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patterns of genital tract mustelid gammaherpesvirus 1 (musghv-1) reactivation are linked to stressors in european badgers (meles meles).gammaherpesvirus reactivation can promote diseases or impair reproduction. understanding reactivation patterns and associated risks of different stressors is therefore important. nevertheless, outside the laboratory or captive environment, studies on the effects of stress on gammaherpesvirus reactivation in wild mammals are lacking. here we used mustelid gammaherpesvirus 1 (musghv-1) infection in european badgers (meles meles) as a host-pathogen wildlife model to study the effects of a variety o ...202134064759
spillover events of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 (recombinant gi.4p-gi.2) from lagomorpha to eurasian badger.rabbit haemorrhagic disease (rhd) is a major threat to domestic and wild european rabbits. presently, in europe, the disease is caused mainly by rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 (rhdv2/b or lagovirus europaeus gi.2), the origin of which is still unclear, as no rhdv2 reservoir hosts were identified. after the rhdv2 emergence in 2010, viral rna was detected in a few rodent species. furthermore, rhdv2 was found to cause disease in some hare species resembling the disease in rabbits, evidencing t ...202133683820
circulation of diverse protoparvoviruses in wild carnivores, italy.protoparvovirus is a monophyletic viral genus that includes the species carnivore protoparvovirus-1 infecting domestic and wild carnivores. in this paper, the results of an epidemiological survey for carnivore protoparvovirus-1 in wild carnivores in italy are reported. overall, 34 (11.4%) out of 297 tested animals were positive for carnivore protoparvovirus-1, but the frequency of detection was much higher in intestine (54%) than in spleen samples (2.8%), thus suggesting that the intestine is th ...202033176056
the european badger, meles meles, as a new host for trichinella britovi in romania.the european badger, meles meles (carnivora, mustelidae) is a widespread opportunistic omnivorous mammal. its food spectrum comprises a wide variety of plants and small animals, occasionally including rodents, such as mice or rats. considering that rodents are known to play a key role in the life cycle of trichinella spp., the aims of this study were to investigate the occurrence of these parasites in badgers from romania and to identify the species. overall, 61 badgers originating from 14 count ...202033161282
a non-invasive method to assess the reproductive status of the european badger (meles meles) from urinary sex-steroid metabolites.due to their unique reproductive physiology and behaviour, european badgers (meles meles) are often used as a model to study mammalian reproduction. for reproductive endocrinology, circulating hormone levels are conventionally measured directly from blood samples. however, routine blood sampling is often not practical for wild animals and may induce stress affecting measurement accuracy. non-invasive alternatives are thus of interest. circulating hormones are metabolized through different routes ...202033152349
potentially toxic element accumulation in badgers (meles meles): a compositional approach.potentially toxic elements (ptes) in badgers (meles meles), otherwise known as heavy metals, are unique amongst environmental pollutants occurring, both naturally and anthropogenically. ptes have a broad range of negative health and environmental effects, therefore identifying their sources and pathways through the environment is imperative for public health policy. this is difficult in terrestrial systems due to the compositional nature of soil geochemistry. in this study, a compositional stati ...202033131870
estimation of environmental, genetic and parental age at conception effects on telomere length in a wild mammal.understanding individual variation in fitness-related traits requires separating the environmental and genetic determinants. telomeres are protective caps at the ends of chromosomes that are thought to be a biomarker of senescence as their length predicts mortality risk and reflect the physiological consequences of environmental conditions. the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to individual variation in telomere length is however unclear, yet important for understanding ...202033113164
underground diversity: uropodina mites (acari: mesostigmata) from european badger (meles meles) nests.badgers can gather huge quantities of organic material to build their nests for winter time and to rear their cubs. moreover, badger burrows (setts) are characterized by specific microclimate with quite stable temperature and humidity. their fauna is poorly studied, especially in respect of saprobiontic uropodina mites. in 2018-2019, we monitored 94 badger setts to search for nest material that had been thrown away during cleaning of the chambers after mating and winter sleep. in the collected m ...202033098499
grazing cattle exposure to neighbouring herds and badgers in relation to bovine tuberculosis risk.bovine tuberculosis (btb) can be spread between and among cattle and wildlife hosts e.g. european badger (meles meles). the majority of cattle in the uk and ireland are grazed during the summer, potentially exposing them to mycobacterium bovis. 18 farms were surveyed (39% dairy, 61% beef; fields n = 697) for one grazing season (may-november 2016, n = 148,461 field days) to quantify the co-occurrence of cattle with badger setts and latrines and adjacency to neighbouring cattle herds. 3% (n = 24) ...202033069429
evaluation of a faecal shedding test to detect badger social groups infected with mycobacterium bovis.bovine tuberculosis (btb) is an economically important disease affecting the cattle industry in england and wales. btb, caused by mycobacterium bovis, also causes disease in the eurasian badger (meles meles), a secondary maintenance host. disease transmission between these two species is bidirectional. infected badgers shed m. bovis in their faeces. the uk animal and plant health agency (apha) organised a comparative trial to determine the performance of tests in detecting m. bovis in badger fae ...202033055185
effects of mustelid gammaherpesvirus 1 (musghv-1) reactivation in european badger (meles meles) genital tracts on reproductive fitness.reactivation of latent gammaherpesvirus in the genital tract can lead to reproductive failure in domestic animals. nevertheless, this pathophysiology has not received formal study in wild mammals. high prevalence of mustelid gammaherpesvirus 1 (musghv-1) dna detected in the genital tracts of european badgers (meles meles) implies that this common pathogen may be a sexual transmitted infection. here we used pcr to test musghv-1 dna prevalence in genital swabs collected from 144 wild badgers in ir ...202032962280
estimating wildlife vaccination coverage using genetic methods.vaccination is a useful approach for the control of disease in wildlife populations. however, its effectiveness is dependent in part on delivery to a sufficient proportion of the target population. measuring the proportions of wild animal populations that have been vaccinated is challenging and so there is a need to develop robust approaches that can contribute to our understanding of the likely efficacy of wildlife vaccination campaigns. we used a modified capture mark recapture technique to es ...202032907707
bioreactor-grown bacillus of calmette and guérin (bcg) vaccine protects badgers against virulent mycobacterium bovis when administered orally: identifying limitations in baited vaccine delivery.bovine tuberculosis (tb) in great britain adversely affects animal health and welfare and is a cause of considerable economic loss. the situation is exacerbated by european badgers (meles meles) acting as a wildlife source of recurrent mycobacterium bovis infection to cattle. vaccination of badgers against tb is a possible means to reduce and control bovine tb. the delivery of vaccine in oral bait holds the best prospect for vaccinating badgers over a wide geographical area. there are practical ...202032824778
reproduction success in european badgers, red foxes and raccoon dogs in relation to sett cohabitation.the setts of the european badger meles meles can be cohabited during reproductive season by the red fox vulpes vulpes and raccoon dog nyctereutes procyonoides. there is no information on the possible impact of both species on the size of badgers' litter. the aim of the study was to show the influence of cohabitation of the same setts by badger, raccoon dog and fox on the litter size. the research was conducted in 2012-2014 and 2018 in the lowland forests of western poland. we conducted the surve ...202032797065
mycobacterium bovis infection in red foxes in four animal tuberculosis endemic areas in france.in france, animal tuberculosis (tb) due to mycobacterium bovis (m.bovis) affects a multi-host community that include cattle and wildlife species such as wild boars (sus scrofa), badgers (meles meles), or wild deer (cervus elaphus, capreolus capreolus). the involvement of foxes in the epidemiology of tb is fairly described in countries facing multispecies concerns. after the discovery of grouped cases of tb in foxes in a french tb endemic region, a study was implemented in the core of four tb end ...202032709124
mycobacterium bovis population structure in cattle and local badgers: co-localisation and variation by farm type.bovine tuberculosis surveillance in northern ireland includes multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (mlva) to determine the mycobacterium bovis genetic type present in both cattle and the predominant wildlife host, the european badger (meles meles). these data are useful for investigating clusters of infection and understanding the scale at which interspecific transmission may occur. we utilised a comprehensive dataset of routinely sampled isolates from infected cattle and from b ...202032708155
social effects on age-related and sex-specific immune cell profiles in a wild mammal.evidence for age-related changes in innate and adaptive immune responses is increasing in wild populations. such changes have been linked to fitness, and knowledge of the factors driving immune response variation is important for understanding the evolution of immunity. age-related changes in immune profiles may be owing to factors such as immune system development, sex-specific behaviour and responses to environmental conditions. social environments may also contribute to variation in immunolog ...202032673548
reproductive and somatic senescence in the european badger (meles meles): evidence from lifetime sex-steroid profiles.among the carnivora, there is sparse evidence for any substantive fitness benefits of post reproductive lifespan (prls, survival after reproductive cessation, rc). using the european badger (meles meles) as a model species, we analyzed sex-specific cross-sectional endocrinological and morphological data to investigate: 1) age-dependent reproductive decline in sex-steroid levels versus prime reproductive age; 2) age-dependent declines in somatic condition and reproductive advertisement (from subc ...202032574816
spatio-temporal partitioning facilitates mesocarnivore sympatry in the stara planina mountains, bulgaria.the top trophic level in many terrestrial food webs is typically occupied by mammalian carnivores (order carnivora) that broadly affect and shape ecosystems through trophic cascades. their inter-specific interactions can further complicate effects on community dynamics as a consequence of intra-guild competition. the capacity for competitive mammalian carnivores to segregate their hunting and activity regimes is in major part a function of their similarity, in terms of body-size and dietary nich ...202032563175
extra territorial excursions by european badgers are not limited by age, sex or season.european badgers (meles meles) in medium and high density populations show strong territorial behaviour. territories in these populations are contiguous, well-marked and often unchanging over many years. however, badgers do not always stay within their territorial boundaries. in our medium-density population, most individual badgers made extra-territorial excursions (etes) throughout the year. etes were most frequent between april and september and least frequent in december and january (the per ...202032541685
local lung immune response to mycobacterium bovis challenge after bcg and m. bovis heat-inactivated vaccination in european badger (meles meles).tuberculosis (tb) vaccination could be used as a key part of integrated strategies for the disease's control if an effective and safe vaccine under field conditions is obtained. recent studies in spain have evaluated the protective efficacy of two oral vaccines against experimental challenge with live intra-bronchial mycobacterium bovis in captive badgers: the live-attenuated m. bovis bcg vaccine (danish strain) and a heat-inactivated m. bovis (himb) vaccine. with the objective of increasing the ...202032526872
evaluation of the dual path platform (dpp) vettb assay for the detection of mycobacterium bovis infection in badgers.bovine tuberculosis (btb), caused by mycobacterium bovis, represents a major animal health issue. in the united kingdom and the republic of ireland, european badgers (meles meles) have been shown to act as a reservoir of m. bovis infection, hindering the eradication of btb in livestock. the availability of suitable diagnostic assays, particularly those that may be applied in a "trap-side" setting, would facilitate the implementation of a wider range of disease control strategies. here we evaluat ...202032473415
environmental dna: a promising factor for tuberculosis risk assessment in multi-host settings.attaining and maintaining the official tuberculosis free status continues to be a challenge when several domestic and wild hosts contribute to the maintenance of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (mtc). local tuberculosis hotspots are sometimes identified in cattle in low-prevalence regions. we have, therefore, studied one such hotspot in depth in order to produce an epidemiological diagnosis. host population size and mtc prevalence were estimated in selected wildlife and in livestock, whil ...202032470035
genetic evidence further elucidates the history and extent of badger introductions from great britain into ireland.the colonization of ireland by mammals has been the subject of extensive study using genetic methods and forms a central problem in understanding the phylogeography of european mammals after the last glacial maximum. ireland exhibits a depauperate mammal fauna relative to great britain and continental europe, and a range of natural and anthropogenic processes have given rise to its modern fauna. previous europe-wide surveys of the european badger (meles meles) have found conflicting microsatelli ...202032431911
is moving from targeted culling to bcg-vaccination of badgers (meles meles) associated with an unacceptable increased incidence of cattle herd tuberculosis in the republic of ireland? a practical non-inferiority wildlife intervention study in the republic of ireland (2011-2017).bovine tuberculosis (btb) remains as a costly disease of cattle-herds in the republic of ireland (roi). this persistence is partially attributable to the presence of m. bovis infection in a wildlife reservoir, the european badger (meles meles). thus, both area-wide and limited-area targeted-badger-culling have been part of the roi-btb control/eradication program to help reduce the future incidence of a cattle-herd btb breakdown (i.e. a "new herd-level occurrence of btb"). however, neither badger ...202032361147
subclinical bcg-osis in a captive badger (meles meles) with lymphoma.subclinical systemic dissemination of bacillus calmette-guérin (bcg) is described in a captive badger (meles meles) with lymphoma. an adult female european badger was vaccinated per os with bcg and after 8 weeks post-mortem examination identified marked lymphadenomegaly and multinodular hepatic lesions. the histopathology and immunohistochemistry confirmed a multicentric t-cell lymphoma, associated with high bcg bacterial load in numerous tissues. the histology did not identify bcg-associated le ...202032359639
investigation into the pathology of idiopathic systemic amyloidosis in four captive badgers (meles meles).systemic idiopathic amyloidosis was described in four captive badgers (meles meles). two animals (b1 and b2) were not enrolled in any trial, while animals b3 and b4 took part in a vaccine efficacy study and had been challenged with mycobacterium bovis. a full set of tissues was collected and processed routinely for histopathological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. splenomegaly was found in three out of four animals. histopathological evaluation revealed congophilic, permanganat ...202032359625
invasion of the raccoon dog nyctereutes procyonoides in europe: history of colonization, features behind its success, and threats to native fauna.we aimed to review the history of the introduction and colonization of the raccoon dog nyctereutes procyonoides in europe, the features behind its successful expansion and its impact on native fauna. the raccoon dog quickly colonized new areas after being introduced to the european part of the former soviet union. today it is widespread in northern and eastern europe and is still spreading in central europe. features behind its success include its adaptability, high reproductive potential, omniv ...201132288758
what lies beneath? population dynamics conceal pace-of-life and sex ratio variation, with implications for resilience to environmental change.life-history and pace-of-life syndrome theory predict that populations are comprised of individuals exhibiting different reproductive schedules and associated behavioural and physiological traits, optimized to prevailing social and environmental factors. changing weather and social conditions provide in situ cues altering this life-history optimality; nevertheless, few studies have considered how tactical, sex-specific plasticity over an individual's lifespan varies in wild populations and influ ...202032243650
denning behaviour of the european badger (meles meles) correlates with bovine tuberculosis infection status.heterogeneities in behaviours of individuals may underpin important processes in evolutionary biology and ecology, including the spread of disease. modelling approaches can sometimes fail to predict disease spread, which may partly be due to the number of unknown sources of variation in host behaviour. the european badger is a wildlife reservoir for bovine tuberculosis (btb) in britain and ireland, and individual behaviour has been demonstrated to be an important factor in the spread of btb amon ...201332214614
evaluating the application of the dual path platform vettb test for badgers (meles meles) in the test and vaccinate or remove (tvr) wildlife research intervention project in northern ireland.european badgers (meles meles) are accepted as a wildlife reservoir host for mycobacterium bovis, which causes bovine tuberculosis (btb) in the british isles. the objective of this study was to evaluate the use of dual path platform (dpp) vettb test (chembio diagnostic systems inc., medford, ny, usa) within a test and vaccinate or remove (tvr) wildlife research intervention project. blood samples were collected from 456 individual badgers, trapped in 2015 and 2016, and tested in the field with d ...202032197169
molecular detection of arthropod-borne pathogens in eurasian badgers (meles meles) from the united kingdom.arthropod-borne diseases (abd) are of increasing interest in veterinary and public health. eurasian badgers (meles meles) are known to harbor a wide range of pathogens, but information on their role as abd reservoirs and their potential epidemiological relevance is limited. this study aimed to investigate the occurrence of arthropod-borne pathogens, specifically piroplasmids and the bacteria anaplasma phagocytophilum, ehrlichia canis, coxiella burnetii, francisella tularensis and bartonella spp. ...202032155963
protective effect of oral bcg and inactivated mycobacterium bovis vaccines in european badgers (meles meles) experimentally infected with m. bovis.in europe, badgers (meles meles) are recognized as major tuberculosis (tb) reservoir hosts with the potential to transmit infection to associated cattle herds. recent studies in spain have demonstrated that vaccination with a heat-inactivated mycobacterium bovis vaccine (himb) successfully protects captive wild boar and red deer against progressive disease. the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two oral vaccines against tb in a badger model: the live-attenuated m. bovis bacillus ...202032118064
rodents as intermediate hosts of cestode parasites of mammalian carnivores and birds of prey in poland, with the first data on the life-cycle of mesocestoides melesi.rodents constitute an important part of the diet of many carnivore species. this predator-prey food chain is exploited by helminth parasites, such as cestodes, whose larval stages develop in rodents and then mature to the adult stage in predators. the main aim of our study was to use molecular techniques for identification of cestode species recovered from both intermediate and definitive hosts, with a particular focus on the genus mesocestoides.202032087754
quantifying the relative predation pressure on bumblebee nests by the european badger (meles meles) using artificial nests.bumblebee populations are declining. factors that impact the size and success of colonies act by either limiting resource availability (bottom-up regulation) or causing mortality, for example, pesticides, disease, and possibly predation (top-down regulation). the impact of predation has not been quantified, and so, the current study used novel artificial nests as a proxy for wild bumblebee nests to quantify the relative predation pressure from badgers in two habitats: woodland and grassland, and ...202032076538
unveiling patterns of viral pathogen infection in free-ranging carnivores of northern portugal using a complementary methodological approach.pathogen surveillance in free-ranging carnivores presents challenges due to their low densitie and secretive nature. we combined molecular and serological assays to investigate infections by viral pathogens (canine parvovirus (cpv), canine distemper virus (cdv) and canine coronavirus (ccov)) in portuguese carnivores (canis lupus, vulpes vulpes, lutra lutra, martes foina, m. martes, meles meles, and genetta genetta) over a period of 16 years. additionally we explored spatio-temporal patterns of v ...202032062189
molecular survey on vector-borne pathogens in alpine wild carnivorans.in europe, free-ranging wildlife has been linked to the emergence of several vector-borne diseases such as rodents for borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in particular, wild carnivorans are one of the most important sources of emerging zoonotic pathogens worldwide, although little information is available regarding the epidemiology of vector-borne parasites in these animals. thus, the aim of this paper was to investigate the prevalence of babesia spp., anaplasma spp., ehrlichia spp., hepatozoon spp. and ...202032039255
gut commensal bacteria show beneficial properties as wildlife probiotics.probiotics are noninvasive, environmentally friendly alternatives for reducing infectious diseases in wildlife species. our aim in the present study was to evaluate the potential of gut commensals such as lactic acid bacteria (lab) as wildlife probiotics. the lab selected for our analyses were isolated from european badgers (meles meles), a wildlife reservoir of bovine tuberculosis, and comprised four different genera: enterococcus, weissella, pediococcus, and lactobacillus. the enterococci disp ...202032026493
altitude shapes the environmental drivers of large-scale variation in abundance of a widespread mammal species.habitat quality and heterogeneity directly influence the distribution and abundance of organisms at different spatial scales. determining the main environmental factors driving the variation in species abundance is crucial to understand the underlying ecological processes, and this is especially important for widely distributed species living in contrasting environments. however, the responses to environmental variation are usually described at relatively small spatial scales. here, we studied t ...202031988719
a mechanism for passive range exclusion: evidence from the european badger (meles meles).the passive range exclusion (pre) hypothesis provides a mechanism whereby species that rest or breed in communal residences, but forage independently on dispersed food items, may avoid entering the core home ranges of neighbouring groups. a stochastic simulation shows that as the occupants of a communal residence travel outwards to feed, their activities create a gradient in food availability. food closest to the point of origin tends to be discovered first and at the highest rate. as the foragi ...199731940739
assessment of bovine tuberculosis surveillance effectiveness in french wildlife: an operational approach.bovine tuberculosis (btb) is a chronic, zoonotic, bacterial disease mostly caused by mycobacterium bovis, which can affect both domestic and wild species. france was officially declared btb-free in 2001 but faced since 2004 an increase of the prevalence in cattle. since 2001, btb has been detected in several wild species: red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), wild boar (sus scrofa) and badger (meles meles). infected wild species constitute a major threat, because they may co ...202031923750
wild mammals as potential silent reservoirs of leishmania infantum in a mediterranean area.a molecular survey of wild mammals was performed to assess their potential as reservoirs of l. infantum. a total of 156 specimens of wild mammalian fauna were obtained for analysis from areas in catalonia with a reported incidence of canine leishmaniasis. they consisted of 124 small mammals: 35 mus spretus (muridae); 64 erinaceus europaeus (erinaceidae), 25 sciurus vulgaris (sciuridae) and 32 carnivores: 11 vulpes vulpes (canidae), 1 felis catus (felidae), 15 meles meles, 4 martes foina and 1 mu ...202031901603
dispersal patterns in a medium-density irish badger population: implications for understanding the dynamics of tuberculosis transmission.european badgers (meles meles) are group-living mustelids implicated in the spread of bovine tuberculosis (tb) to cattle and act as a wildlife reservoir for the disease. in badgers, only a minority of individuals disperse from their natal social group. however, dispersal may be extremely important for the spread of tb, as dispersers could act as hubs for disease transmission. we monitored a population of 139 wild badgers over 7 years in a medium-density population (1.8 individuals/km2). gps trac ...201931871635
tuberculosis epidemiology and badger (meles meles) spatial ecology in a hot-spot area in atlantic spain.: we provide a temporal overview (from 2012 to 2018) of the outcomes of tuberculosis (tb) in the cattle and badger populations in a hot-spot in asturias (atlantic spain). we also study the badger's spatial ecology from an epidemiological perspective in order to describe hazardous behavior in relation to tb transmission between cattle and badgers. culture and single intradermal tuberculin test (sitt) were available for cattle as part of the national program for the eradication of tb. a field surv ...201931835627
detection of live m. bovis bcg in tissues and ifn-γ responses in european badgers (meles meles) vaccinated by oropharyngeal instillation or directly in the ileum.oral vaccination with mycobacterium bovis bacille of calmette and guerin (bcg) has provided protection against m. bovis to badgers both experimentally and in the field. there is also evidence suggesting that the persistence of live bcg within the host is important for maintaining protection against tb. here we investigated the capacity of badger inductive mucosal sites to absorb and maintain live bcg. the targeted mucosae were the oropharyngeal cavity (tonsils and sublingual area) and the small ...201931810466
a combined measure of tuberculous lesions for assessing the efficacy of vaccination against tuberculosis (mycobacterium bovis) in european badgers (meles meles) supports the 3rs principle of reduction.an oral vaccine is a potential tool to tackle the reservoir of mycobacterium bovis in european badgers (meles meles), which contributes to tuberculosis of cattle in the british isles. inferences about vaccine protection against experimental challenge with m. bovis depend on the measurement of tuberculosis. assessment of tuberculosis in larger species, such as badgers, is typically based on the tuberculous lesions visible at post-mortem examination and histopathology. we have developed a robust s ...201931733947
knowing me, knowing you: anal gland secretion of european badgers (meles meles) codes for individuality, sex and social group membership.european badgers, meles meles, are group-living in the uk, and demarcate their ranges with shared latrines. as carnivores, badgers possess paired anal glands, but olfactory information on the content of badger anal gland secretion (ags) is largely uninvestigated. here, we examined the volatile organic compounds (vocs) of ags samples from 57 free-living badgers using solid-phase microextraction (spme) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. ags was rich in alkanes (c7-c15, 14.3% of identified c ...201931701385
push and pull factors driving movement in a social mammal: context dependent behavioral plasticity at the landscape scale.understanding how key parameters (e.g., density, range-size, and configuration) can affect animal movement remains a major goal of population ecology. this is particularly important for wildlife disease hosts, such as the european badger meles meles, a reservoir of mycobacterium bovis. here we show how movements of 463 individuals among 223 inferred group territories across 755 km2 in ireland were affected by sex, age, past-movement history, group composition, and group size index from 2009 to 2 ...201931616482
molecular detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum in wild carnivores in north-eastern poland.anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate parasitic intracellular bacterium. it is the causative agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis, with effects on human and animal health. in europe, the pathogen is mainly transmitted among a wide range of vertebrate hosts by blood-sucking arthropods. the aim of this study was to determine the presence of a. phagocytophilum in wild carnivores, viz raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides), badgers (meles meles), foxes (vulpes vulpes), martens (martes sp.) and eur ...201931590678
investigating the role of the eurasian badger (meles meles) in the nationwide distribution of the western european hedgehog (erinaceus europaeus) in england.biodiversity is declining globally, which calls for effective conservation measures. it is, therefore, important to investigate the drivers behind species presence at large spatial scales. the western european hedgehog (erinaceus europaeus) is one of the species facing declines in parts of its range. yet, drivers of western european hedgehog distribution at large spatial scales remain largely unknown. at local scales, the eurasian badger (meles meles), an intraguild predator of the western europ ...201931581679
genetic characterization of carnivore parvoviruses in spanish wildlife reveals domestic dog and cat-related sequences.the impact of carnivore parvovirus infection on wild populations is not yet understood; disease signs are mainly developed in pups and assessing the health of litters in wild carnivores has big limitations. this study aims to shed light on the virus dynamics among wild carnivores thanks to the analysis of 213 samples collected between 1994 and 2013 in wild ecosystems from spain. we determined the presence of carnivore parvovirus dna by real-time pcr and sequenced the vp2 gen from 22 positive sam ...202031581349
molecular detection of babesia spp. (apicomplexa: piroplasma) in free-ranging canids and mustelids from southern italy.babesiosis is an emerging tick-borne disease caused by apicomplexan parasites with widespread geographical distribution and various wildlife species as reservoir hosts. the aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence and assess the role of free-ranging canids and mustelids in the maintenance of babesia spp. in southern italy. pcr analysis of splenic samples targeting the 18s rrna gene revealed the presence of babesia spp. in 36 of 82 (43.9%) red foxes (vulpes vulpes) including 29 (58%) ...201931555669
individual variation in early-life telomere length and survival in a wild mammal.individual variation in survival probability due to differential responses to early-life environmental conditions is important in the evolution of life histories and senescence. a biomarker allowing quantification of such individual variation, and which links early-life environmental conditions with survival by providing a measure of conditions experienced, is telomere length. here, we examined telomere dynamics among 24 cohorts of european badgers (meles meles). we found a complex cross-section ...201931446635
no energetic cost of tuberculosis infection in european badgers (meles meles).energy availability and energy use directly influence an organism's life history, fitness and ecological function. in wild animals, abiotic factors such as ambient temperature, season and rainfall, and biotic factors such as body mass, age, social group size and disease status, all potentially influence energy balance. relatively few studies have examined the effects of disease on the energy expenditure of wild animals. such studies could further our understanding of factors influencing the tran ...201931411730
interspecific visitation of cattle and badgers to fomites: a transmission risk for bovine tuberculosis?in great britain and ireland, badgers (meles meles) are a wildlife reservoir of mycobacterium bovis and implicated in bovine tuberculosis transmission to domestic cattle. the route of disease transmission is unknown with direct, so-called "nose-to-nose," contact between hosts being extremely rare. camera traps were deployed for 64,464 hr on 34 farms to quantify cattle and badger visitation rates in space and time at six farm locations. badger presence never coincided with cattle presence at the ...201931410255
species specialization limits movement ability and shapes ecological networks: the case study of 2 forest mammals.to counteract the negative effects of forest fragmentation on wildlife, it is crucial to maintain functional ecological networks. we identified the ecological networks for 2 mammals with very different degrees of forest specialization, the european badger meles meles and the roe deer capreolus capreolus, by differentiating 4 agroforestry elements as either nodes or connectivity elements, and by defining the distance that provides the functional connectivity between fragments. species occurrence ...201931391812
extrinsic factors affecting cub development contribute to sexual size dimorphism in the european badger (meles meles).sexual size dimorphism (ssd) is common among mammals, with males typically being larger than females, as a product of sex-specific differences in growth rate and growth duration. the musteloidea, however, exhibit a hypo-allometric reduction in ssd with increasing body size (contrary to rensch's rule). a variety of extrinsic factors can affect juvenile growth rates and end body size, where one sex may demonstrate greater vulnerability than the other towards a specific factor, moderating patterns ...201931383294
thelazia callipaeda in mustelids from romania with the european badger, meles meles, as a new host for this parasite.thelazia callipaeda (spirurida, thelaziidae) is a vector-borne zoonotic eye worm with a broad host spectrum. in europe, it is an emerging threat, having greatly expanded its geographical distribution during the past two decades. in romania, t. callipaeda has been previously reported in domestic and wild canids and felids. the aim of the present study was to assess the occurrence of t. callipaeda in mustelids in the country.201931349861
identification and epidemiological analysis of perostrongylus falciformis infestation in irish badgers.the lungworm, perostrongylus falciformis (fomerly known as aelurostrongylus falciformis) has been identified in badgers (meles meles) in britain, the russian federation, italy, norway, poland, ukraine, bosnia herzegovina and romania, while aelurostrongylus pridhami has been reported from badgers in spain.201931333818
predicting badger visits to farm yards and making predictions available to farmers.the use of agricultural resources or environments by wildlife may result in opportunities for transmission of infections amongst wild animals, livestock and humans. targeted use of biosecurity measures may therefore reduce disease risks, although this requires practical knowledge of where such measures would be most effective, and effective means of communicating risks so that stakeholders can make informed decisions about such investment. in parts of europe, the european badger meles meles may ...201931125349
maximizing habitat connectivity in the mitigation hierarchy. a case study on three terrestrial mammals in an urban environment.environmental policies and the objective of no net loss highlight the importance of preserving ecological networks to limit the fragmentation of natural habitats and biodiversity loss, especially due to urbanization. in the environmental impact assessment context, habitat connectivity and the spatio-temporal dynamics of biodiversity are crucial to obtaining reliable predictions that can support decision-making. we propose a methodological framework 1) to quantify the overall impact of a developm ...201931103679
living with roommates in a shared den: spatial and temporal segregation among semifossorial mammals.positive interspecific interactions in animal communities (i.e. den sharing) have long been overlooked in animal ecology. the assessment of spatiotemporal overlap among species living within the same burrow system is paramount to explain their strategies of interspecific coexistence. we studied spatiotemporal behavioural patterns of coexistence among four den-sharing mammal species (i.e. the crested porcupine hystrix cristata, the eurasian badger meles meles, the red fox vulpes vulpes and the eu ...201931022506
co-infection of trypanosoma pestanai and anaplasma phagocytophilum in a dog from germany.infections with arthropod-borne pathogens are an increasing threat world-wide that requires heightened vigilance from veterinary and medical practitioners, especially when they involve new or unusual organisms. a dog was presented to a local veterinary clinic in germany with malaise, pale mucous membranes and stiff joints. clinical assessment revealed pyrexia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. on suspicion of a tick-borne infection, blood samples were examined for clinical and biochemical paramet ...201731014832
serological survey of toxoplasma gondii and besnoitia besnoiti in a wildlife conservation area in southern portugal.toxoplasma gondii and besnoitia besnoiti are closely related apicomplexan protozoa. t. gondii is a zoonotic pathogen which may cause serious disease in man and warm-blooded animals, including wild species. b. besnoiti causes bovine besnoitiosis, an emergent disease in europe, which is linked to important production losses. unlike t. gondii, the life cycle of b. besnoiti remains a mystery, since the definitive host has not yet been identified. the aim of this work was to determine the seroprevale ...201631014504
environmental impact assessment of development projects improved by merging species distribution and habitat connectivity modelling.environmental impact assessment (eia) is performed to limit potential impacts of development projects on species and ecosystem functions. however, the methods related to eia actually pay little attention to the landscape-scale effects of development projects on biodiversity. in this study we proposed a methodological framework to more properly address the landscape-scale impacts of a new stadium project in lyon (france) on two representative mammal species exemplary for the endemic fauna, the re ...201930975576
individual variation and the source-sink group dynamics of extra-group paternity in a social mammal.movement of individuals, or their genes, can influence eco-evolutionary processes in structured populations. we have limited understanding of the extent to which spatial behavior varies among groups and individuals within populations. here, we use genetic pedigree reconstruction in a long-term study of european badgers (meles meles) to characterize the extent of extra-group paternity, occurring as a consequence of breeding excursions, and to test hypothesized drivers of variation at multiple lev ...202030971858
the late pleistocene european badger meles meles from grotta laceduzza (brindisi, apulia, southern italy): the analysis of the morphological and biometric variability.in the last decades, many studies have focused on the description of fossil badger materials from eurasia and several evolutionary hypotheses have been proposed. nevertheless, the debate on taxonomy of the late villafranchian-aurelian european badgers is still far from being solved and several species/subspecies were established over time. herein, we described for the first time the craniodental and postcranial remains of meles meles from grotta laceduzza (apulia, southern italy), representing t ...201930945055
heterochrony of puberty in the european badger (meles meles) can be explained by growth rate and group-size: evidence for two endocrinological phenotypes.puberty is a key stage in mammalian ontogeny, involving endocrinological, physiological and behavioural changes, moderated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. thus, not all individuals within one population achieve sexual maturity simultaneously. here, using the european badger (meles meles) as a model, we describe male testosterone and female oestrone profiles (using enzyme-immunoassays) from first capture (3 months, post-weaning) until 28 months (attaining sexual maturity and final body size), ...201930840618
climate and landscape changes as driving forces for future range shift in southern populations of the european badger.human-induced rapid environmental change (hirec), particularly climate change and habitat conversion, affects species distributions worldwide. here, we aimed to (i) assess the factors that determine range patterns of european badger (meles meles) at the southwestern edge of their distribution and (ii) forecast the possible impacts of future climate and landcover changes on those patterns. we surveyed 272 cells of 5 × 5 km, to assess badger presence and confirmed its occurrence in 95 cells (35%). ...201930816237
the helminth parasite community of european badgers (meles meles) in ireland.the european badger (meles meles) is ireland's largest terrestrial carnivore. since first being identified as a wildlife reservoir of bovine tuberculosis in 1974 there has been an increased research focus into the behaviour of these ecologically important mammals in the republic of ireland (roi). however, to date there has never been an assessment of the helminth parasite community of irish badgers. this study of 289 badgers found helminth infection to be endemic within the sample population and ...201930767800
new serological platform for detecting antibodies against mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in european badgers.european badgers (meles meles) have been identified as wildlife reservoirs for mycobacterium bovis in the uk and ireland, and may also have a role in the epidemiology of animal tuberculosis in other european regions. thus, detection of m. bovis-infected badgers may be required for the purposes of surveillance and monitoring of disease levels in infected populations. current serological assays to detect m. bovis infection in live badgers, while rapid and inexpensive, show limited diagnostic sensi ...201930656864
mesocarnivore community structure under predator control: unintended patterns in a conservation context.across the mediterranean, conservation programmes often operate concomitantly with hunting interests within game-lands. carnivore guilds lie at the interface between contrasting management goals, being simultaneously fundamental components of ecosystems and targets of predator control to reduce predation on game species. here, we evaluate the composition and spatial structure of a mesocarnivore community in a protected area of southeast portugal, with high economic investment in conservation and ...201930653547
social structure contains epidemics and regulates individual roles in disease transmission in a group-living mammal.population structure is critical to infectious disease transmission. as a result, theoretical and empirical contact network models of infectious disease spread are increasingly providing valuable insights into wildlife epidemiology. analyzing an exceptionally detailed dataset on contact structure within a high-density population of european badgers meles meles, we show that a modular contact network produced by spatially structured stable social groups, lead to smaller epidemics, particularly fo ...201830598798
diversity of anaplasma and ehrlichia/neoehrlichia agents in terrestrial wild carnivores worldwide: implications for human and domestic animal health and wildlife conservation.recently, the incidence and awareness of tick-borne diseases in humans and animals have increased due to several factors, which in association favor the chances of contact among wild animals and their ectoparasites, domestic animals and humans. wild and domestic carnivores are considered the primary source of tick-borne zoonotic agents to humans. among emergent tick-borne pathogens, agents belonging to family anaplasmataceae (order rickettsiales) agents stand out due their worldwide distribution ...201830533417
immunological responses of european badgers (meles meles) to infection with mycobacterium bovis.mycobacterium bovis is the main cause of bovine tuberculosis and its eradication is proving difficult in many countries because of wildlife reservoirs, including european badgers (meles meles) in the uk ireland. following the development of badger specific immunological reagents, many studies have shown that some aspects of the cellular and serological immune responses of badgers to virulent m. bovis and the attenuated m. bovis bcg (bacille of calmette and guérin) strain are similar to those see ...201830502833
influence of tree thinning on the abundance of mammals in a japanese larch larix kaempferi plantation.we examined the influence of tree thinning on the abundance of mammals in a japanese larch larix kaempferi plantation in mt gariwang, pyeongchang, south korea. in 2014 and 2015, from april to october, we recorded the presence of tracks as a proxy for abundance, for the following seven mammalian species: korean hare lepus coreanus, raccoon dog nyctereutes procyonoides, siberian weasel mustela sibirica, eurasian badger meles meles, water deer hydropotes inermis, roe deer capreolus pygargus, and wi ...201730460053
role of mustelids in the life-cycle of ixodid ticks and transmission cycles of four tick-borne pathogens.elucidating which wildlife species significantly contribute to the maintenance of ixodes ricinus populations and the enzootic cycles of the pathogens they transmit is imperative in understanding the driving forces behind the emergence of tick-borne diseases. here, we aimed to quantify the relative contribution of four mustelid species in the life-cycles of i. ricinus and borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato) in forested areas and to investigate their role in the transmission of other tick-borne path ...201830458847
bait uptake by wild badgers and its implications for oral vaccination against tuberculosis.the deployment of baits containing vaccines or toxins has been used successfully in the management of wildlife populations, including for disease control. optimisation of deployment strategies seeks to maximise uptake by the targeted population whilst ensuring cost-effectiveness. tuberculosis (tb) caused by infection with mycobacterium bovis affects a broad range of mammalian hosts across the globe, including cattle, wildlife and humans. the control of tb in cattle in the uk and republic of irel ...201830412584
the population and landscape genetics of the european badger (meles meles) in ireland.the population genetic structure of free-ranging species is expected to reflect landscape-level effects. quantifying the role of these factors and their relative contribution often has important implications for wildlife management. the population genetics of the european badger (meles meles) have received considerable attention, not least because the species acts as a potential wildlife reservoir for bovine tuberculosis (btb) in britain and ireland. herein, we detail the most comprehensive popu ...201830397461
high diversity of hemotropic mycoplasmas in iberian wild carnivores.two-hundred and thirty-one wild carnivores belonging to 10 species of in spain were analyzed for the presence of dna of hemotropic mycoplasmas (hemoplasmas) by means of a universal real-time pcr targeting a 16s rrna gene fragment. positive reactions were found for wolf (canis lupus: 6/37), fox (vulpes vulpes: 1/41), eurasian badger (meles meles: 49/85), pine marten (martes martes: 11/23), stone marten (martes foina: 6/9), least weasel (mustela nivalis: 4/4), european wildcat (felis s. silvestris ...201830396424
urbanization and cattle density are determinants in the exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides of non-target wildlife.the persistence and toxicity of second generation anticoagulant rodenticides (sgars) in animal tissues make these compounds dangerous by biomagnification in predatory species. here we studied the levels of sgars in non-target species of wildlife and the environmental factors that influence such exposure. liver samples of terrestrial vertebrates (n = 244) found dead between 2007 and 2016 in the region of aragón (ne spain) were analysed. the presence of sgars was statistically analysed with binary ...201930390453
validity of genus perostrongylus schlegel, 1934 with new data on perostrongylus falciformis (schlegel, 1933) in european badgers, meles meles (linnaeus, 1758): distribution, life-cycle and pathology.a century of debates on the taxonomy of members of the metastrongyloidea molin, 1861 led to many reclassifications. considering the inconstant genus assignation and lack of genetic data, the main aim of this study was to support the validity of the genus perostrongylus schlegel, 1934, previously considered a synonym of aelurostrongylus cameron, 1927, based on new molecular phylogenetic data and to understand its evolutionary relationships with other metastrongyloid nematodes.201830376875
demodex melesinus (acariformes: demodecidae) - the forgotten european badger parasite, rediscovered after 100 years.among 15 demodecid mite species (acariformes: demodecidae) recorded from carnivorans carnivora, 3 species were described from mustelids mustelidae. they are known only from single records, for which demodex erminae has been described from the stoat mustela erminea from great britain and new zealand, d. melesinus from the european badger meles meles known solely from great britain and d. lutrae discovered in the eurasian otter lutra lutra from poland. the current record confirms the existence of ...201830367752
prevalence of capillaria plica in danish wild carnivores.capillaria plica is a parasitic nematode belonging to the family capillariidae. the adult parasites reside in the urinary tract of wild and domestic canines. the infection is most often asymptomatic, but can cause a wide range of symptoms including urinary bladder inflammation, pollacisuria, dysuria and hematuria. canines acquire the infection by ingesting the intermediate host, the earthworm (lumbricidae). epidemiological studies on c. plica infection in wildlife are few and only one previous d ...201830302310
inbreeding shapes tuberculosis progression in female adult badgers (meles meles).in focus: beton, c. h., delahay, r. j., smith, f. a. p., robertson, a., mcdonald, r. a., young, a. j., burke t. a., & hodgson, d. (2018). inbreeding intensifies sex- and age-dependent disease in a wild mammal. journal of animal ecology, 87, 1497-1499. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12878 increasing crossbreeding of relatives promotes inbreeding which, in turn, can cause a reduction in fitness and the emergence of a phenomenon known as inbreeding depression. benton et al., used the badger (mel ...201830298536
detection of toxoplasma gondii in a eurasian badger (meles meles) living in wildlife areas of izmir, turkey.toxoplasma gondii is an obligatory intracellular protozoon parasite that causes toxoplasmosis in humans and all warm-blooded animals. in this study, we aimed to investigate the presence of t. gondii dna in a eurasian badger (meles meles) that was found dead in the wildlife area of izmir. according to the results of real time polymerase chain reaction, t. gondii rep gene was found to be positive in the eurasian badger brain homogenate. in conclusion, eurasian badger, a known carnivore, can be a p ...201830280697
badgers as a potential source of bovine tuberculosis - first studies in poland.since 2009, poland has been recognized as a country officially free of bovine tuberculosis (btb). however, new outbreaks are each year quoted. in many countries it has been shown that badgers (<i>meles meles</i>) are a vector of <i>mycobacterium bovis/caprae</i> (<i>m.bovis/caprae</i>) and a source of bovine tuberculosis for many domestical species, mainly for cattle. the aim of the presented study was to determine, for the first time in poland, the occurrence of tuberculosis in badgers in areas ...201830260200
the first case of genetically confirmed sparganosis (spirometra erinaceieuropaei) in european reptiles.sparganosis is a zoonosis caused by the spargana (larvae) of spirometra sp. (diphyllobothriidae). reptiles are particularly important vectors for the transmission of this parasite in asia; however, their role in sparganosis spread in european wildlife is unrecognized. we investigated the infection of reptiles with spirometra sp. in ne poland, where several mammalian hosts have been identified recently and in the past. of the 59 dead reptiles, plerocercoids were found in two grass snakes (natrix ...201830220047
reduced occupancy of hedgehogs (erinaceus europaeus) in rural england and wales: the influence of habitat and an asymmetric intra-guild predator.agricultural landscapes have become increasingly intensively managed resulting in population declines across a broad range of taxa, including insectivores such as the hedgehog (erinaceus europaeus). hedgehog declines have also been attributed to an increase in the abundance of badgers (meles meles), an intra-guild predator. the status of hedgehogs across the rural landscape at large spatial scales is, however, unknown. in this study, we used footprint tracking tunnels to conduct the first nation ...201830190482
lactic acid bacteria isolated from european badgers (meles meles) reduce the viability and survival of bacillus calmette-guerin (bcg) vaccine and influence the immune response to bcg in a human macrophage model.bovine tuberculosis (btb) caused by mycobacterium bovis is the most serious endemic disease affecting livestock in the uk. the european badger (meles meles) is the most important wildlife reservoir of btb transmission to cattle, making eradication particularly difficult. in this respect, oral vaccination with the attenuated m. bovis vaccine bacillus calmette-guerin (bcg) has been suggested as a wide-scale intervention to reduce btb infection in badgers. however, experimental studies show variabl ...201830005620
investigation into the genetic diversity in toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in the european badger meles meles.the toll-like receptor (tlr) genes are a conserved family of genes central to the innate immune response to pathogen infection. they encode receptor proteins, recognise pathogen associated molecular patterns (pamps) and trigger initial immune responses. in some host-pathogen systems, it is reported that genetic differences, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps), associate with disease resistance or susceptibility. little is known about tlr gene diversity in the european badger (meles me ...201830005397
evolution of mhc class i genes in eurasian badgers, genus meles (carnivora, mustelidae).because of their role in immune defense against pathogens, major histocompatibility complex (mhc) genes are useful in evolutionary studies on how wild vertebrates adapt to their environments. we investigated the molecular evolution of mhc class i (mhci) genes in four closely related species of eurasian badgers, genus meles. all four species of badgers showed similarly high variation in mhci sequences compared to other carnivora. we identified 7-21 putatively functional mhci sequences in each of ...201929959426
inbreeding intensifies sex- and age-dependent disease in a wild mammal.the mutation accumulation theory of senescence predicts that age-related deterioration of fitness can be exaggerated when inbreeding causes homozygosity for deleterious alleles. a vital component of fitness, in natural populations, is the incidence and progression of disease. evidence is growing for natural links between inbreeding and ageing; between inbreeding and disease; between sex and ageing; and between sex and disease. however, there is scant evidence, to date, for links among age, disea ...201829938787
the first reported case of advanced aelurostrongylosis in eurasian badger (meles meles, l. 1758) in bosnia and herzegovina: histopathological and parasitological findings.this paper represents the first description of advanced aelurostrongylosis in the eurasian badger (меles meles, l. 1758) from bosnia and herzegovina, which is an autochthonous species of the country. an adult female badger was found dead on a road; the cause of death was trauma but the emphasis in the paper is on severe verminous pneumonia caused by metastrongylids from genus aelurostrongylus spp. this parasitological and histopathological finding confirms the presence of aelurostrongylus in mus ...201829934693
causes of mortality and morbidity in free-ranging mustelids in switzerland: necropsy data from over 50 years of general health surveillance.although mustelids occur worldwide and include a wide range of species, little is known about the diseases affecting them. mustelids have regularly been submitted for post mortem investigation in the framework of the program for general wildlife health surveillance in switzerland, which has been in place for nearly 60 years. we performed a retrospective analysis of the necropsy reports on mustelids submitted to the diagnostic service of the university of bern. the aims of this study were to pres ...201829921290
effects of weather conditions on oxidative stress, oxidative damage, and antioxidant capacity in a wild-living mammal, the european badger (meles meles).wild-living animals are subject to weather variability that may cause the generation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in oxidative stress and tissue damage, potentially driving demographic responses. our 3-yr field study investigated the effects of seasonal weather conditions on biomarkers for oxidative stress, oxidative damage, and antioxidant defense in the european badger (meles meles). we found age class effects: cubs were more susceptible to oxidative stress and oxidative damage than a ...201829905500
badger setts provide thermal refugia, buffering changeable surface weather conditions.den use can be crucial in buffering environmental conditions and especially to provide an insulated environment for raising altricial young. through sept-dec 2016 we monitored temperature and humidity at 11 badger setts (burrow systems), using thermal probes inserted over 4-13 sett entrances to a depth of ca. 2 m, supplemented by continuous daily logging at one entrance per sett. setts were cooler than exterior conditions sept-oct, and warmer than exterior conditions nov-dec. setts cooled down w ...201829801631
a citizen science based survey method for estimating the density of urban carnivores.globally there are many examples of synanthropic carnivores exploiting growth in urbanisation. as carnivores can come into conflict with humans and are potential vectors of zoonotic disease, assessing densities in suburban areas and identifying factors that influence them are necessary to aid management and mitigation. however, fragmented, privately owned land restricts the use of conventional carnivore surveying techniques in these areas, requiring development of novel methods. we present a met ...201829787598
molecular identification of sarcocystis lutrae (apicomplexa: sarcocystidae) in muscles of five species of the family mustelidae.carnivores usually act as definitive hosts of sarcocystis species. however, the number of reports on sarcocyst formation in musculature of predators is on the increase. in the present study, muscle samples of 68 mustelids collected in lithuania were examined for sarcocysts of sarcocystis species. sarcocysts were detected in diaphragm, tongue and limb muscles of ten animals (14.7%) but were not discovered in the heart. based on 18s rdna, 28s rdna, cox1 and its1 sequence analysis, sarcocystis lutr ...201829700640
assessment of the safety of bacillus calmette-guérin vaccine administered orally to badgers (meles meles).european badgers (meles meles) are a wildlife reservoir for mycobacterium bovis (m. bovis) in parts of england, wales and ireland, constituting a potential source of tuberculosis (tb) infection for cattle. vaccination of badgers against tb is one of the tools available for helping reduce the prevalence of bovine tb in badgers, made possible by the licensing in 2010 of bacillus calmette-guérin (bcg) vaccine for intramuscular administration to badgers (badgerbcg). however, practical limitations as ...201829525277
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