populations. morphological analysis of hairs does not have the resolution to determine the species of origin of camelid natural fibers. in addition, commerce in camelid fleece also includes the legal trade of alpaca (vicugna pacos) and guanaco (lama guanicoe) wool.202032770752
genomic analysis of the domestication and post-spanish conquest evolution of the llama and alpaca.despite their regional economic importance and being increasingly reared globally, the origins and evolution of the llama and alpaca remain poorly understood. here we report reference genomes for the llama, and for the guanaco and vicuña (their putative wild progenitors), compare these with the published alpaca genome, and resequence seven individuals of all four species to better understand domestication and introgression between the llama and alpaca.202032616020
choosing what is left: the spatial structure of a wild herbivore population within a livestock-dominated landscape.shrublands and grasslands comprise over 30% of the land surface and are among the most exploited ecosystems for livestock production. across natural landscapes, the distribution and abundance of wild herbivores are affected by interspecific competition for foraging resources, hunting and the development of infrastructure among other factors. in argentine patagonia, the abundance of domestic sheep grazing on native vegetation outnumbers the widely distributed guanaco (lama guanicoe) and sheep ran ...202032296614
an experimental approach to evaluate the potential of drones in terrestrial mammal research: a gregarious ungulate as a study model.research on the use of unmanned aircraft systems (uas) in wildlife has made remarkable progress recently. few studies to date have experimentally evaluated the effect of uas on animals and have usually focused primarily on aquatic fauna. in terrestrial open arid ecosystems, with relatively good visibility to detect animals but little environmental noise, there should be a trade-off between flying the uas at high height above ground level (agl) to limit the disturbance of animals and flying low e ...202032218965
guanaco abundance and monitoring in southern patagonia: distance sampling reveals substantially greater numbers than previously reported.guanacos (lama guanicoe) are thought to have declined in patagonia mainly as a result of hunting and sheep ranching. currently accepted estimates of total population size are extrapolated from densities obtained through strip transects in local studies. we used road surveys (8,141 km) and distance sampling to estimate guanaco density and population size over major environmental gradients of santa cruz, a large region in southern patagonia. we also calculated the survey effort required to detect ...201531966110
camelids: new players in the international animal production context.the camelidae family comprises the bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus), the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius), and four species of south american camelids: llama (lama glama), alpaca (lama pacos) guanaco (lama guanicoe), and vicuña (vicugna vicugna). the main characteristic of these species is their ability to cope with either hard climatic conditions like those found in arid regions (bactrian and dromedary camels) or high-altitude landscapes like those found in south america (south american ...202031898022
utility of genetic variation in coat color genes to distinguish wild, domestic and hybrid south american camelids for forensic and judicial applications.a molecular genetic protocol for distinguishing pure and hybrid south american camelids was developed to provide strong, quantifiable, and unbiased species identification. we detail the application of the approach in the context of a criminal case in the andes mountains of central chile where the defendants were alleged to have illegally hunted three wild guanacos (lama guanicoe), as opposed to hybrid domestic llama (lama glama)/wild guanaco crosses, which are unregulated. we describe a workflow ...202031884178
modern guanaco (lama guanicoe, camelidae) bezoars: an approach towards identification in the fossil record.provide a frame of reference for the recognition and interpretation of bezoars recovered from archeological and paleontological sites.201931351221
are there different vigilance strategies between types of social units in lama guanicoe?group vigilance is a cooperative behaviour in social species that reduces individual risk of predation. lama guanicoe is a social species of camelid performing cooperative vigilance, but little is known about the vigilance behaviour of different social units. we analysed the vigilance behaviour in different types of social units of l. guanicoe, to better understand the complexity of this behaviour. the best supported models for both the frequency of vigilance and the proportion of time vigilant ...201931349023
demography of avian scavengers after pleistocene megafaunal extinction.the late quaternary megafauna extinctions reshaped species assemblages, yet we know little about how extant obligate scavengers responded to this abrupt ecological change. to explore whether obligate scavengers persisted by depending on contemporary community linkages or via foraging flexibility, we tested the importance of the trophic interaction between pumas (puma concolor) and native camelids (vicugna vicugna and lama guanicoe) for the persistence of andean condors (vultur gryphus) in southe ...201931273237
first report of a 16sriv group phytoplasma associated with declining coyol palms in honduras.lethal yellowing (ly) of coconut palm (cocos nucifera l.) caused by a subgroup 16sriv-a phytoplasma has been present along the northern coast and adjacent bay islands of honduras since 1996. in the southern municipalities of san esteban and guanaco, approximately 150 km from the atlantic coast, substantial numbers of coyol palm (acrocomia aculeata (jacq.) lodd. ex mart.) and several coconut palms growing nearby were either dead or in an advanced stage of decline during 2005. declining palms of b ...200630786615
genetic variation in coat colour genes mc1r and asip provides insights into domestication and management of south american camelids.the domestication of wild vicuña and guanaco by early pre-inca cultures is an iconic example of wildlife management and domestication in the americas. although domestic llamas and alpacas were clearly selected for key, yet distinct, phenotypic traits, the relative patterns and direction of selection and domestication have not been confirmed using genetic approaches. however, the detailed archaeological records from the region suggest that domestication was a process carried out under significant ...201830483307
first mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequences of lamanema chavezi (nematoda: molineidae): novel findings to improve its identification in feces from south american camelids.lamanema chavezi (family molineidae) is a parasitic nematode of south american camelids (sacs). a few studies have reported this parasite in sacs, mainly in domestic camelid species (llama and alpaca). parasite identification by means of copro-parasitological methods is non-invasive and allows performing epidemiological studies. however, egg misidentification and difficulty to culture third-stage larvae do not allow identifying nematodes to species level. in contrast, molecular tools allow ident ...201930342118
comparing genetic diversity and demographic history in co-distributed wild south american camelids.vicuñas and guanacos are two species of wild south american camelids that are key ruminants in the ecosystems where they occur. although closely related, these species feature differing ecologies and life history characters, which are expected to influence both their genetic diversity and population differentiation at different spatial scales. here, using mitochondrial and microsatellite genetic markers, we show that vicuña display lower genetic diversity within populations than guanaco but exhi ...201830061581
change of niche in guanaco (lama guanicoe): the effects of climate change on habitat suitability and lineage conservatism in chile.the main goal of this contribution was to define the ecological niche of the guanaco (lama guanicoe), to describe potential distributional changes, and to assess the relative importance of niche conservatism and divergence processes between the two lineages described for the species (l.g. cacsilensis and l.g. guanicoe).201829868293
a review of coccidiosis in south american camelids.camelids (llamas, alpacas, vicuñas, guanacos) are important for the economy of south america and eimeria infections are important as cause of mortality in camelids. of the five most prevalent species of eimeria in south american camelids, eimeria macusaniensis, eimeria lamae, eimeria alpacae, eimeria punoensis, and eimeria ivitaensis, e. macusaniensis is considered the most pathogenic. there is considerable confusion concerning the endogenous developmental stages of eimeria spp. in camelids. man ...201829804192
spatial abundance models and seasonal distribution for guanaco (lama guanicoe) in central tierra del fuego, argentina.spatially explicit modelling allows to estimate population abundance and predict species' distribution in relation to environmental factors. abiotic factors are the main determinants of a herbivore´s response to environmental heterogeneity on large spatiotemporal scales. we assessed the influence of elevation, geographic location and distance to the coast on the seasonal abundance and distribution of guanaco (lama guanicoe) in central tierra del fuego, by means of spatially explicit modelling. t ...201829782523
gametogony of eimeria macusaniensis guerrero, hernandez, bazalar and alva, 1971 in llama (lama glama).camelids (llama, alpaca, vicunãs, guanacos) are important for the economy of south america and eimeria infections are an important cause of mortality in camelids. of the six species of eimeria in camelids, eimeria macusaniensis, considered the most pathogenic, is distinctive; its oocysts are the largest among all eimeria species in animals, its prepatent period is more than 1 month, and its oocysts have been found in mummies from prehistoric times. although, e. macusaniensis gametogonic stages a ...201829642969
lama guanicoe remains from the chaco ecoregion (córdoba, argentina): an osteological approach to the characterization of a relict wild population.guanacos (lama guanicoe) are large ungulates that have been valued by human populations in south america since the late pleistocene. even though they were very abundant until the end of the 19th century (before the high deforestation rate of the last decades), guanacos have nearly disappeared in the gran chaco ecoregion, with relicts and isolated populations surviving in some areas, such as the shrubland area near the saline depressions of córdoba province, argentina. in this report, we present ...201829641579
bone pathologies in a modern collection of guanaco (lama guanicoe): contributions to the interpretation of bone lesions in archeological contexts.research on animal paleopathology has significantly grown in the field of zooarchaeology during the last years. usually bone lesions have been associated to specific activities carried out by animals. however, the etiology and prevalence of many bone abnormalities are still uncertain due to the scarcity of studies in modern reference collections. the aim of this study is to determine the postcranial skeletal lesions that characterize a population of wild camelids and to differentiate bone lesion ...201229539366
sarcocystosis in south american camelids: the state of play revisited.members of the genus sarcocystis (apicomplexa: sarcocystidae) are intracellular protozoan parasites that infect a wide range of domestic and wild animals, resulting in economic losses in production animals worldwide. sarcocystis spp. have indirect life-cycles where canids and felids serve as main definitive hosts while a range of domestic and wild animals serve as intermediate hosts, including south american camelids (sacs) such as alpacas, llamas and guanacos. these animals primarily occur in s ...201829510746
landscape connectivity among remnant populations of guanaco (lama guanicoe müller, 1776) in an arid region of chile impacted by global change.connectivity between populations plays a key role in the long-term persistence of species in fragmented habitats. this is of particular concern for biodiversity preservation in drylands, since water limited landscapes are typically characterized by little suitable habitat cover, high habitat fragmentation, harsh matrices, and are being rapidly degraded at a global scale. in this study, we modelled landscape connectivity between 11 guanaco lama guanicoe populations in chile's arid norte chico, a ...201829507827
detection of persistent pestivirus infection in pudú (pudu puda) in a captive population of artiodactyls in chile.bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is the viral agent causing the most important economic losses in livestock throughout the world. infection of fetuses before their immunological maturity causes the birth of animals persistently infected with bvdv (pi), which are the main source of infection and maintenance of this pathogen in a herd. there is evidence of susceptibility to infection with bvdv in more than 50 species of the order artiodactyla, and the ability to establish persistent infection in ...201829391001
response of pumas (puma concolor) to migration of their primary prey in patagonia.large-scale ungulate migrations result in changes in prey availability for top predators and, as a consequence, can alter predator behavior. migration may include entire populations of prey species, but often prey populations exhibit partial migration with some individuals remaining resident and others migrating. interactions of migratory prey and predators have been documented in north america and some other parts of the world, but are poorly studied in south america. we examined the response o ...201729211753
production, preservation, and transfer of south american camelid embryos.the current review summarizes progress in the field ofin vitroandin vivoproduction of south american camelid embryos. both methods require ovarian superstimulation (with fsh and ecg) to obtain multiple ovulations (in vivoembryo production) or to induce follicle growth for oocyte collection (in vitroembryo production). moreover, superstimulation entails prior administration of hormones that inhibit follicular growth (progesterone, progestagens, and estrogens). cumulus-oocyte complexes obtained mu ...201729181380
molecular characterization of the llama fgf5 gene and identification of putative loss of function mutations.llama, the most numerous domestic camelid in argentina, has good fiber-production ability. although a few genes related to other productive traits have been characterized, the molecular genetic basis of fiber growth control in camelids is still poorly understood. fibroblast growth factor 5 (fgf5) is a secreted signaling protein that controls hair growth in humans and other mammals. mutations in the fgf5 gene have been associated with long-hair phenotypes in several species. here, we sequenced th ...201729024003
the effects of poaching and habitat structure on anti-predator behavioral strategies: a guanaco population in a high cold desert as case study.the effects of poaching on wildlife have been widely studied in conservation biology and can be heterogeneous, particularly on ungulates. these effects can be estimated through different methodologies whose use depends on several conditions such as flight-initiation distance (fid). our objectives were: 1- to evaluate whether poaching affects the fid and group structure of a guanaco (lama guanicoe) population in a high cold desert in san juan (argentina); 2- to assess whether habitat structure (s ...201728859147
daylight effect on melatonin secretion in adult female guanacos (lama guanicoe).the wild south american camelids developed a strategy of seasonal reproduction during spring and summer with singleton birth. the photoperiod is one of the factors that may modulate this seasonality where light would be translated into a hormonal signal. this study evaluated the influence of changes in daily light intensity on melatonin concentration in captive guanacos under a long-day photoperiod (16 hr light/8 hr dark; 33 '28's). mean melatonin concentration was 28.3 ± 20.3 pg/ml, with a maxi ...201728731219
y-chromosome and mtdna variation confirms independent domestications and directional hybridization in south american camelids.investigations of genetic diversity and domestication in south american camelids (sac) have relied on autosomal microsatellite and maternally-inherited mitochondrial data. we present the first integrated analysis of domestic and wild sac combining male and female sex-specific markers (male specific y-chromosome and female-specific mtdna sequence variation) to assess: (i) hypotheses about the origin of domestic camelids, (ii) directionality of introgression among domestic and/or wild taxa as evid ...201728699276
septicemia and meningoencephalitis caused by listeria monocytogenes in two neonatal llamas.listeriosis is a disease of humans and domestic mammals (mainly ruminants) with variable manifestations, primarily encephalitis, septicemia, and abortion. although listeria monocytogenes readily causes illness in ruminants, the prevalence among domestic south american camelids (llamas and alpacas) is low and has not been documented in their wild counterparts, the vicuna and guanaco. we describe herein the clinical signs, autopsy findings, and histopathology of septicemia and suppurative meningoe ...201728677403
seroprevalence of neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii in exotic ruminants and camelids in the czech republic.neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii are the protozoan parasites with definitive hosts from order carnivora. due to vertical transmission, both parasites can cause abortions and neonatal mortality that lead to significant productive and economic losses in the domestic ruminants. the aim of this study was to describe n. caninum and t. gondii seroprevalence in the group of frequently farmed captive exotic ruminants (n = 184) including bovidae (barbary sheep, bezoar goat, common eland, american b ...201728497227
the normal variants in the left bundle branch system.this article reviewed the main anatomic and physiopathological aspects of the left bundle branch from its origin in the his bundle and its intraventricular distribution on the left endocardial surface. the results are based on the relevant literature and on personal observations executed on 206 hearts distributed as follows: 67 dogs, 60 humans, 45 sheep, 22 pigs, 10 cows, 2 monkeys, 1 guanaco, and 1 sea lion. the main anatomical features of the his-purkinje conducting system may be summarized as ...201728341304
assessing the effect of radiocollars on juvenile guanaco survival.to evaluate the potential impact of our research activities on guanacos (lama guanicoe), we tested for effects of radiocollaring on juvenile (≤1 year of age) survival in torres del paine national park, chile during 1992-1996. the survival of collared (40.1%) and uncollared (38.2%) juveniles was not significantly different (g=0.08; p=0.77). our results suggest that radiocollaring does not adversely affect the survival of juvenile guanacos. although we observed no effect of radiocollaring, we stil ...200028308183
the mitochondrial genome of the guanaco louse, microthoracius praelongiceps: insights into the ancestral mitochondrial karyotype of sucking lice (anoplura, insecta).fragmented mitochondrial (mt) genomes have been reported in 11 species of sucking lice (suborder anoplura) that infest humans, chimpanzees, pigs, horses, and rodents. there is substantial variation among these lice in mt karyotype: the number of minichromosomes of a species ranges from 9 to 20; the number of genes in a minichromosome ranges from 1 to 8; gene arrangement in a minichromosome differs between species, even in the same genus. we sequenced the mt genome of the guanaco louse, microthor ...201728164215
first complete mitochondrial genome data from ancient south american camelids - the mystery of the chilihueques from isla mocha (chile).in south american societies, domesticated camelids were of great cultural importance and subject to trade and translocation. south american camelids were even found on remote and hard to reach islands, emphasizing their importance to historic and pre-historic south american populations. isla mocha, a volcanic island 35 km offshore of central-south chile, is an example of such an island. when dutch and spanish explorers reached the island in the early 17th century, they found that domesticated ca ...201627929050
[gastrointestinal bezoars].gastrointestinal bezoars are a concretion of indigested material that can be found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and some animals. this material forms an intraluminal mass, more commonly located in the stomach. during a large period of history animal bezoars were considered antidotes to poisons and diseases. we report a historical overview since bezoars stones were thought to have medicinal properties. this magic conception was introduced in south america by spanish conquerors. in chil ...201627905655
the ecology of stress: linking life-history traits with physiological control mechanisms in free-living guanacos.providing the context for the evolution of life-history traits, habitat features constrain successful ecological and physiological strategies. in vertebrates, a key response to life's challenges is the activation of the stress (hpa) and gonadal (hpg) axes. much of the interest in stress ecology is motivated by the desire to understand the physiological mechanisms in which the environment affects fitness. as reported in the literature, several intrinsic and extrinsic factors affect variability in ...201627833807
reintroducing guanaco in the upper belt of central argentina: using population viability analysis to evaluate extinction risk and management priorities.wildlife reintroduction is an increasingly used strategy to reverse anthropocene defaunation. for the purpose of ecosystem restoration, in 2007 the guanaco (lama guanicoe) was reintroduced to the quebrada del condorito national park, situated in the mountains of central argentina. with the aim of developing management recommendations, the project included permanently monitoring the population to evaluate its dynamics and the ecological response of the individuals released into the area. nine yea ...201627741302
management of protected areas and its effect on an ecosystem function: removal of prosopis flexuosa seeds by mammals in argentinian drylands.the ecological function of animal seed dispersal depends on species interactions and can be affected by drivers such as the management interventions applied to protected areas. this study was conducted in two protected areas in the monte desert: a fenced reserve with grazing exclusion and absence of large native mammals (the man and biosphere ñacuñán reserve; fr) and an unfenced reserve with low densities of large native and domestic animals (ischigualasto park; ufr). the study focuses on prosop ...201627655222
sarcocystis masoni, n. sp. (apicomplexa: sarcocystidae), and redescription of sarcocystis aucheniae from llama (lama glama), guanaco (lama guanicoe) and alpaca (vicugna pacos).there is considerable confusion concerning the species of sarcocystis in south american camelids (sac). several species names have been used; however, proper descriptions are lacking. in the present paper, we redescribe the macroscopic sarcocyst forming sarcocystis aucheniae and describe and propose a new name, sarcocystis masoni for the microscopic sarcocyst forming species. muscles samples were obtained from llamas (lama glama) and guanacos (lama guanicoe) from argentina and from alpacas (vicu ...201626932444
effectiveness of fencing and hunting to control lama guanicoe browsing damage: implications for nothofagus pumilio regeneration in harvested forests.browsing damage by native ungulates is often to be considered one of the reasons of regeneration failure in nothofagus pumilio silvicultural systems. fencing and hunting in forests at regeneration phase have been proposed to mitigate browsing effects. this study aims to determine effectiveness of these control methods in harvested forests, evaluating browsing damage over regeneration, as well as climate-related constraints (freezing or desiccation). forest structure and regeneration plots were e ...201626708647
checklist of helminths found in patagonian wild mammals.using available reports, a checklist of the recorded helminth parasites of wild mammals from patagonia was generated. records of parasites found in patagonia were included, together with records from mammals in áreas outside of patagonia but whose range extends into patagonia. information about the host, localities, and references were also included. a total of 1323 records (224 cestoda, 167 trematoda, 894 nematoda, 34 acanthocephala, and 4 pentastomida) belonging to 452 helminth species (77 ces ...201526623857
morphofunctional structure of the lingual papillae in three species of south american camelids: alpaca, guanaco, and llama.the aim of this study was to compare the anatomical and functional characteristics of the lingual papilla among the camelidae. for this purpose, tongues of alpaca, guanaco, and llama were used. numerous long and thin filiform papillae were located in the median groove and none were detected on the rest of the dorsal surface of the lingual apex in alpaca. secondary papillae originated from the base of some filiform papillae on the ventral surface of alpaca tongue. the bases of some filiform papil ...201626572928
rapid assessment of distribution of wildlife and human activities for prioritizing conservation actions in a patagonian landscape.large landscapes encompassing reserves and areas with other human uses are necessary for conservation of many species. generating information for conservation planning over such landscapes may be expensive and time-consuming, though resources for conservation are generally limited and conservation is often urgent. we developed a sign-based occupancy survey to help prioritize conservation interventions by simultaneously assessing the distribution of 3 species, the lesser rhea, guanaco, and mara, ...201526061066
genomic data from extinct north american camelops revise camel evolutionary history.recent advances in paleogenomic technologies have enabled an increasingly detailed understanding of the evolutionary relationships of now-extinct mammalian taxa. however, a number of enigmatic quaternary species have never been characterized with molecular data, often because available fossils are rare or are found in environments that are not optimal for dna preservation. here, we analyze paleogenomic data extracted from bones attributed to the late pleistocene western camel, camelops cf. heste ...201526037535
full genomic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of a zoonotic human g8p[14] rotavirus strain detected in a sample from guatemala.we report the genomic characterization of a rare human g8p[14] rotavirus strain, identified in a stool sample from guatemala (gtm) during routine rotavirus surveillance. this strain was designated as rva/human-wt/gtm/2009726790/2009/g8p[14], with a genomic constellation of g8-p[14]-i2-r2-c2-m2-a13-n2-t6-e2-h3. the vp4 gene occupied lineage vii within the p[14] genotype. phylogenetic analysis of each genome segment revealed close relatedness to several zoonotic simian, guanaco and bovine strains. ...201525952569
llamas and alpacas in europe: endoparasites of the digestive tract and their pharmacotherapeutic control.there are distinctive specifications for veterinary medical care of south american camelids (sacs), namely, llamas, alpacas, vicunas and guanacos. camelids are classified as food-producing animals, but as veterinary medicinal products are often only licensed for domestic food-producing species such as horses, goats, sheep and cattle, treatment of sacs generally requires off-label use of drugs. endoparasitism is a major health concern in camelids and can result in severe clinical diseases and eco ...201525933827
comparison of dna extraction methods for polymerase chain reaction amplification of guanaco (lama guanicoe) fecal dna samples.feces-based population genetic studies have become increasingly popular. however, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification rates from fecal material vary depending on the species, populations, loci, and extraction protocols. here, we assessed the pcr amplification success of three microsatellite markers and a segment of the mitochondrial control region of dna extracted from field-collected feces of guanaco (lama guanicoe) using two protocols - qiagen dna stool kit and 2 cetyltrimethylammoni ...201525729972
minimally invasive metatarsal fracture repair with locking plates in a guanaco (lama guanicoe).an open grade i transverse diaphyseal fracture of the metatarsal bone in a 5-yr-old female guanaco (lama guanicoe) was successfully stabilized with a locking plate system, which is a minimally invasive approach. a conical coupling screw-plate locking system with 3.0-mm-thick plates and 3.5-mm locking head screws was applied, after closed and indirect reduction of the bone segments, with an orthogonal configuration of the plates. the implants were protected postoperatively with a splinted bandage ...201425632682
medicinal use of wild fauna by mestizo communities living near san guillermo biosphere reserve (san juan, argentina).wild and domestic animals and their by-products are important ingredients in the preparation of curative, protective and preventive medicines. despite the medicinal use of animals worldwide, this topic has received less attention than the use of medicinal plants. this study assessed the medicinal use of animals by mestizo communities living near san guillermo mab reserve by addressing the following questions: what animal species and body parts are used? what ailments or diseases are treated with ...201525608977
phoenix flagships: conservation values and guanaco reintroduction in an anthropogenic landscape.multiple forms of valuation contribute to public acceptance of conservation projects. here, we consider how esthetic, intrinsic, and utilitarian values contribute to public attitudes toward a proposed reintroduction of guanaco (lama guanicoe) in a silvopastoral system of central chile. the nexus among landscape perceptions and valuations, support for reintroductions, and management of anthropogenic habitats is of increasing interest due to the proliferation of conservation approaches combining s ...201525539866
ovarian follicular activity during late gestation and postpartum in guanaco (lama guanicoe).this study evaluated ovarian activity in late gestation and post-partum in guanacos in captivity. follicular dynamics was monitored every second day from 40 days before and other 40 after delivery by transrectal sonography and by plasma steroids concentrations. seven out of eight (87.5%) of gestating females presented ovarian follicular activity under progesterone levels >3 nmol/l with maximum follicular size of 8.42 ± 0.83 mm from days 23 to 1 before delivery. after delivery, all females have f ...201525528969
bayesian inference on the effect of density dependence and weather on a guanaco population from chile.understanding the mechanisms that drive population dynamics is fundamental for management of wild populations. the guanaco (lama guanicoe) is one of two wild camelid species in south america. we evaluated the effects of density dependence and weather variables on population regulation based on a time series of 36 years of population sampling of guanacos in tierra del fuego, chile. the population density varied between 2.7 and 30.7 guanaco/km2, with an apparent monotonic growth during the first 2 ...201425514510
macroscopic and histological investigation of guanaco footpads (lama guanicoe, müller 1776).the surface of guanaco footpads is characterized by hairless skin with up to 4-mm-thick stratum corneum that protects from abrasion. the horny layer is pliable and elastic, and ensures firm contact with irregular ground. it is padded with a particular structure of the subcutaneous layer, the digital cushion. the flat cushions of each of the two digits are of elongated ovate shape, each about 45-mm long, up to 20-mm wide, and 8-mm thick. the cushions are lined by a 1-2-mm-thick capsule that resem ...201525403495
density but not climate affects the population growth rate of guanacos ( lama guanicoe) (artiodactyla, camelidae).we analyzed the effects of population density and climatic variables on the rate of population growth in the guanaco ( lama guanicoe), a wild camelid species in south america. we used a time series of 36 years (1977-2012) of population sampling in tierra del fuego, chile. individuals were grouped in three age-classes: newborns, juveniles, and adults; for each year a female population transition matrix was constructed, and the population growth rate (λ) was estimated for each year as the matrix h ...201325187878
ecological drivers of guanaco recruitment: variable carrying capacity and density dependence.ungulates living in predator-free reserves offer the opportunity to study the influence of food limitation on population dynamics without the potentially confounding effects of top-down regulation or livestock competition. we assessed the influence of relative forage availability and population density on guanaco recruitment in two predator-free reserves in eastern patagonia, with contrasting scenarios of population density. we also explored the relative contribution of the observed recruitment ...201424899131
the first caprine rotavirus detected in argentina displays genomic features resembling virus strains infecting members of the bovidae and camelidae.rotavirus group a (rva) is a major cause of diarrhea in humans and young animals including small ruminants. the purpose of this study was to identify rva in dairy goat kids, and to characterize the complete genomic constellation and genetic relatedness with other rva strains. four out of twenty fecal samples from diarrheic and non-diarrheic goat kids were positive for rva by elisa. a representative sample was selected for further genome analyses. the rva strain rva/goat-wt/arg/0040/2011/g8p[1] d ...201424742949
maintenance of genetic diversity in an introduced island population of guanacos after seven decades and two severe demographic bottlenecks: implications for camelid conservation.fifteen guanacos were introduced to staats island in the falklands/malvinas archipelago from patagonia in the 1930s. twenty five years later, the population was culled from 300 to 10-20 individuals, but quickly rebounded to a population of almost 400 animals that today retain the genetic signature of the founding event and later bottleneck. the goals of this study were to (i) make a genetic assessment of this island population through comparisons with mainland populations and simulations, and (i ...201424663026
ecological correlates of group-size variation in a resource-defense ungulate, the sedentary guanaco.for large herbivores, predation-risk, habitat structure and population density are often reported as major determinants of group size variation within and between species. however, whether the underlying causes of these relationships imply an ecological adaptation or are the result of a purely mechanistic process in which fusion and fragmentation events only depend on the rate of group meeting, is still under debate. the aim of this study was to model guanaco family and bachelor group sizes in c ...201424586503
guanacos and sheep: evidence for continuing competition in arid patagonia.guanacos (lama guanicoe) are the only wild ungulate species widely distributed across the patagonian steppe and have undergone a precipitous population decline since the introduction of domestic sheep (ovis aries) 100 years ago. there has been speculation that sheep ranching may have played a major role in guanaco population decline after monopolising the most productive land because of competition for forage plants. our aim in this work was to estimate guanaco abundance and account for its vari ...200124577696
spatial and seasonal dynamic of abundance and distribution of guanaco and livestock: insights from using density surface and null models.monitoring species abundance and distribution is a prerequisite when assessing species status and population viability, a difficult task to achieve for large herbivores at ecologically meaningful scales. co-occurrence patterns can be used to infer mechanisms of community organization (such as biotic interactions), although it has been traditionally applied to binary presence/absence data. here, we combine density surface and null models of abundance data as a novel approach to analyze the spatia ...201424465812
differences in natural antibody titres comparing free-ranging guanacos (lama guanicoe) and capybaras (hydrochoerus hydrochaeris).natural antibodies are an important component of innate humoral immunity but have not been investigated to any great extent in wild mammals. in the current study, serum natural antibody titres were measured by hemagglutination assay for two south american herbivores, the guanaco (lama guanicoe) and the capybara (hydrochoerus hydrochaeris). results indicated that capybaras had antibody titres on average more than four times higher than guanacos (median titres 1:256 and 1:4, respectively), suggest ...201424321369
unveiling current guanaco distribution in chile based upon niche structure of phylogeographic lineages: andean puna to subpolar forests.niche description and differentiation at broad geographic scales have been recent major topics in ecology and evolution. describing the environmental niche structure of sister taxa with known evolutionary trajectories stands out as a useful exercise in understanding niche requirements. here we model the environmental niche structure and distribution of the recently resolved phylogeography of guanaco (lama guanicoe) lineages on the western slope of the southern andes. using a maximum entropy fram ...201324265726
novel nsp1 genotype characterised in an african camel g8p[11] rotavirus strain.animal-human interspecies transmission is thought to play a significant role in influencing rotavirus strain diversity in humans. proving this concept requires a better understanding of the complete genetic constellation of rotaviruses circulating in various animal species. however, very few whole genomes of animal rotaviruses, especially in developing countries, are available. in this study, complete genetic configuration of the first african camel rotavirus strain (rva/camel-wt/sdn/mrc-dpru447 ...201424184096
do cortisol and corticosterone play the same role in coping with stressors? measuring glucocorticoid serum in free-ranging guanacos (lama guanicoe).habitat can constrain and shape successful ecological and physiological strategies, thus providing the context for the evolution of life-history traits. however, unpredictable challenges, such as storms, natural disasters, and human activities can also have great effects on stress. glucocorticoids (gcs) are adrenal steroid hormones that play an important role in how vertebrates cope with these predictable and unpredictable environmental challenges. although assessing gcs levels can have many app ...201324115389
intra-phylum and inter-phyla associations among gastrointestinal parasites in two wild mammal species.a growing body of literature reveals that the interactions among the parasite community may be strong and significant for parasite dynamics. there may be inter-specific antagonistic interactions as a result of competition and cross-effective immune response, or synergistic interactions where infection by one parasite is facilitated by another one, either by an impoverishment of the host's defenses, parasite-induced selective immunosuppression, or trade-offs within the immune system. the nature o ...201323820605
social structure in a family group of guanaco (lama guanicoe, ungulate): is female hierarchy based on 'prior attributes' or 'social dynamics'?social life involves costs and benefits mostly associated with how individuals interact with each other. the formation of hierarchies inside social groups has evolved as a common strategy to avoid high costs stemming from social interactions. hierarchical relationships seem to be associated with different features such as body size, body condition and/or age, which determine dominance ability ('prior attributes' hypothesis). in contrast, the 'social dynamic' hypothesis suggests that an initial s ...201323694742
niche segregation between wild and domestic herbivores in chilean patagonia.competition arises when two co-occuring species share a limiting resource. potential for competition is higher when species have coexisted for a short time, as it is the case for herbivores and livestock introduced in natural systems. sheep, introduced in the late 19(th) century in patagonia, bear a great resemblance in size and diet to the guanaco, the main native herbivore in patagonia. in such circumstances, it could be expected that the two species compete and one of them could be displaced. ...201323555656
range management affects native ungulate populations in península valdés, a world natural heritage.sheep rearing is the main productive activity in patagonian rangelands, where guanacos are the only native ungulate. ranchers perceive a decrease in range carrying capacity as guanaco numbers increase, therefore guanaco conservation within private lands becomes a considerable challenge. this issue is particularly evident in the world natural heritage península valdés (pv), where there is a need to harmonize livestock production and biodiversity conservation. while sheep rearing prevails as the p ...201323390546
the influence of the arid andean high plateau on the phylogeography and population genetics of guanaco (lama guanicoe) in south america.a comprehensive study of the phylogeography and population genetics of the largest wild artiodactyl in the arid and cold-temperate south american environments, the guanaco (lama guanicoe) was conducted. patterns of molecular genetic structure were described using 514 bp of mtdna sequence and 14 biparentally inherited microsatellite markers from 314 samples. these individuals originated from 17 localities throughout the current distribution across peru, bolivia, argentina and chile. this confirme ...201323206254
discovery and molecular characterization of a group a rotavirus strain detected in an argentinean vicuña (vicugna vicugna).the wild vicuña (vicugna vicugna) is one of the four species of native south american camelids (sacs) in addition to the wild guanaco, and their domesticated counterparts, alpaca and llama, respectively. serological data have indicated the presence of group a rotaviruses (rva) specific antibodies in all 4 members of the sac, and so far, rva has been detected from alpacas, llamas and guanacos. a total of 59 fecal samples from healthy wild newborn and juvenile vicuñas, raised in captivity in jujuy ...201322877519
cooperative vigilance: the guanaco's (lama guanicoe) key antipredator mechanism.the concept of sociality has been associated with the effectiveness of antipredator mechanisms, like cooperative vigilance and the dilution effect. lama guanicoe (guanaco) is a social native herbivore in south america and a social species. the objectives of this study were to evaluate the antipredator responses of different-sized groups of guanacos in areas with varying predation risks and to determine antipredator mechanisms in guanacos. for this, we measured different antipredator responses to ...201222705972
analysis of mitochondrial dna in bolivian llama, alpaca and vicuna populations: a contribution to the phylogeny of the south american camelids.the objectives of this work were to assess the mtdna diversity of bolivian south american camelid (sac) populations and to shed light on the evolutionary relationships between the bolivian camelids and other populations of sacs. we have analysed two different mtdna regions: the complete coding region of the mt-cyb gene and 513 bp of the d-loop region. the populations sampled included bolivian llamas, alpacas and vicunas, and chilean guanacos. high levels of genetic diversity were observed in the ...201322640259
relationships between integumental characteristics and thermoregulation in south american camelids.hair fibre is regarded as a unique mammalian feature with an important role for endothermy. artificial selection for hair characteristics resulted in marked changes with regard to follicle number, type, distribution, growth and natural shedding. this review focuses on the fine fibre-producing south american camelids (sacs) and the relationship between their hair coat and thermoregulation. sacs have developed several special integumental characteristics. while the hair coat of the wild lamoids vi ...201022444692
complete molecular genome analyses of equine rotavirus a strains from different continents reveal several new genotypes and a largely conserved genotype constellation.in this study, the complete genome sequence of seven equine group a rotavirus (rva) strains (rva/horse-tc/gbr/l338/1991/g13p[18], rva/horse-wt/irl/03v04954/2003/g3p[12] and rva/horse-wt/irl/04v2024/2004/g14p[12] from europe; rva/horse-wt/arg/e30/1993/g3p[12], rva/horse-wt/arg/e403/2006/g14p[12], and rva/horse-wt/arg/e4040/2008/g14p[12] from argentina, and rva/horse-wt/zaf/eqrv-sa1/2006/g14p[12] from south africa) were determined. multiple new genotypes were identified and genotype numbers were a ...201122190012
a review of the nutritional content and technological parameters of indigenous sources of meat in south america.meat yields, proximate compositions, fatty acids compositions and technological parameters are reviewed for species which might be further developed as indigenous sources of meat in south america. these include the alpaca (lama pacos), capybara (hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), guanaco (lama guanicoe), llama (lama glama), nutria (myocastor coypus), collared peccary (tayassu tajacu), greater rhea (rhea americana), lesser rhea (rhea pennata), yacare (caiman crocodilus yacare), tegu lizard (tupinambis m ...200822063568
south american camelid illegal traffic detection by means of molecular markers.south american camelids comprise the wild species guanaco and vicuña and their respective domestic relatives llama and alpaca. the aim of the present study was to determine by dna analysis to which of these species belong a herd of camelids confiscated from a llama breeder but alleged to be alpacas by the prosecution, and to evaluate the usefulness of mitochondrial and autosomal dna markers to solve judicial cases involving camelid taxa. cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase i mitochondrial genes ...201121982877
gastrointestinal and blood parasite determination in the guanaco (lama guanicoe) under semi-captivity conditions.the breeding of wild animals for commercial purposes is becoming more frequent nowadays. this situation has led to an increase in contact rates between wild and domestic animals, with subsequent reciprocal transmission of parasites. in this study, we characterized the gastrointestinal and blood parasites of a group of 15 semi-captive guanacos (lama guanicoe). we characterized gastrointestinal parasites by analyzing fecal samples through the sedimentation-flotation technique and hemoparasites by ...201121643663
uniformity of rotavirus strain nomenclature proposed by the rotavirus classification working group (rcwg).in april 2008, a nucleotide-sequence-based, complete genome classification system was developed for group a rotaviruses (rvs). this system assigns a specific genotype to each of the 11 genome segments of a particular rv strain according to established nucleotide percent cutoff values. using this approach, the genome of individual rv strains are given the complete descriptor of gx-p[x]-ix-rx-cx-mx-ax-nx-tx-ex-hx. the rotavirus classification working group (rcwg) was formed by scientists in the fi ...201121597953
study of the kinetics of antibodies titres against viral pathogens and detection of rotavirus and parainfluenza 3 infections in captive crias of guanacos (lama guanicoe).a longitudinal study was conducted to investigate the presence of antibodies (ab) to rotavirus (rv), parainfluenza-3 virus (pi-3), bovine herpesvirus-1 (bohv-1), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv-1) and bluetongue virus (btv) in eleven guanaco's crias (chulengos) relocated from rio negro to buenos aires province (argentina) and reared in captivity for a year in an experimental field. serum samples were collected periodically to detect the evidence of viral infections. faecal samples were collec ...201021062425
molecular characterization of equine rotaviruses circulating in argentinean foals during a 17-year surveillance period (1992-2008).p[12]g3 and p[12]g14 equine rotaviruses (ervs) are epidemiologically important in horses. in argentina, the prevalent erv strains have been historically p[12]g3. the aim of this study was the detection and characterization of erv strains circulating in foals in argentina during a 17-year study (1992-2008). additionally, the gene sequences of vp7, vp4 and nsp4 encoding genes of representative argentinean erv strains were determined and phylogenetic analyses were performed to elucidate the evoluti ...201020943330
ovarian function in south american camelids (alpacas, llamas, vicunas, guanacos).ultrasound technology and hormone assays have provided a better understanding of folliculogenesis and ovulation in south american camelids in the last two decades. females exhibit waves of ovarian follicular growth and are induced ovulators and therefore do not exhibit oestrous cycles in the manner of spontaneously ovulating species such as sheep and cattle. there is much variation in inter-wave interval among camelid species (alpaca/llama 10-22 days, vicuna 4-11 days), within species and within ...201020875933
evaluation of medetomidine-ketamine-butorphanol anesthesia with atipamezole-naltrexone antagonism in captive male guanacos (lama guanicoe).seven captive adult male guanacos (lama guanicoe) weighing 112.0 +/- 10.9 kg (mean +/- standard deviation) were anesthetized with a combination of medetomidine (90.0 +/- 8.8 microg/kg), ketamine (2.7 +/- 0.3 mg/kg), and butorphanol (0.3 +/- 0.03 mg/kg) administered intramuscularly to evaluate its anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects. inductions were smooth and rapid, with a mean time to initial effect of 3 +/- 1.5 min and a mean time to recumbency of 5.1 +/- 3.1 min. anesthesia was predictable ...201020597217
the complete mitochondrial dna sequence of the guanaco (lama guanicoe): comparative analysis with the vicuña (vicugna vicugna) genome.south american camelids comprise the guanaco (lama guanicoe) and the vicuña (vicugna vicugna), which are wild species, and the domestic llama (lama glama) and alpaca (lama pacos). this paper presents the first complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of the guanaco and the mt coding sequence of the vicuña. the guanaco mtdna is 16,649 nt long and its composition and organization are similar to the mitochondrial genome of other mammals. excluding the control region, comparison of the complete guanaco an ...201020524143
complete genome constellation of a caprine group a rotavirus strain reveals common evolution with ruminant and human rotavirus strains.this study reports the first complete genome sequence of a caprine group a rotavirus (gar) strain, go34. the vp7-vp4-vp6-vp1-vp2-vp3-nsp1-nsp2-nsp3-nsp4-nsp5 genes of strain go34, detected in bangladesh, were assigned to the g6-p[1]-i2-r2-c2-m2-a11-n2-t6-e2-h3 genotypes, respectively. strain go34 was closely related to the vp4, vp6-7 and nsp4-5 genes of bovine gars and the nsp1 gene of go34 to an ovine gar. strain go34 shared low nucleotide sequence identities (<90 %) with vp2-3 genes of other g ...201020505013
ovarian follicular dynamics and hormonal secretory profiles in guanacos (lama guanicoe).the objective of the present study was to describe ovarian activity in 11 adult non-mated guanacos, evaluated every second day for 40 days by transrectal ultrasonography and by plasma estradiol-17beta and progesterone concentrations. an inverse relationship (r = -0.29, p < 0.001) was observed between the diameter of the largest ovarian follicle and the total number of follicles indicating that follicular growth in guanacos occurs in waves. the mean duration of follicular wave was 15.1 +/- 4.2 da ...201020022436
lamanema chavezi (nematoda: molineidae): epidemiological data of the infection in south american camelids of northwest argentina.faecal samples from llamas (n=708), vicuñas (n=171) and guanacos (n=4) were obtained between december 2004 and may 2009 in three provinces of northwest argentina (jujuy, salta and catamarca) to know the distribution, prevalence and intensity of lamanema chavezi infection in these south american camelid species (sacs). faeces were examined by a sedimentation-flotation technique using a cl(2)zn+clna solution (specific gravity=1.59). eggs of l. chavezi occurred in 30.3% of 89 llama herds and in 18. ...200919819627
fasciola hepatica infections in livestock flock, guanacos and coypus in two wildlife reserves in argentina.between autumn and spring 2006, a coprological survey was performed in two wildlife reserves located in the north of argentine patagonia to determine the prevalence of fasciola hepatica and the number of parasite eggs per gram (epg) of feces in wild guanacos (lama guanicoe), coypus (myocastor coypus), and locally born and raised goats and sheep. snails of the family lymnaeidae were collected in freshwater habitats, identified taxonomically and analyzed parasitologically. prevalence of patent inf ...200919700244
application of dna forensic techniques for identifying poached guanacos (lama guanicoe) in chilean patagonia*.guanaco (lama guanicoe) is a protected and widely distributed ungulate in south america. a poacher, after killing guanacos in valle chacabuco, chilean patagonia, transported and stored the meat. samples were retrieved by local police but the suspect argued that the meat was from a horse. mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (774 pb), 15 loci microsatellites, and sry gene were used to identify the species, number of animals and their population origin, and the sex of the animals, respectively. analysi ...200919549029
first isolation of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from wild guanacos (lama guanicoe) on tierra del fuego island.the aim of this study was to search for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection in a free-ranging wild animal species in a region where johnes's disease has yet to be reported and to classify map isolates using a genomic typing method. fecal samples were obtained from 501 wild guanacos (lama guanicoe) from tierra del fuego island, chile, in august 2006. samples were cultured using herrold's egg yolk medium with and without mycobactin j. after 9 mo of incubation, suspected map ...200919395739
prevalence of eimeria macusaniensis and eimeria ivitaensis in south american camelids of northwest argentina.faecal samples from mostly adult llamas (n=626), vicuñas (n=161) and guanacos (n=4) were obtained between december 2004 and july 2008 in three provinces of northwest argentina in order to study the prevalence of eimeria macusaniensis and eimeria ivitaensis. faeces were examined by a flotation technique using a cl(2)zn+clna solution (specific gravity=1.59). oocysts of e. macusaniensis occurred in 88.3% of 77 llama herds and in 50.3% of 626 llamas sampled whereas oocysts of e. ivitaensis occurred ...200919349120
endocrine changes during pregnancy, parturition and post-partum in guanacos (lama guanicoe).plasma concentrations of progesterone (p4), estradiol-17beta (e2), estrone (e1) and estrone sulfate (e1s) were measured during gestation in eight guanacos kept in captivity. gestational length was 346.1+/-9.8 days. p4 plasma concentrations increased after ovulation and remained elevated until parturition. however, during the last 4 weeks of gestation, a gradual decrease from 4.17x1.17(+/-1)nmol/l to 2.02x1.95(+/-1)nmol/l on day 5 before parturition was observed, followed by a more abrupt final d ...200919304413
systemic candidosis in a guanaco (lama guanicoe). 200919234328
are human p[14] rotavirus strains the result of interspecies transmissions from sheep or other ungulates that belong to the mammalian order artiodactyla?a limited number of human g6p[14] rotavirus strains that cause gastroenteritis in humans have been isolated in europe and australia. the complete genome sequences were determined for five of these human strains--b10925-97 (isolated in belgium in 1997), 111/05-27 (italy, 2005), pa169 (italy, 1987), mg6 (australia, 1993), and hun5 (hungary, 1997)--and their genetic relatedness to animal rotavirus strains was evaluated by sequencing the complete genome of the sheep rotavirus ovr762 (g8p[14]; spain, ...200919153225
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