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coding-complete genome sequence of a yellow fever virus isolated from a baby howler monkey (alouatta caraya) from são paulo state, brazil, in 2016.we report a coding-complete sequence of a yellow fever virus, strain jabspm02, containing the 3' untranslated region and all coding regions. the virus was recovered from an infected howler monkey from a rural area in são paulo state, brazil. our findings show that it belongs to the south america 1e genotype.202133414341
molecular phylogenetic inference of the howler monkey radiation (primates: alouatta).howler monkeys (alouatta), comprising between nine and 14 species and ranging from southern mexico to northern argentina, are the most widely distributed platyrrhines. previous phylogenetic studies of howlers have used chromosomal and morphological characters and a limited number of molecular markers; however, branching patterns conflict between studies or remain unresolved. we performed a new phylogenetic analysis of alouatta using both concatenated and coalescent-based species tree approaches ...202032876810
effects of variation in forest fragment habitat on black howler monkey demography in the unprotected landscape around palenque national park, mexico.habitat loss and fragmentation are leading threats to biodiversity today, and primates are particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic habitat disturbance. however, few studies have examined how differential effects of variation in forest fragment characteristics on males and females in a primate population may affect demography and population persistence. we quantified the effects of variation in forest fragment characteristics on the within-fragment demography of black howler monkeys (alouatta pi ...202032864215
salivary proteome of a neotropical primate: potential roles in host defense and oral food perception.saliva contains a very complex mixture of proteins for defense against microbiological pathogens and for oral food perception. howler monkeys are neotropical primates that can consume a mostly leaf diet. they are well known to thrive in highly disturbed habitats where they may cope with a diversity of dietary challenges and infection risks. we aimed to describe the salivary proteome of howlers to contribute to better understanding of their physiology.202032765966
demographic population structure of black howler monkeys in fragmented and continuous forest in chiapas, mexico: implications for conservation.for wild primates, demography studies are increasingly recognized as necessary for assessing the viability of vulnerable populations experiencing rapid environmental change. in particular, anthropogenic changes such as habitat loss and fragmentation can cause ecological and behavioral changes in small, isolated populations, which may, over time, alter population density and demographic structure (age/sex classes and group composition) in fragment populations relative to continuous forest populat ...202032602598
bertiella sp. (meyner, 1895) infection of alouatta caraya (humboldt, 1812) in urban and natural environments in ñeembucú, southwest paraguay.bertiella sp., a cestode known to infect a variety of hosts, including nonhuman primates and humans, was identified in paraguay as early as 1895, but no systematic analysis of wild primates' gastrointestinal parasites has ever been carried out in paraguay. increased urbanization in southwest paraguay has pushed the paraguayan howler monkey (alouatta caraya) into anthropogenic habitats, particularly in the city of pilar (ñeembucú department), giving rise to greater potential for zoonotic transmis ...202032596875
molecular identification of leishmania in free-ranging black and gold howler monkeys (alouatta caraya) in northeastern argentina.parasitological surveys of non-human primates provides an important opportunity to better understand the epidemiology, transmission dynamics and emergence risk of anthropozoonoses such as leishmaniasis, which affect human populations in several regions accross south america. our study area, in northeastern argentina, can be considered a southern marginal region for the presence of leishmaniases and includes the habitat of black and gold howler monkeys, alouatta caraya. to evaluate if a. caraya s ...202032450135
detection of antimicrobial resistance genes in escherichia coli isolated from black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra) and domestic animals in fragmented rain-forest areas in tabasco, mexico.the appearance and spread of antimicrobial resistance (amr) in bacteria in natural environments and wildlife are related to agricultural and livestock activities and are a global health and conservation problem. we assessed the presence of amr genes in escherichia coli isolated from black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra), sheep (ovis aries), cattle (bos taurus), and horses (equus caballus) from a highly fragmented forest in southern mexico. fresh fecal samples were collected using swabs, seeded o ...202032402234
a study of a black howling monkey (alouatta caraya) population in northern argentina.a population of alouatta caraya in northern argentina had an ecological density of 130 animals per km2 . mean troop size varied from 7.2 to 8.9 individuals, and the ratio of adult males to adult females from 0.58 to 0.51. infants comprised from 6% to 14% of the population, juveniles from 16% to 21%. these percentages probably vary seasonally in response to a birth peak at the beginning of the dry season. males were age-graded in multi-male troops. sexual dimorphism was extreme in this species. m ...198432160719
genetic assignment of illegally trafficked neotropical primates and implications for reintroduction programs.the black and gold howler monkey (alouatta caraya) is a neotropical primate threatened by habitat loss and capture for illegal trade in argentina. using multilocus microsatellite genotypes from 178 a. caraya individuals sampled from 15 localities in argentina, we built a genotype reference database (grdb). bayesian assignment methods applied to the grdb allowed us to correctly re-assign 73% of individuals to their true location of origin and 93.3% to their cluster of origin. we used the grdb to ...202032111905
isotopic niche partitioning in two sympatric howler monkey species.ecological similarity between species can lead to interspecific trophic competition. however, when ecologically similar species coexist, they may differ in foraging strategies and habitat use, which can lead to niche partitioning. as the body tissues of consumers contain a stable isotope signature that reflects the isotopic composition of their diet, stable isotope analysis is a useful tool to study feeding behavior. we measured the isotopic niche width, which is a proxy for trophic niche width, ...202032091131
morphological and molecular characterization of bertiella sp. (cestoda, anoplocephalidae) infection in a human and howler monkeys in argentina.bertiella sp. is a typical parasite in non-human primates and only a few cases of bertiellosis have been reported in humans. we present a new case study of bertiellosis in a 42-year-old woman caretaker of howler monkeys in a wild rehabilitation center in argentina. bertiella sp. infection was also diagnosed in the monkeys. proglottids and feces were collected from the caretaker and monkeys; the samples were submitted for parasitological examination by morphological characterization and molecular ...202032025808
evidence-based conservation education in mexican communities: connecting arts and science.several studies suggest that 63% of primate species are currently threatened due to deforestation, pet-trade, and bushmeat hunting. successful primate conservation strategies require effective educational programs capable of enhancing critical system-thinking and responsible behavior towards these species. arts-based conservation education can simultaneously foster cognitive and emotional processes. in this paper, we evaluate an arts-based educational program focused on the conservation of black ...202032017779
alouatta caraya: population density and demography in northern argentina.a long-term study was carried out on a black howler monkey (alouatta caraya) population living in 150 ha of forest patches spread out in a 3,000 ha rural area in northern argentina. a total of 22 different groups were located between 1980 and 1984 and 11 of these were monitored regularly during 28 months. ecological density varied between 12.14 and 12.93 groups per sq km of thall dense forest (0.80 to 1.15 ind./ha; biomass 306 to 365 kg/sq km). solitaries and small associations of adult or subad ...199031963967
germination of native and exotic seeds dispersed by wild black-and-gold howler monkeys (alouatta caraya): assessing deinhibition and scarification effects.fruit ingestion by frugivores and the subsequent passage of seeds through their digestive tract can influence seed germination patterns. the removal of germination inhibitors contained in the fruit pulp (deinhibition effect), and/or the abrasion of the seed coat (scarification effect), can modify the probability and speed of seed germination. we followed seven groups of black-and-gold howler monkeys (alouatta caraya) in northeastern argentina between november 2012 and january 2013 to study the e ...202031950320
prometaphase chromosomes of the howler monkey (aloutta caraya): g, c, nor, and restriction enzyme (res) banding.prometaphase lymphocyte chromosomes from eight adult argentinian alouatta caraya females were characterized using sequential g-c banding techniques, ag-nor bands and bands obtained with the restriction enzymes hae iii, eco ri, alu i and sau 3a. the cytogenetic analysis showed 2n = 52, with four, five, or six nor chromosomes. digestion with hae iii and eco ri produced g-like-bands. centromere regions and two interstitial c-bands (in chromosomes number 16 and 21) showed intraindividual or interind ...199431936930
grooming in brown howler monkeys, alouatta fusca.the grooming behavior of a group of brown howler monkeys was studied for one year in an atlantic forest reserve of southeastern brazil. a total of 290 grooming bouts were recorded and analyzed. the two adult females directed most of the grooming (91%), while the adult male was the major recipient (37%). grooming between females, and between them and their siblings, also occurred quite often. on average, the group spent 2% of its daily time grooming, with a higher frequency around noon. there wer ...199531924059
arboreal route navigation in a neotropical mammal: energetic implications associated with tree monitoring and landscape attributes.although navigating along a network of routes might constrain animal movement flexibility, it may be an energetically efficient strategy. routinely using the same route allows for visually monitoring of food resources, which might reduce the cognitive load and as such facilitate the process of movement decision-making. similarly, locating routes in areas that avoid costly landscape attributes will enhance their overall energy balance. in this study we determined the benefits of route navigation ...201931890215
spatial aggregation of fruits explains food selection in a neotropical primate (alouatta pigra).the availability and spatial distribution of food resources affect animal behavior and survival. black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra) have a foraging strategy to balance their nutrient intake that involves mixing their consumption of leaves and fruits. the spatial aggregation of food items should impact this strategy, but how it does so is largely unknown. we quantified how leaf and fruit intake combined (here termed food set selection) was spatially aggregated in patches and how food aggregati ...201931857630
adoption of an orphaned and temporarily captive infant by an unrelated adult female in black-and-gold howler monkey: implications for management strategies.conservation behavior involves the application of general principles of animal behavior for solving conservation problems. in primates, adoption of infants has been reported in several species and consists of an individual other than the biological parents taking primary care of them. based on cases of adoption reported in howler monkeys (genus alouatta), in the present study we facilitated the adoption of an orphaned and temporarily captive male infant by an unrelated adult female black-and-gol ...202031832889
sperm morphology in neotropical primates.the morphological and morphometric characterization of spermatozoa has been used as a taxonomic and phylogenetic tool for different species of mammals. we evaluated and compared the sperm morphometry of five neotropical primate species: alouatta caraya, ateles belzebuth and ateles chamek of family atelidae; and cebus cay (=sapajus cay) and cebus nigritus (=sapajus nigritus) of family cebidae. after the collection of semen samples, the following parameters were measured on 100 spermatozoa from ea ...201931640171
detection of antibodies against icoaraci, ilhéus, and saint louis encephalitis arboviruses during yellow fever monitoring surveillance in non-human primates (alouatta caraya) in southern brazil.free-ranging non-human primates (nhps) can host a variety of pathogenic microorganisms, such as arboviruses, which include the yellow fever virus (yfv). this study aimed to detect the circulation of yf and other arboviruses in three wild alouatta caraya populations in forests in southern brazil.201931032984
phlebotominae in peri-domestic and forest environments inhabited by alouatta caraya in northeastern argentina.multiple species of phlebotominae are vectors of leishmania (protozoa: trypanosomatidae), which causes visceral leishmaniasis (vl) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl). to describe the phlebotominae (diptera: psychodidae) related to the environments of black and gold howler monkeys alouatta caraya (humbodlt, 1812) (primates: atelidae), potential vectors were sampled in different landscapes and vertical strata of sleeping trees. phlebotomine captured between december 2011 and march 2012 (2365 individ ...201930895653
molecular detection of bifidobacterium spp. in faeces of black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra).bifidobacterium genus are considered to be beneficial bacteria for their hosts; however, knowledge about the specific species that are part of the gut microbiome of howler monkeys is scarce. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) is a useful technique for the identification of non-cultivable or difficult to grow bacterial species. with the goal of detecting species of the genus bifidobacterium in black howler monkeys, we used pcr on dna derived from faecal samples.201930520095
atlantic-primates: a dataset of communities and occurrences of primates in the atlantic forests of south america.primates play an important role in ecosystem functioning and offer critical insights into human evolution, biology, behavior, and emerging infectious diseases. there are 26 primate species in the atlantic forests of south america, 19 of them endemic. we compiled a dataset of 5,472 georeferenced locations of 26 native and 1 introduced primate species, as hybrids in the genera callithrix and alouatta. the dataset includes 700 primate communities, 8,121 single species occurrences and 714 estimates ...201930317556
births during 7 years after the translocation of a pair of black-and-gold howler monkeys (alouatta caraya) to a forest fragment in southeast brazil.fecundity in female primates is influenced by the nutritional condition. if when translocated howler monkeys exhibit the same breeding patterns as non-translocated members of the same genus, it is an indication that the translocated monkeys have become well adapted to their release site and that they are likely in good nutritional condition. the objective of this study was therefore to investigate this pattern by recording copulations (over 5 years) and births (over 7 years) after the translocat ...201830238425
detection and prevalence of adenoviruses from free-ranging black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra).adenoviruses are important pathogens known to infect vertebrate hosts, including a wide range of primates. despite its importance, data on the diversity of these viruses in non-human primates living in their natural habitat remain scarce. in this study, we conducted a surveillance of adenoviral infection in wild black howler monkeys from two protected natural areas in mexico. this was achieved by analyzing 67 fecal samples using a nested pcr that targets the adenovirus dna polymerase gene. adeno ...201830238313
social play among black and gold howler monkey (alouatta caraya) immatures during intergroup encounters.we studied intergroup social play (igsp) among immatures in wild black and gold howler monkeys (alouatta caraya) in northeastern argentina. igsp events are one form of affiliative interaction that can occur during intergroup encounters. the main goal of this study was to analyze igsp in a. caraya immatures and assess how intrinsic (e.g., age and sex) and extrinsic (e.g., seasonality) factors can influence the development of this type of social behavior. we followed 12 groups between 2008 and 201 ...201830152540
association between genomic instability and evolutionary chromosomal rearrangements in neotropical primates.during the last decades, the mammalian genome has been proposed to have regions prone to breakage and reorganization concentrated in certain chromosomal bands that seem to correspond to evolutionary breakpoints. these bands are likely to be involved in chromosome fragility or instability. in primates, some biomarkers of genetic damage may be associated with various degrees of genomic instability. here, we investigated the usefulness of sister chromatid exchange as a biomarker of potential sites ...201829905781
the influence of leaf consumption on time allocation in black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra).the analysis of factors that determine variation in time budgets is important to understand the interactions between environment, behaviour and fitness. we tested the hypothesis that changes in the dietary patterns of black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra) caused by a decrease in the availability of preferred foods are a main determinant of variation in time budgets. we predicted that individuals would trade off travel time for resting time (i.e., minimize energy expenditure) as the diet included ...201829514166
aged black-and-gold howler monkey female (alouatta caraya): a sign of reproductive senescence?reproductive senescence patterns have been scarcely studied in neotropical primates. the few studies available on the hormonal profiles of aging female monkeys indicate that the decline of ovarian function in nonhuman primates may resemble the hormonal events associated with the perimenopause in women. in this study, we explore a reproductive hormone profile of an aged black-and-gold howler monkey female (alouatta caraya) from a wild population in northeastern argentina and compare this profile ...201829514149
salivary tannin-binding proteins are a pervasive strategy used by the folivorous/frugivorous black howler monkey.dietary tannins can affect protein digestion and absorption, be toxic, and influence food selection by being astringent and bitter tasting. animals that usually ingest tannins may regularly secrete tannin-binding salivary proteins (tbsps) to counteract the negative effects of tannins or tbsps production can be induced by a tannin-rich diet. in the wild, many primates regularly eat a diet that contains tannin-rich leaves and unripe fruit and it has been speculated that they have the physiological ...201829363818
functional morphology of mimetic musculature in primates: how social variables and body size stack up to phylogeny.mammalian skeletal muscle is influenced by the functional demands placed upon it. functional morphology of facial expression musculature, or mimetic musculature, is largely unknown. recently, primate mimetic musculature has been shown to respond to demands associated with social factors. body size has also been demonstrated to affect many aspects of primate functional morphology and evolutionary morphology. the present study was designed to further examine the role of social variables and body s ...201829330949
flotation techniques (flotac and mini-flotac) for detecting gastrointestinal parasites in howler monkeys.analyses of environmental correlates of the composition of gastrointestinal parasite communities in black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra) have been hindered by inadequate calibration techniques of detection and quantification methods of the parasites. here we calibrate samples and compare the likelihood of parasite detection using two flotation techniques, flotac and mini-flotac, and compare flotation solution, preservation method and dilution ratio for egg detection and counts of the most commo ...201729169387
through the eyes of children: drawings as an evaluation tool for children's understanding about endangered mexican primates.this study seeks to understand children's perceptions and knowledge of endangered mexican primates. the black howler monkey (alouatta pigra) is a charismatic species endemic to southern mexico, northern belize, and guatemala and is a symbol of the region that fosters a sense of local pride. therefore, it can be considered a flagship species for the forests of southern mexico. we evaluated the perception and knowledge that 297 mexican elementary school children (8-10 years old) have about black h ...201729095512
genetic structure in the southernmost populations of black-and-gold howler monkeys (alouatta caraya) and its conservation implications.black-and-gold howler monkeys alouatta caraya, are arboreal primates, inhabitants of neotropical forests, highly susceptible to the yellow fever virus, considered early 'sentinels' of outbreaks, and thus, of major epidemiological importance. currently, anthropogenic habitat loss and modifications threatens their survival. habitat modification can prevent, reduce or change dispersal behavior, which, in turn, may influence patterns of gene flow. we explored past and contemporary levels of genetic ...201728968440
assessment of releases of translocated and rehabilitated yucatán black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra) in belize to determine factors influencing survivorship.rehabilitation and reintroduction have become important to the management and welfare of primates worldwide. however, the suitability and success of these practices must be evaluated to determine their effectiveness as well as to improve programs and methods, as little is known about the factors influencing survival of released individuals. between 2011 and 2014, 28 howler monkeys, alouatta pigra, were released at fireburn reserve, northern belize by the primate rehabilitation centre of belize: ...201728852885
biochemical and hematological evaluations of black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra) in highly degraded landscapes in mexico.loss and fragmentation of neotropical primates' habitat can alter the health and individual adaptation. physiological parameters reflect health status and individuals responses to the habitat conditions.201728703877
occurrence of hemotropic mycoplasmas in non-human primates (alouatta caraya, sapajus nigritus and callithrix jacchus) of southern brazil.hemoplasmas, the erythrocyte-associated mycoplasmas, have been detected in several primates, causing mostly subclinical infection. this study aimed to determine the prevalence of hemoplasma infection in captive and free-ranging monkeys from southern brazil, as well as factors and hematological abnormalities associated with infection. blood samples from 40 non-human primates (nhp) were tested for hemoplasmas and coinfections. an overall of 10/40 (25.0%) nhp tested positive for hemoplasmas using p ...201728673463
the relative effects of reproductive condition, stress, and seasonality on patterns of parasitism in wild female black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra).parasitic infections in wildlife are shaped by host-related traits including individual reproductive condition. it has been argued that female primates are more susceptible to infectious diseases during pregnancy due to short-term changes in immune function that result in reduced ability to combat infections. likewise, lactation, which is the most energetically expensive state, may affect immunity and infection risk due to tradeoffs between milk production and maintenance of immune function. her ...201728407272
rabies virus exposure of brazilian free-ranging wildlife from municipalities without clinical cases in humans or in terrestrial wildlife.rabies is a zoonosis that causes thousands of animal and human deaths worldwide. serological studies provide information concerning rabies virus circulation among animals and humans. we evaluated the circulation of the rabies virus in wildlife in nine municipalities of são paulo state, brazil. we took blood samples from 27 terrestrial animals of nine different mammalian species in locations without cases of rabies in human and wild terrestrial mammals. sera were tested with the use of the rapid ...201728406757
the missing fellow: first description of the trypanoxyuris pigrae male (nematoda:oxyuridae), a parasite of the black howler monkey (alouatta pigra) in mexico.the first morphological description of the male of trypanoxyuris pigrae solórzano-garcía, nadler, and pérez-ponce de león, 2016 is presented in this study. morphological data are supported by molecular data. specimens of t. pigrae were recovered after the necropsy of a roadkill black howler monkey (alouatta pigra) in southeastern mexico. males of t. pigrae are characterized by having 3 notched lips, and a long esophagus with a posterior bulb; they also show a single crested lateral alae, , a sin ...201728355111
detection of the mosquito-borne flaviviruses, west nile, dengue, saint louis encephalitis, ilheus, bussuquara, and yellow fever in free-ranging black howlers (alouatta caraya) of northeastern argentina.several medically important mosquito-borne flaviviruses have been detected in argentina in recent years: dengue (denv), st. louis encephalitis (slev), west nile (wnv) and yellow fever (yfv) viruses. evidence of bussuquara virus (bsqv) and ilheus virus (ilhv) activity were found, but they have not been associated with human disease. non-human primates can act as important hosts in the natural cycle of flaviviruses and serological studies can lead to improved understanding of virus circulation dyn ...201728187130
patterns in gut microbiota similarity associated with degree of sociality among sex classes of a neotropical primate.studies of human and domestic animal models indicate that related individuals and those that spend the most time in physical contact typically have more similar gut microbial communities. however, few studies have examined these factors in wild mammals where complex social dynamics and a variety of interacting environmental factors may impact the patterns observed in controlled systems. here, we explore the effect of host kinship and time spent in social contact on the gut microbiota of wild, bl ...201728124727
validation of an enzyme immunoassay and comparison of fecal cortisol metabolite levels in black and gold howler monkeys (alouatta caraya) inhabiting fragmented and continuous areas of the humid chaco region, argentina.in the last years, the study of how environmental stimuli influence the physiology and specifically the endocrinology of an organism became increasingly important, relying mainly on the quantification of glucocorticoids to monitor animal welfare. most studies investigating cortisol levels in primates were focused on the impact of social stressors; however, a major concern for the conservation of howler monkeys is the increased habitat fragmentation led by the advancement of the agricultural fron ...201728100016
vocal repertoire of free-ranging black howler monkeys' (alouatta pigra): call types, contexts, and sex-related contributions.alouatta species utter the most powerful primate vocalizations in the neotropics and are well-known for their loud and long-lasting male howling bouts. however, the diversity of acoustic structures used in these howling bouts, as well as in non-howling contexts, and the relative contribution of the different group members to the entire vocal repertoire, needed to be explored further. this report provides the first detailed description of the vocal repertoire of black howler monkeys (alouatta pig ...201728095604
metabolomic data suggest regulation of black howler monkey (alouatta pigra) diet composition at the molecular level.in addition to macronutrients, foods consist of a complex set of chemical compounds that can influence dietary selectivity and consumer physiology. metabolomics allow us to describe this complexity by quantifying all small molecules, or metabolites, in a food item. in this study we use gc-ms based metabolomics to describe the metabolite profiles of foods consumed by one population of mexican black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra) over a 10-month period. our data indicate that each food exhibited ...201727936282
contrasting time-based and weight-based estimates of protein and energy intake of black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra).two methods are commonly used to describe the feeding behavior of wild primates, one based on the proportion of time animals spent feeding on specific plant parts ("time-based" estimates) and one based on estimates of the actual amounts of different plant materials ingested ('"weight-based" estimates). however, studies based on feeding time may not be accurate for making quantitative assessments of animals' nutrient and energy intake. we analyzed the diet of two groups of alouatta pigra living i ...201727802361
a diverse group of small circular ssdna viral genomes in human and non-human primate stools.viral metagenomics sequencing of fecal samples from outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis from the us revealed the presence of small circular ssdna viral genomes encoding a replication initiator protein (rep). viral genomes were ∼2.5 kb in length, with bi-directionally oriented rep and capsid (cap) encoding genes and a stem loop structure downstream of rep. several genomes showed evidence of recombination. by digital screening of an in-house virome database (1.04 billion reads) using blast, we iden ...201527774288
fluctuations in daily energy intake do not cause physiological stress in a neotropical primate living in a seasonal forest.animals may face periods of nutritional stress due to short-term food shortage and/or low energy consumption associated with seasonal fluctuations in resource availability. we tested the hypothesis that periods of restricted macronutrient and energy intake result in energy deficits and physiological stress in wild black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra) inhabiting seasonal tropical semi-deciduous forests. we conducted full-day follows of focal animals recording feeding rates, time spent feeding, a ...201627681556
molecular characterization of trypanosomatid infections in wild howler monkeys (alouatta caraya) in northeastern argentina.the transmission of trypanosoma cruzi by vectors is confined to the americas, and the infection circulates in at least two broadly defined transmission cycles occurring in domestic and sylvatic habitats. this study sought to detect and characterize infection by t. cruzi and other trypanosomes using pcr strategies in blood samples from free-ranging howler monkeys, alouatta caraya, in the northeastern argentina. blood samples were collected at four sites with variable levels of habitat modificatio ...201627617205
comprehensive characterization of evolutionary conserved breakpoints in four new world monkey karyotypes compared to chlorocebus aethiops and homo sapiens.comparative cytogenetic analysis in new world monkeys (nwms) using human multicolor banding (mcb) probe sets were not previously done. here we report on an mcb based fish-banding study complemented with selected locus-specific and heterochromatin specific probes in four nwms and one old world monkey (owm) species, i.e. in alouatta caraya (aca), callithrix jacchus (cja), cebus apella (cap), saimiri sciureus (ssc), and chlorocebus aethiops (cae), respectively. 107 individual evolutionary conserved ...201527441227
detection of antibodies to oropouche virus in non-human primates in goiânia city, goiás.arboviruses are associated with human disease, and non-human primates (nhps) are important primary hosts. this study shows the detection of antibodies to oropouche virus (orov) in nhps either living in urban parks or acclimatized at the wild animal screening center, goiânia city.201727384834
sperm morphology assessment in captive neotropical primates.the main objective of this study was to evaluate sperm morphology in four neotropical primate species to compare the sperm morphological traits and the sperm morphometric parameters as a basis for establishing normative sperm standards for each species. data from 80 ejaculates collected from four primate species, callithrix jacchus, callimico goeldii, alouatta caraya and ateles geoffroyi, were analysed for detection of sperm morphological alterations using subjective world health organization (w ...201627260333
sex differences in the behavior of wild alouatta caraya infants.several primates show sex-based differences in activity patterns and social interactions during infancy. these differences have been associated with adult social and reproductive functions of males and females and are related to male-male competition. our goal was to describe behavioral patterns of wild alouatta caraya male and female infants, a species with sexual dimorphism in body size and behavioral strategies during adulthood. we also examined the relationship between life history variables ...201627097805
determinants of daily path length in black and gold howler monkeys (alouatta caraya) in northeastern argentina.models used to explain the social organization of primates suggest that variation in daily path length (dpl) is a response to variation in resource distribution and the intensity of intragroup feeding competition. however, daily path length may be affected by a number of other factors including the availability and distribution of nutritionally complementary food items, temperature which can influence activity budget, patterns of subgrouping, and the frequency and function of intergroup encounte ...201627043938
serological detection of hepatitis a virus in free-ranging neotropical primates (sapajus spp., alouatta caraya) from the paraná river basin, brazil.nonhuman primates are considered as the natural hosts of hepatitis a virus (hav), as well as other pathogens, and can serve as natural sentinels to investigate epizootics and endemic diseases that are of public health importance. during this study, blood samples were collected from 112 neotropical primates (ntps) (sapajus nigritus and s. cay, n = 75; alouatta caraya, n = 37) trap-captured at the paraná river basin, brazil, located between the states of paraná and mato grosso do sul. anti-hav igg ...201626910453
medium- and large-sized mammals in a steppic savanna area of the brazilian pampa: survey and conservation issues of a poorly known fauna.the wildlife of the brazilian pampa is threatened by large-scale habitat loss, due in particular to the expansion of soybean cultivation and the conversion of grasslands areas into extensive areas of silviculture. it is essential to study how the mammal fauna copes with the highly fragmented, human-influenced, non-protected landscape. our study presents the results of a survey of the large- and medium-sized mammals of a typical human-influenced steppic savanna area of the pampa biome. the survey ...201626909626
medium- and large-sized mammals in a steppic savanna area of the brazilian pampa: survey and conservation issues of a poorly known fauna.the wildlife of the brazilian pampa is threatened by large-scale habitat loss, due in particular to the expansion of soybean cultivation and the conversion of grasslands areas into extensive areas of silviculture. it is essential to study how the mammal fauna copes with the highly fragmented, human-influenced, non-protected landscape. our study presents the results of a survey of the large- and medium-sized mammals of a typical human-influenced steppic savanna area of the pampa biome. the survey ...201626840582
cranial vault thickness in primates: homo erectus does not have uniquely thick vault bones.extremely thick cranial vaults have been noted as a diagnostic characteristic of homo erectus since the first fossil of the species was identified, but relatively little work has been done on elucidating its etiology or variation across fossils, living humans, or extant non-human primates. cranial vault thickness (cvt) is not a monolithic trait, and the responsiveness of its layers to environmental stimuli is unknown. we obtained measurements of cranial vault thickness in fossil hominins from th ...201626767964
the effects of plant nutritional chemistry on food selection of mexican black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra): the role of lipids.understanding the nutritional basis of food selection is fundamental to evaluate dietary patterns and foraging strategies in primates. this research describes the phytochemical composition of the foods consumed by two groups of mexican black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra) during a 15-month field study, and examines how plant nutritional chemistry affected food choice. based on indices of selectivity that reflected seasonal changes in the amount of different phenophases of the most consumed plan ...201726713884
herpes simplex encephalitis in a captive black howler monkey (alouatta caraya).an 18-month-old captive black howler monkey (alouatta caraya) died after a 3-day history of neurologic signs. gross findings at autopsy were limited to bloody, yellow, and foul-smelling intestinal contents. histologically, there was extensive necrotizing meningoencephalitis predominantly in both cerebral hemispheres, and lymphohistiocytic, neutrophilic infiltrate expanded the subarachnoid and virchow-robbin space. in the most severely affected regions, neurons contained eosinophilic intranuclear ...201626699521
the loss of behavioral diversity as a consequence of anthropogenic habitat disturbance: the social interactions of black howler monkeys.to date, no study has investigated how human disturbance affects the size of the behavioral repertoire of a species. the aim of the present study is to illustrate how measurement of behavioral diversity assists in documenting biodiversity loss, demonstrating that human disturbance has a negative effect on behavioral diversity. we studied the social interaction repertoire of 41 adult black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra) belonging to 10 groups living in different habitats in campeche (mexico), an ...201626660682
individual participation in intergroup contests is mediated by numerical assessment strategies in black howler and tufted capuchin monkeys.asymmetries in resource-holding potential between opposing groups frequently determine outcomes of intergroup contests. since both numerical superiority and high intergroup dominance rank may confer competitive advantages, group members should benefit from assessing the relative strength of rivals prior to engaging in defensive displays. however, differences in individual assessment may emerge when cost-benefit trade-offs differ among group members. we examine the influence of numerical superior ...201526503680
behavioural innovation and cultural transmission of communication signal in black howler monkeys.social traditions based on communication signals are widespread in birds, cetaceans and humans, but surprisingly rare in nonhuman primates known for having genetically-determined vocal repertoires. this study presents the first description of a singular case of behaviour associated with calling (placing a hand in front of the mouth while vocalizing: hfm) in black howler monkeys. we showed, first, that hfm was found only in a subset of the groups observed, at the same geographical location, and w ...201526303965
how do demographic and social factors influence parent-offspring conflict? the case of wild black and gold howler monkeys (alouatta caraya).in this study, we examined the influence of demography and social context on mother-offspring conflict in wild black and gold howler monkeys (alouatta caraya) inhabiting two nearby sites in northern argentina, one comprising continuous forest and one fragmented forest. these sites differed in population density (3.25 vs. 1.04 individuals/ha), degree of home range overlap between neighboring groups (70 vs. 31%), and rate of intergroup encounters (2 vs. 0.02-1 encounters/day), though not in interb ...201525864875
female participation in collective group defense in black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra).many group-living animals actively defend a home range against neighboring groups. in many of these societies, males are the primary participants during group defense, while female participation ranges from seldom to frequent. among howler monkeys (alouatta spp.), loud calls (i.e., howling) are often used in the context of intergroup spacing as a form of cooperative group defense. males initiate and lead these howling bouts, but females occasionally participate as well. during a 28-month study, ...201525704874
ganglion cell and displaced amacrine cell density distribution in the retina of the howler monkey (alouatta caraya).unlike all other new world (platyrrine) monkeys, both male and female howler monkeys (alouatta sp.) are obligatory trichromats. in all other platyrrines, only females can be trichromats, while males are always dichromats, as determined by multiple behavioral, electrophysiological, and genetic studies. in addition to obligatory trichromacy, alouatta has an unusual fovea, with substantially higher peak cone density in the foveal pit than every other diurnal anthropoid monkey (both platyrrhines and ...201425546077
the gut microbiota appears to compensate for seasonal diet variation in the wild black howler monkey (alouatta pigra).for most mammals, including nonhuman primates, diet composition varies temporally in response to differences in food availability. because diet influences gut microbiota composition, it is likely that the gut microbiota of wild mammals varies in response to seasonal changes in feeding patterns. such variation may affect host digestive efficiency and, ultimately, host nutrition. in this study, we investigate the temporal variation in diet and gut microbiota composition and function in two groups ...201525524570
primates living outside protected habitats are more stressed: the case of black howler monkeys in the yucatán peninsula.the non-invasive monitoring of glucocorticoid hormones allows for the assessment of the physiological effects of anthropogenic disturbances on wildlife. variation in glucocorticoid levels of the same species between protected and unprotect areas seldom has been measured, and the available evidence suggests that this relationship may depend on species-specific habitat requirements and biology. in the present study we focused on black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra), a canopy-dwelling primate spec ...201425375243
detection of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii in wild animals in brazil.toxoplasmosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, toxoplasma gondii, that affects all warm-blooded animals, including wild animals. the increased number of cases of parasitic infections is mainly due to the destruction of environmental conservation areas, which is driving wild animals out of their habitats and towards urban areas. in this study, the occurrence of t. gondii infection was investigated by the modified agglutination test (mat) in 26 differ ...201425278979
the role of gut microbes in satisfying the nutritional demands of adult and juvenile wild, black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra).in all mammals, growth, development, pregnancy, and lactation increase nutritional demands. although primate field studies tend to focus on shifts in activity and diet as mechanisms to compensate for these demands, differences in digestive efficiency also are likely to be important. because the gut microbiota can impact host digestive efficiency, we examined differences in activity budget, diet, and the gut microbial community among adult male (n = 4), adult female (n = 4), and juvenile (n = 5) ...201425252073
hematological parameters and the variations resulting from stress of alouatta caraya during a wildlife rescue program in brazil.deforestation and habitat fragmentation are major threats to the conservation status of new world primates, such as the howler monkey (alouatta caraya) in brazil, where vegetation destruction is often associated with projects such as small hydro power plant (shp) construction. the resulting stress from the implementation of this type of enterprise may be a factor that influences individual susceptibility against pathogens and can determine the success or failure of mitigation measures proposed b ...201525231157
serological evidence for saint louis encephalitis virus in free-ranging new world monkeys and horses within the upper paraná river basin region, southern brazil.saint louis encephalitis virus (slev) primarily occurs in the americas and produces disease predominantly in humans. this study investigated the serological presence of slev in nonhuman primates and horses from southern brazil.201425075477
physiological and analytical validations of fecal steroid hormone measures in black howler monkeys.the measurement of hormones in fecal samples allows for the noninvasive assessment of the endocrine status of free-ranging primates. however, procedures and techniques for hormone analysis in feces must be validated, both analytically and physiologically. few studies have addressed the endocrinology of black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra). due to its conservation status, direct handling of individuals from this species and invasive sample collection are highly regulated, and therefore tradition ...201424939341
the function of loud calls in black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra): food, mate, or infant defense?loud calling (i.e., howling) is the single most distinctive behavioral attribute of the social system of howler monkeys (alouatta spp.), yet no general consensus exists regarding its main function. during a 28-month study of five groups of black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra) at palenque national park, mexico, we examined whether howling mainly functioned in the defense of food resources, mates, or infants vulnerable to infanticide. we recorded 602 howling bouts. howling occurred more frequentl ...201424865565
variation in dietary breadth among groups of black howler monkeys is not associated with the vegetation attributes of forest fragments.habitat disturbance alters vegetation structure and composition. for example, in forest fragments, the rate of secondary plant species recruitment and mortality in species typical of old-growth forests are higher. for many arboreal primates, movement between fragments is infrequent and difficult, thus the dietary breadth of herbivorous primates that live in fragments is expected to change. it is likely that the ability of howler monkeys (alouatta spp.) to live in a large array of habitat types i ...201424842275
nutrition and foraging strategies of the black howler monkey (alouatta pigra) in palenque national park, mexico.food resources consumed by primates vary markedly in nutritional content. as a result, foragers must develop a feeding strategy to select resources that balance energy and macronutrient intake and reduce the consumption of fiber and toxins. in this study, we collected data on dietary patterns, rates of food consumption, and weight of food items consumed and combined them with published values of the nutritional content of neotropical foods to estimate energy and nutrient intake during a 10-month ...201424763976
black howler monkey (alouatta pigra) activity, foraging and seed dispersal patterns in shaded cocoa plantations versus rainforest in southern mexico.recent evidence has shown that primates worldwide use agroecosystems as temporary or permanent habitats. detailed information on how these primates are using these systems is scant, and yet their role as seed dispersers is often implied. the main objective of this study was to compare the activity, foraging patterns and seed dispersal role of black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra) inhabiting shaded cocoa plantations and rainforest in southern chiapas, mexico. we gathered data on three monkey grou ...201424668557
sero-epidemiological survey for brucellosis, leptospirosis, and toxoplasmosis in free-ranging alouatta caraya and callithrix penicillata from são paulo state, brazil.sera were tested for brucella spp., leptospira spp. and toxoplasma gondii antibodies in 68 free-ranging new world monkeys from a forest fragment of the brazilian cerrado.201424646216
molecular identification of trypanosomatids in wild animals.diverse wild animal species can be reservoirs of zoonotic flagellate parasites, which can cause pathologic chagas disease. the present study aimed to detect the natural occurrence of flagellate parasites through direct microscopic examination of the parasites in blood samples and through pcr of whole blood and blood culture (haemoculture) samples from 38 captive and 65 free-living wild animals in the centre for conservation of wild fauna (ccwf), an area endemic for leishmaniasis. for this study, ...201424636787
mammal assemblages in forest fragments and landscapes occupied by black howler monkeys.species assemblages in disturbed habitats vary as a function of the interaction between species requirements and the spatial configuration of the habitat. there are many reports accounting for the presence of howler monkeys in fragments where other mammals are absent, suggesting that they are more resilient. in the present study we explored this idea and predicted that if howler monkeys were more resilient to habitat loss and fragmentation than other mammals, mammal assemblages in fragments occu ...201424619385
molecular typing of giardia duodenalis isolates from nonhuman primates housed in a brazilian zoo.giardia infections in captive nonhuman primates (nhp) housed at a brazilian zoo were investigated in order to address their zoonotic potential. fresh fecal samples were collected from the floors of 22 enclosures where 47 primates of 18 different species were housed. the diagnosis of intestinal parasites after concentration by sedimentation and flotation methods revealed the following parasites and their frequencies: giardia (18%); entamoeba spp. (18%); endolimax nana (4.5%); iodamoeba spp. (4.5% ...201524553608
detection of arboviruses of public health interest in free-living new world primates (sapajus spp.; alouatta caraya) captured in mato grosso do sul, brazil.a sero-epidemiological survey was undertaken to detect the circulation of arboviruses in free-living non-human primates.201424474008
kin structure and parallel dispersal in the black-and-gold howler monkey alouatta caraya (platyrrhini, atelidae).we here investigated the kin structure and pattern of dispersal in the black-and-gold howler monkey (alouatta caraya, platyrrhini, atelidae) based on genotype differences at nine microsatellite loci of 48 individuals from eight social groups along the riparian forest of the tocantins river, brazil. the genetic diversity (he = 0.647) was similar to or higher than previously reported values in other alouatta species. given that no spatial kinship structure was detected, we found no evidence that d ...201324338396
scaling the primate lateral geniculate nucleus: niche and neurodevelopment in the regulation of magnocellular and parvocellular cell number and nucleus volume.new stereological assessments of lateral geniculate nucleus (lgn) neuron numbers and volumes in five new world primates (cebus apella, saguinus midas niger, alouatta caraya, aotus azarae, and callicebus moloch) and compiled lgn volumes for an additional 26 mammals were analyzed for a better understanding of visual system evolution. both the magnocellular (m)- and the parvocellular (p)-cell populations scale allometrically with brain volume in primates, p cells with a significantly higher slope s ...201424222647
factors affecting the drinking behavior of black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra).water is essential for animals, and is particularly critical for thermoregulation. animals obtain water from three main sources, free water, water contained in food, and water produced in the body during metabolism. howler monkeys (alouatta spp.) spend a small proportion of their time drinking water and some populations have not been observed drinking, suggesting they obtain most of their water requirements in food or by metabolism. however, when howler monkeys have been observed drinking there ...201424057696
male reproductive strategies in black and gold howler monkeys (alouatta caraya).behavioral and demographic factors such as group size, social structure, dispersal patterns, and mating systems affect male reproductive success. in the present study, we analyze the relationship between social structure, genetic relatedness of adult males and offspring paternity in one population of alouatta caraya inhabiting a continuous forest in northern argentina. after 14 months of behavioral studies and genotyping 11 microsatellites, we found that dominant or central males achieved greate ...201424014464
differential distribution of sperm subpopulations and incidence of pleiomorphisms in ejaculates of captive howling monkeys (alouatta caraya).the aim of this study was to develop an objective method to determine the incidence of pleiomorphisms and its influence on the distribution of sperm morphometric subpopulations in ejaculates of howling monkeys (alouatta caraya) by using a combination of computerized analysis system (asma) and principal component analysis (pca) methods. ejaculates were collected by electroejaculation methods on a regular basis from five individuals maintained under identical captive environmental, nutritional, an ...201323975115
foraging strategy of a neotropical primate: how intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence destination and residence time.most animals need to actively search for food to meet energetic requirements and live in heterogeneous environments where food resources have complex spatio-temporal patterns of availability. consequently, foraging animals need to find a balance between effort and resource allocation while accounting for intrinsic and extrinsic factors, which are often overlooked when modelling foraging behaviour. we identified the decision rules for foraging in black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra), according t ...201423957316
identification of bacterial infection in neotropical primates.emerging infectious diseases usually arise from wild animal populations. in the present work, we performed a screening for bacterial infection in natural populations of new world primates. the blood cell bulk dnas from 181 individuals of four platyrrhini genera were pcr screened for eubacterial 16s rrna genes. bacteria were detected and identified in 13 distinct individuals of alouatta belzebul, alouatta caraya, and cebus apella monkeys from geographically distant regions in the states of mato g ...201323797292
hemotropic mycoplasma in a free-ranging black howler monkey (alouatta caraya) in brazil.hemotropic mycoplasmas are bacteria that infect erythrocytes and cause subclinical infections to life-threatening disease. we describe hemotropic mycoplasma infection in a free-ranging black howler monkey (alouatta caraya). this is the first molecular detection of a hemotropic mycoplasma in a nonhuman primate from brazil.201323778631
a comparison of scan and focal sampling for the description of wild primate activity, diet and intragroup spatial relationships.we used data collected during two concurrent studies of black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra) in palenque national park, mexico, to compare systematically three methods of behavioral data collection [group activity scan sampling (group scans), instantaneous focal individual sampling (instantaneous focals) and continuous focal individual sampling (continuous focals)] and three methods of proximity data collection [group proximity scan sampling (group proximity scans), focal individual proximity s ...201323548732
habitat degradation impacts black howler monkey (alouatta pigra) gastrointestinal microbiomes.the gastrointestinal (gi) microbiome contributes significantly to host nutrition and health. however, relationships involving gi microbes, their hosts and host macrohabitats remain to be established. here, we define clear patterns of variation in the gi microbiomes of six groups of mexican black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra) occupying a gradation of habitats including a continuous evergreen rainforest, an evergreen rainforest fragment, a continuous semi-deciduous forest and captivity. high thr ...201323486247
isolation of yellow fever virus from mosquitoes in misiones province, argentina.yellow fever (yf) is a viral hemorrhagic fever endemic to tropical regions of south america and africa. from 2007 to 2009 an important epidemic/epizootic of yf was detected in different populations of howler monkeys (alouatta species) in misiones, a northeastern argentinian province. yellow fever virus (yfv) infection was researched and documented by laboratory tests in humans and in dead alouatta carayá. the objective of that research was to investigate the circulation of yfv in mosquitoes, whi ...201223025694
the evaluation of enteric viruses in asymptomatic free-ranging non-human primates (alouatta guariba clamitans, alouatta caraya, callithrix spp., callithrix penicillata, and leontopithecus caissara) in southern brazil.this study evaluated the presence of rotavirus groups a, b, and c (rv-a, rv-b, and rv-c), sapovirus (sav), and norovirus (nov) in asymptomatic non-human primates (nhp).201222889190
hematological and biochemical blood values in wild populations of black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra) of campeche, méxico.the clinical analyses of free-ranging new world primates are extremely limited. the aim of this study was to obtain baseline data of blood chemistry and hematological values of free-ranging alouatta pigra.201222882076
the role of minerals in food selection in a black howler monkey (alouatta pigra) population in belize following a major hurricane.as plants may contain low levels of some minerals including sodium, copper, and phosphorous, herbivores may become deficient in these nutrients. in 2001, hurricane iris hit the monkey river forest in belize causing substantial damage to the food supply of the black howler monkey population (alouatta pigra) living there. this included an 18-month absence in fruit production and a complete loss of figs that are high in calcium. in this article, we describe the post-hurricane diet of this monkey po ...201222851375
botfly parasitism and tourism on the endangered black howler monkey of belize.tourism imposes costs and benefits on wild primates. endangered black howler monkey (alouatta pigra) troops with high exposure to tourism had higher levels of botfly (alouattamyia baeri) parasitism. edge habitat and juvenile numbers did not seem to confound the observed relationship. to improve the cost/benefit ratio of tourism, we recommend further investigation.201222762861
free-ranging black howler monkeys, alouatta pigra, in southern belize are not parasitized by controrchis biliophilus.several coprological studies of alouatta pigra, the black howler monkey, inhabiting belize and mexico have been published in the past several years. trematodes, specifically controrchis biliophilus (dicrocoeliidae), have been detected in a. pigra from all locations in belize and mexico examined in those studies. a routine coprological survey of a. pigra was conducted in may and june 2010 as part of baseline data collection for an a. pigra population in punta gorda, toledo district, southern beli ...201222760693
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