Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| gut microbiome composition is associated with cardiac disease in zoo-housed western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | cardiac disease is a leading cause of mortality in zoo-housed western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla). the gut microbiome is associated with cardiac disease in humans and similarly the gut microbiome may be associated with cardiac diseases in close relatives of humans, such as gorillas. we assessed the relationship between cardiac disease and gut bacterial composition in eight zoo-housed male western lowland gorillas (n = 4 with and n = 4 without cardiac disease) utilizing 16s rrna ge ... | 2017 | 28859316 |
| ambiguous results when using the ambiguous-cue paradigm to assess learning and cognitive bias in gorillas and a black bear. | cognitive bias tests are frequently used to assess affective state in nonhumans. we adapted the ambiguous-cue paradigm to assess affective states and to compare learning of reward associations in two distantly related species, an american black bear and three western lowland gorillas. subjects were presented with three training stimuli: one that was always rewarded (p), one that was never rewarded (n) and one that was ambiguous (a) because its reward association depended on whether it had been p ... | 2017 | 28792447 |
| successful management of cecal perforation and focal peritonitis in a gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | an 18-yr-old female western lowland gorilla ( gorilla gorilla gorilla) presented with acute-onset severe lethargy, bloody vaginal discharge, decreased appetite, and an abnormal posture. the gorilla was diagnosed with a ruptured cecal blind sac with severe adhesions to the right ovary. a typhlectomy and unilateral ovariectomy were performed. histologic examination identified a severe transmural circumferential typhlitis with rupture and adhesions to the infundibulum and chronic typhlitis. postope ... | 2017 | 28749298 |
| blood product transfusions in great apes: a retrospective review of 12 cases. | although the administration of blood and blood products can be lifesaving, transfusions in exotic species are less common because of the lack of knowledge of a species' blood groups, the availability of species-specific donors, and possible adverse effects. recently, blood groups were elucidated in great apes; however, few reports have been published regarding actual transfusion situations in these species. this information is critical because poorly executed transfusions can compromise already ... | 2017 | 28749288 |
| a retrospective review of western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) mortality in european zoologic collections between 2004 and 2014. | an understanding of the main causes of mortality among captive gorillas is imperative to promoting their optimal care, health, and welfare. a retrospective observational review of mortality among the european zoo-housed western lowland gorilla ( gorilla gorilla gorilla) population from 2004 to 2014 was carried out. this is the first published study of mortality in this population. relevant postmortem data were requested from each collection reporting a death during the study period. age at death ... | 2017 | 28749273 |
| a 3d musculoskeletal model of the western lowland gorilla hind limb: moment arms and torque of the hip, knee and ankle. | three-dimensional musculoskeletal models have become increasingly common for investigating muscle moment arms in studies of vertebrate locomotion. in this study we present the first musculoskeletal model of a western lowland gorilla hind limb. moment arms of individual muscles around the hip, knee and ankle were compared with previously published data derived from the experimental tendon travel method. considerable differences were found which we attribute to the different methodologies in this ... | 2017 | 28718217 |
| using demographic characteristics of populations to detect spatial fragmentation following suspected ebola outbreaks in great apes. | demographic crashes due to emerging diseases can contribute to population fragmentation and increase extinction risk of small populations. ebola outbreaks in 2002-2004 are suspected to have caused a decline of more than 80% in some western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) populations. we investigated whether demographic indicators of this event allowed for the detection of spatial fragmentation in gorilla populations. | 2017 | 28661006 |
| identification and molecular characterization of novel primate bocaparvoviruses from wild western lowland gorillas of moukalaba-doudou national park, gabon. | bocaparvoviruses have been studied extensively owing to their ability to cause respiratory illness or gastroenteritis in humans. some bocaparvoviruses have been detected in non-human primates (gorillas and chimpanzees), but the diversity and evolution of these viruses are not fully understood. in this study, we collected 107 fecal samples from wild western lowland gorillas in moukalaba-doudou national park in gabon to investigate the presence of bocaparvoviruses. using a combination of pan-bocap ... | 2017 | 28495649 |
| no impact of strongylid infections on the detection of plasmodium spp. in faeces of western lowland gorillas and eastern chimpanzees. | although a high genetic diversity of plasmodium spp. circulating in great apes has been revealed recently due to non-invasive methods enabling detection in faecal samples, little is known about the actual mechanisms underlying the presence of plasmodium dna in faeces. great apes are commonly infected by strongylid nematodes, including hookworms, which cause intestinal bleeding. the impact of strongylid infections on the detection of plasmodium dna in faeces was assessed in wild, western, lowland ... | 2017 | 28446233 |
| sagittal crest formation in great apes and gibbons. | the frequency of sagittal crest expression and patterns of sagittal crest growth and development have been documented in hominoids, including some extinct hominin taxa, and the more frequent expression of the sagittal crest in males has been traditionally linked with the need for larger-bodied individuals to have enough attachment area for the temporalis muscle. in the present study, we investigate sagittal cresting in a dentally mature sample of four hominoid taxa (pan troglodytes schweinfurthi ... | 2017 | 28418109 |
| bilateral cataract surgery with intraocular lens implant in a captive western lowland gorilla. | we report a case of bilateral cataract surgery performed in a 21-year-old western lowland gorilla. phacoemulsification with intraocular lens insertion was performed using standard human surgical equipment. visual function significantly improved. she subsequently mated and gave birth. ultimately, cataract surgery enabled the birth of a baby gorilla. | 2017 | 28417453 |
| applying behavioral conditioning to identify anticipatory behaviors. | the ability to predict regular events can be adaptive for nonhuman animals living in an otherwise unpredictable environment. animals may exhibit behavioral changes preceding a predictable event; such changes reflect anticipatory behavior. anticipatory behavior is broadly defined as a goal-directed increase in activity preceding a predictable event and can be useful for assessing well being in animals in captivity. anticipation may look different in different animals, however, necessitating metho ... | 2017 | 28375754 |
| assessment of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d concentrations in two collections of captive gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d concentrations were assessed in subadult to adult captive lowland gorillas ( gorilla gorilla gorilla) (n = 26) at two institutions with different husbandry and management practices. serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d (25[oh]d) concentrations for gorillas managed predominantly indoors was low (14.2 ± 5.9 ng/ml), despite consuming commercial biscuits fortified with vitamin d3. concentrations of 25(oh)d in gorillas with near daily outdoor access were significantly higher than goril ... | 2017 | 28363045 |
| host specificity and basic ecology of mammomonogamus (nematoda, syngamidae) from lowland gorillas and forest elephants in central african republic. | syngamid strongylids of the genus mammomonogamus undoubtedly belong among the least known nematodes with apparent zoonotic potential and the real diversity of the genus remains hard to evaluate without extensive molecular data. eggs of mammomonogamus sp. are frequently found in feces of african forest elephants (loxodonta cyclotis) and western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) in dzanga-sangha protected areas. using sedimentation-based coproscopic techniques, we found the eggs of mammom ... | 2017 | 28274296 |
| dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (dhea-s), sex, and age in zoo-housed western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | among humans, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (dhea-s) declines with age and is hypothesized to be involved in somatic maintenance and healthy aging. men have significantly higher dhea-s than women, contradicting longer lifespans in the latter. declines of dhea-s with age also are observed in chimpanzees. in both chimpanzees and bonobos, males and females show no differences in dhea-s production. based on human and chimpanzee data, gorillas were predicted to show declining dhea-s with age. simila ... | 2017 | 28229260 |
| structure and evolution of the filaggrin gene repeated region in primates. | the evolutionary dynamics of repeat sequences is quite complex, with some duplicates never having differentiated from each other. two models can explain the complex evolutionary process for repeated genes-concerted and birth-and-death, of which the latter is driven by duplications maintained by selection. copy number variations caused by random duplications and losses in repeat regions may modulate molecular pathways and therefore affect phenotypic characteristics in a population, resulting in i ... | 2017 | 28077068 |
| vernal-like conjunctivitis in a western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | a 17-year-old female western lowland gorilla presented with bilateral ocular discharge, conjunctivitis, and rhinitis that was investigated and treated over a 34-month period. clinical findings, diagnostic results, treatment, and follow-up are described. | 2017 | 28058762 |
| differentiation of staphylococcus argenteus (formerly: staphylococcus aureus clonal complex 75) by mass spectrometry from s. aureus using the first strain isolated from a wild african great ape. | the species staphylococcus argenteus was separated recently from staphylococcus aureus (tong s.y., f. schaumburg, m.j. ellington, j. corander, b. pichon, f. leendertz, s.d. bentley, j. parkhill, d.c. holt, g. peters, and p.m. giffard, 2015). the objective of this work was to characterise the genome of a non-human s. argenteus strain, which had been isolated from the faeces of a wild-living western lowland gorilla in gabon, and analyse the spectrum of this species in matrix-assisted laser desorpt ... | 2017 | 27931949 |
| chlamydia-related bacteria in free-living and captive great apes, gabon. | 2016 | 27869611 | |
| patterns of milk macronutrients and bioactive molecules across lactation in a western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla) and a sumatran orangutan (pongo abelii). | in addition to nutrients, milk contains signaling molecules that influence offspring development. human milk is similar in nutrient composition to that of apes, but appears to differ in other aspects such as immune function. we examine the longitudinal patterns across lactation of macronutrients, the metabolic hormone adiponectin, the growth factors epidermal growth factor (egf) and transforming growth factor β2 (tgf-β2), and two receptors for these growth factors (egf-r and tgf-β2-riii) in milk ... | 2017 | 27768810 |
| prevalence of an unusual hypoplastic defect of the permanent maxillary lateral incisor in great apes. | in this article, i describe a previously unreported maxillary lateral incisor defect (mlid) of the enamel in great apes and evaluate potential general causes (genetic, systemic stress, or localized disturbance), as well as examine differences in prevalence among the represented taxa. this defect occurred only on the labial surface of the maxillary lateral incisor and extended from the cervical-mesial quarter of the crown to the mesial edge of the cementoenamel junction (cej). the study sample co ... | 2017 | 27643754 |
| schistosoma mansoni in gabon: emerging or ignored? | schistosomiasis affects millions of people across africa. we detected eggs of schistosoma mansoni in western lowland gorilla and central chimpanzee fecal samples in loango national park, gabon. we analyzed nuclear and mitochondrial dna, namely internal transcribed spacer and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 fragments, and the resulting maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses and haplotype network of the its and coi, respectively, showed that the samples from gorillas and chimpanzees clustered cle ... | 2016 | 27503513 |
| an investigation of the auditory perception of western lowland gorillas in an enrichment study. | previous research has highlighted the varied effects of auditory enrichment on different captive animals. this study investigated how manipulating musical components can influence the behavior of a group of captive western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) at bristol zoo. the gorillas were observed during exposure to classical music, rock-and-roll music, and rainforest sounds. the two music conditions were modified to create five further conditions: unmanipulated, decreased pitch, incre ... | 2016 | 27486716 |
| codetection of respiratory syncytial virus in habituated wild western lowland gorillas and humans during a respiratory disease outbreak. | pneumoviruses have been identified as causative agents in several respiratory disease outbreaks in habituated wild great apes. based on phylogenetic evidence, transmission from humans is likely. however, the pathogens have never been detected in the local human population prior to or at the same time as an outbreak. here, we report the first simultaneous detection of a human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) infection in western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) and in the local human ... | 2016 | 27436109 |
| structure and evolution of the gorilla and orangutan growth hormone loci. | in primates, the unigenic growth hormone (gh) locus of prosimians expressed primarily in the anterior pituitary, evolved by gene duplications, independently in new world monkeys (nwm) and old world monkeys (owms)/apes, to give complex clusters of genes expressed in the pituitary and placenta. in human and chimpanzee, the gh locus comprises five genes, gh-n being expressed as pituitary gh, whereas gh-v (placental gh) and cshs (chorionic somatomammotropins) are expressed (in human and probably chi ... | 2016 | 27376725 |
| molecular epidemiological study of adenovirus infecting western lowland gorillas and humans in and around moukalaba-doudou national park (gabon). | adenoviruses are widespread in human population as well as in great apes, although the data about the naturally occurring adenovirus infections remain rare. we conducted the surveillance of adenovirus infection in wild western lowland gorillas in moukalaba-doudou national park (gabon), in order to investigate naturally occurring adenovirus in target gorillas and tested specifically a possible zoonotic transmission with local people inhabiting the vicinity of the park. fecal samples were collecte ... | 2016 | 27290717 |
| geographic variation in gorilla limb bones. | gorilla systematics has received increased attention over recent decades from primatologists, conservationists, and paleontologists. studies of geographic variation in dna, skulls, and teeth have led to new taxonomic proposals, such as recognition of two gorilla species, gorilla gorilla (western gorilla) and gorilla beringei (eastern gorilla). postcranial differences between mountain gorillas (g. beringei beringei) and western lowland gorillas (g. g. gorilla) have a long history of study, but di ... | 2016 | 27260175 |
| strongyloides infections of humans and great apes in dzanga-sangha protected areas, central african republic and in degraded forest fragments in bulindi, uganda. | dna sequence analysis was carried out on strongyloides spp. larvae obtained from fecal samples of local humans, a wild western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) and a central chimpanzee (pan troglodytes troglodytes) inhabiting dzanga-sangha protected areas (dspa), central african republic, and eastern chimpanzees (pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) living in degraded forest fragments on farmland in bulindi, uganda. from humans, both strongyloides fuelleborni and strongyloides stercoralis we ... | 2016 | 27180094 |
| non contiguous-finished genome sequence and description of microbacterium gorillae sp. nov. | strain g3(t) (csur p207 = dsm 26203) was isolated from the fecal sample of a wild gorilla (gorilla gorilla subsp gorilla) from cameroon. it is a gram-positive, facultative anaerobic short rod. this strain exhibits a 16s rrna sequence similarity of 98.2 % with microbacterium thalassium, the closest validly published microbacterium species and member of the family microbacteriaceae. moreover, it shows a low maldi-tof-ms score (1.1 to 1.3) that does not allow any identification. thus, it is likely ... | 2016 | 27087892 |
| effect of antibiotic treatment on the gastrointestinal microbiome of free-ranging western lowland gorillas (gorilla g. gorilla). | the mammalian gastrointestinal (gi) microbiome, which plays indispensable roles in host nutrition and health, is affected by numerous intrinsic and extrinsic factors. among them, antibiotic (atb) treatment is reported to have a significant effect on gi microbiome composition in humans and other animals. however, the impact of atbs on the gi microbiome of free-ranging or even captive great apes remains poorly characterized. here, we investigated the effect of cephalosporin treatment (delivered by ... | 2016 | 26984253 |
| early alzheimer's disease-type pathology in the frontal cortex of wild mountain gorillas (gorilla beringei beringei). | amyloid beta (aβ) and tau pathology have been described in the brains of captive aged great apes, but the natural progression of these age-related pathologies from wild great apes, including the gorilla, is unknown. in our previous study of western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) who were housed in american zoos and aquariums-accredited facilities, we found an age-related increase in aβ-positive plaques and vasculature, tau-positive astrocytes, oligodendrocyte coiled bodies, and neuri ... | 2016 | 26923416 |
| food-associated calling in gorillas (gorilla g. gorilla) in the wild. | many nonhuman primates produce food-associated vocalizations upon encountering or ingesting particular food. concerning the great apes, only food-associated vocalizations of chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) and bonobos (pan paniscus) have been studied in detail, providing evidence that these vocalizations can be produced flexibly in relation to a variety of factors, such as the quantity and quality of food and/or the type of audience. only anecdotal evidence exists of eastern (gorilla beringei) and ... | 2016 | 26909518 |
| rearing history and allostatic load in adult western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) in human care. | disrupted rearing history is a psychological and physical stressor for nonhuman primates, potentially resulting in multiple behavioral and physiological changes. as a chronic, soma-wide stressor, altered rearing may be best assessed using a holistic tool such as allostatic load (al). in humans, al estimates outcomes of lifetime stress-induced damage. we predicted mother-reared gorillas would have lower al than nursery-reared and wild-caught conspecifics. we estimated al for 27 gorillas housed at ... | 2016 | 26881840 |
| adult hookworms (necator spp.) collected from researchers working with wild western lowland gorillas. | in general, studies on the diversity of strongylid nematodes in endangered host species are complicated as material obtained by non-invasive sampling methods has limited value for generic and species identification. while egg morphology barely allows assignment to family, the morphology of cultivated infective third stage larvae provides a better resolution at the generic level but cannot be used for exact species identification. morphology-based taxonomic approaches greatly depend on the examin ... | 2016 | 26858023 |
| amoebic meningoencephalitis and disseminated infection caused by balamuthia mandrillaris in a western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | case description a 22-year-old male gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) housed in a zoo was evaluated for signs of lethargy, head-holding, and cervical stiffness followed by development of neurologic abnormalities including signs of depression, lip droop, and tremors. clinical findings physical examination under general anesthesia revealed a tooth root abscess and suboptimal body condition. a cbc and serum biochemical analysis revealed mild anemia, neutrophilia and eosinopenia consistent with a st ... | 2016 | 26799111 |
| draft genome sequences of two salmonella enterica serotype infantis strains isolated from a captive western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) and a cohabitant black and white tegu (tupinambis merianae) in brazil. | the draft genome sequences of two salmonella enterica serotype infantis isolates are reported here. one of the strains was isolated from a western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) with colitis. the second strain was isolated from a reptile that inhabited the same premises. whole-genome sequencing demonstrated that these isolates were not clonal. | 2016 | 26798099 |
| the hominins: a very conservative tribe? last common ancestors, plasticity and ecomorphology in hominidae. or, what's in a name? | in the early 20th century the dominant paradigm for the ecological context of the origins of human bipedalism was arboreal suspension. in the 1960s, however, with recognition of the close genetic relationship of humans, chimpanzees and bonobos, and with the first field studies of mountain gorillas and common chimpanzees, it was assumed that locomotion similar to that of common chimpanzees and mountain gorillas, which appeared to be dominated by terrestrial knuckle-walking, must have given rise t ... | 2016 | 26729562 |
| non-contiguous-finished genome sequence and description of paenibacillus camerounensis sp. nov. | strain g4(t) was isolated from the stool sample of a wild gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) from cameroon. it is a facultative anaerobic, gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium. this strain exhibits a 16s rrna nucleotide sequence similarity of 97.48% with paenibacillus typhae, the phylogenetically closest species with standing nomenclature. moreover, the strain g4(t) presents some phenotypic differences when compared to other paenibacillus species and shows a low maldi-tof mass spectrometry score t ... | 2016 | 26714966 |
| validation of two independent photogrammetric techniques for determining body measurements of gorillas. | the ability to accurately measure morphological characteristics of wild primates in the field is challenging, yet critical for understanding fundamental aspects of their biology and behavior. recent studies have shown that digital photogrammetry can be used to non-invasively measure morphological traits of wild primates, as it allows for the determination of geometric properties of objects remotely from photographic images. we report here on a rare opportunity to test this methodology by compari ... | 2015 | 26667787 |
| draft genome sequence of lactobacillus gorillae strain kz01t, isolated from a western lowland gorilla. | here, we report the draft genome sequence of lactobacillus gorillae strain kz01(t) isolated from a western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla). this genome sequence will be helpful for the comparative genomics between human and nonhuman primate-associated lactobacillus. | 2015 | 26472838 |
| age-related motor dysfunction: manual slowing in gorilla gorilla gorilla. | aging in humans and rhesus monkeys is commonly associated with motor function decrements including dexterity, speed, and strength. despite their longevity and phylogenetic relatedness to humans, the effects of aging on motor function in non-human apes have been minimally studied. we conducted two experiments with western lowland gorillas (11-54 years of age) to determine whether aged gorillas exhibit motor deficits similar to those seen in other species. in experiment one, gorillas extracted up ... | 2015 | 26436765 |
| brief communication: skeletal and dental development in a sub-adult western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | non-human primate growth trajectories are often used to estimate the age and life history traits of fossil taxa. the exclusive use of chimpanzee growth patterns to estimate developmental stages for the earliest hominins is problematic because incomplete lineage sorting in the hominoid clade has produced a mosaic human genome that contains different regions shared with any one of the great apes. the accidental death of a sub-adult male western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) provides no ... | 2016 | 26388192 |
| audience effects, but not environmental influences, explain variation in gorilla close distance vocalizations-a test of the acoustic adaptation hypothesis. | close distance vocalizations are an integral part of primate vocal communication. they exhibit large acoustic variation which has been suggested to constitute flexible responses to the highly variable social setting of group living animals. however, a recent study suggested that acoustic variation in close distance calls of baboons may also arise from acoustic adaptations to environmental factors in order to counteract sound degradation. we tested whether the variation in calling rate and acoust ... | 2015 | 26352614 |
| western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) birth patterns and human presence in zoological settings. | there is some evidence to suggest that zoo visitors may have a disruptive impact on zoo-housed animals, especially primates. while some consider western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) to be particularly reactive to large crowds, the evidence of these effects is mixed, and is likely highly influenced by exhibit design, and group composition. while the majority of studies have focused on behavioral responses to human presence, there is the potential for physiological effects as well, i ... | 2015 | 26301718 |
| high-throughput rna sequencing reveals structural differences of orthologous brain-expressed genes between western lowland gorillas and humans. | the human brain and human cognitive abilities are strikingly different from those of other great apes despite relatively modest genome sequence divergence. however, little is presently known about the interspecies divergence in gene structure and transcription that might contribute to these phenotypic differences. to date, most comparative studies of gene structure in the brain have examined humans, chimpanzees, and macaque monkeys. to add to this body of knowledge, we analyze here the brain tra ... | 2016 | 26132897 |
| the effects of group type and young silverbacks on wounding rates in western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) groups in north american zoos. | in north american zoos, male gorillas are often housed in all-male (bachelor) groups to provide socialization for males not managed in breeding groups. these groups exhibit long-term cohesion and stability and males in bachelor groups are no more aggressive than males in mixed-sex groups. previous studies have shown that aggression in male gorillas is more directly related to age rather than group type, with young silverbacks (ysb; males 14-20 years of age) having higher rates of aggressive beha ... | 2015 | 26094937 |
| detection dog efficacy for collecting faecal samples from the critically endangered cross river gorilla (gorilla gorilla diehli) for genetic censusing. | population estimates using genetic capture-recapture methods from non-invasively collected wildlife samples are more accurate and precise than those obtained from traditional methods when detection and resampling rates are high. recently, detection dogs have been increasingly used to find elusive species and their by-products. here we compared the effectiveness of dog- and human-directed searches for cross river gorilla (gorilla gorilla diehli) faeces at two sites. the critically endangered cros ... | 2015 | 26064602 |
| decaying toxic wood as sodium supplement for herbivorous mammals in gabon. | african rainforest harbors herbivores at high density. however, because plants and soils typically lack in some essential minerals, rainforest is not always a suitable habitat for herbivores. how they fulfill the mineral requirements is therefore an important question to animal ecology and conservation. although large marshes, called 'bais', are often mentioned as efficient mineral-resource, little information on other sodium resources has still been available. our laboratory works and field sur ... | 2015 | 25994487 |
| the geographic distribution of genetic diversity within gorillas. | gorillas, like all non-human great apes, are endangered. understanding the distribution of genetic diversity across their range is important because low diversity may arise in small populations through increased inbreeding, and, by reducing reproductive fitness, may lead to decreased chances of persistence of a given population. previous studies found higher genetic diversity in the western (gorilla gorilla) than in the eastern gorillas (gorilla beringei), but rarely employed individuals of know ... | 2015 | 25975353 |
| neutralization properties of simian immunodeficiency viruses infecting chimpanzees and gorillas. | broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies (bnabs) represent powerful tools to combat human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection. here, we examined whether hiv-1-specific bnabs are capable of cross-neutralizing distantly related simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) infecting central (pan troglodytes troglodytes) (sivcpzptt) and eastern (pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) (sivcpzpts) chimpanzees (n = 11) as well as western gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) (sivgor) (n = 1). we foun ... | 2015 | 25900654 |
| diversity of malaria parasites in great apes in gabon. | until 2009, the laverania subgenus counted only two representatives: plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium reichenowi. the recent development of non-invasive methods allowed re-exploration of plasmodial diversity in african apes. although a large number of great ape populations have now been studied regarding plasmodium infections in africa, there are still vast areas of their distribution that remained unexplored. gabon constitutes an important part of the range of western central african great ... | 2015 | 25889049 |
| gut microbiome composition and metabolomic profiles of wild western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) reflect host ecology. | the metabolic activities of gut microbes significantly influence host physiology; thus, characterizing the forces that modulate this micro-ecosystem is key to understanding mammalian biology and fitness. to investigate the gut microbiome of wild primates and determine how these microbial communities respond to the host's external environment, we characterized faecal bacterial communities and, for the first time, gut metabolomes of four wild lowland gorilla groups in the dzanga-sangha protected a ... | 2015 | 25846719 |
| behavioural ecology and group cohesion of juvenile western lowland gorillas (gorilla g. gorilla) during rehabilitation in the batéké plateaux national park, gabon. | rehabilitation of animals followed by reintroduction into the wild can benefit conservation by supplementing depleted wild populations or reintroducing a species in an area where it has been extirpated or become extinct. the western lowland gorilla (wlg, gorilla g. gorilla) is persistently poached; infants are often illegally traded and used as pets. some are confiscated and rehabilitated, then kept in sanctuaries or reintroduced into the wild. prior to reintroduction, the ability of the orphans ... | 2015 | 25811467 |
| modeling variation in early life mortality in the western lowland gorilla: genetic, maternal and other effects. | uncovering sources of variation in gorilla infant mortality informs conservation and life history research efforts. the international studbook for the western lowland gorilla provides information on a sample of captive gorillas large enough for which to analyze genetic, maternal, and various other effects on early life mortality in this critically endangered species. we assess the importance of variables such as sex, maternal parity, paternal age, and hand rearing with regard to infant survival. ... | 2015 | 25809396 |
| odor signals in wild western lowland gorillas: an involuntary and extra-group communication hypothesis. | odors constitute one of the most ancient ways of communication among animals. whereas the key role of olfactory communication is well established in insects or rodents, its contribution to primate behavior remains very speculative. in a recent report, klailova and lee [1] studied the variations of intensity of the typical steroid musk odor produced by wild adult male gorilla silverbacks during encounters with opponents from other social units (lone males or other groups). the odor intensity incr ... | 2015 | 25797709 |
| response to masi and bouret - commentary on klailova and lee's (2014) "wild western lowland gorillas signal selectively using odor". | in a previous paper, we suggested that gorilla silverback males used odour as a chemosignal about levels of risk during interactions with extra-group males. we suggested that, rather than being monotonically associated with arousal as masi and bouret have now proposed in their commentary, the strength of an odour was a variable response to within as well as between group risks. we all agree that the phenomenon needs further investigation. | 2015 | 25797708 |
| admixture between historically isolated mitochondrial lineages in captive western gorillas: recommendations for future management. | although captive populations of western gorilla have been maintained in the united states for over a century, little is known about the geographic origins and genetic composition of the current zoo population. furthermore, although previous mitochondrial analyses have shown that free-range gorilla populations exhibit substantial regional differentiation, nothing is known of the extent to which this variation has been preserved in captive populations. to address these questions, we combined 379 p ... | 2017 | 25790828 |
| ecology of malaria infections in western lowland gorillas inhabiting dzanga sangha protected areas, central african republic. | african great apes are susceptible to infections with several species of plasmodium, including the predecessor of plasmodium falciparum. little is known about the ecology of these pathogens in gorillas. a total of 131 gorilla fecal samples were collected from dzanga-sangha protected areas to study the diversity and prevalence of plasmodium species. the effects of sex and age as factors influencing levels of infection with plasmodium in habituated gorilla groups were assessed. ninety-five human b ... | 2015 | 25736484 |
| origin of the hiv-1 group o epidemic in western lowland gorillas. | hiv-1, the cause of aids, is composed of four phylogenetic lineages, groups m, n, o, and p, each of which resulted from an independent cross-species transmission event of simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) infecting african apes. although groups m and n have been traced to geographically distinct chimpanzee communities in southern cameroon, the reservoirs of groups o and p remain unknown. here, we screened fecal samples from western lowland (n = 2,611), eastern lowland (n = 103), and mountai ... | 2015 | 25733890 |
| isolation of multiple drug-resistant enteric bacteria from feces of wild western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) in gabon. | prevalence of drug-resistant bacteria in wildlife can reveal the actual level of anthropological burden on the wildlife. in this study, we isolated two multiple drug-resistant strains, gg6-2 and gg6-1-1, from 27 fresh feces of wild western lowland gorillas in moukalaba-doudou national park, gabon. isolates were identified as achromobacter xylosoxidans and providencia sp., respectively. minimum inhibitory concentrations of the following 12 drugs-ampicillin (abpc), cefazolin (cez), cefotaxime (ctx ... | 2015 | 25649412 |
| inference of gorilla demographic and selective history from whole-genome sequence data. | although population-level genomic sequence data have been gathered extensively for humans, similar data from our closest living relatives are just beginning to emerge. examination of genomic variation within great apes offers many opportunities to increase our understanding of the forces that have differentially shaped the evolutionary history of hominid taxa. here, we expand upon the work of the great ape genome project by analyzing medium to high coverage whole-genome sequences from 14 western ... | 2015 | 25534031 |
| how much more would knm-wt 15000 have grown? | because of its completeness, the juvenile homo ergaster/erectus knm-wt 15000 has played an important role in studies of the evolution of body form in homo. early attempts to estimate his adult body size used modern human growth models. however, more recent evidence, particularly from the dentition, suggests that he may have had a more chimpanzee-like growth trajectory. here we re-estimate his adult stature and body mass using ontogenetic data derived from four african ape taxa: pan troglodytes t ... | 2015 | 25449954 |
| gorilla gorilla gorilla gut: a potential reservoir of pathogenic bacteria as revealed using culturomics and molecular tools. | wild apes are considered to be the most serious reservoir and source of zoonoses. however, little data are available about the gut microbiota and pathogenic bacteria in gorillas. for this propose, a total of 48 fecal samples obtained from 21 gorilla gorilla gorilla individuals (as revealed via microsatellite analysis) were screened for human bacterial pathogens using culturomics and molecular techniques. by applying culturomics to one index gorilla and using specific media supplemented by plants ... | 2014 | 25417711 |
| recent divergences and size decreases of eastern gorilla populations. | compared with other african apes, eastern gorillas (gorilla beringei) have been little studied genetically. we used analysis of autosomal dna genotypes obtained from non-invasively collected faecal samples to estimate the evolutionary histories of the two extant mountain gorilla populations and the closely related eastern lowland gorillas. our results suggest that eastern lowland gorillas and mountain gorillas split beginning some 10 000 years ago, followed 5000 years ago by the split of the two ... | 2014 | 25376805 |
| brain organization of gorillas reflects species differences in ecology. | gorillas include separate eastern (gorilla beringei) and western (gorilla gorilla) african species that diverged from each other approximately 2 million years ago. although anatomical, genetic, behavioral, and socioecological differences have been noted among gorilla populations, little is known about variation in their brain structure. this study examines neuroanatomical variation between gorilla species using structural neuroimaging. postmortem magnetic resonance images were obtained of brains ... | 2015 | 25360547 |
| human herpes simplex virus type 1 in confiscated gorilla. | in 2007, we detected human herpes simplex virus type 1, which caused stomatitis, in a juvenile confiscated eastern lowland gorilla (gorilla beringei graueri) that had a high degree of direct contact with human caretakers. our findings confirm that pathogens can transfer between nonhuman primate hosts and humans. | 2014 | 25341185 |
| three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis of talar morphology in extant gorilla taxa from highland and lowland habitats. | western gorillas (gorilla gorilla) are known to climb significantly more often than eastern gorillas (gorilla beringei), a behavioral distinction attributable to major differences in their respective habitats (i.e., highland vs. lowland). genetic evidence suggests that the lineages leading to these taxa began diverging from one another between approximately 1 and 3 million years ago. thus, gorillas offer a special opportunity to examine the degree to which morphology of recently diverged taxa ma ... | 2015 | 25338937 |
| the timing of spheno-occipital fusion in hominoids. | the degree of spheno-occipital fusion has been used to assign a relative age to dentally mature hominoid cranial specimens. however, a recent study of captive individuals (poe: am j phys anthropol 144 (2011) 162–165) concluded that fusion of the spheno-occipital suture in great ape taxa is of little utility for aging dentally mature individuals. in this contribution, i use dentally mature samples of extant hominoid taxa (homo sapiens, pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, gorilla gorilla gorilla, pong ... | 2015 | 25293964 |
| diversity of zoonotic enterohepatic helicobacter species and detection of a putative novel gastric helicobacter species in wild and wild-born captive chimpanzees and western lowland gorillas. | a number of helicobacter species cause gastrointestinal or hepatic disease in humans, including h. pylori, gastric non-h. pylori helicobacters from animal origin and enterohepatic helicobacter species. little is known on the presence of helicobacter species in great apes, our closest living relatives and potential reservoirs of microorganisms that might emerge in humans. the aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of gastric and enterohepatic helicobacter species in african chim ... | 2014 | 25248691 |
| lactobacillus gorillae sp. nov., isolated from the faeces of captive and wild western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | four strains of gram-staining-positive, anaerobic rods were isolated from the faeces of western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla). three strains, kz01(t), kz02 and kz03, were isolated at the kyoto city zoo, japan, and one strain, gg02, was isolated in the moukalaba-doudou national park, gabon. these strains were investigated taxonomically. these strains belonged to the lactobacillus reuteri phylogenetic group according to phylogenetic analysis based on 16s rrna gene sequences and specif ... | 2014 | 25240022 |
| fecal microbial diversity and putative function in captive western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla), common chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), hamadryas baboons (papio hamadryas) and binturongs (arctictis binturong). | microbial populations in the gastrointestinal tract contribute to host health and nutrition. although gut microbial ecology is well studied in livestock and domestic animals, little is known of the endogenous populations inhabiting primates or carnivora. we characterized microbial populations in fecal cultures from gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla), common chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), hamadryas baboons (papio hamadryas) and binturongs (arctictis binturong) to compare the microbiomes associate ... | 2014 | 25236539 |
| pathogenic eukaryotes in gut microbiota of western lowland gorillas as revealed by molecular survey. | although gorillas regarded as the largest extant species of primates and have a close phylogenetic relationship with humans, eukaryotic communities have not been previously studied in these populations. herein, 35 eukaryotic primer sets targeting the 18s rrna gene, internal transcribed spacer gene and other specific genes were used firstly to explore the eukaryotes in a fecal sample from a wild western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla). then specific real-time pcrs were achieved in addit ... | 2014 | 25231746 |
| non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of paenibacillus gorillae sp. nov. | strain g1(t) sp. nov. is the type strain of paenibacillus gorillae a newly proposed species within the genus paenibacillus. this strain, whose genome is described here, was isolated in france from the fecal sample of a wild western lowland gorilla from cameroon. p. gorillae is a facultative anaerobic, gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium. here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. the 6,257,967 bp long genome (one chromosome but no p ... | 2014 | 25197481 |
| african great apes are naturally infected with roseoloviruses closely related to human herpesvirus 7. | primates are naturally infected with herpesviruses. during the last 15 years, the search for homologues of human herpesviruses in nonhuman primates allowed the identification of numerous viruses belonging to the different herpesvirus subfamilies and genera. no simian homologue of human herpesvirus 7 (hhv7) has been reported to date. to investigate the putative existence of hhv7-like viruses in african great apes, we applied the consensus-degenerate hybrid oligonucleotide primers (codehop) progra ... | 2014 | 25187544 |
| the complete mitochondrial genome of eastern lowland gorilla, gorilla beringei graueri, and comparative mitochondrial genomics of gorilla species. | in this study, we determined the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of eastern lowland gorilla, gorilla beringei graueri for the first time. the total genome was 16,416 bp in length. it contained a total of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer rna genes, 2 ribosomal rna genes and 1 control region (d-loop region). the base composition was a (30.88%), g (13.10%), c (30.89%) and t (25.13%), indicating that the percentage of a+t (56.01%) was higher than g+c (43.99%). comparisons with the other publi ... | 2016 | 25162588 |
| nutrition of the captive western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla): a dietary survey. | the successful management of captive animals requires attention to multiple interconnected factors. one critical aspect of the daily life of a captive animal is the recommended and/or provisioned diet. this study focuses on the diets of zoo-housed gorillas. a national survey of diets among zoo-housed gorillas was conducted to examine diets being offered to captive gorillas in the united states and canada. this survey serves as a follow-up to a 1995 dietary survey of zoo-housed gorillas and goes ... | 2014 | 25130685 |
| the birth of an infant decreases group spacing in a zoo-housed lowland gorilla group (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | changes in group composition can alter the behavior of social animals such as gorillas. although gorilla births are presumed to affect group spacing patterns, there is relatively little data about how these events affect gorilla group cohesion. we investigated how members of a western lowland gorilla group (n = 6) at lincoln park zoo (chicago, il, usa) spaced themselves prior to and after the birth of an infant, to investigate changes in group cohesion. gorillas were housed in an indoor-outdoor ... | 2014 | 25130595 |
| core promoter short tandem repeats as evolutionary switch codes for primate speciation. | alteration in gene expression levels underlies many of the phenotypic differences across species. because of their highly mutable nature, proximity to the +1 transcription start site (tss), and the emerging evidence of functional impact on gene expression, core promoter short tandem repeats (strs) may be considered an ideal source of variation across species. in a genome-scale analysis of the entire homo sapiens protein-coding genes, we have previously identified core promoters with at least one ... | 2015 | 25099915 |
| evaluating the physiological and behavioral response of a male and female gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) during an introduction. | prolonged stress responses can lead to infertility and death; therefore monitoring respective indicators like stress-related hormones and behaviors is an important tool in ensuring the health and well-being among zoo-housed animal populations. changes in social structure, such as the introduction of a new conspecific, can be a source of stress. in april 2010, a sexually mature female western lowland gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla) was brought to lincoln park zoo (lpz; chicago, il) from the chi ... | 2014 | 25042832 |
| individual distinctiveness in call types of wild western female gorillas. | individually distinct vocalizations play an important role in animal communication, allowing call recipients to respond differentially based on caller identity. however, which of the many calls in a species' repertoire should have more acoustic variability and be more recognizable is less apparent. one proposed hypothesis is that calls used over long distances should be more distinct because visual cues are not available to identify the caller. an alternative hypothesis proposes that close calls ... | 2014 | 25029238 |
| wild western lowland gorillas signal selectively using odor. | mammals communicate socially through visual, auditory and chemical signals. the chemical sense is the oldest sense and is shared by all organisms including bacteria. despite mounting evidence for social chemo-signaling in humans, the extent to which it modulates behavior is debated and can benefit from comparative models of closely related hominoids. the use of odor cues in wild ape social communication has been only rarely explored. apart from one study on wild chimpanzee sniffing, our understa ... | 2014 | 25006973 |
| wild gorillas as a potential reservoir of leishmania major. | vector-borne parasites of the genus leishmania are responsible for severe human diseases. cutaneous leishmaniasis, a common form of the disease, is most often caused by the transmission of leishmania major to humans by female phlebotomine sand flies. apes are increasingly being seen as a source of zoonotic diseases, including malaria and rickettsiosis. to examine whether gorillas harbor leishmania species, we screened fecal samples from wild western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) in c ... | 2014 | 25001460 |
| how ebola impacts social dynamics in gorillas: a multistate modelling approach. | emerging infectious diseases can induce rapid changes in population dynamics and threaten population persistence. in socially structured populations, the transfers of individuals between social units, for example, from breeding groups to non-breeding groups, shape population dynamics. we suggest that diseases may affect these crucial transfers. we aimed to determine how disturbance by an emerging disease affects demographic rates of gorillas, especially transfer rates within populations and immi ... | 2015 | 24995485 |
| sharing fruit of treculia africana among western gorillas in the moukalaba-doudou national park, gabon: preliminary report. | we report the first 18 observed cases of fruit (treculia africana) transfer among western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) in moukalaba-doudou national park, gabon. the fruit transfer occurred during our observations of a habituated group of gorillas in 2010 and 2013. pieces of the fruits were transferred among adults and immatures, and three cases involved a silverback male. once an individual picked up a fallen fruit of treculia africana, other members of the group approached the pos ... | 2015 | 24962665 |
| maternal subgrouping in lowland gorillas. | mountain gorilla females have been reported to seek out the dominant male and to increase the time spent in proximity to him when they are caring for young infants. the study examined subgrouping phenomenon in a captive group of lowland gorilla mothers. interaction scores failed to support the position that the male is attractive to mothers, or that they seek him out and cluster about him. the data indicate instead that the females avoid interacting with the male and rarely initiate contact with ... | 1983 | 24923717 |
| observations of group introductions in lowland gorillas. | data concerning group interactions subsequent to introductions of novel or familiar animals comes primarily from studies of a few cercopithecine species. this investigation attempted to supplement these data with descriptive observationd of gorillas during, and for a period following introductions. a unisexual group of females and a heterosexual group were formed. departures from the cercopithecine pattern were observed in terms of the frequency of aggression, as well as the time course and the ... | 1984 | 24896526 |
| plant mineral concentrations related to foraging preferences of western lowland gorilla in central african forest clearings. | in the central african rain forest, mineral resources essential to organisms are distributed heterogeneously. forest clearings, locally known as bais, attract numerous species presumably due to the mineral richness of these sites, though understanding of the factors drawing species to bais remains speculative. western lowland gorillas (gorilla g. gorilla) selectively feed on particular plant species and parts within bais, but studies of such feeding preferences have focused on one site. here, we ... | 2014 | 24865332 |
| twelve-year proximity relationships in a captive group of western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) at the san diego wild animal park, california, usa. | proximity data were collected in a captive breeding group of gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) at the san diego wild animal park (currently called the san diego zoo safari park) twice a year (spring and fall periods) for over 12 years, by using a convenient method in which individuals less than 5 m from each animal in the group were recorded by scan sampling, approximately once per hour. immature females from infancy to young adulthood maintained relatively frequent proximity to both their moth ... | 2014 | 24838632 |
| social environment elicits lateralized behaviors in gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzees (pan troglodytes). | the influence of the social environment on lateralized behaviors has now been investigated across a wide variety of animal species. new evidence suggests that the social environment can modulate behavior. currently, there is a paucity of data relating to how primates navigate their environmental space, and investigations that consider the naturalistic context of the individual are few and fragmented. moreover, there are competing theories about whether only the right or rather both cerebral hemi ... | 2014 | 24749503 |
| asymmetry of the midfacial skeleton of eastern lowland gorillas (gorilla beringei graueri) and potential association with frontal lobe asymmetries. | 2014 | 24742879 | |
| informing conservation management about structural versus functional connectivity: a case-study of cross river gorillas. | connectivity among subpopulations is vital for the persistence of small and fragmented populations. for management interventions to be effective conservation planners have to make the critical distinction between structural connectivity (based on landscape structure) and functional connectivity (which considers both landscape structure and organism-specific behavioral attributes) which can differ considerably within a given context. we assessed spatial and temporal changes in structural and func ... | 2014 | 24737604 |
| the effects of auditory enrichment on gorillas. | several studies have demonstrated that auditory enrichment can reduce stereotypic behaviors in captive animals. the purpose of this study was to determine the relative effectiveness of three different types of auditory enrichment-naturalistic sounds, classical music, and rock music-in reducing stereotypic behavior displayed by western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla). three gorillas (one adult male, two adult females) were observed at the buffalo zoo for a total of 24 hr per music tria ... | 2014 | 24715297 |
| retroperitoneal abscesses in two western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla). | this report describes two cases of retroperitoneal abscesses in female western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla). clinical symptoms included perivulvar discharge, lameness, hindlimb paresis, and general malaise. retroperitoneal abscesses should be considered as part of a complete differential list in female gorillas with similar clinical signs. | 2014 | 24712182 |
| the genetic population structure of wild western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) living in continuous rain forest. | to understand the evolutionary histories and conservation potential of wild animal species it is useful to assess whether taxa are genetically structured into different populations and identify the underlying factors responsible for any clustering. landscape features such as rivers may influence genetic population structure, and analysis of structure by sex can further reveal effects of sex-specific dispersal. using microsatellite genotypes obtained from noninvasively collected fecal samples we ... | 2014 | 24700547 |
| human-animal relationships in zoo-housed orangutans (p. abelii) and gorillas (g. g. gorilla): the effects of familiarity. | i examined human-animal relationships (hars) in zoo-housed orangutans (pongo abelii) and gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) to see if they followed patterns similar to conspecific relationships in great apes and humans. familiarity and social relationships guide humans' and great apes' behaviors with conspecifics. inter-individual relationships, based on shared social history, and "generalized" relationships, based on a history of interactions with relevant classes of individuals, guide behavior ... | 2014 | 24687450 |
| personality and subjective well-being in captive male western lowland gorillas living in bachelor groups. | the purpose of this study was to determine the personality structure of eight male gorillas (five silverbacks and three blackbacks) housed at the sedgwick county zoo in wichita, kansas and to determine if personality predicts behavior and subjective well-being in male gorillas living in bachelor groups. we used the hominoid personality questionnaire which contains 54 descriptive adjectives with representative items from the human five-factor model. rates of 12 behaviors that are broadly defined ... | 2014 | 24677279 |
| detection of termites and other insects consumed by african great apes using molecular fecal analysis. | the consumption of insects by apes has previously been reported based on direct observations and/or trail signs in feces. however, dna-based diet analyses may have the potential to reveal trophic links for these wild species. herein, we analyzed the insect-diet diversity of 9 feces obtained from three species of african great apes, gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla), chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) and bonobo (pan paniscus), using two mitochondrial amplifications for arthropods. a total of 1056 clon ... | 2014 | 24675424 |
| the choice to access outdoor areas affects the behavior of great apes. | outdoor access is often cited as a critical component of appropriate housing for great apes in captivity, and although studies have shown that offering primates choices can improve welfare, choice to access specific areas has been empirically neglected. behavioral data were collected on chimpanzees and gorillas housed in naturalistic enclosures while (a) restricted to an indoor enclosure and (b) permitted free access to an adjacent outdoor area. to isolate the factor of choice, only the sessions ... | 2014 | 24673476 |
| food dropping as a food transfer mechanism among western lowland gorillas in moukalaba-doudou national park, gabon. | in this paper, i describe the food-dropping behavior of western lowland gorillas observed in moukalaba- doudou national park, gabon. i collected observational data of gorillas eating in trees, and recorded whether any individuals were positioned under the same tree. in 22 of the 24 cases of individuals being present under a tree, i observed the gorilla in a tree dropping food to the individual below. in most cases, the recipient was a silverback or an elder half-sibling of the dropper. the dropp ... | 2014 | 24659224 |
| humans and great apes cohabiting the forest ecosystem in central african republic harbour the same hookworms. | hookworms are important pathogens of humans. to date, necator americanus is the sole, known species of the genus necator infecting humans. in contrast, several necator species have been described in african great apes and other primates. it has not yet been determined whether primate-originating necator species are also parasitic in humans. | 2014 | 24651493 |